Abstract:AIM: To observe the efficacy of intravitreal injection of conbercept in the treatment of late postoperative vitreous cavity haemorrhage(POVCH)in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR).

METHODS: A total of 56 patients(57 eyes)with late POVCH after vitrectomy in patients with PDR were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 28 eyes that received intravitreal injection of 0.05 mL conbercept were selected as the conbercept group, whereas 29 eyes that did not receive intravitreal injection of conbercept were selected as the control group. Best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), the degree of vitreous haemorrhage(VH), intraocular pressure and ocular fundus were recorded before and after vitrectomy and injection, at 1mo after late POVCH and at the end of follow-up, respectively. Moreover, the number of eyes that received the secondary surgery(vitreous lavage)was compared and the patients' general conditions such as blood glucose, blood pressure and mental health were observed.

RESULTS: BCVA was better in the conbercept group than in the control group(1.26±0.13 vs.1.76±0.20; P=0.04)at 1mo after late POVCH.There was no difference in BCVA at POVCH onset and at the end of follow-up between the two groups(P=0.08, 0.24). In terms of VH opacity,there was significant improvement in 13 eyes, moderate improvement in 9 eyes and no improvement in 6 eyes in the conbercept group. However,in the control group, there was significant improvement in 11 eyes, moderate improvement in 3 eyes and no improvement in 15 eyes(P=0.03). Eyes in the conbercept group showed less possibility of reoperation than those in the control group(21% vs. 51%,P=0.045). The mean times of injections in the conbercept group was 2.24±1.16(range: 1-5). The follow-up period ranged from 12 to 24mo,with an average of 16.47±3.34mo. Among the 28 eyes with POVCH,11(19%)eyes had the fundus fibrous vascular membrane and 11(19%)eyes had retinal neovessels.Neovascular glaucoma(NVG)and iris neovascularization were observed in 10(18%)and 4(7%)eyes, respectively. After the amelioration of haemorrhage of POVCH in 57 eyes, 44(77%)eyes were supplemented with retinal photocoagulation. At POVCH onset, 43(75%)patients exhibited abnormal blood glucose(glycosylated hemoglobin)and(or)blood pressure,and 6(11%)patients were reported to felt tired or anger.

CONCLUSION: Intravitreal injection of conbercept for late POVCH in patients with PDR can promote the amelioration of haemorrhage, improve visual acuity, and reduce the need for reoperation. Moreover, strict control of systemic factors such as blood pressure, blood glucose and psychological situation is crucial in patients with PDR for late POVCH.

Abstract:AIM: To report the surgical effects of using a special Chop hooks technique to dilate the pupils during cataract surgery of patients with uveitis complicated cataract.

METHODS: A single-surgeon, retrospective, non-comparative case report. All patients with uveitis complicated cataract who were treated with quadrant mechanical pupillary dilatation of Chop hooks were included.

RESULTS: A total of 16 eyes of 14 patients(with 5 males, 9 females and a mean age of 58.0±13.8 years old; range: 29-79 years old)underwent mechanical pupillary dilatation of Chop hooks during cataract surgery. After using quadrant mechanical pupillary dilatation, the dilated pupil diameter was 5.81±0.46(range: 5.0-6.5)mm, and the size was maintained until the end of the operation. After the operation, the pupils were centered and approximately round, and the diameter of the pupils was 3.0-4.0 mm. In some cases, small notches were observed at the edge of the iris and pupil. However, the patients had no complaints of glare. Direct and indirect light reflections were roughly normal. After mydriasis treatment, the pupils became round and did not adhere to the intraocular lens, and the postoperative best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)was significantly better than that before surgery(P<0.01). No serious intraoperative or postoperative complications, including zonular fiber rupture, capsular rim rupture, hyphema, anterior uveitis, corneal edema, raised intraocular pressure(IOP>21 mmHg), iris tearing, iris abnormalities and posterior synechiae, were observed during the follow-up period.

CONCLUSION: With low incidence of complication, the technique of quadrant mechanical pupillary dilatation is a simple and effective procedure for cataract surgery in patients with uveitis complicated cataract.

Abstract:AIM: To prepare a folic acid-magnetic dual target, adriamycin(ADM)-loaded phase change liposome nanoparticles(FA-PFH-Fe₃O₄@ADM), and observe its ability to target retinoblastoma Y79 cells and its three-mode imaging ability of in vitro ultrasound/photoacoustic/magnetic resonance.

METHODS: FA-PFH-Fe₃O₄@ADM was prepared by the double emulsification method, and its basic characteristics were tested. Test the cellular safety of nanoparticles. Observe the heating phenomenon and phase transition of nanoparticles under 808nm laser. Y79 cells in logarithmic growth phase were divided into four groups. The non-targeted group and the single magnetic target group were added with PFH-Fe₃O₄@ADM nanoparticles(0.625mg/mL). The single folic acid target group and folic acid-magnetic dual target group were added with FA-PFH-Fe₃O₄@ADM nanoparticles(0.625mg/mL). A 4T magnet was placed at the side of the orifice plate of the single magnetic target group and the folic acid-magnetic double target group to evaluate the targeting ability of nanoparticles on Y79 cells. In addition, the ability of FA-PFH-Fe₃O₄@ADM nanoparticles ultrasound/photoacoustic/magnetic resonance three-mode imaging in vitro was observed.

RESULT: FA-PFH-Fe₃O₄@ADM nanoparticles were successfully prepared with uniform distribution and uniform spherical structure. The average particle size of nanoparticles was 338.6±2.20 nm. ADM and Fe₃O₄ were successfully loaded, with an encapsulation efficiency of(41.76±4.12)% and(59.06±13.63)%, respectively. Nanoparticles had good paramagnetic properties and showed no obvious toxicity to Y79 cells. The phagocytic rate of the folic acid-magnetic dual target group(86.19±0.55)% was significantly higher than that of the single folate target group(43.36±5.91)% and single magnetic target group [(28.58±3.23)%, P<0.05]. The FA-PFH-Fe₃O₄@ADM nanoparticles rapidly heat up and undergo phase transitions under the action of laser. Moreover, they can enhance ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging, and they can negatively enhance magnetic resonance imaging in T₂ mode.

CONCLUSION: FA-PFH-Fe₃O₄@ADM nanoparticles have been successfully prepared in this study, which not only has a good targeting effect on retinoblastoma Y79 cells, but also can achieve ultrasound/photoacoustic/magnetic resonance three-mode imaging in vitro.

Abstract:AIM: To study the effect of leech extract on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)in retinoblastoma(WERI-RB-1 cells)and the related molecular mechanism.

METHODS: WERI-RB-1 cells cultured in vitro were divided into control group, 0.04U/mL leech extract group and 0.08U/mL leech extract group. The control group was cultured with complete medium for 48h, and the leech extract group was cultured with 0.04 and 0.08U/mL drug-containing medium for 48h, respectively. The expression level of VEGF in conditioned medium of cell culture was detected by ELISA. The mRNA levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1a(HIF-1a)and matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9)were detected by RT-PCR. The expression levels of HIF-1a, MMP-9, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)and human phosphorylated AKT(p-AKT)were detected by Western Blot.

RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the expression of VEGF in the conditioned medium with the concentration of 0.04U/ mL and 0.08U/mL of leech extract was decreased(P<0.05), and the inhibition rate was 32.43% and 38.92%, respectively. The expression levels of HIF-1a and MMP-9 mRNA were significantly decreased(P<0.05). The inhibition rates of HIF-1a mRNA expression of the two leech extracts were 27.64% and 24.75%, respectively. The inhibition rate of MMP-9 mRNA expression was 43.97% and 51.48%, respectively. The protein expression levels of HIF-1a, MMP-9, PI3K and p-AKT were significantly decreased compared with the control group(P<0.05). The inhibition rates of 0.04 and 0.08U/mL leech extracts on the protein expression of HIF-1a, MMP-9, PI3K and p-AKT were 55.81% and 43.85%, 39.49% and 47.23%, 33.27% and 29.83%, 52.07% and 30.21%, respectively.

CONCLUSION:Leech extract may inhibit the expression of VEGF in WERI-RB-1 cells via the VEGF/PI3K/AKT pathway or HIF-1a and MMP-9 factors.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of femtosecond laser assisted phacoemulsification combined with Ahmed glaucoma drainage valve implantation in the treatment of cataract complicated with refractory glaucoma.

METHODS: Retrospective case-control study. From October 2019 to October 2021, 53 cataract patients(53 eyes)with refractory glaucoma were divided into 26 cases(26 eyes)in the femtosecond laser assisted cataract surgery(FLACS)group and 27 cases(27 eyes)in the conventional phacoemulsification surgery(CPCS)group according to their voluntary choice. The two groups underwent FLACS and CPCS combined with Ahmed glaucoma drainage valve implantation separately. The differences of intraoperative phacoemulsification energy(CDE), effective phacoemulsification time(EPT)and the changes of the number of anti glaucoma drugs before and after operation were compared between the two groups, and the effects of improving best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), reducing intraocular pressure, the degree of damage to corneal endothelial cells, the surgical complications and success rate were observed and compared between the two groups in different follow-up periods(1d,1wk, 1 and 3mo).

RESULTS: The intraoperative CDE and EPT in FLACS group were significantly lower than those in CPCS group(t=8.50, 5.16; P<0.01, P=0.001). The postoperative anti glaucoma drugs in the two groups were significantly less than those before operation(t=9.12, 7.76; P=0.011, 0.016), but there was no significant difference between the two groups(t=1.79, P=0.082).The postoperative BCVA of the two groups all improved and the intraocular pressure was all lower than that before operation(P<0.05).The improvement of BCVA in FLACS group was more significant than that in CPCS group in the early postoperative period(1d, 1wk; t=9.74, 8.49; P=0.008, 0.012), but there was no significant difference in the improvement degree of BCVA at 1 and 3mo after operation(t=0.62, 0.44; P=1.415, 2.021). The damage to corneal endothelial cell in CPCS group was more obvious than that in FLACS group at different stages of postoperative follow-up(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in controlling intraocular pressure between FLACS group and CPCS group at different stages of postoperative follow-up(F_interblock=0.64, P_interblock=0.421). The incidence of surgical complications was 27%(7/26)in FLACS group, which was lower than the 89%(24/27)in CPCS group(χ²=20.95, P<0.01). Corneal edema(8% vs. 41%), anterior capsular tear(0 vs. 11%)were significantly lower in FLACS group than in CPCS group. Posterior capsule rupture(0 vs. 7%), vitreous prolapse(0 vs. 4%)and intraocular lens deviation(0 vs. 7%)also occurred in CPCS group. However, the total success rate of the two groups was similar(P=28.718).

CONCLUSION: Femtosecond laser assisted phacoemulsification combined with Ahmed glaucoma drainage valve implantation can give full play to the precise, minimally invasive and controllable advantages of the combined operation to help patients effectively reduce intraocular pressure and recover vision earlier.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the relationship between serum long non-coding RNA(lncRNA)without distal homeobox 6 antisense 1(DLX6-AS1)and microRNA(miR)-335-3p and microvascular damage in patients with diabetic retinopathy(DR).

METHODS: A total of 160 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)in our hospital from February 2019 to December 2021 were prospectively selected and divided into non-DR group(NDR, n=69), non-proliferative DR group(NPDR, n=48)and proliferative DR group(PDR, n=43)according to DR staging criteria. The serum levels of lncRNA DLX6-AS1, miR-335-3p, vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), endothelial cells(ECs), and endothelial progenitor cells(EPCs)were compared among the three groups. Pearson method was used for correlation analysis. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of DR in patients with T2DM.

RESULTS: The expression level of serum miR-335-3p and the proportion of EPCs in NDR, NPDR and PDR groups were gradually decreased, while the expression levels of DLX6-AS1 and VEGF and the proportion of ECs were gradually increased(all P<0.05). Serum lncRNA DLX6-AS1 was negatively correlated with miR-335-3p in patients with DR(r=-0.668, P<0.01). The expression levels of serum lncRNA DLX6-AS1 and miR-335-3p in NPDR and PDR groups were negatively correlated(r=-0.647, -0.675, all P<0.01), lncRNA DLX6-AS1 was positively correlated with VEGF(r=0.619, 0.630, all P<0.01), and VEGF was negatively correlated with miR-335-3p(r=-0.625, -0.649, all P<0.01). In the PDR group, lncRNA DLX6-AS1 was positively correlated with ECs, while it was negatively correlated with EPCs(r=0.528, -0.594, all P<0.01). The miR-335-3p was negatively correlated with ECs and it was positively correlated with EPCs(r=-0.554, 0.586, all P<0.01). Multivariate regression analysis showed that lncRNA DLX6-AS1(OR=2.484, 95%CI: 1.366-4.516), miR-335-3p(OR=2.171, 95%CI: 1.218-3.871)and VEGF(OR=1.603, 95%CI: 1.115-2.304)were risk factors for DR in T2DM patients(all P<0.05).

CONCLUSION:lncRNA DLX6-AS1 is up-regulated and miR-335-3p is down-regulated in serum of DR patients. lncRNA DLX6-AS1 is negatively correlated with miR-335-3p. Abnormal expressions of both are related to microvascular damage in DR patients.

Abstract:The Hippo pathway, regulated by multiple intracellular and extracellular signals, is an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway. Through YAP/TAZ,the effector molecule, Hippo pathway participates in a variety of important physiological activities such as regulating the proliferation, differentiation, migration and regeneration of cells. Extensive studies have revealed that the Hippo pathway involves in tissue development, organ regeneration and tumorigenesis. Recent studies have shown that the Hippo pathway is closely related to the development and regeneration of ocular tissues and development of ocular diseases. Elucidating the role of Hippo pathway in ocular tissues will help to reveal the mechanism of occurrence and development of ophthalmic diseases, and it has far-reaching significance for improving the basic research and guiding the clinical work of ophthalmology. In this manuscript, the components and functions of the Hippo pathway and the recent research progress of Hippo pathway in ocular tissues such as cornea, trabecular meshwork, lens, retina and uvea were reviewed.

Abstract:Transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)is a multifunctional biologic factor involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, immune function and inflammatory response of the body. TGF-β signaling pathway-mediated myofibroblast transformation and overaccumulation of extracellular matrix(ECM)leads to retinal tissue contraction and impaired function. Various cytokine signals are involved in the fibrotic response in retinal tissue, but TGF-β is the most critical factor affecting the pathogenesis of retinal fibrotic disease. In terms of the eye, pathological fibrotic diseases such as corneal opacities, submacular fibrosis and proliferative retinal diseases cause visual impairment and blindness in millions of people worldwide, and this remains one of the major areas of unmet clinical need in ophthalmology. Therefore, this article focuses on the research progress related to the pathogenesis and therapeutic prospects of TGF-β in proliferative retinal diseases, with a view to provide more molecular targets for the prevention and treatment of proliferative retinal diseases and offer new ideas for the research of new drugs.

Abstract:Lattice degeneration of the retina(LD)is a peripheral vitreoretinal lesion characterized by atrophic retinal lesions and vitreous liquefaction in the equatorial region of the fundus. The progress of the disease is slow and the pathogenesis is not clear, which may be the result of multiple factors, among which the increase of ocular axis is one of the main risk factors. With the increase of myopia incidence, the prevalence of LD is on the rise. In recent years,it has become possible to quickly examine peripheral retina with the development of ultra-wide field fundus imaging technology. At present, retinal photocoagulation is the main prevention and treatment method for LD, but the need for preventive treatment is still unclear. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, influencing factors and treatment of LD, hoping to provide ideas for further research and treatment of myopia-related LD.

Abstract:Diabetic macular edema(DME)is one of the vision-threatening ocular complications of diabetes and is an important cause of blindness in adults. At present, there are 141 million diabetics in China. With the increase of the number of diabetics, the incidence of DME is also increasing year by year. Modern medicine has achieved certain results in the treatment of DME, but the side effects are obvious, and the effectiveness is limited. Mingmu-11 is an effective prescription widely used in the ophthalmology of our hospital. It contains bioactive ingredients such as safranal, crocetin, curcumin, gallic acid, ellagic acid, kaempferol and vanillin. Experimental studies and clinical application reports have shown that Mingmu-11 has a protective effect on nerve damage, ischemia-reperfusion injury, inflammation, oxidative damage, microvascular damage and leakage in the pathogenesis of DME, and it can delay the progression of diabetic retinopathy(DR). The pathogenesis of DME, Mingmu-11 and its active ingredients, and the therapeutic effects on DME are reviewed.

Abstract:Diabetic macular edema(DME)is the main cause of vision loss in patients with diabetes. Hyperglycemia leads to disruption of the blood-retinal barrier by triggering a pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic cascade, leading to intraretinal or subretinal fluid accumulation in the macula. Intravitreal administration of steroids represents an alternative for DME, while injection-related complications include endophthalmitis, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. In order to reduce the risks and complications, dexamethasone intravitreal implant(DEX implant; Ozurdex^®)were developed. DEX implant is a novel, artificially degradable sustained-release implant, with the advantages of reasonable release profile, strong anti-inflammatory, rapid improvement of macular edema, good bioavailability and safety. DEX implant provides a new choice for the treatment of patients with DME and has been recommended by several guidelines. This article reviews the latest research progress of DEX implant in the clinical treatment of DME.

Abstract:Since small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE)was universally performed, intraoperative corneal stromal lenticules as a by-product of SMILE has been widely studied and applied. As a good biomaterial, it can make up for the lack of corneal material to some extent. In this review, we describe the structural features of the corneal stromal lenticules derived from SMILE, summarize the impact of various preservation methods such as freezing preservation, anhydrous calcium chloride preservation and glycerin preservation upon its thickness, transparency and mechanical properties, and discuss its related applications in treating hyperopia and astigmatism, keratoconus, corneal perforation, Mooren's ulcer coexisting with a pterygium, corneal dermoid, corneal ectasia after laser in situ keratomileusis, glaucoma and other ophthalmic diseases, so that we can provide references for in-depth study and clinical application.

Abstract:Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness in the world and its specific pathogenesis is not clear. More attention has been paid to intraocular pressure and aqueous outflow channel. In recent years, scholars began to attach more importance to the role of non-pressure dependent factors, such as corneal hysteresis(CH), in glaucoma. CH is a biomechanical parameter of cornea, which reflects the viscous resistance of cornea, i.e., the ability to absorb and disperse energy. CH can be easily acquired clinically and may serve as surrogate markers for biomechanical properties of tissues in the back of the eye, like the lamina cribrosa and peripapillary sclera, which may be related to the susceptibility of glaucomatous damage. Several studies have provided evidence of the associations between CH and clinically relevant outcomes in glaucoma. This article reviews the latest findings on CH and summarizes the measurement methods of CH, relations between CH and central corneal thickness, glaucomatous visual field progress, optic disc damage, retinal nerve fiber layer loss, etc.

Abstract:The second most prevalent retinal vascular disease after diabetic retinopathy(DR)is retinal vein occlusion(RVO). Ocular biomarkers, including disorganization of retinal inner layers(DRIL), paracentral acute middle maculopathy(PAMM), prominent middle limiting membrane(p-MLM), hyperreflective foci(HRF), subretinal fluid(SRF), ellipsoid zone(EZ), external limiting membrane(ELM), superficial capillary plexus(SCP), and deep capillary plexus(DCP), etc., are indicators or signs derived from auxiliary examinations that can anticipate the onset and progression of diseases as well as the final visual outcome, according to research published in recent years. In our study, we evaluated the ocular biomarkers of RVO in the hopes that these markers would offer a multifaceted picture of the onset and development of RVO, assist in determining the prognosis of RVO, provide a more thorough understanding of the disease and avoid the severe vision impairment of RVO.

Abstract:Sclera is an important tissue to maintain the structure and function of eyes.Its unique biomechanical properties influence the occurrence and development of ocular diseases. The biomechanical properties of sclera are mainly determined by extracellular matrix(ECM), which contains different types of collagen fibers, proteoglycan and other substances. In many ocular diseases, the change of the content and arrangement of these scleral ingredients as well as scleral biomechanics can be called scleral remodeling. In recent years, studies have shown that the scleral remodeling is a complex and dynamic process in many ocular diseases,with many key molecules and signaling pathways participating and regulating. Those key molecules and signaling pathways influencing the scleral remodeling of ocular diseases are reviewed, and the availability of scleral intervention in the treatment of ocular diseases is explored.

Abstract:Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(allo-HSCT)is the main treatment for a variety of hematological malignancies, but chronic graft-versus-host disease(cGVHD)is subsequently a common complication. Among them, ocular graft-versus-host disease(oGVHD)is the most common one, which mainly involves lacrimal glands, eyelid glands, cornea, and conjunctiva. The typical syndrome is dry eye syndrome characterized by fibrosis. The oGVHD-related dry eye has led to a significant reduction in the quality of life of patients, which has attracted widespread attention. In addition to systemic immunosuppressant and ocular lubricants, topical corticosteroids and cyclosporine are usually used in combination for the treatment of oGVHD. Newer treatments for moderate to severe oGVHD also include the use of autologous serum eye drops and scleral contact lenses. This article mainly reviews the current treatment status of oGVHD and dry eye, with a view to provide ideas for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Abstract:AIM: To systematically evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravitreous injection of anti-VEGF drugs combined with Ahmed glaucoma drainage valve(AGV)implantation compared with single AGV implantation in the treatment of neovascular glaucoma(NVG).

METHODS: PubMed, Cochrane Library, American Science Citation Index(SCI)Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI), Wanfang Database were searched from the establishment to July 20, 2021 for relevant literatures about the treatment of NVG with AGV implantation and anti-VEGF drugs. These literatures were imported into EndNoteX9, strictly screened according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and evaluated for their quality, and the raw data were extracted and integrated. STATA 16.0 and RevMan 5.3 were applied for Meta-analysis.

RESULTS: A total of 10 clinical studies with 490 eyes in total were included in Meta-analysis. According to the different research types of these literatures, the quality of the original literatures was evaluated as medium to high, and the homogeneity of the basic data among the studies was excellent. Meta-analysis showed that the intraocular pressure of patients who underwent intravitreous injection of anti-VEGF drugs was significantly decreased 1wk and 1mo after treatment compared with those patients who underwent single AGV implantation. Moreover, AGV implantation combined with intravitreous injection of anti-VEGF drugs could not improve postoperative best corrected visual acuity(BCVA). Although the combination with bevacizumab did not significantly improve the success rate of surgery, it could significantly reduce the amount of anti-glaucoma drugs still needed after surgery, whereas, ranibizumab did the opposite in both success rate and drug amount.

CONCLUSION: Compared with single AGV implantation, the combination of AGV implantation and intravitreous injection of anti-VEGF drugs has advantages in reducing intraocular pressure of NVG patients. According to different anti-VEGF drugs, the combination has some positive effects on increasing the success rate of surgery and reducing the amount of anti-glaucoma drugs still needed after operation.

Abstract:AIM: To systematically evaluate the effectiveness and safety of subconjunctival and intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide(TA)in the treatment of macular edema secondary to non-infectious uveitis.

METHODS: Databases, including Wanfang database, CNKI, VIP database, CBM, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science, were searched from the establishment to May 2022. A clinical randomized controlled trial(RCT)of TA for the treatment of non-infectious uveitis secondary to macular edema was included, with subconjunctival injection of TA in the trial group and intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide(IVTA)in the control group. Review Manager 5.4 and Stata15 were used for Meta-analysis of the postoperative best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), central macular thickness(CMT), overall efficiency and adverse effects. Odds ratio(OR), weighted mean(MD)and 95% confidence interval(CI)were applied to evaluate.

RESULTS: A total of 8 studies were included. The Meta-analysis showed that subconjunctival injection of TA was better than the IVTA group in improving BCVA(MD=0.81, 95%CI: 0.60～1.01, P<0.0001), reducing CMT(MD=-48.35, 95%CI: -58.82～-37.88, P<0.0001)and in the overall efficiency(OR=3.88, 95%CI: 2.32～6.52, P<0.0001); The incidence of adverse events was lower than that of the IVTA group(OR=0.45, 95%CI: 0.32～0.62, P<0.0001).

CONCLUSION: As for the treatment of non-infectious uveitis, subconjunctival injection of TA was superior to IVTA in terms of its improved visual acuity, reduced CMT, overall efficiency and lower incidence of adverse events.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the therapeutic effects of intravitreal implantation of dexamethasone and ranibizumab in the treatment of retinal vein occlusion(RVO).

METHODS: Retrospective study. A total of 40 patients with ROV were selected, and they were randomly divided into 2 groups according to different treatment. Patients in group A were treated with intravitreal implantation of dexamethasone, while patients in group B were treated with intravitreal injection of ranibizumab. Intraocular pressure, central macular thickness(CMT), best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), superficial vascular complex(SVC)layer, dorsal vasculature complex(DVC)layer, macular vascular density(MVD)of choroid layer and choroidal capillary layer and foveal avascular area(FAZ)of the patients in both groups were measured and compared before and after treatment. Recurrence and adverse reactions were recorded.

RESULTS: After treatment for 12mo, the BCVA and CMT of the 2 groups were significantly improved(P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the 2 groups(P>0.05). After treatment, there was no significant difference in MVD of SVC layer, choroid layer or choroidal capillary layer between the 2 groups(P>0.05), but the MVD of DVC layer in group A was significantly greater than that in group B(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in superficial and deep FAZ areas between the two groups before and after treatment(P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence rates of subconjunctival hemorrhage and foreign body sensation between the 2 groups(P>0.05), but the incidence of intraocular hypertension in group A was significantly higher than that in group B(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the recurrence rate of macular edema(ME)between the two groups(P>0.05), but the average recurrence time of group A was significantly longer than that of group B(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Intravitreal implantation of dexamethasone can better increase the MVD of DVC layer and maintain the effect for a longer time than the intravitreal injection of ranibizumab, but there is a higher risk of intraocular hypertension and other adverse reactions.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the short-term efficacy of intense pulsed light(IPL)for the comprehensive treatment of blepharokeratoconjunctivitis(BKC).

METHODS: A total of 66 patients(66 eyes)diagnosed with BKC in Cangzhou Aier Eye Hospital from December 2020 to December 2021 were selected(All selected the more severe eye for research). They were divided into two groups according to the different clinical treatment, with 30 cases(30 eyes)in control group and 36 cases(36 eyes)in treatment group. Both groups were administrated for 1wk(0.1% fluorometholone eye drops, 0.3% sodium hyaluronate eye drops and tobramycin dexamethasone eye ointment). Ocular surface state was taken as the baseline level. The control group continued to receive drugs(0.1% fluorometholone eye drops and 0.3% sodium hyaluronate eye drops), while the treatment group is required to undergo regular IPL in the hospital on the basis of drug treatment(atomization fumigation+IPL+meibomian gland massage + meibomian margin cleaning+cold compress), once every 2wk, for a total of 4 times. The patients in both groups were followed up at 1wk after drug treatment, before the first IPL treatment(V1), before the third treatment(V2)of IPL, and at 2wk after the fourth treatment(V3)of IPL, respectively. Data including ocular surface disease index(OSDI), the morphology of meibomian margin under the slit lamp, the nature of meibomian gland(MG)secretion, the difficulty of excretion of MG secretion, non-invasive tear film break-up time(NIBUT), red eye index and corneal fluorescent staining were collected. Moreover, the best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), intraocular pressure, anterior segment and fundus were examined to observe the occurrence of complications.

RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in the indexes of the patients in both groups before treatment, including OSDI, morphology of meibomian margin, nature of MG secretion, the difficulty of excretion of MG secretion, NIBUT, ocular surface hyperemia and corneal fluorescein sodium staining(P>0.05). In V2 and V3, the indexes of the patients in both groups, including OSDI, morphology of meibomian margin, nature of MG secretion, the difficulty of excretion of MG secretion, ocular surface hyperemia and corneal fluorescein sodium staining, were lower than those before treatment(V1), while the NIBUT was longer than that before treatment, the differences were statistically significant(all P<0.05). There was difference between the groups(P<0.05). Those indexes improved more obvious in the treatment group. No obvious complications occurred in all patients.

CONCLUSION: IPL comprehensive treatment have better effect on reducing the inflammation of ocular surface, and improving the function of MG, and it can be used as a new option for physical therapy of BKC.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze the application value of ocular surface analyzer in meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD)of patients with diabetes mellitus(DM).

METHODS: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)admitted to Hebei Eye Hospital between May 2017 and May 2021 were selected. They were divided into three groups according to the course of disease, with 37 cases in short-term goup(DM course <5a), 31 cases in medium-term group(5a< DM course <10a)and 34 cases in long-term group(DM course ≥10a). Meanwhile, patients without diabetes mellitus(DM)were selected as the control group. The ocular surface disease index(OSDI), tear meniscus height(TMH), non-invasive first tear film break-up time(NIBUT), lipid layer thickness(LLT)and absence of meibomian gland were compared among the four groups.

RESULTS: Patients with different course of DM had significantly higher OSDI than the control group(all P<0.05), and their TMH, first NIBUT, and mean NIBUT were significantly lower than those of the control group(P<0.05). With the progression of DM, the OSDI gradually increased, while TMH, first NIBUT and mean NIBUT decreased. The grades of LLT and absence of meibomian gland were different in the four groups(P<0.05). As DM progressed, patients with grade 1 LLT increased, while patients with grade 2 LLT decreased. Moreover, patients with grade 0 absence of meibomian gland decreased, while those with grade 1 increased.

CONCLUSION: Ocular surface analyzer is helpful for evaluating MGD in patients with DM. It can accurately and objectively evaluate the function and morphology of meibomian gland, which is beneficial to early diagnosis and subsequent treatment of MGD in patients with DM.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the clinical effect of posterior chamber phakic refractive lens(PC-PRL)implantation in the treatment of ultra-high myopia.

METHODS: Retrospective case study. A total of 36 patients(67 eyes)with ultra-high myopia who underwent PC-PRL implantation in our hospital from January 2021 to January 2022 were selected. They were and divided into two groups according to the preoperative spherical equivalent, with 16 cases(30 eyes)in spherical equivalent ≤-18.00D group and 20 cases(37 eyes)in spherical equivalent >-18.00D group. The preoperative and postoperative visual acuity, intraocular pressure(IOP), corneal endothelial cell density(ECD), central anterior chamber depth(ACD)and postoperative vault and complications were compared and analyzed.

RESULTS: The uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA)at 3mo after operation of the two groups reached or exceeded the preoperative best corrected visual acuity(BCVA; all P<0.05), and the spherical equivalent >-18.00D group had a greater visual acuity improvement(P<0.01). There were significant differences in IOP and corneal ECD between the two groups at 1d after operation and before operation(all P<0.05); The vault at different time points decreased after operation, but it was within the normal range; The ACD at 3mo after operation was lower than that before operation(all P<0.01). There was no difference in intraocular pressure, ECD, ACD and postoperative vault between the two groups(P>0.05). No serious postoperative complications occurred in both groups.

CONCLUSION: The PC-PRL implantation had improved early visual acuity and stable refractive state, which was safe and reliable, and there were no serious complications in the treatment of patients with ultra-high myopia.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the clinical effect of femtosecond-assisted laser in situ keratomileusis(FS-LASIK)and trans-epithelial photorefractive keratectomy(TransPRK)using 750Hz ablation frequency and smart pulse technology(SPT)in the correction for moderate myopia.

METHODS: A non-randomised, prospective cohort study was conducted on the included 48 patients(90 eyes)treated with FS-LASIK and 47 patients(90 eyes)treated with TransPRK. All eyes were moderate myopia(spherical equivalence -3.00～-6.00D). Both FS-LASIK and TransPRK were performed by Schwind Amaris 750S excimer laser. Visual acuity, refraction and corneal high order aberration were analyzed before and at 6mo after surgery, respectively, to evaluate the surgical efficacy.

RESULTS: The diopters at 6mo after the surgery of FS-LASIK and TransPRK were emmetropic and relatively stable. There was no significant difference in preoperative and postoperative SE between the two groups(P>0.05). The total high order aberration, spherical aberration, and vertical coma at 6mo after surgery in the FS-LASIK group and TransPRK group were significantly higher than those before surgery(all P<0.001), and the total high order aberration and vertical coma in the FS-LASIK group were higher than those in the TransPRK group(all P<0.001). The mean validity index at 6mo after surgery was 1.054±0.172 and 1.082±0.147(t=-0.755, P=0.459)in the FS-LASIK group and TransPRK group, respectively. Moreover, the mean safety index of the FS-LASIK group was 1.009±0.114 at 6mo after surgery, which was significantly lower than 1.124±0.213 of the TransPRK group(t=-2.322, P=0.033).

CONCLUSION: Both FS-LASIK and SPT-guided TransPRK had better postoperative long-term vision. The total high order aberration and vertical coma of patients in the FS-LASIK group were higher than those in the TransPRK group, and the safety index of FS-LASIK was lower than that in the TransPRK group.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of three doses of Conbercept intravitreal injection with panretinal photocoagulation(PRP)followed by EX-PRESS glaucoma shunt implantation on patients with neovascular glaucoma(NVG).

METHODS: Prospective study. A total of 37 patients(37 eyes)with NVG from May 2018 to September 2020 were collected. All accepted intravitreal injection of Conbercept and PRP 3-5d later, and accepted EX-PRESS glaucoma shunt implantation within 1wk after surgery. They were randomly divided into the low-dose group(13 eyes), the conventional dose group(12 eyes)and the high-dose group(12 eyes)according to three doses of preoperative Conbercept intravitreal injection, and they were injected with 10mg/mL Conbercept of 0.03, 0.05 and 0.08 mL(0.3, 0.5 and 0.8 mg Conbercept contained)respectively. The regression of iris and angle neovascularization(NV)after intravitreal injection was observed in the three groups, and postoperative intraocular pressure(IOP), best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)and complications were compared among the three groups.

RESULTS: All patients completed follow-up. Cases with NV regression of iris and angle in the high-dose group were significantly more than the low-dose group(χ²=0.132, P=0.003)and the conventional dose group(χ²=0.154, P=0.015)3-5d after intravitreal injection. BCVA and IOP of the three groups at 1, 3 and 6mo after surgery were improved compared with those before treatment. IOP of the low-dose group, the conventional dose group and the high-dose group at 12mo after surgery was 14.12±2.63, 13.37±2.18 and 12.15±1.43mmHg, respectively. IOP of the high-dose group was lower than that of the low-dose group and the conventional dose group(all P<0.05). The BCVA of the high-dose group at 12mo after surgery was better than that of the low-dose group and the conventional dose group(all P<0.05). There was no significantly statistical difference in the incidence of postoperative complications at 12mo after surgery among the three groups(P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONS: The intravitreal injection of high-dose(0.8mg)Conbercept combined with PRP and EX-PRESS glaucoma shunt implantation has particularly significant clinical effect on the treatment of NVG.

Abstract:Dry eye(DE)is one of the most common eye diseases worldwide, with prevalence ranging from 5% to 50%. DE cannot be diagnosed timely and accurately due to its complex etiology and the limitations of testing equipment. In recent years, with the widespread use of artificial intelligence(AI)in the medical field, the application of machine learning and deep learning in the detection of dry eye has been deeply studied, such as interferometry, slit lamp examination and the classification and evaluation of meibomian gland images. Studies have found that the AI models can accurately analyze the measured data and images of patients with dry eye and with sensitivity and specificity of more than 90%. AI has great potential to assist clinicians in the objective diagnosis of dry eye and improve the quality of life of patients with dry eye. In this review, we summarized the current status of AI in dry eye, the potential challenges in clinical application, and look forward to the prospect of AI-assisted diagnosis of dry eye.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of adalimumab(ADA)with dose-reduced glucocorticoid for the treatment of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease(VKH).

METHODS: A total of 21 patients(37 eyes)with VKH who received ADA therapy in the Department of Ophthalmology of our hospital from August 2020 to December 2021 were included. The interval of ADA administration was progressively extended after intraocular inflammation controlled and lasted for 3mo, and it returned to the initial treatment interval once the inflammation recurred. After follow-up for 12mo, anterior chamber cell(ACC)grade, vitreous haze(VH)grade, retinal/choroidal lesions, serous retinal detachment(SRD), best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), central macular thickness(CMT)and doses of glucocorticoid and immunosuppressant were compared before and after the first ADA injection. Treatment failure events and adverse reactions were recorded.

RESULTS: Compared with baseline, the proportion of eyes with ACC grade ≤1+ and VH grade ≤1+ increased(P<0.05), the proportion of eyes with retinal/choroidal lesions decreased significantly(P<0.01), BCVA and CMT were significantly improved(P<0.01), and the average dose of glucocorticoid reduced significantly(P<0.01)at 2wk, 1, 3 and 6mo after treatment. At the final follow-up, 82% of patients received glucocorticoid ≤5 mg, and all patients stopped using immunosuppressant. There were 13 treatment failure events during the follow-up period, and 12 patients(57%)extended the ADA treatment interval, with no serious adverse events related to ADA treatment observed.

CONCLUSION: ADA is effective and safe for the treatment of VKH, reducing the need for glucocorticoid and immunosuppressant. In addition, extending the interval of ADA treatment is effective, which has a lower recurrence rate.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the occurrence and influencing factors of capsular contraction syndrome(CCS)after cataract phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation.

METHODS: A Retrospective study was conducted on the selected 1 987 patients(1 987 eyes)undergoing cataract phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation in the hospital between September 2018 and December 2021. According to the postoperative occurrence of CCS, they were divided into CCS group and non-CCS group. The clinical data in the two groups were compared. The influencing factors of CCS were analyzed by multivariate Logistic regression analysis. And the predictive model was constructed.

RESULTS: There were 38 eyes with postoperative CCS among the 1 987 cataract patients(1 987 eyes), with an incidence of 1.91%. The proportions of cases with age ≥65 years, diabetes mellitus, glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, uveitis and hydrophilic intraocular lens in CCS group were significantly higher than those in the non-CCS group(all P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic stepwise forward regression analysis showed that age ≥65 years, diabetes mellitus, retinitis pigmentosa, uveitis and hydrophilic intraocular lens were risk factors of CCS after phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation(P<0.05). The predictive model constructed based on regression coefficients of the risk factors had good goodness of fit(P=0.421).

CONCLUSION: Advanced age, diabetes mellitus, retinitis pigmentosa, uveitis and material properties of intraocular lens are important influencing factors of postoperative CCS.

Abstract:AIM:To identify the reasons for not improving visual acuity of patients with diabetic macular edema(DME)and its correlation with optical coherent tomography(OCT)imaging characteristics. They were treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)again after an interruption of treatment due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS: Retrospective cases study. A total of 31 patients(40 eyes)with DME and treated with anti-VEGF drugs in the Department of Ophthalmology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University between December 2019 and July 2020 were selected. All patients had an treatment history of interruption due to COVID-19. Based on the behavioral standard of best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)at 1mo after re-treatment, they were divided into improved visual acuity group(14 eyes)and non-improved visual acuity group(26 eyes). All patients received comprehensive ophthalmic examinations, including BCVA, intraocular pressure, OCT, fundus photography, and fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA). The central retinal thickness(CRT), hyper-reflective retinal dots(HRD), subretinal fluid(SRF), intraretinal fluid(IRF), disorganization of the inner retinal layers(DRIL)and ellipsoid zone disruption(EZD)were quantified by Image J. The correlation between BCVA and CRT, the number of HRD, the diameter of SRF and IRF, and the height of DRIL and EDZ width at 1mo after treatment were analyzed by Spearman correlation.

RESULTS: The proportion of HRD in OCT was significantly higher in the non-improved visual acuity group than that in the improved visual acuity group(χ²=5.43, P=0.0072); There was a positive correlation between the difference of BCVA(LogMAR)and CRT change in DME patients after treatment(r_s=0.406, P=0.009); There was a positive correlation between BCVA(LogMAR)and EZD width after treatment(r_s=0.358, P=0.023). There was no correlation between BCVA(LogMAR)after treatment and the number of CRT(r_s=-0.086,P=0.600)and HRD(r_s=-0.115,P=0.482), the diameter and height of SRF(r_s=0.102,P=0.530; r_s=0.100,P=0.538)and IRF(r_s=0.134,P=0.410; r_s=-0.014,P=0.932), and the width of DRIL(r_s=0.089,P=0.587).

CONCLUSION:The probability of retinal HRD was significantly higher in patients with no visual improvement than that in patients with visual improvement after the re-treatment with anti-VEGF due to the treatment interruption during COVID-19. EZD width was also closely correlated to the prognosis of visual acuity. As for these patients, HRD manifestations in OCT should be comprehensively considered, taking intravitreal injection of glucocorticoid as an auxiliary strategy if necessary.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the effect of scleral buckling combined with laser photocoagulation for the treatment of recurrent retinal detachment in silicone oil-filled eyes.

METHODS: Retrospective study. A total of 23 patients(23 eyes)with retinal detachment in silicone oil-filled eyes who were treated in the first ward of ophthalmology department at Dalian No.3 People's Hospital with scleral buckling and laser photocoagulation from March 2019 to March 2022 were selected. The best corrected visual acuity(BVCA), intraocular pressure, retinal reattachment and complications were compared before and after surgery.

RESULTS: At the last follow-up, 20 eyes of 23 eyes were reattached, with a reattachment rate of 87%. BCVA at 3 and 6mo after operation was higher than that before operation(all P<0.05). The intraocular pressure increased temporarily in the early period after operation and then recovered to the preoperative level. A total of 3 eyes had silicone oil displacement. After symptomatic treatment, the anterior chamber was completely filled with aqueous humor or a small amount of residual silicone oil drops in the anterior chamber were far away from the corneal endothelium, which had no adverse effect on the corneal endothelium.

CONCLUSION: Scleral buckling combined with retinal laser photocoagulation is safe and effective in the treatment of recurrent retinal detachment in silicone oil-filled eyes.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the efficacy of pars plana vitrectomy(PPV)combined with internal limiting membrane(ILM)peeling or inverted ILM flap for the treatment of macular hole retinal detachment(MHRD)in high myopia.

METHODS: A retrospective clinical study. A total of 38 cases(38 eyes)with MHRD in high myopia were treated with PPV combined with ILM peeling or PPV combined with inverted ILM flap in our hospital from January 2020 to June 2021. They were divided into control group(PPV combined with ILM peeling)and observation group(PPV combined with inverted ILM flap)according to the surgical method. Follow-up to 3mo after surgery, the surgery time, best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), the rate of macular hole closure and retinal reattachment were compared between two groups.

RESULTS: The surgery time of two groups were compared and there were no statistically significant difference(30.71±4.55min vs. 35.20±5.44min, P=0.384). The BCVA in the two groups were significantly improved at the last follow-up(all P<0.01). But there was no difference in the postoperative BCVA(LogMAR)of the two groups(1.39±0.24 vs. 1.46±0.27, P=0.700). The rate of macular hole closure in the observation group was higher than that of control group(100% vs. 71%, P=0.024). There was no difference in the rate of recurrent retinal detachment of the patients in two groups(0 vs. 10%, P=0.492).

CONCLUSION: Both surgeries can improve the BCVA, while PPV combined with inverted ILM flap has higher rate of macular hole closure.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the efficacy and safety of RS-type lacrimal drainage tube and annular silicone tube placement in the treatment of lacrimal canaliculus laceration.

METHODS: Retrospective study. A total of 64 patients(64 eyes)with lacrimal canaliculus laceration were selected, and divided into group A(34 eyes treated with RS-type lacrimal drainage tube placement)and group B(30 eyes treated with annular silicone tube placement)according to different treatment. Clinical effect, operation time, regression time of postoperative eyelid swelling and complications at 3 and 6mo after surgery were compared between the two groups.

RESULTS:There was no statistically significant difference in the total response rate between the two groups at 3mo(94% vs. 87%)and 6mo(91% vs. 83%)after operation(all P<0.05). The operation time and regression time of postoperative eyelid swelling of group A were significantly shorter than those of group B(all P<0.001). The total incidence of complications in group A was significantly lower than that in group B(12% vs. 33%, P=0.037).

CONCLUSION:Both RS-type lacrimal drainage tube placement and annular silicone tube placement are effective in the treatment of lacrimal canaliculus laceration. However, the operation time of patients treated with RS-type lacrimal drainage tube is shorter, and patients recover faster after operation. In addition, the complications are fewer, and it is safer.

Abstract:AIM: To study the correlation between the selection of surgical methods for children with basic exotropia and the incidence of lateral incomitance and correction effect.

METHODS: Retrospective study. Clinical data of 180 children with basic exotropia who received treatment in the ophthalmology department of our hospital from June 2018 to December 2020 were selected. The patients were divided into 104 cases in monocular recess-resection group(R & R group)and 76 cases in binocular lateral rectus recession group(BLR-rec group)according to the surgical method. The general information, correction effect, the degree of surgical strabismus and the lateral incomitance were compared between the two groups.

RESULTS: There were no differences in the degree of near and far strabismus between 2 groups at 3d, 1 and 6mo after surgery(all P>0.05). The correction rate of the R& R group at different time after surgery was higher than that of the BLR-rec group(P<0.05). R & R group had lower risk of lateral incomitance than that of BLR-rec group(OR=0.524, Wald χ²=4.260, P=0.039). After 6mo of operation, the patients in two groups mainly showed eye abduction fixation in the horizontal rectus muscle operation, but there was no difference in the incidence of near and distant lateral incomitance between the two groups(all P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: R & R is better than BLR-rec in correcting children's basic exotropia, and it can reduce the incidence of lateral incomitance.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze the relationship between ocular signs and quality of life in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy(TAO).

METHODS:A total of 356 patients with TAO who treated at a general hospital in Chengdu from October 2019 to December 2019 were selected. Their basic information and ocular signs(intraocular press, visual acuity, exophthalmos and eyelid retraction)were collected. In addition, the Graves Ophthalmopathy Quality of Life Scale(GO-QOL)was used to evaluate patients' quality of life.

RESULTS:The median of visual function and social psychology of patients with TAO were 87.50 and 68.75 respectively. It was indicated that TAO patients' visual function scores were related to intraocular pressure, visual acuity and eyelid retraction(all P<0.05), social psychology scores were related to visual acuity(P<0.05), the high intraocular pressure had a significant influence on patients' visual function scores(P=0.001), and different visual acuity had a significant influence on the social psychology scores of patients with TAO(P=0.012).

CONCLUSION:High intraocular pressure and impaired vision can reduce TAO patients' quality of life. Hence, medical staff should pay attention to the ocular signs during symptom management, especially the high intraocular pressure and low visual acuity, actively treating and preventing adverse ocular signs, so as to improve the quality of life of patients with TAO.

Abstract:Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is caused by novel coronavirus(SARS-CoV-2), which is widely prevalent around the world and caused global panic. Evidences show that eye transmission is possible, so the ophthalmic medical staff is more likely to be infected. Ocular manifestations of COVID-19 involve conjunctiva, corneal, sclera, anterior chamber, pupils, retina, optic nerve and visual cortex, extraocular muscles and theirs cranial nerves innervation, orbit and lacrimal system. Viral conjunctivitis is the most common ocular manifestation of COVID-19. In order to protect ophthalmic medical staff from infection and to safely carry out clinical work during the epidemic period of COVID-19, this article summarizes the ocular manifestations of COVID-19, including epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical manifestation.