Abstract:Amblyopia treatment has shifted from improving monocular visual acuity to restoring binocular visual function as understanding of interocular suppression and visual cortical plasticity has deepened. Conventional approaches, including patching and routine visual training, are limited by long treatment courses, low engagement, and poor adherence. Virtual reality (VR) provides immersive interaction, precise dichoptic separation, and adjustable stimulus parameters, and has therefore been increasingly applied to amblyopia rehabilitation. Current evidence suggests that VR-based training can improve visual acuity, stereopsis, and some aspects of binocular visual function, while its gamified and feedback-driven design may also enhance motivation and adherence. This review summarizes the mechanisms and theoretical basis of VR training for amblyopia, its advantages over conventional methods, current systems and training modes, clinical efficacy, commonly used outcome measures, safety, and acceptability, aiming to support the standardized development and clinical translation of VR-based visual training.

Abstract:The core pathological process of optic neuropathy caused by glaucoma is the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). As the primary glial cells in the retina, Müller glial cells play a crucial and complex dual regulatory role in the pathological microenvironment of glaucoma. On one hand, Müller cells can exert endogenous protective effects by secreting neurotrophic factors, enhancing RGC viability through co-culture, and regulating glutamate metabolism. On the other hand, under sustained stress such as elevated intraocular pressure, Müller cells are activated by mechanosensitive channels (e.g.,TRPV4), transforming into a reactive gliosis phenotype. This leads to the release of inflammatory cytokines that exacerbate RGC apoptosis, while their metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic alterations also contribute to the process of neuronal injury. This article systematically reviews the research progress on the dual roles of Müller cells in protecting and damaging the optic nerve in glaucoma, exploring new therapeutic strategies for neuroprotection by regulating their cellular states. It outlines the main controversies and unresolved issues in this field and, based on the latest research advances, analyzes the implications of targeting Müller cells for current clinical treatments and future development trends.

Abstract:The cornea, a transparent tissue essential for refractive function and visual quality, is vulnerable to injury and disease that can impair vision or cause blindness. Conventional therapies—topical drugs and transplantation—are constrained by immune rejection, donor shortages, and limited long?term efficacy. Exosomes, nano?sized extracellular vesicles carrying proteins, lipids, mRNAs, miRNAs, and other bioactive molecules, combine low immunogenicity and excellent biocompatibility with targeted delivery and sustained modulation of inflammation and tissue repair. Consequently, they present a promising strategy to overcome the limitations of traditional corneal treatments. This review synthesizes recent advances in exosome sources, mechanisms, and therapeutic applications for corneal wound healing, immunomodulation, and disease management, with the aim of informing standardized preclinical and clinical translation.

Abstract:Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial ocular surface disorder characterized by the loss of tear film homeostasis. Dry eye associated with meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) accounts for up to 86% of all DED cases, and traditional drugs fail to effectively target this core pathological mechanism. As a new type of anhydrous and preservative-free eye drops approved by the FDA, perfluorohexyloctane has a unique amphiphilic structure, which can form an artificial lipid monolayer at the air-liquid interface of the tear film. It exerts its therapeutic effects by inhibiting tear evaporation, stabilizing the tear film, unclogging meibomian gland orifices, and promoting corneal oxygen supply. This drug can not only serve as a first-line treatment option for evaporative dry eye but also be combined with other drugs for personalized treatment of complex cases. In this review, we summarized the mechanism of action, pharmacological properties, clinical efficacy, and safety of perfluorohexyloctane eye drops, and further elaborate on its application value in complex types of dry eye and patients with other concurrent ocular surface diseases, aiming to provide more evidence support for the precise treatment of DED.

Abstract:Objective: To evaluate the application value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) time parameters in the typing diagnosis of choroidal space-occupying lesions. Methods: A total of 120 patients with choroidal space-occupying lesions who underwent CEUS at Xi"an People"s Hospital (Xi"an Fourth Hospital) from June 2020 to January 2024 were selected. Based on the final clinical and pathological diagnoses, patients were divided into three groups: benign (choroidal hemangioma), malignant (choroidal melanoma), and hemorrhage (subchoroidal hemorrhage), with 40 cases in each group. The characteristics of CEUS, contrast parameters (such as time to fill, time to peak, and washout time), and the incidence of adverse reactions were analyzed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy. Results: The benign group showed homogeneous high perfusion, presenting a "fast-in and slow-out" perfusion mode. The malignant group predominantly showed heterogeneous high perfusion, presenting a "fast-in and fast-out" perfusion mode. The hemorrhage group showed no significant perfusion, presenting a "no-in and no-out" perfusion mode. Significant differences were found in the CEUS characteristics and parameters among the three groups, while there was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions. Conclusion: CEUS can significantly improve the diagnostic accuracy of choroidal space-occupying lesions, providing important reference value for clinical practice and demonstrating a high safety profile.

Abstract:Objective:To investigate the current incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in Sichuan Province and analyze its associated risk factors, providing a scientific basis for establishing and improving the regional ROP screening and prevention system. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 861 premature infants who underwent fundus screening at the Departments of Ophthalmology and Neonatology of Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital from January 1, 2017, to February 10, 2025. The incidence of ROP was calculated. Clinical characteristics were compared between the ROP and non-ROP groups. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze risk factors for ROP. Results:This study included a total of 861 preterm infants, with 445 males (51.7%) and 416 females (48.3%).Among the infants, 166 were diagnosed with ROP,resulting in an incidence rate of 19.3%.The mean gestational age of the ROP and non-ROP groups was 30.24 ± 2.20 weeks and 33.06 ± 1.90 weeks, respectively, while the mean birth weight was 1438.94 ± 389.66 g and 1977.32 ± 438.68 g, respectively. The differences between the two groups were statistically significant (both P＜0.01).Univariate analysis identified the following factors associated with ROP occurrence: younger gestational age, low birth weight, history of oxygen therapy, respiratory distress syndrome, intracranial hemorrhage, neonatal anemia, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, patent ductus arteriosus, and septicemia(all P＜0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that gestational age (OR=0.685,95%CI:0.592-0.792,P＜0.01), birth weight(OR=0.999,95%CI:0.998-0.999,P＜0.01), and respiratory distress syndrome (OR=2.312,95%CI:1.313-4.070,P＜0.01) were independent risk factors for ROP. Gestational age had the greatest impact, with younger age correlating with higher ROP risk. Conclusions:The incidence of ROP in Sichuan Province is relatively high compared to multicenter results from mainland China. Significant risk factors include younger gestational age, low birth weight, and respiratory distress syndrome. Screening, prevention, and treatment systems for ROP should be established and optimized based on regional epidemiological data and standardized screening criteria.