Abstract:Objective: To analyze the prevalence, severity, types, and correction of astigmatism in children, aiming to provide scientific evidences for the prevention and treatment of refractive errors. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 29,153 children aged 6-12 years from Xi'an and Lantian County, Shaanxi Province. Visual acuity and non-cycloplegic refraction were measured. Astigmatism was defined as an absolute cylindrical power (DC) of ≥ 0.5D in the right eye. Differences in astigmatism severity, type distribution, and refractive correction were analyzed across age, gender, and region. Results: The prevalence of astigmatism increased with age, peaking at 11 years (62.88%). Boys (57.10%) had a higher prevalence than girls (54.86%), and in the municipal areas (58.29%) had a higher prevalence than county areas (51.75%). Mild astigmatism was the most common (63.82%), with both mild and moderate astigmatism increasing with age. The highest prevalence of high astigmatism was observed in 11-year-olds (9.68%). Compound myopic astigmatism (59.28%) and mixed astigmatism (25.16%) were the most frequent types. With increasing age, compound myopic astigmatism increased, while simple myopic, simple hyperopic, and compound hyperopic astigmatism decreased. Mixed astigmatism increased from ages 6 to 7, but declined from ages 7 to 12. For astigmatic axis types, with-the-rule astigmatism was the most prevalent (81.06%) and increased with age, peaking at 11 years (85.74%). Against-the-rule astigmatism showed a declining trend, while oblique astigmatism remained relatively stable. Distribution differences in astigmatism types and axes by gender and region were observed. Significant differences in astigmatism severity, types, and axis types across different ages, genders, and regions were observed (all P < 0.05). The overall refractive correction rate for children with astigmatism was only 40.18%. Conclusion: The overall prevalence of astigmatism among children aged 6-12 years in Shaanxi Province was 56.02%, with higher prevalence observed in boys and in municipal areas. Age, gender, and region significantly influenced the prevalence of astigmatism. Notably, less than half of the children with astigmatism received refractive correction, highlighting the need for increased attention from parents and relevant authorities.

Abstract:To investigate the levels of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) in patients with Retinal Vein Occlusion with Macular Edema (RVO-ME) secondary to retinal vein occlusion, and to explore its relationship with macular microcirculation and its impact on RVO-ME, in order to provide more accurate treatment plans and prognosis evaluation for patients.Method: 327 RVO-ME patients who visited our hospital from 2022 to 2024 were selected as the research subjects, and were divided into a non recurrence group of 291 cases and a recurrence group of 36 cases based on whether they had relapsed or not. Collect clinical data, microcirculation indicators in the macular area, and MCP-1 levels. Using unordered multiclass logistic regression analysis to investigate the effect of MCP-1 on RVO-ME recurrence after excluding other factors. Use cubic spline analysis to investigate the dose-response relationship between macular microcirculation indicators, MCP-1 expression levels, and RVO-ME recurrence. Using multiple linear regression analysis to investigate the relationship between macular microcirculation indicators and MCP-1 expression levels, and to analyze the differences in recurrence of different MCP-1 expression levels under different macular microcirculation indicators. Bootstrap method was used to examine the mediating effect of macular microcirculation indicators on MCP-1 expression levels and RVO-ME recurrence..Result: There were statistically significant differences (P<0.05) in smoking history, duration of Macular Edema (ME), incidence of Vitreous Macular Traction (VMT), incidence of Epiretinal Membrane (ERM), Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA), integrity of External Limiting Membrane (ELM), integrity of Ellipsoid Zone (EZ), and number of Hyperreflective Foci in the Inner and Outer Retinal Layers (HRF) between the two groups of patients. The Central Foveal Thickness (CFT), Central Macular Thickness (CMT), Superficial Capillary Plexus of the retina (SCP), Deep Capillary Plexus (DCP), and MCP-1 in the recurrent group were all higher than those in the non recurrent group (P<0.05). The vascular density of the Foveal Avascular Zone (FAZ) was lower than those in the non recurrent group (P<0.05). The logistic analysis results showed that MCP-1 was an independent influencing factor for RVO-ME recurrence before and after adjusting for confounding factors. The microcirculation indicators and MCP-1 expression levels in the macular area showed a significant non-linear dose-response relationship with the risk of RVO-ME recurrence (non-linear test, P<0.05). CFT, CMT, SCP, DCP vascular density and MCP-1 expression levels were positively correlated (P<0.05), while FAZ was negatively correlated with MCP-1 expression levels (P<0.05). With the increase of CFT, CMT, SCP and DCP vascular density and the decrea

Abstract:Objective: Melphalan was used to evaluate the application of fluorescence imaging technique in retinoblastoma model of BALB/c-nu mice induced by Y79 cell line. Methods: BALB/c-nu mice transfected Y79 cells (1.0× 107 / mL, 3μL) with GFP injected in vitreous were modelled. On day 27, they were randomly divided into model control group and Melphalan group with different doses (1μg/ eye, 3μg/ eye, 10μg/ eye) according to fluorescence values in vivo, and were given single dose in vitreous body. Model control group was given equal volume 0.9% sodium chloride injection. Eye symptoms were observed daily during the trial. Slit-lamp examination was performed at 12, 20, 29, 35, 42, 48, 55, 76, 83d after modeling, and vivo imaging was performed at 12, 20, 27, 41, 48, 55, 62, 69, 76, 83d after modeling. After the final examination, the eye, brain and cerebellum tissues were extracted for histopathological examination. Results: At the beginning of the 6d of modeling, the cloud material was visible in the eyes of the animals. In the model control group, the cloud material occupied the entire eyeball in the later stage, accompanied by irregular growth of blood vessels, and finally caused eye rupture. After 27 days of modeling, the tumor fluorescence values of all the eyes reached the lower limit of in vivo imaging detection (10^5), and continued to increase with the extension of modeling time. From 69 to 83d of modeling, the tumor fluorescence values remained at the upper limit of in vivo imaging detection (10^7). Histological examination showed severe proliferation of intraocular tumor cells in the 83d model group and tumor cells in the brain of 1 model animal. 10μg Melphalan dose group could significantly reduce tumor fluorescence value 15 days after administration, and the inhibition rate remained above 98% until the end of the trial. The 3μg and 1μg Melphalan dose groups significantly inhibited the fluorescence value of eye tumor 30 days after administration, and the inhibition rates were 78.5% and 64.9%, respectively, until the end of the trial. No tumor cells were found in the brain tissue of animals in the Melphalan group. Conclusion: The retinoblastoma mouse model was established by injecting Y79/ PCDH-LUS-COPGFP cells into BALB/c-nu mice vitreous body. After the intervention of Melphalan with different concentrations, the fluorescence intensity of in vivo imaging was negatively correlated with the dose.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the changes of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, retinal thickness and blood flow density in different stages of diabetes retinopathy (DR) patients based on optical coherence tomography (OCTA). Method A retrospective analysis was conducted on 382 patients diagnosed with DR in our hospital from February 2023 to February 2024. According to the staging criteria, the patients were divided into mild group (n=121), moderate group (n=133), severe group (n=72), and proliferative group (n=56). The general clinical data of the four groups of patients were compared; OCTA was used to scan and collect data from all patients, and the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, total retinal thickness, and blood flow density were compared among the four groups of patients. Result There was no statistically significant difference in age, gender, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and random blood glucose among patients in the mild, moderate, severe, and proliferative groups (P>0.05); As the condition worsens, the course of the disease gradually prolongs (P<0.05); As the severity of DR increases, the upper, lower, temporal, nasal, and average thickness gradually increase (P<0.05); However, there was no statistically significant difference in the thickness of the lower retinal nerve fiber layer between the moderate and mild groups (P>0.05); As the severity of DR increases, the retinal thickness gradually increases (P<0.05); As the severity of DR increases, the superficial retinal blood flow density, deep retinal blood flow density, and choroidal capillary layer blood flow density all gradually decrease (P<0.05); However, there was no statistically significant difference in superficial retinal blood flow density between the moderate and severe groups (P>0.05). Conclusion OCTA can accurately observe the changes in retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, retinal thickness, and blood flow density in patients with DR at different stages, which can serve as sensitive indicators for monitoring DR progression.

Abstract:·AIM: To study the relationship between ocular parameters and lens thickness in myopia subjects with different anterior chamber depths. ·METHODS: A cross-sectional study. A total of 118 myopic subjects (236 eyes) underwent posterior chamber phakic implantable collamer lens (Phakic-ICL) in the refractive department of Putian Eye Hospital from 2022-05 to 2024-05. Ocular parameters examined before surgery included uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), subjective refraction, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), contactless intraocular pressure (IOP), anterior chamber depth (ACD), white-to-white corneal diameter (WTW), horizontal sulcus-to-sulcus diameter (STSH), vertical sulcus-to-sulcus diameter (STSV), and lens thickness (LT). Pentacam measured ACD without corneal thickness. Meanwhile, subjects were divided into three groups: shallow anterior chamber group (2.8mm≤ACD≤3.2mm), middle anterior chamber group (3.2mm < ACD≤3.4mm), and deep anterior chamber group (ACD > 3.4mm). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Bonferroni method was used to study the differences between WTW, STSH, STSV, and LT among groups, and Pearson correlation was used to analyze the correlation between the above parameters under different anterior chamber depth groups and overall situation, as well as the Multiple linear regression analysis was operated to research LT with the above ocular parameters under different ACD groups. ·RESULTS: The Bonferroni test was used to compare the two groups, showed no statistically significant difference in LT between the middle ACD group and the deep ACD group (P=1), and there were statistically significant differences in LT between shallow to middle ACD groups (P < 0.01) and shallow to deep ACD groups (P < 0.05); however, there were statistically significant differences in WTW, STSH and STSV among different ACD groups (F=226.36, F=15.58, F=11.92; All P < 0.01). LT was negatively low correlated with ACD only in the shallow ACD group and total data group (r = -0.222, P < 0.01; r = -0.231, P < 0.05). There was no correlation in LT and ocular parameters between the middle ACD group and deep ACD group (P > 0.05); moderate correlations were discovered among WTW, STSH and STSV in different ACD groups and overall data (P < 0.01); in the total data group, ACD had low correlations with WTW, STSH, STSV and LT (all P < 0.01). Through multiple linear analyses, it was found that only the shallow ACD group and the total data group had statistically significant independent variables that were linearly correlated with LT, and their equations were as follows: LTS=5.492-0.167×WTW+0.267×STSV-0.448×ACD; LTT=3.884-0.303×ACD, the corrected R2 of equations showed low values, revealed 0.141 and 0.056, respectively. ·CONCLUSION: Among different ACD groups, there was no correlation or linear relationship between LT and WTW, STSH and STSV; in the shallow ACD group and the total data, LT had a low negative correlation with ACD, and its multiple linear regression fit was low, only (0.141,0.056). Therefore, there is no Linear relationship between lens thickness and ocular diameter parameters under different anterior chamber depth groups.

Abstract:Abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study aims to utilize Ultra-Wide-Field Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (UWF-SS-OCTA) technology to quantitatively analyze the changes in blood flow density and thickness in the central and peripheral regions of the retina and choroid in patients with Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR) with or without Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD). Through this analysis, we evaluate the clinical utility and value of UWF-SS-OCTA in monitoring microvascular lesions in NPDR patients with DKD.METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted, including 50 diabetic patients who visited Shandong Second Medical University Affiliated Hospital from June 2023 to June 2024. Patients were divided into three groups based on their clinical conditions: NPDR with DKD group (DKD group, n=20), NPDR without DKD group (NDKD group, n=20), and diabetes without retinopathy group (NDR group, n=10, as a control). All enrolled patients underwent UWF-SS-OCTA examinations to obtain data on blood flow density and thickness in the central and peripheral regions of the retina and choroid. This included measurements of the superficial capillary plexuses (SCP), deep capillary plexus (DCP), choroidal capillary plexus (CCP), and mid-large choroidal vessel (MLCV) for vessel density (VD), as well as superficial retina thickness (SRT), deep retina thickness (DRT), and choroid thickness (CT). These parameters were then quantitatively analyzed to explore differences between groups and the impact of DKD on microvascular lesions in NPDR patients.RESULTS: (1) Compared to the NDKD group, the DKD group exhibited a significantly lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and a higher urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (P<0.05). (2) Blood flow density in the peripheral region of the retina's SCP, as well as in the central and peripheral regions of the DCP, progressively decreased across the NDR, NDKD, and DKD groups (P<0.05). Statistically significant differences in the blood flow density of the SCP central region were observed between the NDR and DKD groups, and between the NDKD and DKD groups (P<0.05), but no statistical difference was found between the NDR and NDKD groups (P>0.05). (3) Blood flow density in the central and peripheral regions of the MLCV decreased progressively across the NDR, NDKD, and DKD groups (P<0.05), while significant differences in CCP blood flow density were noted between the NDR and DKD groups, and between the NDKD and DKD groups (P<0.05), with no differences between the NDR and NDKD groups (P>0.05). (4) Choroidal thickness in both central and peripheral regions decreased significantly in all three groups (P<0.05). The central and peripheral SRT and DRT showed statistically significant differences between the NDR and DKD groups (P<0.05), while no significant differences were observed between the NDR and NDKD groups, or between the NDKD and DKD groups (P>0.05).CONCLUSION: (1) The blood flow density of the CCP in NPDR patients with DKD is significantly decreased, suggesting that the reduction in CCP blood flow density may be associated with an increased risk of developing DKD. (2) The significant decrease in MLCV blood flow density in NPDR patients with DKD indicates that MLCV blood flow density could be a viable indicator for monitoring damage to the choroidal microvascular system in patients with diabetic kidney disease.(3) The marked reduction in choroidal thickness may indicate impaired renal function in NPDR patients.(4) This study provides scientific evidence for the application of UWF-SS-OCTA in the combined management of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic kidney disease, further promoting the development of non-invasive and precise monitoring and treatment technologies for diabetic ocular microvascular lesions.

Abstract:Phacoemulsification with Intraocular Lens Implantation (Phaco+lOL) has become the main treatment for cataracts due to small incision and fast recovery. Phacoemulsification can damage the conjunctiva, cornea and other ocular surface tissues, causing local inflammation，which in turn leads to eye dryness and discomfort after surgery. According to studies, patients who suffer from phacoemulsification most experience dry eye syndrome within 24 hours, which gradually worsens and reaches its peak in the following week, seriously affecting their life. The review aims to comprehensively investigate the effects of preoperative patient physical conditions and local ocular status, intraoperative maneuvers and postoperative treatments on postoperative dry eye, with the expectation of formulating scientific and effective preventive measures for potential dry eye patients after cataract phacoemulsification surgery, and providing a theoretical basis for postoperative dry eye treatment.

Abstract:Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common multifactorial disease among the elderly, which may lead to irreversible vision loss; However, the pathogenesis of AMD is still unclear. Metabolomics is a relatively new "omics" technique that can provide qualitative and quantitative information about low molecular weight metabolites in a given biological system, thereby revealing the physiological or pathological state of cell or tissue samples at specific time points. The retina is one of the most metabolically active tissues in the human body, so using metabolomics techniques to measure molecular changes in AMD will further enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis. This will provide important insights for the prevention and treatment of AMD, This article reviews the application of metabolomics in AMD.

Abstract:This review summarizes the applications and advancements of artificial intelligence (AI) in retinal vessel parameter analysis. Retinal vascular parameters, including vessel diameter, fractal dimension, vascular tortuosity, branching angles, and vessel density, are important indicators for assessing changes in the retinal vascular network structure. These parameters are not only related to various ophthalmic diseases but also reflect the conditions of systemic diseases such as diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. This article provides a detailed discussion on the advantages of AI technology in the automated identification and quantification of retinal vascular parameters, particularly in improving measurement efficiency and accuracy, and enabling the early detection and monitoring of various diseases. Additionally, the review addresses the challenges faced by AI in the analysis of retinal vascular parameters, such as data standardization and insufficient sample diversity, and proposes directions for future research. By thoroughly analyzing the application of AI in retinal vascular parameter analysis, this article aims to offer new perspectives and methods for clinical diagnosis and early intervention of diseases, holding significant clinical importance and application prospects. Key word:artificial intelligence;retinal vessels;retinal vascular parameters

Abstract:Fuchs'?endothelial?corneal?dystrophy?(FECD)?is?a?progressive?dystrophic?disease?characterized?by?gradual?damage?to?the?corneal?endothelium,?ultimately?leading?to?endothelial?decompensation.?The?current?standard?treatment,?corneal?transplantation,?has?several?limitations.?Recent?studies?have?shown?that?Rho-associated?kinase?(ROCK)?inhibitors?can?promote?cell?proliferation?by?modulating?the?Cyclin?D?and?p27?signaling?pathways.?Additionally,?ROCK?inhibitors?activate?Rac1,?which?drives?the?actin-related?protein?complex?(ARPC2)?to?enhance?cell?adhesion,?and?regulate?processes?such?as?membrane?blebbing,?nuclear?disintegration,?and?apoptotic?body?formation,?thereby?inhibiting?the?apoptosis?of?corneal?endothelial?cells.?These?findings?suggest?that?ROCK?inhibitors?may?be?a?promising?therapeutic?approach?for?FECD.?This?review?provides?an?overview?of?the?pharmacological?effects,?basic?research,?clinical?trials,?and?potential?adverse?reactions?associated?with?ROCK?inhibitors?in?the?treatment?of?FECD,?with?the?aim?of?developing?compounds?with?stable?efficacy?and?minimal?side?effects?for?the?treatment?of?FECD?in?the?near?future.