Abstract:Congenital ectopia lentis (CEL) is a significant cause of blindness-related disease in children and adolescents, with a highly heterogeneous etiology. It can manifest either as a prominent ocular phenotype of connective tissue disorders such as Marfan syndrome or as an isolated condition. Emerging evidence indicates that zonular microfibrils and extracellular matrix homeostasis represent the core pathological basis. Variants in genes including FBN1, ADAMTSL4, LTBP2, ADAMTS10/17, ASPH, and SUOX lead to lens malposition and anterior segment remodeling by disrupting microfibril assembly, anchoring, and signaling regulation. Clinically, after excluding secondary causes, a stratified diagnosis based on phenotypic presentation should be pursued. Genetic testing can adopt a stepwise strategy of “panel-first, supplemented by whole-exome/whole-genome sequencing (WES/WGS)”, combined with family-based follow-up and reassessment. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the pathogenic basis, genetic spectrum and genotype-phenotype correlations, diagnostic workflows, and testing strategies. Furthermore, we propose a clinically oriented stratified diagnostic framework aimed at improving early recognition and systemic risk management.

Abstract:Objective: To analyze the efficacy of wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD) in combination with ranibizumab (IVR) injection and modified Zhujing formula. Methods: The research subjects were 60 patients with wAMD in the ophthalmology department of Yulin Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from September 2022 to October 2024. The research subjects were divided into the experimental group and the control group according to the random number table method. The control group (n=30) was treated with IVR, while the experimental group (n=30) was treated with modified Zujingfang on the basis of IVR injection. The clinical efficacy, TCM symptom scores, central retinal thickness (CRT), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), macular hemorrhage area, choroidal neovascularization area (CNV), ocular hemodynamic parameters [resistance index (RI), maximum diastolic blood flow (EDV), maximum systolic blood flow (PSV)], and 1-year recurrence rate were compared between the two groups. Results: The clinical efficacy of the experimental group (96.67%) was higher than that of the control group (76.67%) (P<0.05). After treatment, the scores of blurred vision, soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, restlessness and insomnia, dizziness and tinnitus in the experimental group were all lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, the EDV and PSV in the experimental group were both higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, the BCVA, CRT, macular hemorrhage area, CNV and RI of the experimental group were all lower than those of the control group (P<0.05), and the 1-year recurrence rate in the experimental group (3.33%) was lower than that in the control group (26.67%) (P<0.05). Conclusion: The modified Zujingfang combined with ranibizumab can effectively alleviate symptoms such as blurred vision and fundus hemorrhage in patients with wAMD, improve visual acuity and ocular hemodynamics, and reduce the recurrence rate, with remarkable effects.

Abstract:Objective To evaluate the clinical effect of three Multi-segmentspectaclelenses with different designs in controlling myopia progression in children and adolescents. Methods This study employed a retrospective case analysis. Children and adolescents diagnosed with myopia who were fitted with spectacle lenses at the Optometry Clinic of Suining Central Hospital between January 2023 and August 2024 and completed a one-year follow-up were enrolled. Participants were categorized into four groups based on the lens design: Diffusion Optics Technology (DOT), Cylindrical Annular Refractive Element (CARE), Highly Aspherical Lenslets (HAL), and Single-Vision Lenses (SVL). Changes in axial length (AL) and spherical equivalent (SE) after one year of wear were compared to baseline values. Furthermore, alterations in AL and SE among the three Multi-segment lens groups were compared against the SVL group. The effects of different design spectacles lenses on refractive, astigmatism, corneal curvature, corneal astigmatism, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness and vitreous cavity depth were also analyzed. Results In this retrospective study, a total of 118 eyes from 118 myopic children were included.The DOT group (28 eyes; age 10 [9, 12]; 16 males and 12 females), the CARE group (26 eyes; age 11 [9, 12]; 12 males and 14 females), the HAL group (26 eyes; age 10 [9, 11]; 16 males and 10 females), and the SVL group (38 eyes; age 11 [9, 12]; 20 males and 18 females).There were no significant differences in age, gender, baseline AL, or SE among the four groups (all P > 0.05). After 1 year of wear, there were no significant differences in AL and SE compared to baseline in the DOT group (all P > 0.05), with AL showing no increase but a slight regression, and SE showing no progression but a mild regression. In contrast, both AL and SE increased to varying degrees in the CARE, HAL, and SVL groups compared to baseline (all P < 0.01). Significant inter-group differences were found in the changes of AL and SE(F=22.820, P＜0.001; F=30.949, P＜0.001, respectively). The mean changes in AL and SE for the DOT group(-0.034±0.180mm, 0.040±0.243D) were significantly smaller than those in the CARE group(0.225±0.174mm, -0.375±0.308D) and the HAL group(0.147±0.130mm, -0.255±0.256D). All three Multi-segment groups exhibited significantly less progression than the SVL group(0.355±0.240mm,-0.891±0.592D)(P＜0.05). Conclusion For children and adolescents, Multi-segment spectacles lenses are more effective than single-vision spectacle lenses in preventing myopia progression . Among the tested designs, DOT spectacle lenses demonstrated superior efficacy in controlling myopia in children compared to CARE and HAL spectacle lenses.

Abstract:Objective： To construct a reliable risk prediction model for postoperative dry eye disease (DED) in glaucoma patients using the XGBoost algorithm. Methods：A retrospective analysis was performed on 300 glaucoma patients who received surgical treatment at our hospital from July 2022 to June 2025. All patients were divided into a DED group and a non-DED group according to the occurrence of postoperative dry eye disease. Clinical data of the patients were collected, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed to screen out the independent risk factors for postoperative DED. The patients were randomly allocated into a training set (210 cases) and a validation set (90 cases) at a ratio of 7:3. An XGBoost risk prediction model was built with the identified independent risk factors as feature variables, and the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) bar plot and beeswarm plot were used for visual interpretation of the model. The predictive efficacy of the model was evaluated via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results： Among the 300 glaucoma patients (300 eyes), 96 developed postoperative DED, resulting in an incidence rate of 32.00%. The non-DED group comprised 204 patients (204 eyes) (104 males and 100 females), and the DED group comprised 96 patients (96 eyes) (55 males and 41 females). Univariate analysis revealed statistically significant differences between the DED and non-DED groups in terms of age, comorbid diabetes, meibum viscosity grade, tear film breakup time, meibomian gland dysfunction, and operative time (all P＜0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed that all the above factors were independent risk factors for postoperative DED (all P＜0.05). The XGBoost model showed that these independent risk factors were ranked in descending order of predictive importance as: tear film breakup time, comorbid diabetes, operative time, age, meibomian gland dysfunction, and meibum viscosity grade. ROC curve analysis demonstrated that the area under the curve (AUC) of the XGBoost model was 0.84 (95%CI: 0.78-0.90) for the training set and 0.83 (95%CI: 0.74-0.92) for the validation set, with both values showing statistical significance (all P＜0.05). Conclusion： The XGBoost risk prediction model established in this study exhibits favorable predictive performance for postoperative DED in glaucoma patients. This model can be clinically applied to accurately identify high-risk patients with postoperative DED, and provide a reliable theoretical basis for clinicians to implement targeted preventive and interventional measures, thus optimizing the perioperative eye surface management of glaucoma patients.

Abstract:Objective: To explore the relationship between serum Ficolin-3 and secreted frizzled related protein 5 (SFRP5) levels and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: From May 2023 to May 2025, 108 T2DM patients with concurrent DR admitted to our hospital were included as the DR group and separated into non proliferative group and proliferative group Complying with the severity of DR. Another 108 patients with T2DM alone during the same period were included as the T2DM group. ELISA was used to detect the levels of Ficolin-3 and SFRP5. Pearson method was performed to analyze the correlation between serum Ficolin-3, SFRP5 levels and inflammatory markers in the DR group. Logistic method was performed to explore the relevant influencing factors. Moreover, ROC curve was performed to explore the diagnostic value of serum Ficolin-3 and SFRP5 for concurrent DR in T2DM patients. Results: The DR group had higher serum Ficolin-3, TNF-α, and IL-6 (P<0.05), and lower SFRP5 than the T2DM group (P<0.05). The proliferative group had higher serum Ficolin-3, TNF-α, and IL-6 (P<0.05), and lower SFRP5 than the non proliferative group (P<0.05). Complying with Pearson correlation analysis, serum Ficolin-3 was negatively correlated with SFRP5 (P<0.05), and both were related to TNF-α and IL-6 (P<0.05). Logistic analysis showed that the course of diabetes, SUA, HbA1c, Ficolin-3, TNF-α, and IL-6 were the risk factors for T2DM patients with DR (P<0.05), and SFRP5 was a protective factor (P<0.05). Complying with the ROC curve, the AUC values of serum Ficolin-3 and SFRP5 alone and their combination for diagnosing DR in T2DM patients were 0.774, 0.793, and 0.864, respectively. The AUC of combined diagnosis was better than that of single diagnosis (Z=2.694, Z=2.708, both P<0.05). Conclusion: T2DM patients with concurrent DR have abnormal expression of serum Ficolin-3 and SFRP5 levels. Both are influencing factors of DR, and combined detection can improve the diagnostic value for DR in T2DM patients.

Abstract:Allergic conjunctivitis is a common ocular inflammatory disease, with intense itching being the most typical and distressing symptom for patients. In recent years, with the in-depth study of the interaction between the nervous and immune systems, significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanism of itching in allergic conjunctivitis. This review elaborates on the neurobiological basis of itching in allergic conjunctivitis, with a focus on the complex dialogue between immune cells and sensory neurons, particularly the core role of the IL-33-ST2-CGRP signaling axis in mediating itching. Additionally, this article introduces new findings in genetic susceptibility research, including the identification of susceptibility genes for allergic conjunctivitis through transcriptome-wide association studies. The sensory nervous system not only transmits itch signals but also actively participates in the formation of antigen channels related to conjunctival goblet cells, thereby regulating the local uptake of allergens and the initiation of the immune response. Moreover, targeted novel therapeutic strategies offer hope for patients with refractory allergic conjunctivitis. Exploring the molecular and cellular mechanisms of itching in allergic conjunctivitis will provide a theoretical basis for the development of more effective treatment methods.

Abstract:Myopia has become a growing public health issue globally, characterized by an earlier age of onset and a rising annual incidence rate，particularly among adolescents. Repeated low-intensity red light therapy (RLRL) has gained widespread attention in recent years as an emerging non-invasive intervention, showing promise for controlling myopia. This article examines the role of the PI3K/AKT signaling axis in RLRL-induced effects，specifically its mediation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation to promote choroidal thickening. Choroidal thickening is recognized as a critical mechanism in controlling myopia. Activation of the PI3K/AKT/eNOS/NO signaling pathway may attenuate axial elongation by enhancing choroidal blood flow and nutrient supply. Although preliminary preclinical and clinical studies support this mechanism,numerous unanswered questions remain, such as the underlying mechanisms of RLRL action, its safety, and its applicability in different populations. This article systematically reviews the relevant research progress, aiming to provide a valuable reference for future studies and elucidate the potential applications of RLRL in myopia prevention and control.

Abstract:Postcataract surgery dry eye (PCSDE) is a common complication with an incidence of 9.2%-72.6%, and approximately 20% of patients experience persistent symptoms. In the era of refractive cataract surgery, dry eye has become a critical factor affecting surgical satisfaction due to rising patient expectations for visual quality. Emerging evidence highlights that the interplay between neurosensory abnormalities and immune-inflammatory responses drives PCSDE chronicity, with psychoneurological factors gaining increasing attention. This review systematically examines PCSDE pathogenesis and contributing factors from this novel perspective, encompassing surgical variables (incision design, duration, technique), patient-related factors (age, meibomian gland function, systemic diseases, psychological status), and perioperative management (drug toxicity, disinfectant use). Additionally, we synthesize recent clinical evidence to propose comprehensive prevention and treatment strategies, including preoperative optimization of ocular surface conditions, intraoperative ocular surface protection techniques, and personalized postoperative regimens. A deeper understanding of the multifactorial mechanisms of PCSDE is crucial for enhancing the quality of cataract surgery and improving patient outcomes. This review establishes a novel framework for PCSDE management based on neuro-immune-psychological interactions, offering theoretical updates and practical guidance to enhance visual quality and patient satisfaction in refractive cataract surgery.

Abstract:The intricate anatomical architecture and complex dynamic physiological barriers of the eye severely restrict the intraocular bioavailability of ophthalmic drugs. The limited absorption efficiency of conventional eye drops (<5%) and the high invasive risks associated with intravitreal injections constitute persistent bottlenecks in ophthalmic therapeutics. However, driven by the convergence of materials science and biomedical engineering, intelligent drug delivery systems (SDDS) based on stimulus-responsive mechanisms offer revolutionary strategies for overcoming these physiological barriers and achieving spatiotemporally controlled drug release. These systems leverage specific recognition and response capabilities toward pathological microenvironments or exogenous physical fields. This article systematically reviews recent advances in this domain, providing an in-depth analysis of the physicochemical mechanisms underlying various stimulus-responsive carriers from the perspectives of polymer phase transition thermodynamics and chemical bond cleavage kinetics. Synthesizing preclinical and clinical research data on major ocular diseases—including glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and intraocular infections—we demonstrate the significant advantages of these intelligent systems. Key benefits highlighted include prolonged ocular surface retention, biomarker-triggered on-demand release, and reduced systemic toxicity. Finally, this review critically analyzes the challenges facing these complex formulations regarding sterile scale-up manufacturing, regulatory approval pathways, and clinical translation, while offering perspectives on future development.