Abstract:AIM: To compare the anterior chamber volume and corneal volume using Pentacam in people with early keratoconus, subclinical keratoconus, and healthy subjects.

METHODS: This epidemiologic study was performed on 63 patients who were candidates for refractive surgery. We classified our patients into three groups as normal, subclinical keratoconus, and early keratoconus according to the Amsler-Krumeich criteria. We collected demographic information, including age and sex, and obtained a full medical history of the patients. Complete visual examination was performed for all patients. Then, using Pentacam, corneal volume and anterior chamber volume were measured among three groups.

RESULTS: Corneal volume in the control group was significantly higher than the subclinical keratoconus and early keratoconus groups(P<0.05), but the anterior chamber volume was not significantly different between the groups(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: Measuring the corneal volume can help to distinguish the eyes with subclinical keratoconus and early keratoconus from normal eyes. The chamber volume might not differ remarkably among people with subclinical keratoconus, early keratoconus, and those with normal eyes.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the morphological changes of corneal subbasal nerve(SBN)plexus in patients with Sjogren syndrome(SS)by in vivo confocal microscopy(IVCM)study and analyze its correlation with clinical symptoms.

METHODS: We collected 22 cases(44 eyes)patients with Sjogren's syndrome(observation group)and 22 cases(44 eyes)healthy people with the same age(control group)for observation of central corneal SBN fibers diameter, number of beads, and tortuosity, and recorded tear film break up time(BUT), Schirmer's Ⅰ test(SⅠt), tear meniscus height(TMH), dendritic cell(DC)density, the results were applied to perform statistical analysis.

RESULTS: Under IVCM observation, the diameter of corneal SBN fibers in the observation group became thinner, the number of beads and the degree of nerve fiber tortuosity were increased compared with the control group(P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis: the diameter of corneal SBN fibers in the observation group was significantly correlated with BUT(r=0.472, P<0.01), SⅠt(r=0.562, P<0.01), TMH(r=0.246, P=0.02)and DC density(r=-0.636, P<0.01). The number of nerve fiber beads was correlated with BUT(r=-0.621, P<0.01), SⅠt(r=-0.688, P<0.01), TMH(r=-0.438, P<0.01)and DC density(r=0.528, P<0.01). There was a significant correlation between nerve fiber tortuosity and BUT(r=-0.634, P<0.01), SⅠt(r=-0.713, P<0.01), TMH(r=-0.384, P< 0.01)and DC density(r=0.604, P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: IVCM can effectively observe the morphology of corneal nerve plexus. In SS patients, the diameter of corneal SBN fibers becomes thinner, the number of beads increases, and the tortuosity of nerve fiber increases. Moreover, the degree of nerve fiber lesions is correlated with the severity of dry eye clinical symptoms.

Abstract:AIM: To report the therapeutic outcomes of botulinum toxin A(Botox)and eyelid surgery in patients with hemifacial spasm(HFS).

METHODS: Patients' images and medical notes were retrospectively reviewed with subsequent analysis of both the therapeutic outcomes and complications of Botox injections.

RESULTS: The information of 76 patients(Female=58)with HFS who received a minimum of 4 Botox injections were included. The mean follow-up interval was 83±50(20-112)mo with an average of 16±10(4-34)injections. The peak incidence was between 55 and 64 years and the average age of onset was 66±11(32-85)years. Up to 23% of patients with HFS had aberrant vascular structures(Right=8, Left=7)in close relationship to the facial nerve(MRI=14, CT=1), where the vertebral artery(n=6)was the most involved vessel followed by the anterior inferior cerebellum artery(n=5). Patients with primary HFS had a shorter effective duration(2.5 vs 3.1mo, P<0.05), a longer onset time(4.1 vs 3.8d, P=0.739)and a lower Subjective Spasm Alleviation score(SSAs)(1.7 vs 1.9, P=0.179)than those with secondary HFS. Twelve of the 19 patients with pre-existing eyelid diseases underwent surgical correction including upper blepharoplasty(n=12), limited myectomy(n=7), browplasty(n=7)and advancement of levator aponeurosis(n=5). Five(41.7%)of those with surgical correction and suboptimal response to Botox showed improvement 6mo after surgery \〖onset time(P=0.0256), effective duration(P=0.374)and SSAs(P=0.0161)\〗. Those 12 patients with eyelid surgery had a lower complication rate than those without eyelid surgery(23% vs 42%, P≤0.05).

CONCLUSION: Botox is an effective and safe treatment for HFS. We found that patients with primary HFS had a less favorable therapeutic outcome with Botox than those with secondary HFS. Eyelid surgery for patients with concurrent eyelid diseases can augment the effect of subsequent Botox injections by improving patient satisfaction and reducing complication rate.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the regulation of autophagy on high glucose-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)in human lens epithelial cells.

METHODS: In order to investigate the changes of EMT and autophagy induced by high glucose, HLE-B3 cells were divided into two groups. In NC group, cells were cultured in DMEM with 5.5mmol/L glucose, and in HG group, cells were treated with DMEM in addition with 30mmol/L glucose for 12h, 24h, and 48h. Western blot was used to detect the expression of EMT-marker proteins(E-cadherin and α-SMA)and autophagy-marker proteins(LC3, Beclin 1 and SQSTM1/p62). Wound healing assay was conducted to observe the migration ability. To investigate the regulation of autophagy on EMT, we employed rapamycin, an agonist of autophagy. HLE-B3 cells were divided into 4 groups. Two of them were mentioned as above, and the other two groups were treated with high glucose combined with DMSO(DMSO)and high glucose combined with 200nmol/L rapamycin(RAPA), respectively. Migration ability of cells was evaluated by Transwell assay. Expressions of proteins, such as EMT marker proteins, molecules in TGF-β signaling pathway(TGF-β2, Smad2/3, p-Smad2/3, Snail), and autophagy markers were detected by Western blot. The intracellular co-localization of SQSTM1/p62 and Smad2/3 was observed by immunofluorescence staining, and their interaction was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation assay.

RESULTS: The expression of E-cadherin, LC3 Ⅱ/Ⅰ, and Beclin 1 in HLE-B3 cells of HG group gradually decreased(F=67.52, 163, 206; all P<0.0001), the expressions of α-SMA, SQSTM1/p62 increased with time(F=53.37, 302.1; all P<0.0001), and cell migration also increased compared with the cells in NC group(all P<0.001), indicating that high glucose stimulated EMT and suppressed autophagy. After treatment with rapamycin, the expressions of LC3 Ⅱ/Ⅰ and E-cadherin increased, the expressions of α-SMA, p-Smad2/Smad2, p-Smad3/Smad3 and Snail decreased(all P<0.05), and the expressions of TGF-β2 did not change(all P>0.05)in RAPA group compared with HG group and DMSO group, cell migration was also suppressed(all P<0.001), indicating that Rapamycin down regulated the expressions of molecules in TGF-βsignaling pathway after activation of autophagy, which resulted in inhibiting EMT. Immunofluorescence staining showed co-localization of SQSTM1/p62 and Smad2/3 in cytoplasm. Co-immunoprecipitation confirmed the combination between SQSTM1/p62 and Smad2/3.

CONCLUSION: High glucose stimulates the process of EMT and suppresses the autophagy in HLE-B3 cells. Autophagy regulates EMT by interacting with Smad2/3 via SQSTM1/p62, altering the amount of Smad2/3 which works in the TGF-β signaling pathway.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the effect and mechanism of MicroRNA-34a on senescence and apoptosis of human lens epithelial cell line SRA01/04.

METHODS: MicroRNA-34a expression levels in ARC lens and transparent lens epithelial cells were detected by qRT-PCR. MicroRNA-34a mimics, MicroRNA-34a inhibitors and empty liposome(control group)were transfected into SRA01/04 cells by liposome transfection kit. Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining was used to detect the effect of MicroRNA-34a on the apoptosis of human lens cell line SRA01/04. The expression of Cdc42 and Rac1 protein was detected by western blot.

RESULTS: The expression level of MicroRNA-34a in anterior capsular tissue of transparent lens was significantly lower than that in ARC anterior capsular tissue(P<0.05). The positive rates of SA-β-gal in the MicroRNA-34a mimics group, the control group and the MicroRNA-34a inhibitors group were(87.56±2.34)%,(12.22±2.74)% and(3.45±0.45)%, respectively. The positive rates of SA-β-gal in the MicroRNA-34a mimics group was significantly higher than the control group, while the SA-β-gal positive rate in the MicroRNA-34a inhibitors group was significantly lower than that in the control group(P<0.05). The apoptosis rate of the MicroRNA-34a inhibitors group, control group and MicroRNA-34a mimics group were(5.87±1.22)%,(12.26±2.14)% and(29.45±3.12)%, respectively. The apoptosis rate of the MicroRNA-34a mimics group was significantly higher than that of the control group, while that of the MicroRNA-34a inhibitors group was significantly lower than that of the control group(P<0.05). The expressions of Cdc42 and Rac1 in the MicroRNA-34a mimics group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05), while the expressions of Cdc42 and Rac1 in the MicroRNA-34a inhibitors group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: MicroRNA-34a may promote the senescence and apoptosis of human lens epithelial cells by up-regulating Cdc42 and Rac1.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the effects of exogenous CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 on human umbilical vein endothelial cells under a high glucose environment and explore its mechanisms.

METHODS: The cells in logarithmic growth stage were divided into control group(glucose concentration 5.5mmol/L), low glucose group(glucose concentration 5mmol/L), high glucose group(glucose concentration 30mmol/L). CXCL9(100ng/mL), CXCL10(10ng/mL)and CXCL11(100ng/mL)were added respectively, cultured for 24, 48 and 72h. CCK-8 method was used to detect cell proliferation, RT-PCR was used to detect CXCR3 mRNA expression, and immunofluorescence was used to detect Ki-67 expression.

RESULTS: The results of CCK-8 method showed that the absorbance value of the control group increased gradually with the increase of time after adding three exogenous chemokines. The absorbance value of the low glucose group increased first and then decreased, reaching the peak at 48h. The absorbance value of the high glucose group decreased generally. The results of RT-PCR showed that the expression of CXCR3 mRNA in low glucose group and high glucose group was higher than that in 24h after adding CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 for 48 and 72h. The results of immunofluorescence showed that the fluorescence intensity of Ki-67 decreased in the low and high glucose 72h after adding CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11. The change in the high glucose group is more obvious.

CONCLUSION: Exogenous CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 can decrease the activity of human umbilical vein cell under high glucose environments and induce the increase in CXCR3 expression. The increase of CXCR3 reached the highest after adding exogenous CXCL10 and CXCL11, suggesting a target for clinical intervention of diabetic retinopathy.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the morphology and electrophysiological properties of neurons in the inner nuclear layer(INL)of the adult rat retina slices. The retinal slices were prepared by low-melt agarose embedding and then cutted by vibratome.

METHODS: Whole cell patch clamp and intracellular staining with Lucifer Yellow were used in this study to study the morphology and electrophysiological properties of the INL neurons in retinal slices.

RESULTS: Retinal slices prepared in this method possessed a very smooth surface. The cells on the retinal slices maitained very good vitality, and some of the cells even retained their dendritic connections with other cells on the slice. According to the size and location of the cell bodies, neurons in the INL were easy to differentiate. Luciifer Yellow contained in the intracellular solution revealed the morphology of the recorded cell very well. Bipolar cells possessed elongated cell bodies and their processes mainly extended along the vertical direction. Horizontal cells and amacrine cells possessed much bigger and round cell bodies, resided in the outermost and inner most of the INL, respectively. The rest membrane potential and membrane capacitance of horizontal cell and amacrine cell were much higher than that of bipolar cells. Under a voltage step from -60mV to +40mV, 10mV per step, 41.7% of the cone bipolar cells and 64.7% of the amacrine cells exhibited inward sodium current and outward potassium current. Other cells only possessed outward potassium current.

CONCLUSION: The method of preparing retinal slices was very simple, and the viability of the slices were stable. These facilitated the patch-clamp recording of all the neurons in the INL including horizontal cells. Further investigation of the electrophysiological properties of the neurons in the INL was essential in revealing the mechanism of vision.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the effect of using autologous serum and deproteinised calf serum eye gel in the treatment of corneal alkali burn through establishing corneal alkali burn models.

METHODS: Alkali burn model of cornea was established on the right eyes by putting the filter paper with 1.0mol/L NaOH on the center cornea for 1min in 30 white rabbits. The model rabbits were divided randomly into 3 groups after scoring based on Hughes criteria. Normal saline, calf blood deproteinized eye gel and autologous serum eye drops 4 times/day, atropine eye gel 1 times/night, ofloxacin eye gel 1 times/night for 2wk respectively. The morphology of corneal neovascularization was observed on the 7 and 14d, and the area was calculated. On the 14d, the corneas of each group were removed and routine histopathological examinations were performed according to the groups. The concentration of CD45, IL-10, IFN-γ and VEGF in corneal homogenate were determined.

RESULTS:Area of corneal neovascularization: on the 7 and 14d, the area of corneal neovascularization of Group DCS(29.48±2.27, 34.19±2.67mm²), AS(34.19±2.67, 33.89±2.74mm²)(P>0.05). Concentration of CD45, IL-10, IFN-γ, VEGF in cornea homogenate(pg/mL): on the 14th day, the concentration of CD45 Group DCS(0.56±0.04ng/mL), AS(0.54±0.05ng/mL)P<0.05). The concentration of IL-10 Group AS(452.49±11.40pg/mL)>Group DCS>(332.49±13.67pg/mL)>Group Ctrl(111.05±6.95pg/mL)(P<0.05). The Concentration of IFN-γ Group DCS(23.20±2.89pg/mL), AS(22.61±2.72pg/mL)P<0.05). The concentration of VEGF Group DCS(151.14±18.21pg/mL), AS(149.11±14.75pg/mL)P<0.05).

CONCLUSION:AS has the same effect as DCS in inhibiting the release of inflammatory factors(CD45, IFN-gamma and VEGF)and the formation of corneal neovascularization after alkali burn in rabbits, and AS has the strongest effect in promoting the release of anti-inflammatory factors(IL-10)and inhibiting the infiltration of inflammatory cells, followed by DCS.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the clinical characteristics and influence factors of different responses in patients with wet age-related macular degeneration(wARMD)treated with intravitreal conbercept.

METHODS: A total of 62 eyes(56 patients)with wet age-related macular degeneration who received intravitreal Conbercept injections(3+PRN)in our hospital from January to September 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)and optical coherence tomography(OCT)were performed before and after treatment. Responses were evaluated and grouped according to BCVA after the last injection. 33 cases of 35 eyes with BCVA improvement ≥5 letters were included in the response group. 23 cases with 27 eyes were included in the non-response group. Before and after treatment, BCVA, central retinal thickness(CRT)and related data of the two groups were analyzed.

RESULTS: One month after 3 injections, BCVA in the response group increased from 41.83±7.92 letters at baseline to 52.52±10.61 letters(t= -6.883, P=0.02), and BCVA increased from 43.65 ± 10.42 letters at baseline to 44.18 ± 8.47 letters in the non-response group(t=0.471, P=0.684).CRT of the two groups after treatment decreased from the baseline(F=31.47, 27.28, all P<0.01). Six months after 3 injections, the proportion of patients with the integrity of the macular fovea ellipsoid in response group(69%)was more than that in the non-responsive group(7%), and the proportion of patients with subretinal fluid(86%)was higher than that without SRF in the response group(44%), the proportion of patients with intraretinal fluid(31%)in the response group was lower than that in the non-response group(81%)(all P<0.05), but there was no difference in the proportion of patients with pigment epithelial detachment between the two groups(77% vs 59%, P> 0.05).

CONCLUSION: Intravitreal injections of conbercept can effectively reduce the subretinal fluid and retinal fluid in patients with wet age-related macular degeneration, and improve the patient's visual acuity. Patients with the integrity of the outer layer of the retina(especially the ellipsoidal zone)and SRF responded well after treatment, while patients with IRF responded poorly after treatment.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the vascular density of optic disc region in radial peripapillary capillaries(RPC)layer of normal people and primary open argle glaucoma(POAG)patients using OCTA, and to explore the diagnostic ability of this technique for POAG.

METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional study, including 45 patients(60 eyes)diagnosed as POAG and 48 healthy subjects(60 eyes)as normal control group. OCTA technique was used to scan the optic papilla area of all subjects, and the vascular density and longitudinal C/D ratio of RPC layer in optic papilla area were measured. Humphrey's field of view detected MD and PSD values. The correlation between vascular density and other parameters was analyzed. ROC curve and AUC were used to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of various parameters of vascular density in patients and were compared in pairs.

RESULTS: The vascular density decreases with the aggravation of glaucoma. The correlation between capillary density and vascular density in optic disc and MD and PSD values is weak. Other vascular density parameters have strong correlation with MD and PSD values. The whole image capillary density, peripapillary capillary density, whole image vascular density, peripapillary vascular density AUC>0.9 have high diagnostic value. There was no statistical difference between among the parameters(P>0.05). The diagnostic efficacy of inside disc capillary density and inside vascular density is significantly lower than that of other parameters AUC of 0.85 and 0.88 respectively(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION:Compared with the positive control group, the vascular density in POAG group decreased significantly and became more serious with the progress of the disease. Vascular density in optic disc region is a good indicator for evaluating structural damage in POAG patients, and is of great significance in diagnosis and follow-up of POAG. However, the diagnostic efficiency of inside disc vascular density and capillary density for POAG is obviously lower than other vascular parameters.

Abstract:Keratoconus is a corneal disease characterized by corneal ectasia, progressive corneal thinning, conical protrusion and irregular astigmatism. Several studies have indicated that keratoconus is a complex disease with genetic heterogeneity. Genetic studies on keratoconus involving nuclear genome, mitochondrial genome and epigenetics were increasing. This article reviews the recent progress in genetic research on keratoconus.

Abstract:Some studies have shown that the glycocalyx barrier formed by highly glycosylated mucin and galectin-3 in the epithelial cells of the eyeball is important for the maintenance of moisturization and lubrication of the surface of the eye. The decrease in the wettability of the eye surface and the shortening of the tear film breakup time in dry eye patients are closely related to the damage of the glycocalyx barrier. This article outlines the composition of the glycocalyx barrier on ocular surface and its changes in the dry eye patients. It will also introduce a new method for assessing the damage of the glycocalyx barrier in dry eye patients. Finally, two ophthalmological drugs, which target regulating the abnoemality of transmembrane mucins in dry eye disease will be mentioned.

Abstract:Surgical treatment of vitreoretinal diseases, including scleral buckling, vitrectomy, and vitreous cavity gas injection or oil injection,may lead to increased intraocular pressure after surgery. If not treated promptly, it may develop into secondary glaucoma and lead to permanent vision loss. The causes of secondary glaucoma after vitreoretinal surgery are complex and varied. Different treatment methods can be used according to the different causes of the patients. Early glaucoma is mainly treated with drugs or lasers, while patients with advanced glaucoma are treated with multiple surgeries. However, the failure rate of traditional trabeculectomy is high, and glaucoma drainage valve implantation can effectively reduce intraocular pressure. This article reviews the pathogenesis of high intraocular pressure after routine vitreoretinal surgery and the current research progress in treatment at home and abroad.

Abstract:Conjunctival reconstruction is commonly used in severe conjunctival defect caused by chemical or thermal burns. The problems of conjunctival transplantation, including shortage of autogenous conjunctiva and immunological rejection of xenogenous conjunctiva or materials, could be solved by tissue engineering conjunctiva. A scaffold material with well biocompatibility and sufficient biomechanical property plays a critical role in the construction of tissue engineering conjunctiva. In this review, the latest research progress and the existing problems of scafflod materials in tissue engineering conjunctiva were summarized.

Abstract:High mobility group box 1(HMGB1), which belongs to a high mobility group box that known for high mobility in electrophoresis, has been researching most intensively. Recently, researches have revealed that extracellular HMGB1, as a damage-associated molecular pattern(DAMP), is involved in the pathophysiology of tissue damage repairin a variety of common ocular diseases, namely, dry eye, keratopathy, glaucoma, uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration, thereby negatively affecting the healing of the disease. Silencing the function of extracellular HMGB1 is expected to be a new way for these ophthalmic diseases. This thesis reviews the research progress of extracellular HMGB1 in common ophthalmic diseases.

Abstract:Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy(SCCD)is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder that occurs in bilateral corneas and is associated with crystalline opacification. SCCD is an inherited eye disease and distributes equally in both man and woman. Clinical research revealed that corneal crystalline turbidity resulted from the abnormal accumulation of cholesterol, phospholipid and other lipids in the corneal epithelium and stroma. The occurrence of SCCD is related to abnormal lipid metabolism caused by UBIAD1 mutation, but the molecular basis of the disease is unknown. This paper reviews the discovery and developmental history of SCCD, the molecular basis of SCCD and its clinical research, which provides guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of SCCD and the elucidation of pathogenic molecular mechanism.

Abstract:Glaucoma is a kind of irreversible blind disease characterized by atrophyand depression of optic papilla, visual field defect and vision decline. The essence of optic nerve injury is the death of optic ganglion cells. Although controlling intraocular pressure through drugs and surgery can play a certain role in the treatment of glaucoma, how to fundamentally prevent the further development of glaucoma is still in the exploratory stage. Therefore, studying the mechanism of optic nerve injury in glaucoma is very important to treat glaucoma. In recent years, the immune mechanism on optic nerve injury in glaucoma has become a hot. In this paper, how TLR4 induces optic nerve injury in glaucoma patients was reviewed, with different immune pathways and interaction with the neuroglial.

Abstract:Scretogranin III(Scretogranin III, Scg3/SgIII)is a newly discovered angiogenic factor. Related studies in vivo and in vitro have confirmed that Scg3 plays an important role in the formation of fundus neovascularization. In recent years, some progress has been made in the treatment of fundus neovascularization with Scg3 antibody. It's mechanism of action is different from Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF). Scg3 is only expressed in pathological neovascularization, but in normal blood vessels, never be expressed, it is a newly discovered angiogenic factor with high selectivity. This paper summarizes the latest progress about its molecular structure of Scg3, signal transduction pathways and their applications in retinal neovascularization, the aim is to provide a new treatment idea for retinal neovascularization and choroidal neovascularization.

Abstract:In a variety of eye diseases, such as glaucoma, macular degeneration and other diseases, the occurrence of oxidative stress is very common, oxidative stress can cause cell damage and apoptosis. The Sirtuins family(histone class III deacetylases), as regulators of a variety of cells, is widely expressed in various organs of the human body. Homologous genes of sirtuins(SIRT1)are also widely expressed in the eyes, and their expression and activation can play an anti-oxidative stress role, prevent cell senescence and damage, and thus prevent the progression of disease. This paper discusses the mechanism and expression of Sirtuins family in glaucoma, senile macular degeneration, optic neuritis and senile cataract.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the characteristics of optical modulation transfer function(MTF)of the eyes after femtosecond laser small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE), and to evaluate the relationship between visual acuity(VA), contrast sensitivity(CSF)and MTF.

METHODS: From June to November, 2015, 34 myopia patients(68 eyes)who underwent SMILE surgery in Tianjin Eye Hospital were selected in cross-section. The postoperative eye condition was stable for more than 3mo after surgery. The residual diopter of the eyes after SMILE was less than ±0.50D. Under bright vision, measured VA by International standard visual acuity chart and CSF by CSV-1000E. The wavefront aberration of the whole eyes were measured by WaveScan, and MTF of the eyes were obtained by using aberration formula conversion and Matlab programming. The MTF of(3, 6, 12, 18)c/d frequency region were counted.

RESULTS: CSF values in 3, 6, 12, 18 c/d frequency range were 63.19±3.18, 110.25±5.22, 57.65±3.76, 16.15±1.04; MTF values in 3, 6, 12, 18 c/d frequency range were 0.80±0.02, 0.56±0.03, 0.30±0.02, 0.19±0.02. In 6, 12, 18 c/d frequency range, visual acuity was significantly correlated with CSF(r=0.548, 0.337, 0.324, P<0.01,=0.005, 0.007). In 18c/d frequency range, CSF was significantly correlated with MTF(r=0.241, P=0.048).

CONCLUSION: The change of optical quality(MTF)after SMILE was different from that of visual quality(visual acuity and contrast sensitivity). Although the aberration of refractive system changed, the SMILE surgery had no effect on CSF, which indicated that neuro-brain had a compensatory effect on visual quality. Computational MTF has certain theoretical and clinical value in evaluating the optical quality after refractive surgery.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the influence of preoperative application artificial tears on tear film function and dry eye in cataract patients with dry eye after phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation.

METHODS: Between June 2018 to June 2019, 107 patients were diagnosed cataract with dry eye before phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation in our hospital. These patients were randomly divided into control groups(not treated artificial tears preoperative)and study group(treated with 0.1% sodium hyaluronate eye drops at 1wk preoperative). Ocular surface disease index(OSDI)questionnaire, break up time(BUT), Schirmer Ⅰ test(SⅠt)and fluorescein stain test(FL)were observed and analyzed at preoperatively and 7, 30d postoperatively.

RESULTS:There were no significant differences in preoperative OSDI scores(28.59±8.10 vs 29.08±9.18), BUT(5.15±0.47 vs 5.02±0.53s), SⅠt(6.86±0.98 vs 6.71±1.02mm/5min), and FL scores(3.96±0.89 vs 3.76±0.83)between the two groups(P> 0.05). At 7 and 30d postoperative, the OSDI score and FL score of the study group were significantly lower than the control group, and the BUT and SⅠt of the study group were significantly higher than the control group(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Application of artificial tears before phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation can significantly relieve early dry eye symptoms, restore tear film function, and prevent postoperative dry eye aggravation.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of ultrasound cycloplasty(UCP)in the treatment of neovascular glaucoma(NVG).

METHODS: Thirty patients(30 eyes)with NVG who were treated with UCP at our hospital from January 2018 to December 2018 were collected. All patients received comprehensive ophthalmic examination. Visual acuity, best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), intraocular pressure(IOP), pain grade score, ocular surface, number of glaucoma drugs and complications were recorded before and 1, 3d, 1wk and 1, 2, 3, 6mo after operation, and the efficacy and safety were evaluated.

RESULTS: The postoperative visual acuity was improved, the pain score was decreased, and the use of intraocular pressure-lowering drugs was decreased and the IOP decreased significantly(P<0.01). The preoperation visual acuity, pain score, use of intraocular pressure-lowering drugs and IOP was \〖1.63±0.59(LogMAR)\〗, \〖2(1,4)\〗, \〖4(4,4)\〗 and(44.19±13.72)mmHg. The postoperative IOP were decreased at different observation time within 6mo, and the differences with preoperative IOP were statistically significant(all P<0.01). The IOP decrease rates were 57.32%, 56.45%, 56.82%, 55.64%, 52.37%, 50.20% and 49.18% on 1d, 3d, 1wk, 1mo, 2mo, 3mo and 6mo after surgery respectively. On 6mo after treatment, 8 eyes(31%)IOP were complete controlled, 7 eyes(27%)were partially controlled, 11 eyes(42%)cannot be controlled, and 4 eyes were lost to follow-up. The IOP reduction on 6mo of postoperation was significantly correlated with that of preoperation(r=0.928, P<0.001). The number of glaucoma drugs and pain scores were decreased, and the differences with that of preoperation were statistically significant(P<0.01), and the BCVA were improved, the differences were statistically significant(P<0.01). There was no serious complications were occurred in all patients after operation.

CONCLUSION: UCP is high safety and few complications for NVG treatment. It has significant effect on reducing IOP, relieving ocular pain. The higher the preoperation IOP, the greater the IOP reduction after surgery. It was a promising anti-glaucoma method.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the clinical efficacy and safety of new EX-PRESS glaucoma drainage device implantation combined with ranibizumab drugs in the treatment of neovascular glaucoma(NVG).

METHODS: A total of 78 patients(78 eyes)who were diagnosed with neovascular glaucoma and underwent intravitreal injection of ranibizumab drugs in our hospital from June 2015 to June 2018 were selected. Sixty patients with complete follow-up data were randomly divided in the experimental group(A), 30 patients(30 eyes)underwent EX-PRESS glaucoma drainage device implantation. Postoperative complications were observed early, visual acuity and intraocular pressure were observed at 1wk, 1mo, 3mo, 6mo and 1a, and the success rate of the operation was evaluated at 6mo and 1a.

RESULTS:After 1wk, 1, 3mo, 25 eyes, 25 eyes and 23 eyes with BCVA <0.1 in the experimental group, the average intraocular pressure was 16.76±3.21mmHg, 15.63±2.70mmHg and 16.69±3.29mmHg, the control group was 26 eyes, 26 eyes and 25 eyes, the average IOP was 17.31±2.96mmHg, 14.44±2.53mmHg and 16.56±4.14mmHg(all P>0.05); 6mo after operation, 16 eyes and 16 eyes in the 1a test group with BCVA <0.1 were the average IOP 15.49±3.19mmHg, 18.52±4.03mmHg, the control group was 25 eyes and 25 eyes, the average intraocular pressure was 21.96±2.90mmHg, 28.90±4.33mmHg(all P<0.05); the experimental group had low intraocular pressure, shallow The number of cases of anterior chamber, anterior chamber hemorrhage, inflammation, choroidal detachment were 0 eyes, 1 eyes, 2 eyes, 1 eyes, 0 eyes, while the control group were 6 eyes, 6 eyes, 5 eyes, 4 eyes, 2 eyes(P<0.05); 6mo after operation in the experimental group, the success rate of 1a operation was 83% and 80%, while that in the control group was 60% and 53%, respectively(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: EX-PRESS glaucoma drainage implantation combined with ranibizumab drug treatment in the vitreous cavity can effectively reduce the intraocular pressure in patients with neovascular glaucoma and has the advantages of small surgical incision, simple operation, safety, fewer postoperative complications, and high success rate of surgery.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze the clinical efficacy of intravitreal injection of conbercept(IVC)assisted pars plana vitrectomy(PPV)in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR)at different timings before surgery.

METHODS: A prospective, randomized, controlled study. From October 2018 to June 2019, a total of 47 eyes of 47 patients with PDR were selected in the Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The patients were randomly divided into two groups: the patients who received IVC 2-3d before PPV as group A(26 eyes of 26 patients); and the patients who received IVC 7-8d before PPV as group B(21 eyes of 21 patients). The analysis included the operation time, the number of intraoperative bleeding, electrocoagulation, iatrogenic retinal tears, omental incision eyes, silicone oil-filled eyes. All patients were followed up 6mo, the best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)and the postoperative complications of the two groups were ducumented by the observers.

RESULTS: The BCVA measured 6mo after PPV were significantly better than that measured before PPV in both groups(P<0.05), there was no significant difference in BCVA between the two groups(1.37±0.83 vs 1.18±0.98, P>0.05). The average operation time of group A was lower than that of group B(73.19±22.78min vs 91.00±31.36min, P<0.05), there were no significant difference in the number of intraoperative bleeding, electrocoagulation, iatrogenic retinal tears, omental incision eyes, silicone oil-filled eyes between the two groups(P>0.05). One week after PPV, the incidence of high intraocular pressure in group B was higher than that in group A(group B: 43% vs group A: 15%, P<0.05). 6mo postoperative follow up, no recurrent vitreous hemorrhage occurred in either group, there were no significant difference in the incidence of secondary glaucoma and recurrent retinal detachment between the two groups(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: PDR patients who received IVC 2-3d prior to PPV had shorter operation time than patients who received IVC 7-8d prior to PPV. Both groups can improve postoperative visual acuity, and the long-term clinical efficacy and safety are basically the same.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the clinical efficacy of the traditional Chinese medicine Yiqi Yinshui Xiaozhong decoction combined with anti-VEGF drug and retinal laser in the treatment of diabetic macular edema(DME).

METHODS: From January 2016 to October 2018, 60 eyes of 60 patients with diabetic macular edema were included in the prospective clinical control study. They were divided into control group and Chinese and Western medicine group according to the random number table method. The patients in control group were injected with anti-vascular drug into the vitreous cavity. After the injection, the patients were treated with photocoagulation. The patients in Chinese and Western medicine group were treated with the Yiqi Yinshui Xiaozhong decoction on the basis of the treatment of the control group. The best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), and macular foveal thickness(CMT)were observed before treatment and at 1, 3, and 6mo after treatment. The macular fluorescence leakage in fluorescein fundus angiography(FFA)and the recurrence rate of macular edema were observed at 6mo after treatment.

RESULTS: BCVA was 0.92±0.26 before treatment, 0.58±0.18, 0.60±0.27 and 0.62±0.28 at 1, 3 and 6mo after treatment, BCVA in the Chinese and Western medicine group BCVA was 0.94±0.31 before treatment, 0.56±0.20, 0.50±0.25, 0.51±0.21 after treatment; CMT in the control group was 461.62±84.26 before treatment, 299.92±43.18, 290.60±39.36, 311.10±42.78 at 1, 3 and 6mo after treatment, CMT in the Chinese and Western medicine group was 455.74±83.89 before treatment, 288.96±40.20, 265.86±32.55, 270.38±31.60 at 1, 3 and 6mo after treatment. Both groups had improved BCVA and CMT after treatment(P<0.05). There was no significant difference between BCVA and CMT in the Chinese and Western medicine group and the control group at 1mo after treatment(t=0.539, 0.739, P>0.05), BCVA and CMT after 3 and 6mo of treatment in the Chinese and Western medicine group improved significantly, and the difference was statistically significant compared with the control group(3mo after treatment t=2.891, 2.992, P=0.004, 0.021; 6mo after treatment t=3.733, 3.643, P<0.01, 0.005). The recurrence rate of macular edema at 6mo after treatment in the Chinese and Western medicine group was lower(χ²=4.344, P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Combined application of the Yiqi Yinshui Xiaozhong decoction, anti-VEGF drugs and laser to treat diabetic macular edema can improve vision, reduce macular edema, reduce the recurrence rate of edema, and bring better prognosis for patients.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the high-order aberrations, diopters, ocular structural parameters and their correlation in adolescents with high myopia.

METHODS: Cross sectional study. Totally 116 adolescent high myopia patients(116 eyes)were selected from the Center of Optometry of the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University on July 9, 2019. The axial length and intraocular pressure were measured. The high-order aberrations(RMSg, RMSh, Z22, Z33, Z31,Z40,RMS3-RMS7), corneal curvature(minimum K1, maximum K2, average km), central cornea thickness(CCT), anterior chamber depth(ACD)and anterior chamber angle(ACA)were measured with Sirius three-dimensional anterior segment analyzer. The correlation between the above eye parameters was analyzed.

RESULTS: There was a significant negative correlation between diopter and axial length(r= -0.400, P<0.001); a positive correlation between axial length and anterior chamber depth(r= 0.433, P<0.05), a negative correlation between axial length and corneal curvature(K1, K2, Km)(P<0.05); a negative correlation between total higher-order aberrations and diopter(r=-0.189, P<0.05), which was negatively correlated with the axial length(r=-0.228, P<0.05). There was no correlation between the higher-order aberrations and the sphericity(P>0.05), Z40 was positively correlated with the corneal curvature(K1, K2, Km)(P<0.05), and no correlation between higher-order aberrations and CCT, ACD, ACA was found.

CONCLUSION: With the increase of myopia degree, the axial length and total higher-order aberrations of adolescent high myopia increase, and the total higher-order aberrations are negatively correlated with the axial length. The increase of axial length may be a compensatory way to reduce the high-order aberrations and promote the development of myopia.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the refractive outcomes of femtosecond LASIK with two different flap thickness in the correction of myopia.

METHODS: A total of 236 eyes of 118 myopic patients received LASIK with Wave-Light exeimer laser system. In the non-high myopia group, 30 people(60 eyes)used 90 micron corneal flaps, the other(60 eyes)used 110 micron corneal flaps; in the high myopia group,29 people(58 eyes)used 90 micron corneal flaps,the other(58 eyes)used 110 micron corneal flaps. Uncorrected distance visual acuity(UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity(CDVA), manifest refraction and intraocular pressure before operation, at 1mo, 3mo postoperatively were evaluated.

RESULTS: The percent of postoperative UDVA better than or equal to preoperative CDVA after 3mo: 57 eyes(95%). In the non-high myopia group no matter 90 micron corneal flaps or 110 micron corneal flaps. In the high myopia group, there are 53 eyes(91.4%)with 90 micron corneal flaps and 56 eyes(96.6%)with 110 micron corneal flaps(P=0.438); The percent of spherical equivalent refraction(SE)within ±0.50D of the target refraction change: 51 eyes(85%). In the non-high myopia group no matter 90 micron corneal flaps or 110 micron corneal flaps, 48 eyes(82.8%). In the high myopia group with 90 micron corneal flaps or 110 micron corneal flaps; The percent of change in SE within 0.50D between 1mo and 3mo postoperatively: there are 57 eyes(95%)with 90 micron corneal flaps and 55 eyes(91.7%)with 110 micron corneal flapsin the non-high myopia group(P=0.717). In the high myopia group, there are 44 eyes(75.9%)with 90 micron corneal flaps and 50 eyes(86.2%)with 110 micron corneal(P=0.464).

CONCLUSION: Both 90 micron corneal flaps and 110 micron corneal flaps show similar good efficacy, predictability and stability in the correction of myopia.

Abstract:AIM: To study the changes of anterior chamber morphology and related parameters in patients with myopia after small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE).

METHODS: A total of 39 patients with myopia(74 eyes)who underwent SMILE surgery in our hospital during December 2018 to January 2019 were selected. They were divided into two groups: 23 patients(44 eyes)in low and medium myopia group(≤-6.00D)and 16 patients(30 eyes)in the high myopia group(>-6.00D). Changes of central anterior chamber depth(ACD), anterior chamber volume(ACV), anterior chamber angle(ACA), posterior central elevation(PCE), and accommodation amplitude(AMP)were observed in the two groups before the surgery and 1d, 1wk, and 1mo after surgery. The related data were statistically analyzed, and the changes before and after the surgery were compared. The causes of the morphological changes of the anterior chamber in the early stage after the SMILE were discussed.

RESULTS: The ACD before and 1d, 1wk, 1mo after surgery were 3.18±0.21, 3.10±0.21, 3.11±0.21 and 3.12±0.2mm, respectively, the ACV were 201.1±29.3, 187.9±27.1, 187±26.4 and 187.7±24.9mm³, respectively, the AMP were 8.4±2.6, 6.5±1.6, 7±1.7 and 8.3±1.9D, respectively, the ACD in the high myopia group before and 1d, 1wk, 1mo after surgery were 3.25±0.2, 3.18±0.19, 3.16±0.19 and 3.23±0.24mm, respectively, the ACV were 204.1±31mm³, 194.5±27mm³, 194.5±28.6mm³ and 196.5±31.7mm³, respectively, the AMP were 8.9±2D, 6.8±1.9D, 7.9±1.4D and 8.9±1.5D, respectively, the PCE 2.4±2.7μm, 1.4±2.7μm, 1.1±2.8μm and 1.4±2.9μm, respectively, the ACA were 42.40°±3.1°, 42.30°±3.6°, 42.10°±4.6°and 40.70°±4.5°, respectively. Pearson correlation analysis showed that postoperative ACD was positively correlated with ACA and ACV in both groups(P<0.01). ACD in the low myopia group was positively correlated with AMP(r=0.301, P<0.01), but weakly with PCE(r=0.161,P<0.05). ACD was not correlated with AMP and PCE in the high myopia group(r=0.069, 0.103, P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: In the early stage after SMILE, the diopter is different and the morphology of the anterior chamber is different. We believe that the change of ACD in the early stage after SMILE is related to changes of the corneal posterior elevation and postoperative accommodation.

Abstract:AIM: To examine and investigate the contrast visual acuity and eyes care habits in Air Force pilot cadets, and analyze the change of contrast visual acuity and the related influencing factors.

METHODS: The contrast visual acuity of the students in Grade One and Grade Two at an aviation university was recorded and analyzed, and the visual habits were recorded and analyzed by questionnaire.

RESULTS: A total of 117 students in Grade One and 210 students in Grade Two were enrolled. The contrast visual acuity of both eyes over 1.0 were 83 students(70.9%)in Grade One and 174 students(82.9%)in Grade Two respectively(P<0.05). Questionnaire survey on the eye care habits by students, showing the second grade students of daily reading time, outdoor sports, sports category, use at night time, with a focus on electronic product knowledge and the degree of attention and when flying cadets were significantly different(P<0.05). There were 87.2% students of Grade One and 93.3% students of Grade Two taking less than or equal to 6h to get daily reading and learning time, 34.2% students of Grade One and 13.8% students of Grade Two taking outdoor sports less than or equal to 2h, 57.3% students of Grade One and 90.0% students of Grade Two taking more than One category of exercise,38.5% students of Grade One and 43.3% students of Grade Two using electronic production less than or equal to 2h, 85.5% students of Grade One and 75.7% students of Grade Two using electronic production at night, and 61.5% students of Grade One and 81.0% students of Grade Two paying high attention to the use of scientific knowledge(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The contrast visual acuity of Air Force pilot cadets keeps improving at theoretical study stage, mainly including the following reasons such as the decreasing of reading time, the increasing of outdoor sports, the improving of exercise methods, the reduce using of electronic production and the enhancing of eyes-using knowledge.

Abstract:AIM: To study the curative efficacy of different surgical procedures in the treatment of congenital unilateral monocular oblique paralysis and its effects on binocular vision function.

METHODS: Totally 82 children of congenital unilateral monocular oblique paralysis who received therapy from May 2016 to 2019 in our hospital were selected as research objects, operative plan was determined by the degree of hyperfunction of the inferior oblique muscle, the movement of the eyeball and the vertical obliquity of the eye position, the inferior oblique muscle tendon amputation(3 cases), partial inferior oblique muscle resection(63 cases), inferior oblique muscle recession(6 cases), posterior rectus muscle repair(4 cases), inferior oblique muscle weakening+contralateral/ipsilateral rectus muscle operation(5 cases), upper oblique folding(1 cases). The effects of different surgical procedures and the changes of binocular visual function, corrected visual acuity and compensatory head position before and after surgery were compared.

RESULTS: Compared with before surgery, the fusion function, hyperstereopsis, myopia, corrected visual acuity and compensatory head position were significantly improved after operation(P<0.05); there was no significant difference in stereopsis between children with or without compensatory head position after operation(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: Choosing different surgical methods according to the severity of congenital superior oblique paralysis has positive significance, which can improve the vision and compensating head position of children, and it's helpful to rebuild binocular vision function.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the effect of internal limiting membrane exfoliation in the treatment of PVR-C retinal detachment.

METHODS: A total of 37 cases(37 eyes)of PVR-C retinal detachment were collected from August 2015 to July 2018.All eyes were treated with 25G invasive vitrectomy combined with silicone oil filling. The internal limiting membrane was removed after indocyanine green staining,and the removal size of the inner boundary membrane to the upper and lower vascular arch. Silicone oil was taken out of the retina in 3-6mo. Followed up for 12mo after the first operation, the visual acuity, intraocular pressure, retinal reattachment and the formation of the macular membrane were observed and analyzed retrospectively.

RESULTS: The vision of all patients was improved. The intraocular pressure of 6 eyes increased within 2wk after operation, and the intraocular pressure returned to normal after treatment. All patients were followed up for 1a, macular membrane did not occur. Retinal detachment occurred again in 2 eyes due to PVR of the anterior retina. The remaining 35 eyes, silicone oil were successfully removed.

CONCLUSION: 25G micro-invasive vitrectomy combined with internal limiting membrane peeling is safe and effective in the treatment of this kind of disease, and effectively prevent the appearance of the macular anterior membrane.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the relationship between the macular hemorrhage and refractive abnormalities,and analyze the occurrence probability and the factors of refractive abnormalities in high-risk neonates.

METHODS: From January 2017 to January 2018, a total of 1 229 neonates with high-risk factors invided into 3 groups, according to the different parts of retinal hemorrhage, examined by RetCamⅢ device. All the subjects were checked the refractive status by autorefractor when they were 1 to 1.5 years old. The abnormalities were checked their refractive status under using of 1% atropine oculentum after 7d. The relationship between the macular hemorrhage and refractive abnormalities, and the occurrence probability and the factors of refractive abnormalities were analyzed.

RESULTS: Among 205 eyes which were retinal hemorrhage irrelated macula 6 eyes had refractive abnormality(2.93%)in group A. 57 eyes which were macular hemorrhage 17 eyes had refractive abnormality(29.82%)in group B. 2 196 eyes which were no retinal hemorrhage 40 eyes had refractive abnormality(1.82%)in group C. It had significant difference between groups A and B, groups B and C(P<0.001), but had no significant difference between groups A and C(P=0.27). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that macular hemorrhage and neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy were the independent risk factors for refractive status.

CONCLUSION: The incidence of refractive abnormality was high in macular hemorrhage. Macular hemorrhage and neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy were the independent risk factors for refractive abnormality,and we should strengthen the observation and intervention of such new-borns.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of silicon oil removal combined with external-route microsurgery in treating of retinal detachment in selected eyes with silicone oil tamponaded.

METHODS: This was a retrospective observational case series. 21 cases(21 eyes)had undergone minimally invasive vitrectomy combined with silicone oil tamponade for various vitreoretinal diseases firstly. Because of retinal detachment recurrent, external-route microsurgery combined with oil extracted was performed between July 2014 and July 2018 secondly. The retinal reattachment rate, visual outcome, intraocular pressure and postoperative complications were investigated.

RESULTS: After 4 to 12(5.48±1.53)mo follow-up period, the retinal reattachment rate was 90%(19/21 cases). Further vitrectomy surgeries were needed for other 2 eyes. The final best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)≥0.4 was in 4 eyes, 0.06-0.3 was in 9 eyes and ≤0.05 was in 8 eyes, which had significant difference contrasted to that of preoperation(t=3.58, P<0.05). Macular epiretinal membrane, second glaucoma and complicated cataracts were found in 1, 2 and 5 eyes respectively. There hadn't other serious complications postoperatively.

CONCLUSION: The external-route microsurgery was also suitable for retinal detachment in silicone oil filled eyes which were PVR≤C₁ and the roles located in the equator region or front even. This way was simple, convenient and effective. The rate of secondary vitrectomy with silicone oil tamponade also can be reduced.

Abstract:AIM: To quantitatively evaluate the changes of macular blood flow in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus using optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA).

METHODS: Totally 20 healthy controls, 20 type 1 diabetes patients with no-diabetic retinopathy(NDR)and 20 type 1 diabetes patients with mild or moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR)were enrolled. The area of fovea avascular area(FAZ), vessel density of FD-300 and vessel density of superficial capillary plexus(SCP)and deep capillary plexus(DCP)in macular were automatic measured by built-in software.

RESULTS: The vessel density of DCP in NDR group(54.99%±2.27% in paramacular and 53.13%±2.15% in macular)decreased significantly compared with the controls(P<0.05). For the mild or moderate NPDR group, the vessel density of FD-300, SCP and DCP(49.11%±4.78% in FD-300, 48.74%±4.78% in parafovea and 45.43%±3.70% in macular of SCP, 53.20%±4.19% in parafovea and 50.84%±3.99% in macular of DCP)all decreased significantly when compared with controls(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: In the preclinical stage of type 1 diabetes mellitus, vessels density has already started to decrease in the DCP of macular. For patients with mild or moderate NPDR, vessel density in the SCP and DCP of the macular area both decrease.

Abstract:AIM:To explore clinical characteristics, outcomes and prognostic factors for cases with intraocular foreign bodies(IFB)and treated with 25G minimally invasive vitrectomy(PPV).

METHODS: Patients traumatized with retained IFB and treated with PPV were retrospectively collected from the Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University from 2016-1-1 to 2019-1-1. The clinical records including general condition, time and cause of injury, locations andsize of IFBs, comorbidities, and best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)were reviewed and statistical analyzed.

RESULTS: Among the 105 patients, most of them are middle-aged and young men, mostly from townships. The nature of IFB was mainly metals(62 cases, 59.0%). The entrance of IFB of 78 cases(74.3%)located at Zone I of the eye. There were 17 patients with BCVA≥0.1 before surgery, 88 patients with BCVA<0.1. And 43 patients gained BCVA≥0.1 after operation, and 62 patients with BCVA<0.1. Postoperative BCVA was significantly improved compared with preoperative BCVA(P<0.05). Through multivariate Logistic regression analysis, poor preoperative BCVA, retinal detachment, and endophthalmitis are risk factors for poor visual prognosis.

CONCLUSION: PPV for treatment of IFB can achieve a better outcome. The poor prognosis of visual acuity is related to retinal detachment, endophthalmitis, and the position and size of IFB.

Abstract:AIM: To discuss the advantage, improvement, safety and effectiveness of improved endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy in the treatment of chronic dacryocystitis.

METHODS: Eighty cases of chronic dacryocystitis with two different surgical methods were randomly selected and divided into common endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy(80 cases with 82 eyes)and improved endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy(80 cases with 84 eyes)according to operation. Compared to observe cure rate, improvement rate, total effective rate and patient satisfaction of two kinds of surgery by the last follow-up.

RESULTS: The cure rate, improvement rate, total effective rate and satisfaction rate were respectively 75.6%, 17.1%, 92.7% and 73.8% for Group A, 90.5%, 5.9%, 96.4% and 92.5% for Group B. Differences between the cure rate, improvement rate and total effective rate between two groups had statistical significance(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The cure rate and improve symptom of improved endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy is superior to the common endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy, safe and effective.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the feasibility and significance of early vitrectomy for open ocular trauma.

METHODS: Eighty-two cases(82 eyes)of open ocular trauma complicated with retinal detachment in Department of Ophthalmic Surgery in our hospital from March, 2018 to 2019 were reviewed, and the patients were divided into early group(<7d)and routine group(7-14d)according to the time of vitrectomy. All patients were followed up for 3mo. The overall efficacy, visual acuity changes, retinal detachment reduction rate, dysfunctional vitreous diseases(TPVR)and complications were compared between the two groups.

RESULTS: The total cure rate and visual acuity improvement rate of the early group were 93% and 95%, and those of the conventional group were 71% and 76%. The early group was significantly higher than the conventional group, and the difference was statistically significant(χ²=5.222, 4.783, P<0.05). The complication rates of silicone oil dependence, vitreous hemorrhage and secondary glaucoma were 5%, 10% and 5% in the early group which were significantly lower than in the conventional group(27%, 39%, 29%, P<0.05). There was no difference in the reduction rate of retinal detachment between two groups(P>0.05). The incidence of TPVR was 5% in the early group, which lower than in the conventional group,but had no difference(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: For patients with open ocular trauma and retinal detachment, early vitrectomy may be more effective, which is more significant in improving the rate of retinal reduction and reducing the incidence of TPVR.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the clinical efficacy of physical therapy in the treatment of hyperevaporative dry eyes.

METHODS: From October 2018 to April 2019, 70 patients(140 eyes)with evaporative dry eye were diagnosed in the ophthalmology clinic of the Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Randomly divide the patients into 35 cases(70 eyes)in the control group for basic treatment(sodium hyaluronate eye drops), and 35 cases(70 eyes)in the treatment group underwent acupuncture combined with traditional Chinese medicine iontophoresis treatment based on the control group. 1 time/d, treatment 3wk(treatment 6d, rest 1d). Before and after treatment, the tear height(TMH), tear film rupture time(BUT), Schirmer Ⅰ test(SⅠt), and corneal fluorescein staining(FL)were observed.

RESULTS: The pre-treatment data of the TMH treatment group and the control group were 0.21(0.15, 0.27)and 0.21(0.15, 0.28)mm respectively; the postoperative data of the treatment group and the control group were 0.24(0.21, 0.29), 0.23(0.19, 0.29)mm. The comparison between groups was P<0.05. The preoperative data of the SⅠt treatment group and the control group were 5.00(3.00, 7.00)and 6.00(4.00, 7.00)mm/5min respectively; the postoperative data of the treatment group and the control group were 10.00(8.00, 12.00), 7.00(6.00, 8.00)mm/5min. The preoperative data of the BUT treatment group and the control group were 2.75(1.38, 6.15)and 3.25(1.38, 5.03)s respectively; the postoperative data of the treatment group and the control group were 8.90(6.90, 12.85), 7.15(5.40, 9.53)s. The preoperative data of the SⅠt treatment group and the control group were 4.50(3.00, 6.00)and 5.00(3.00, 6.00)min respectively; the postoperative data of the treatment group and the control group were 1.00(0.75, 2.00), 3.00(2.00, 4.00)min, the comparison between groups was P>0.05. Comparison of the data difference between the treatment group and the control group before and after showed that the treatment group had a more significant effect than the control group(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Physical therapy has a significant clinical effect in treating dry eyes with excessive evaporation, and it is worthy of clinical recommendation.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the influence of orthokeratology on ocular surface and visual quality of intermittent exotropia with myopia.

METHODS: Totally 60 patients(120 eyes)with intermittent exotropia and spherical equivalent ranging from -0.75 to -5.50D were numbered and divided into study group and control group according to random number table, which included 30 cases(60 eyes)of patients in each group. Two groups patients were intervened by orthopaedic training with prism for at least half of a year. In addition, the study group matched the night wearing corneal plastic lenses through the standardization of corneal plastic matching process, and observed continuously for at least half of a year. The before and after treatment strabismus, naked eye vision, best corrected visual acuity, fluoresce-in staining tear film rupture time(FBUT), diopter and visual quality between the two groups were compared. The rate of adverse reactions and complications between the two groups was compared to evaluate the safety.

RESULTS: There was no significant difference in all before intervention indexes between the two groups(P > 0.05). Compared with that those of before intervention, in both groups, after treatment strabismus decreased, naked vision, best corrected vision and FBUT increased, diopter values reduced, and the proportion of patients with excellent visual quality increased. And the after treatment naked visual acuity, best corrected visual acuity, FBUT, diopter and visual quality in the study group were better than those in the control group(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in therate of adverse reactions and complications such as orbital and orbital pain, eye distention, headache, palpebral conjunctival vascular congestion between the two groups(13% vs 10%, P=1.000).

CONCLUSION: On the basis of triangular prism orthophotic training, the wearing of orthopaedic keratoplasty lenses can improve the tear film, refraction and visual quality of intermittent exotropia patients, and its safety is good, which is worthy of clinical application.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effect of visual training on the reconstruction of visual function in children with intermittent exotropia.

METHODS: A total of 94 children with intermittent exotropia diagnosed in our hospital from August 2016 to January 2019 were selected and 94 eyes were affected. According to whether the postoperative visual training was divided into two groups, 47 patients(47 affected eyes)were not visually trained after operation and were included in the control group; 47 patients(47 affected eyes)were visually trained 2wk after operation and were included in the observation group. Follow-up for 6mo was performed to observe the recovery of visual function and eye position regression.

RESULTS: Six months after surgery, the proportion of children in the observation group with simultaneous visual function(89%), fusion function(85%)and stereoscopic function(40%)was significantly higher than that in the control group(53%, 47%, 19%), and the orthotopic rate of children in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group(91% vs 66%).

CONCLUSION: The binocular visual function training after intermittent exotropia in children can promote the recovery of binocular visual function and reduce the risk of postoperative eye position regression.

Abstract:Since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus(SARS-CoV)and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus(MERS-CoV), the study of coronavirus pathogens and the identification of host organisms has been an important task in the medical domain. New coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 appeared in 2019 was more contagious and pathogenic, which quickly attracted a global attention. So far, there have been clinical reports that patients with coronavirus infection can develop ocular symptoms mainly conjunctivitis, and ocular nucleic acid detection has been proposed as an assistant method for early coronavirus identification. This paper reviewed the ocular manifestations and detection of coronavirus to provide references for further research.

Abstract:AIM:To analyze the effectiveness and safety of different surgical strategies for cataract combined with subluxated lens.

METHODS: This is a retrospective study. Data are acquired from patients who diagnosed with cataract combined with subluxated lens between November 2018 to May 2019 in the ophthalmological center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. There are 11 eyes in 11 patients(9 males and 2 females), 10 eyes were caused by trauma and 1 eye was unknown. Cataract combined with subluxated lens were treated with different surgery procedures according to the degree of dislocation. Four eyes with lens dislocation larger than 270° underwent intraocular lens suspension; Four eyes with lens dislocation about 180° underwent IOL and tension ring implant in capsular, at the same time, the iris hook was hooked to the lens capsule bag and fixed to the sclera. Three eyes with lens dislocation less than 180° underwent IOL implantation combined with 5-0 polypropylene suture, iris hook was also hooked to the lens capsule bag and fixed to the sclera. If the anterior chamber has vitreous prolapse, anterior vitrectomy was performed. Best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)and intraocular pressure(IOP)were observed before and after surgery.

RESULTS: All eyes were successfully implanted with intraocular lens(IOL). Best corrected visual acuity(LogMAR)increased from 0.77±0.26 to 0.35±0.28. Mean IOP decreased from 24.33±13.55 to 13.85±3.80mmHg. No intraoperative complications occurred in all cases.

CONCLUSION: In the treatment of lens dislocation with cataract, individualized surgical plan and flexible treatment measures can make cataract surgery safe and effective.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the prevalence of myopia and its impacting factors among adolescents in schools of Shashi district, Jingzhou city in 2017, and to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of myopia.

METHODS: Totally 10 353 primary and secondary school students aged 7 to 18 were selected through the method of cluster stratified sampling in the central area and rural-urban area of Shashi. The number of students with myopia was 5 456, and the prevalence rate was 52.70%. A total of 10 353 on-site questionnaires were collected. Logistic regression analysis was conducted for related factors.

RESULTS: The subjects of this survey were 8 primary and secondary schools in the central area and 6 primary and secondary schools in suburban area. The prevalence of myopia was 60.34% in the central area and 11.43% in rural-urban area(P<0.01). Outdoor activities and correct reading and writing gesture are preventive factors for myopia. Three risk factors for myopia include age, time spent on electronic devices and continuous working hours after class.

CONCLUSION: The myopia rate of primary and secondary school students in Shashi district of Jingzhou city is at a high level, especially in the downtown area. To prevent and reduce the occurrence of adolescent myopia, schools and families should make joint efforts to increase time of outdoor activities, and improve the eye environment for adolescent.