Abstract:AIM:To investigate the relationship of matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2)and transforming growth factor-beta 2(TGF-β2)levels in human vitreous with axial length(AL)of patients with high myopia.

METHODS: The concentrations of MMP-2 and TGF-β2 levels were tested by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbnent Assay(ELISA). Fifty-five human vitreous samples of 55 patients were collected during vitrectomy surgery, and were divided into two groups according to their spherical equivalent(SE)and axial length(AL). High myopia group(25 cases): SE>-6.00D, AL≥26.00mm, and control group or non-high myopia group(30 cases): SE≤-6.00D, AL<26.00mm.

RESULTS: The MMP-2 levels in vitreous of high myopia group(96.87±55.95ng/mL)was significantly higher than that of control group(77.24±41.81ng/mL, P<0.05), but not correlated with AL(r=0.088, P=0.544). While the TGF-β2 vitreous concentration was negatively correlated with AL(r=-0.344, P=0.014), and there was significant difference of TGF-β2 vitreous levels between high myopia group(3729.08±1890.88pg/mL)and control group(3926.00±1333.88pg/mL, P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: MMP-2 and TGF-β2 in human vitreous may play a critical role in human high myopia development, and the TGF-β2 appears to be associated with axial length.

Abstract:AIM: To assess posterior corneal stromal interface(PCSI)quality after FS200 femtosecond laser(FSL)lamellar cuts were applied in different patterns in cats.

METHODS: A total of 20 fresh cat eyeballs were randomly separated into 4 groups: Group A, the routine(control)group, cuts were made using a suction ring and complete corneal applanation within an approximate diameter of 13 mm; Group B, no suction ring was used, but complete corneal applanation was performed using an approximate diameter of 13 mm; Group C, a suction ring was used, and corneal applanation was performed using an approximate diameter of 8 mm; and Group D, no suction ring was used, and corneal applanation was performed using an approximate diameter of 8 mm. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)images of the resulting PCSI were graded for ridges and roughness using a subjective 5-point grading scale.

RESULTS: Photography performed using a slit lamp microscope showed that the best PCSI was achieved in Group D, and the worst group was Group A. SEM images(×30 magnification)indicated that the macroscopic interface quality was significantly different between Group D and Group A(P=0.007), between Group D and Group B(P=0.007), and between Group D and Group C(P=0.016). Other SEM images obtained at ×100 magnification indicated that the grades for the microscopic surface quality between Group D and Group A(P=0.01)and between Group D and Group B(P=0.016)were significantly different. The grades of the other groups were not significantly different.

CONCLUSION: The quality of PCSI on the cat corneas can be partially improved if the deformation of the extruded corneal stroma is slight without using suction ring or an excessive corneal applanation scope by the applanation cone.

Abstract:AIM:To establish profiles of corneal diameter(CD), curvature(ACC), corneal central thickness(CCT)and investigate their correlations with refractive errors' spherical equivalent(SE), axial length(AL), anterior chamber depth(ACD)and crystalline lens thickness(LT)in black South Africans with healthy eyes. We also investigated the intercorrelation among the three corneal parameters.

METHODS:Eyes of six hundred subjects that included 305 males and 295 females(mean age: 28.15±13.1y, range: 10-66y)underwent a complete ophthalmic examination including refraction, slit lamp and ophthalmoscopy. CD and ACC were measured using the Oculus Keratograph 4(OCULUS Optikgeräte GmbH), and the CCT was measured with the iVue-100(Optovue, Inc.)optical coherence tomography. Refractive errors were assessed with the Nidek AR-310A auto-refractor and then subjective refraction. The AL, ACD and LT were measured with the Nidek US-500 A-scan ultrasound device.

RESULTS:There are no statistically significant between the parameters of the right and left eyes assessed, and therefore only the results of the right eyes are presented here. The mean corneal parameter values were: CD=11.77±0.32 mm(range=10.30-13.70 mm), ACC=7.88±0.29 mm(range=7.13-8.88 mm)and CCT=493.05±33.2 μm(range=412-590 μm). CD did not correlate with SE(r=0.05, P=0.24). However, CD was correlated significantly with AL(r=0.58, P=0.00)and ACD(r=0.63, P=0.00)but inversely correlated with LT(r=-0.40, P=0.00). There was no significant correlations between ACC and SE(r=-0.03, P=0.48). ACC correlated positively with AL(r=0.40, P=0.00). There were no significant correlations between ACC and ACD(r=0.04, P=0.56), and LT(r=-0.03, P=0.88). Also, there was no correlation between CCT and other ocular dimensions assessed. However, correlations among corneal parameters showed that CD correlated with ACC(r=0.71, P=0.00)and CCT(r=-0.68, P=0.00).

CONCLUSION:While CD correlated with AL, ACD and LT, the ACC correlated with AL. CCT did not correlate with any of the metrics studied here, suggesting that it is an independent factor unrelated to other ocular dimensions. Among corneal parameters, CD correlated with ACC and CCT.

Abstract:AIM: To determine if aerobic exercise results in changes in choroidal thickness(ChT)responses in subjects with primary open-angle glaucoma(POAG).

METHODS: The study included 17 normal participants and 17 POAG patients(34 eyes)and subjected them to aerobic exercise in the form of jogging. During exercise, ChT, intraocular pressure(IOP), and mean arterial pressure(MAP)were recorded sequentially.

RESULTS: ChT and IOP significantly decreased in both groups after exercise, and the significant disparate response was found in the control and POAG group(P<0.05). MAP increased significantly in both groups after exercise, and the increase was more significant in the control group than that in the POAG group. The values for area under the curve(AUC)of the ChT variations and IOP were 0.75 and 0.281, respectively.

CONCLUSION: Activation of the sympathetic nerve induced by aerobic exercise might be the underlying mechanism for the decrease in ChT and IOP and the increase in MAP in both groups. The disparate responses to jogging observed in ChT, IOP, and MAP values between the groups might be because of the autonomic nervous system dysfunction in POAG patients.

Abstract:AIM:To comprehensively identify the effects of persistent viewing of 3D TV on visual function and find out the relationship between different visual functional parameters.

METHODS: The following four visual functional parameters: accommodation(accommodative response; accommodative microfluctuation; accommodative facility; PRA, positive relative accommodation; NRA, negative relative accommodation; gradient AC/A, the gradient accommodative convergence to accommodation ratio), vergence(DBI, distance base-in; DBO, distance base-out; NBI, near base-in; NBO, near base-out), phoria(distance and near lateral phoria), and stereopsis were measured for nineteen health participants before and after viewed 2D TV for 90min and 3D TV for 90min.

RESULTS: Both compared with the baseline data and the data after 2D viewing, increased near accommodative responses, decreased convergence, changed phoria(more exophoric)at distance were detected after 3D TV viewing(all P <0.05).

CONCLUSION: Prolonged viewing of 3D TV will influence human visual function, especially the disruption of the natural relationship between binocular convergence and accommodation induced by conflicting stimulus. Manufacturers and the public should consider the parameters of accommodation, vergence, and phoria as main indicators for detecting the safety of 3D TV.

Abstract:AIM: To assess the ocular health status of eye health workers in a tertiary public eye hospital in Nigeria.

METHODS: This is a cross sectional hospital-based study in which a self-administered questionnaire was used to collect basic demographic data from the participating staff. Comprehensive ocular examination including presenting visual acuity with glasses if available, details anterior segment and posterior segment evaluations were performed in each patient as well as intraocular pressure measurement using Goldman Applanation Tonometer. People with evidence of glaucomatous optic neuropathy or peripheral anterior chamber depth less 25% of the corneal thickness had gonioscopy performed on them. People suspected to have glaucoma had Central Visual Field analysis(24-2, SITA Standard).Vision was categorised based on WHO classification of visual impairment.

RESULTS: A total of 275 health workers were screened, out of which 176(64%)were non-clinical staff. Overall 166(60.4%)of the respondents were males and 13.1% had family history of ocular disease. Majority of the respondents(86.2%)have normal vision(presenting visual acuity of 6/18-6/6), however 1.5% have severe visual impairment. There were more females with severe visual impairment(3.7% vs 0%)(P=0.018). However, we observed no significant difference in vision between the clinical and non-clinical staff(P=0.41).The mean cup-disc ration(CDR)in the right and the left eye were 0.42 and o.45 respectively. No significant difference between the RE and LE CDR(t=-0.882, P=0.37). The mean intraocular pressure in the RE and LE were 14.1 and 14.0mmHg. Weak positive correlation was observed between left IOP and left CDR(Pearson coefficient=0.008, P=0.94). Presbyopia and refractive error were the commonest ocular morbidities discovered among the screened staff. Fourteen respondents(5.1%)have primary open angle glaucoma(POAG)and 47 were classified as glaucoma suspects.

CONCLUSION: Uncorrected refractive errors, cataract and glaucoma are the common ocular morbidities responsible for visual impairment among the eye health workers. This study underscores the need for periodic staff screening to enable prompt diagnosis and timely treatment of ocular diseases in the affected staff.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the effect of applied direct electric field(EF)on the migration, cell growth, apoptosis and cell cycle of human lens epithelial cells(hLECs).

METHODS: HLE-B3 cells were exposed to EF at 100mV/mm, 200mV/mm and 400mV/mm, respectively. Cells without EF-exposure were treated as normal controls. Photos of HLE-B3 cells were captured before and after EF-exposure, and the cell numbers were calculated. Apoptosis and cell cycle were detected with flow cytometry after EF-exposure for 24h.

RESULTS: After exposure to EF at 400mV/mm for 3h, HLE-B3 cells showed directed migration to the cathode. The cell number of HLE-B3 cells decreased gradually with continuous EF-exposure, and decreased by 12.6% at 6h and by 18.6% at 12h, respectively(P<0.05). After exposure to EF at 100mV/mm, 200mV/mm and 400mV/mm for 24h, the apoptosis rates of HLE-B3 cells increased dramatically compared to that of the normal control, which were(9.2±1.9)%,(23.9±2.6)% and(54±2.5)%, respectively(P<0.05). Accordingly, the results of flow cytometry showed that cell numbers in G2/M phase were increased after EF-exposure, which were(13.8±2.2)% and(15.6±2.5)% at 200mV/mm and 400mV/mm, respectively(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Applied direct EF induces directed migration of HLE-B3 cells and inhibits the cell growth with the prolongation of the EF-exposure time. EF also induces cell apoptosis and G2/M phase inhibition of the cell cycle in HLE-B3 cells.

Abstract:AIM: To observe morphological changes of retinal tissues, early apoptosis rates and expressions of caspase-3 and p53 in rats, so as to analyze the mechanism of apoptosis in retinal damage of rats under stimulated hypoxic conditions at high altitude.

METHODS: Experimental rats were randomly divided into the control and experimental groups. Ten rats in the control group were bred in an indoor environment with the altitude of 1,500 meters; 60 in the experimental group were divided into 6 groups with each group of 10 rats, which were bred in a simulated experimental cabin of a simulated plateau environment with the altitude of 5,000 meters for 2, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72h, respectively. After rats were killed in all groups, pathomorphological changes of rats' retinas were observed with hematoxylin eosin staining, expressions of caspase-3 and p53 in rats' retinas were noticed with immunohistochemical staining, and flow cytometry was used to detect early apoptosis rates.

RESULTS: The simulated hypoxic conditions at high altitude could cause rats' retinal tissues damage, and the longer hypoxic conditions were, the more obvious retinal pathological damage was. Expressions of caspase-3 and p53 were detected at 2h, and gradually increased with oxygen lack time increasing, the differences showed statistical significance(P<0.05). Early apoptosis rates of retinal cells gradually rose with oxygen lack time, and rose obviously at 48h.

CONCLUSION: Apoptosis may involve in the mechanism of rats' retinal damage induced by stimulated hypoxic conditions at high altitude, and play this role by the caspase-3-dependent apoptotic pathway.

Abstract:AIM: To study the effect of synthetic borneol on transcorneal permeability of dexamethasone. The ocular irritation was also evaluated.

METHODS: The freshly excised corneas,whole corneas or de-epithelialized corneas, were immediately mounted in perfusion cells. Dexamethasone containing free-borneol or borneol was added into the deliver chamber respectively in each group. At different time point after addition of solution, 50μL of the receptor solution was removed. The concentration of dexamethasone was determined and the apparent permeability coefficient(Papp)was calculated. Hydration level of cornea was measured and irritation test was observed.

RESULTS: The Papp for dexamethasone in whole cornea increased by 2.40 fold in borneol group(P<0.05). The Papp for dexamethasone in de-epithelialized cornea did not increased apparently(P>0.05). Synthetic borneol did not increase hydration level and irritation of cornea(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: Synthetic borneol can improve the corneal permeation of lipophilic drug dexamethasone and do not damage corneal tissue.

Abstract:AIM: To discuss the correlation between the expression of miR-146 and aging retinal pigment epithelium(RPE), and to study the relationship between miR-146 and expression of IL-6 in RPE, especially in age-related macular degeneration(ARMD).

METHODS: The expressions of miR-146 and IL-6 were examined in RPE in mice aged from 2mo to 24mo by qRT-PCR. Then, the expressions of miR-146 and IL-6 in RPE of wet ARMD patient were examined also. Finally, the effect of overexpression of miR-146a in APRE-19 cell line on expression of IL-6 was checked.

RESULTS: MiR-146 was positive correlated with age, and the expression of IL-6 had no change in aging RPE. However, the expression of miR-146 decreased and IL-6 increased in RPE of ARMD. In cultured APRE-19 cells, overexpression of miR-146 inhibited the expression of IL-6 induced by TNF-α.

CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that there is a biological correlation among the development of ARMD, expression of IL-6 and miR-146 in aging RPE. It also suggests that, on the one hand, regulation between IL-6 and miR-146 may be important for the clinical treatment, on the other hand, both IL-6 and miR-146 can be potential molecular markers for diagnosing ARMD.

Abstract:AIM: Through intravitreal injection of celecoxib in oxygen-induced retinopathy(OIR)rat model, to investigate the effect and mechanism of celecoxib on neovascularization of OIR.

METHODS: Ninety-six 7-day-old SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: Group Z:Normal group; Group O: OIR; Group A: OIR + vehicle control group; Group B: OIR+5μg celecoxib group; group C: OIR + 20μg celecoxib group; group D: OIR + 80μg celecoxib group. In addition to Z group in the normal environment, the other groups were established the OIR model. The neonatal rats were given intravitreal injections of dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)and the corresponding doses of celecoxib on the 12th day after birth. The rats were sacrificed on day 17 after birth. HE staining were employed to count the vascular endothelial cells which were breakthrough within the internal limiting membrane of retina. Immunohistochemistry staining were utilized to probe the expression of VEGF protein.

RESULTS: HE staining showed that, the number of the endothelial cells in the retina was 0.44±0.18, 30.60±5.36, 28.05±4.68, 19.58±4.58, 10.13±1.93, 7.58±2.68 in Group Z, O, A, B, C and D. In addition to Group O and Group A, there were significant differences between the two groups(P<0.05). After treatment with celecoxib, breakthrough of the internal limiting membrane of the vascular endothelial cell nucleus was significantly reduced, and positively correlated with the dose. Immunohistochemical results showed, the expression of VEGF protein in Group Z was negative, the expression rate was 10%,the positive expression of VEGF protein in Group A was higher than that in Group B, C and D, and the positive rate was 86%, which was higher than that of Group B, C and D, as 68%,42%, 30%.

CONCLUSION: Celecoxib can inhibit the OIR model of rat retinal angiogenesis, and the effect of suppressing a positive correlation with the dose,its action may inhibit VEGF expression.

Abstract:AIM: To study the SRK-II and SRK-T in clinic for calculating intraocular lens(IOL)in cataract patients, and to provide the basis for preoperative selection of IOL measurement formula and prediction of appropriate IOL diopter in cataract patients with different axial.

METHODS: Randomized selection of 160 cataract patients of 200 eyes with different axial from April 2013 to November 2015 admitted to the hospital were taken. There were 92 males with 120 eyes, 68 females with 80 eyes, the average age of 66.2 ± 4.36 years old. The axial length(AL)was measured by type A ultrasonography. They were divided into four groups according to AL. Patients with shorten AL were Group A, with normal AL were Group B, with lengthening AL were Group C, with extremely AL were Group D. The IOL diopter of the four groups were calculated by SRK-Ⅱ and SRK-T, and the corresponding IOL(American AMO intraocular lens)was implanted. The actual diopter at best corrected visual acuity(best corrected visual acuity, BCVA)was measured by optometry and retinoscopy at 1wk, 1, 3mo after operations. The mean absolute refractive error(MAE)was calculated.

RESULTS: The MAE of the SRK-Ⅱ and SRK-T at 1wk after operations was different with that at 1mo and at 3mo(P<0.05), that at 1mo was not significantly different with that at 3mo(P>0.05). there was no difference between SRK-Ⅱ and SRK-T in Group A(P>0.05), but there were significant differences in Group B, Group C and Group D(P<0.05). Patients of Group A more tended to become myopia at 1mo than at 1wk(P=0.035). Patients of Group B and C both got myopia shift at 1wk and 1mo after operation(P =0.84, 0.88). Patients of Group D tended to become hyperopia at 1mo than at 1wk(P=0.041).

CONCLUSION: This study shows that refraction become stable at 1mo after operations; the accuracy of the two methods are nearly same in Group A and B, while in Group C and D, SRK-Ⅱ is better than SRK-T on the comparison of MAE. SRK-T is better than SRK-Ⅱ on IOL calculation in patients with different AL.

Abstract:AIM:To measure levels of various inflammation-related cytokines in the aqueous humor of patients with neovascular glaucoma(NVG)and age-related cataract, and to evaluate changes in these cytokines before and after an intravitreal injection of ranibizumab.

METHODS:This study investigated 21 eyes of 21 patients with NVG and 20 eyes of 20 control subjects with age-related cataract. The NVG eyes received an intravitreal injection of ranibizumab treatment before Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation. Aqueous humor was collected before intravitreal injection of ranibizumab and before Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation. Aqueous humor samples were collected from the cataract patients at the time of cataract surgery. The levels of inflammation-related cytokines in the aqueous humor were measured with a Multiplex bead immunoassay technique.

RESULTS:The NVG eyes showed significantly elevated concentrations of interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemotactic protein-1(MCP-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)(all P<0.001)when compared with the eyes of the cataract patients. Following the intravitreal injection of ranibizumab, the concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and VEGF in the NVG eyes showed a dramatic and statistically significant decrease. The correlations between the levels of inflammation-related cytokines and age, intraocular pressure(IOP)before operations in the NVG patients did not reach statistical significance.

CONCLUSION:The inflammation-related cytokines were significantly elevated in NVG eyes. Intravitreal injection of ranibizumab dramatically and significantly reduced the levels of some inflammation-related cytokines.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the efficacy of intravitreal ranibizumab or conbercept combined with macular laser grid photocoagulation(MLG)for macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion(BRVO).

METHODS: Totally 120 patients(120 eyes)with BRVO were randomized into three groups, 40 patients(40 eyes)in each group. Group A received MLG alone; Group B: intravitreal injection of ranibizumab 0.05mL/0.5mg; Group C: intravitreal injection of conbercept 0.05mL/0.5mg. MLG were performed in Group B and Group A at 1wk after injection. At 1mo after injection, all the patients were examined with fundus fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography, repeated injections were given if necessary. Repeated injection rate of Group B and C was compared after a six-month follow-up. before and at 1wk, 1, 3, 6mo after treatment, best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)and central macular thickness(CMT)of the two groups were analyzed.

RESULTS: In Group B, there were 4 eyes with 2 consecutive injections, 7 eyes with 3 consecutive injections, and the repeated injection rate was 27.5%. Patients in Group C received injection only once. The repeated injection rate of Group B was higher than that of Group C with significant difference(P<0.05). BCVA of the three groups were improved after treatment, CMT was less than those before treatment. BCVA of Group B and C after treatment was better than those of Group A and CMT was less. BCVA of Group C was better than that of Group B, and CMT was less without significant difference(P>0.05). After the follow-up, there were no significant adverse reactions in three groups. The recurrence rate of group A was 25%, no recurrence in Group B and C and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Intravitreal ranibizumab or Conbercept combined with laser photocoagulation for macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion is effective. But injection times of Conbercept is less.

Abstract:Age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)is the leading cause of vision loss among elderly in the developed world. ARMD is a multi-factor disease, which is affected by genetic, environment, diet, inflammation, oxidative stress and other factors. Among these factors, oxidative stress accounts for an important role in the occurrence and development of ARMD, as evidenced by the significant correlation between oxidative stress and the onset of ARMD in substantial literature. This article summarized the research advance in the pathologic features of ARMD, the relationship between oxidative stress and the retina, and oxidative stress during the progression of ARMD.

Abstract:At present, it is a problem to interpret and evaluate the relation of the damage and the death of photoreceptor cells with visual function in the study of retinal diseases. In recent years, the application of visual head tracking in rodents makes it possible to evaluate the relation of the damage and the death of photoreceptor cells with visual function. Behavioral evaluation, of which the relative study has made some progress, is predominate in continuous evaluation of animal's visual function. According to present researches of optkinetic testing on rodent animal with retinal diseases, the principles, the innovations, the achievements and the problems in application of the equipment in optkinetic response research are summarized to provide evidence when testing methods are being chosen in the study of animals with retinal diseases.

Abstract:There are a variety of ways for isolation and selective cultivation of retinal microvascular endothelial cells in vitro, in which the newly reported tissue culture with collagenase digestion method are widely used for simple, economical, high purity and good activity of obtained endothelial cells. As a result of the limitation of person eye donor, researchers often use rat retinal microvascular endothelial cells that are highly homologous to human beings to experiment in vitro. In this paper, the methods of culturing retinal microvascular endothelial cells in vitro will be elaborated from the aspects of animal species, added factors, cell purification and identification in vitro. At the same time, the advantages and disadvantages of these methods in the process of operation are briefly described, which can provide a reference for the researchers to select suitable cultivation methods.

Abstract:Retinal degeneration diseases, including age related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa and glaucoma optic atrophy etc, are characterized by the degeneration of retinal neural cells, retinal photoreceptor cells and retinal pigment epithelium cells, etc.Retinal degeneration diseases are the main cause of blindness. It has been generally assumed that the mature mammalian retinal cell is devoid of repair and regenerative capability, hence it's irreversible of retinal cell apoptosis. Currently, there is no efficient method to regenerate retinal organ. However, stem cell would hold great promise to restore visual function, so as to provide an alternative medical care with the biological property of differentiation and proliferation into target cells to replace degenerated retinal cells. This review focus on the sources of retinal stem cells and their applications on retinal degeneration diseases.

Abstract:Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Its specific pathophysiology is still not clear. Currently hemodynamic alterations are regarded as one of the key factors in the pathophysiology of glaucoma. Optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)is a new imaging technique that enables visualization of the retinal and choroidal microvasculature, and with novel algorithms generates high resolution images and quantifies vessel density and blood flow of the retina and choroid. We reviewed the recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma measured using OCTA,which provides a reference for diagnosis of glaucoma and evaluation of glaucoma severity.

Abstract:Toxic anterior segment syndrome(TASS)is a kind of acute and non-infective anterior segment inflammatory reaction. It's relatively rare for clinic, but recently, TASS is in increasing tendency with the development of anterior segment surgery. During surgery, various non-infective maters entering the anterior chamber all could result the appearance of TASS. After timely and effective treatment, most patients have favorable prognosis, however, a few patients may have remained permanent intraocular tissues damage to the extent of influencing eyesight. Now, this thesis summarizes the pathology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, pathogenesis, prevention, treatment, prognosis etc. of TASS.

Abstract:Metformin is a drug commonly prescribed to treat patients with type 2 diabetes,which leads to a burst of interest because of lifespan-extending properties. The key molecular of health-promoting properties as yet remained elusive. In this paper, we make a brief review of mechanisms about how metformin acting on human body, and make a forecast about the application prospect of metformin in the treatment of the aging in ophthalmology.

Abstract:AIM: To study the correlation between type A behavior and dry eye.

METHODS: Here we used case-control study,100 dry eye patients and 100 healthy persons all completed the questionnaire of type A behavior and unified questionnaire. The results were analyzed by univariate and multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS: There was significant difference on distribution of behavior pattern between dry eye group and normal group(χ²=6.494,P=0.011). After one factor logistic regression analysis, the risk of dry eye for people with type A behavior was higher(OR=2.296, 95%CI:1.202-4.384, P=0.012); that for people using visual display terminal more than 6h was 2.992(95%CI:1.668-5.369, P<0.01); that for people staying in air condition room was 2.631(95%CI: 1.472-4.702, P=0.001). After multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis, compared with type B behavior, type A behavior pattern(OR=2.659,95%CI:1.335-5.295,P=0.005), people using visual display terminal more than 6h(OR=2.264, 95%CI: 1.166-4.396, P=0.016), people staying in air condition room(OR=2.053, 95%CI: 1.048～4.020, P=0.036)were more significantly associated with dry eye.

CONCLUSION: Type A behavior pattern, using visual display terminal more than 6h and staying in air condition room may be independent risk factors for dry eye.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the accuracy, time-consuming and reliability of three Zernike algorithms in reconstruction of the corneal aberration in adaptive optics.

METHODS: Elevation data of corneal front surface collected on 20 normal eyes over a 6mm pupil were converted into the simulated original wave-front data by subtracting the best fitting sphere, which was then resampled at resolutions of 100, 300, and 500μm. Differences in elevation between adjacent pixels were used to generate simulated wave-front slope data, which were used to reconstruct wave-front by three algorithms: the regularized solution, the singular value decomposition, and Householder transform separately. The number of Zernike modes was from 1 to 130 separately in each reconstruction procedure. Each new wave-front map generated was directly compared to the originally sampled wave-front and the residual root-mean-square(RMS)error between the original and reconstructed map was recorded, also we investigate the time-consuming and reliability of the solution by calculating the condition numbers of the linear model and observing the mode coefficient matrix.

RESULTS: Householder transformation performed as well as the singular value decomposition by three sampling rates in reconstruction accuracy, while the regularized solution showed unacceptable results when the number Zernike modes used higher than 88 by the resolution was 500μm. With the modes number increased, the time that the singular value decomposition consumed increased more obviously than the time that the Householder transformation and the regularized solution consumed, and the difference between the latter two didn't show obviously. The higher the sampling rate was, also the lower the Zernike exponent number was, and the more reliable the result was, and the instability of regularized solution is more serious than the other two at the low sampling rate.

CONCLUSION:Householder transformation is superior the other two in accuracy as well as the highly effectiveness, and the reliability of three algorithms was almost identical at high sampling rate, while the Householder transformation still showed relatively stable performance at low sampling rate, which provides the reference and the theory basis of choice to the optimal algorithm which is applied in the adaptive optics system of real-time correction eyeball's aberration wave-front reconstruction.

Abstract:AIM: To report the application of asymmetric parameters of retinal nerve fiber layer and macular thickness in early diagnosis of primary open angle glaucoma.

METHODS: The clinical study included 100 eyes of 50 normal subjects and 100 eyes of 50 unilateral early primary open angle glaucoma. The mean field defect(MD)and pattern standard deviation(PSD)were recorded using a Humphrey perimeter. All eyes underwent Cirrus HD-OCT for thickness of total, inferior, superior retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)and macular, then calculated their intereye differrence and intraeye difference respectively(posterior pole asymmetry parameters analysis). The area under curve(AUC)was calculated for all OCT parameters.

RESULTS:In addition to the difference in the intraocular RNFL thickness around optic disc(P=0.265), the parameters of the RNFL thickness, macular thickness, intereye differrence of superior / inferior / total macular thickness, intraocular superior / inferior difference of macular thickness were statistically significant(P<0.05). The AUC of the total thickness of RNFL was 0.827. The sensitivity of the intereye RNFL thickness difference was the highest, with a 95% specificity of 67%. The mean AUC of the total macular thickness was 0.822. The AUC of the intereye difference of macular thickness was 0.777.

CONCLUSION: The asymmetric analysis of retinal thickness in the posterior pole provides a good diagnostic performance for patients with early POAG, similar to the diagnostic accuracy of RNFL thickness. However, intraocular asymmetric analysis parameters perform poorly and require further refinement before they are used for early unilateral glaucoma diagnosis.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the clinical effect of 23G transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy(23G TSV)in the treatment of idiopathic macular hole.

METHODS: Totally 80 cases with macular hole treated in ophthalmology department of our hospital from January 2013 to June 2015 were selected as the research objects, in which 40 cases were treated with 23G TSV after admission, the other 40 cases were treated with 20G vitrectomy. The surgery time, length of hospital stay, changes of visual acuity, macular hole closure, macular thickness and complications were observed in two groups.

RESULTS: The surgery time, length of hospital stay and the complication rate of observation group were less than those of control group with significant difference(P<0.05). The corrected visual acuity was significantly improved in both groups at 3, 6, 12mo after operations compared to before operations, but no significant difference were found between the two groups(P>0.05). Macular hole closure rate of observation group was 98%(39/40), that of control group was 95%(38/40), there was no significant difference between the two groups(χ²=0.346, P=0.553). The macular thickness significantly decreased in both groups at 3, 6, 12mo after operations compared to before operations, but no significant difference were found between the two groups(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: 23G TSV is effective in the treatment of idiopathic macular hole with low complication rate, which is beneficial to improve the postoperative visual acuity and improve the prognosis.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the effect of a combination therapy regimen, utilizing 3 monthly ranibizumab injections followed by 577nm laser macular grid photocoagulation(MGP)for treatment of severe diabetic macular edema(DME).

METHODS: Thirty-eight patients(53 eyes)with severe DME were divided into combination therapy group(20 patients, 28 eyes)and ranibizumab monotherapy group(18 patients, 25 eyes)randomly. All patients initially received 3 monthly ranibizumab injections(loading phase)and additional injections pro re nata(PRN). Patients in combination therapy group additionally received 577nm laser MGP during the first month after the loading phase. Change in best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)and central macular thickness(CMT)from baseline to 12mo as well as the mean number of injections after the loading phase were compared between the two groups.

RESULTS: Change in BCVA from baseline in combination therapy group and ranibizumab monotherapy group at 3, 6, 9 and 12mo were 7.6±7.9 letters vs 8.5±5.8 letters, 7.2±6.1 letters vs 7.5±6.4 letters, 8.3±6.6 letters vs 8.4±8.1 letters, 7.9±7.1 letters vs 6.5±6.3 letters respectively. Change in CMT at 3, 6, 9 and 12mo were 131± 162μm, 108± 131μm, 115± 129μm, 126± 157μm in combination therapy group as well as 129±117μm, 96±117μm, 104±135μm, 101±112μm in monotherapy group. The difference between the two groups was not statistically significant. In combination therapy group, significantly less injection was required after the loading phase(0.87±1.35 vs 2.96±2.07,t=1.714, P<0.01). By 12mo, 43% of patients in the combination therapy group had need for additional ranibizumab injections as compared to 84% in monotherapy group(t=1.385,P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: The 577nm laser MGP combined with ranibizumab injection demonstrated markedly visual gains and CMT decrease in DME patients. Retreatment rate and number of injections were significantly lower in combination therapy group compared to ranibizumab monotherapy group.

Abstract:AIM:To find the sensitive targets by observing the changes of early fundus detection in function and structure and correlation of systemic monitoring indicators on non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

METHODS: Totally 20 normal peoples(40 eyes)in normal control group and 105 in-patients(210 eyes)in diabetic group, which was divided into two groups, 24 cases(48 eyes)in no diabetic retinopathy(NDR)group, 81 cases(162 eyes)in non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR)group. The NPDR group was divided into three groups: mild NPDR group 30 cases(60 eyes), moderate NPDR group 26 cases(52 eyes)and severe NPDR group 25 cases(50 eyes). The retinal blood flow(RBF)of Heidelberg retinal flowmeter(HRF), the OS2 amplitude of oscillatory potentials(OPs)and the subfoveal choroidal thickness(SFCT)of OCT were measured in normal control group and diabetic group. The duration of diabetes, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin, blood lipids and coagulation were also examined in each group. All test results in each group were compared and analyzed statistically.

RESULTS: HRF: the value of RBF in NDR and NPDR group was significantly lower than that in the normal control group(P<0.05); the value of RBF in moderate NPDR group was obviously higher than that in the other groups(P<0.05); the value of RBF in the temporal side of the optic disc was higher than that in the nasal side of the optic disc in NPDR group(P<0.05). OPs: the amplitude of OS2 in NDR and NPDR group was significantly lower than that in the normal control group(P<0.05); the amplitude of OS2 of the severe NPDR group and moderate NPDR group were significantly lower than that in mild NPDR group and NDR group(P<0.05). OCT: with the progression of DR, the value of SFCT were thinner and thinner(P<0.05). The duration of diabetes without therapy, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin, cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, fibrinogen, D-dimer positively positive correlated with degree of DR(r_s=0.722, 0.791, 0.864, 0.473, 0.611, 0.735, 0.591, 0.554, P<0.05). The occurrence of DR was consistent with other microvascular complications.

CONCLUSION:The detection of HRF, OPs and OCT can be used as sensitive indicators for the early diagnosis of DR. They can earlier and more accurately reflect the changes of microcirculation function and structure of the fundus. The duration of diabetes, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin, blood lipids, coagulation status are positive correlated in DR progression. The monitoring of these indicators and disseminating timely healthy information own important clinical value in primary medical care.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the clinical effect of Qi Ming granule combined with calcium dobesilate in treatment of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR).

METHODS: Totally 94 patients with I～III stage NPDR in our hospital from January 2014 to May 2016 were collected and randomly divided into control group and observation group, all were unilateral, with 47 eyes in each group. The two groups were given control of blood glucose, diet and exercise therapy and other conventional treatment. The control group were treated with conventional western medicine calcium dobesilate treatment, 0.5g,3 times per day, the observation group combined with Qi Ming granule treatment based on control group treatment. Both groups were treated for 3mo. Two groups were observed before and after treatment for visual sensitivity and changes of serum cytokines \〖vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)and insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1), pigment epithelium derived factor(PEDG)\〗. Therapeutic effect and safety of the two groups were comprehensively evaluated and compared.

RESULTS: The average sensitivity of the observation group after treatment was lower than that before treatment and the control group after treatment, the difference were statistically significant(P<0.05).The VEGF,IGF-1,PEDG of observation group after treatment, were significantly improved compared with the control group, the difference were statistically significant(P<0.05). There were no obvious adverse reactions in the two groups, the total effective rate was 89% in the observation group, which was higher compared with the control group 72%, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Qi Ming granule combined with western medicine in the treatment of DR can effectively improve the function of the retina and ease the progress of the disease, and the safety is good, the clinical treatment effect is remarkable.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the therapeutic effect of intravitreal injection of ranibizumab combined with compound Xueshuantong capsule on patients with central exudative chorioretinopathy(CEC).

METHODS: A total of 98 consecutive patients(98 eyes)with CEC treated in our hospital from September 2013 to May 2015 were enrolled in this study and randomly divided into 2 groups. The experimental group received intravitreal injection of ranibizumab treatment, were treated with compound Xueshuantong capsule, 3 consecutive months of treatment; the control group only treated with compound Xueshuantong capsule treatment, the same dosage and course of treatment with the experimental group. Two groups of patients were reviewed monthly, the follow-up time was 6mo. Before and after treatment, visual acuity, foveal retinal thickness and leakage area were measured.

RESULTS: Visual acuity(LogMAR): the visual acuity of the two groups before and after surgery was significantly different(P<0.05); the visual acuity of the experimental group was significantly better than that of the control group, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). There was significant difference between experimental group and control group on central macular thickness macular(CMT)(P<0.05), which of experimental group decreased more than that of control group. The improved leakage of the two groups was significant different by χ² test(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Ranibizumab combined with compound Xueshuantong capsule in the treatment of CEC can reduce vascular leakage, reduce macular edema, shorten the course, improve eyesight, which is a safe and effective method for the treatment of CEC. Multiple intravitreal injection of ranibizumab to CEC can improve the vision of patients and keep it stable.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the clinical effect of pars plana vitrectomy in patients with ocular injuries involving the posterior segment.

METHODS:A total of 90 patients(90 eyes)with ocular injuries involving the posterior segment underwent pars plana vitrectomy in our hospital from March 2014 to June 2015 were recruited to carry out a retrospective study. We recorded the age, gender, occurrence site of trauma, visual acuity, anatomical site, nature of injury, wound length, the presence of an afferent pupillary defect, and the timing of vitrectomy. The Ocular Trauma Score was measured. The minimum follow-up from presentation was 6mo.

RESULTS:The mean duration of follow up was 198d, ranged from 182 to 240d. There were 77 males and 13 females of all, with a mean age of 32.7±15.8 years old and 47 patients(52.2%)injured in the workplace, 14 patients(15.6%)at home. The mean visual acuity(LogMAR)of patients were significantly improved from 2.36±0.72 preoperatively to 1.50±1.14 postoperatively. There were 23 patients whose preoperative vision were better than 2.0 LogMAR, the postoperative visual acuity of these patients were significantly better than others(P<0.01). No significant difference of visual improvement was found between groups with early vitrectomy(<7d)or delayed vitrectomy(>7d)(P>0.05). There was no significant difference of postoperative visual acuity between patients with injury in Zone I and II(P>0.05), but visual acuity of patients with injury in Zone III were significant poorer(P<0.05). The postoperative visual acuity of patients with relative afferent pupillary defect were significant poorer(P<0.05). Preoperative visual acuity, the difference of preoperative and postoperative visual acuity, and postoperative visual acuity were significantly different between groups with different ocular trauma scores(P<0.01).

CONCLUSION:Trauma is more likely to occur in men under 40 years of age and in the workplace. The favorable final visual outcome is associated with the absence of afferent pupillary defect, ocular trauma score and presenting visual acuity as well as the zone of injury, and not associated with the timing of vitrectomy.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the curative effect of surgical resection combined with 100% concentration of autologous serum eye drops in the treatment of pterygium.

METHODS: Totally 120 cases of 120 eyes with pterygium from March 2015 to March 2016 in Zhongxiang People's Hospital were randomly divided into the control group and the experimental group. All patients were treated with tobramycin and dexamethasone ophthalmic ointment bandaged eyes postoperatively, and the next day tobramycin and dexamethasone eye drop were used, 2 drops, 6 times per day. The control group was treated with polyvinyl alcohol eye drops, 2 drops, 6 times per day, but the test group were treated with autologous blood concentration of 100% concentration of autologous serum eye drops, 2 drops, 6 times per day. The two groups were treated for 3wk. The curative effect was evaluated after operation of 3mo.

RESULTS: The preoperative general condition, ocular symptoms and signs score and Schirmer test of the two groups was no significant different(P>0.05). But there were significant differences of the two groups on ocular symptoms and signs score, corneal epithelium and/or matrix defect area and repair time, Schirmer test after the operation(P<0.05). In control group, the recurrence rate was 6.7%. And the experimental group were 3.3%. There was significant difference between the two groups(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION:The application of 100% concentration of autologous serum eyedrops after pterygium resection combined with autologous limbal stem cell transplantation of conjunctival flap was better for wound healing and ocular surface reconstruction postoperatively, and it achieved good curative effect.

Abstract:AIM: To study the clinical effect of modified dacryocystorhinostomy for chronic dacryocystitis.

METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted in our hospital from February 2014 to January 2016 including 168 patients(168 eyes)with chronic dacryocystitis.

According to the difference of treatment for patients we established two groups, the observation group of 87 cases underwent modified dacryocystorhinostomy treatment, 81 cases in the control group underwent the conventional dacryocystorhinostomy. Perioperative indexes, lacrimal patency and complication rate of two groups were compared.

RESULTS: The operative time, hospitalization time and bleeding amount of the observation group were significantly less than those of control group(P<0.05). The total efficiency of the observation group was significantly better than that of the control group, while the postoperative complication rate and recurrence rate were significantly less(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The modified dacryocystorhinostomy is easy to operate, the operation time is short, the complications are few, the curative effect is accurate, it is the effective surgical method for the treatment of chronic dacryocystitis.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the stabilization of long-term optical quality after laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK)for myopia by Optical Quality Analysis System.

METHODS: Totally 70 eyes from 35 student volunteers after LASIK and 140 eyes from 70 normal student volunteers were recruited from the Fourth Military Medical University. The volunteers after LASIK were divided into recent observation group(2～4a after LASIK)and long-term observation group(5～10a after LASIK). The normal volunteers were divided into recent control group and long-term control group,to analysis the influence of confounding factors such as age and eyes-using habit on the optical quality. The observation groups and the control groups were compared respectively. The objective scattering index(OSI), modulation transfer function cutoff frequency(MTF cutoff), Strehl ratio(SR),OQAS value in 100% contrast(OV100%), OQAS value in 20% contrast(OV20%), OQAS value in 9% contrast(OV9%)were analyzed.

RESULTS: The OSI of observation group improved significantly but the MTF cutoff, SR, OV100%, OV20% and OV9% decreased significantly in several years after LASIK(P<0.05). The optical quality is generally stable after LASIK. The OSI had a tendency to reduce and the MTF cutoff, SR, OV100%, OV20% and OV9% had a tendency to improve, but showed no significant difference.

CONCLUSION: LASIK, one of the most frequent operation methods for myopia correction, can reduce the optical quality in a certain extent. The optical quality has a tendency to recover in several years after LASIK, but not completely. OQAS is a feasible method in assessing the long-term optical quality after LASIK.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the clinical effect and complication of orthokeratology for myopia.

METHODS: From August 2014 to October 2015, 204 adolescents(408 eyes)with myopia in our hospital, were treated with orthokeratology, and followed up at 1, 3, 6 and 12mo for visual acuity, corneal curvature, axial length and so on.

RESULTS: The visual acuity was significantly improved than before wearing(P<0.05). At 1, 3, 6 and 12mo after wearing, the visual acuity were 0.52±0.12, 0.64±0.20, 0.95±0.15 and 0.97±0.12; after wearing the diopter significantly decreased than before wearing(P<0.05); at 1, 3, 6 and 12mo after wearing diopter were 1.82±0.40D, 0.96±0.20D, 0.40±0.09D and 0.25±0.06D. There was no significant difference in the corneal curvature, axial length, corneal endothelial cell density and central thickness between before and after wearing(P>0.05). After wearing the anterior corneal surface curvature radius significantly increased than before wearing(P<0.05). At 1, 3, 6 and 12mo after wearing, anterior corneal surface curvature radius were 7.90±0.21 mm, 8.20±0.22mm, 8.24±0.23mm and 8.30±0.26mm. There was no significant difference on the posterior corneal surface curvature radius and anterior chamber depth between before and after wearing(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: Orthokeratology correcting myopia, is safe and effective with no obvious effect on corneal endothelial cells and anterior chamber depth. There is a certain scope of application for the correction of myopia.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the relationship between dry eyes incidence and poor vision in primary and middle school students in the urban-rural fringe of Guangzhou.

METHODS: We used stratified cluster random sampling, extracted the urban-rural fringe elementary school and middle school, gave out self-made questionnaire survey to 3572 students, at the same time, underwent ophthalmology routine inspection and tear secretion test, rupture time measurement and corneal and conjunctival fluorescein staining.

RESULTS: The overall number of poor vision was 764 people(1447 eyes), the overall poor vision was 20.25% counted by eye amount, the rate of poor vision in primary school was 14.08%, in junior high school was 29.51%, in junior middle school was significantly higher than that in primary school(P<0.05). The number of subjects with dry eyes was 424 cases(848 eyes), the overall incidence of dry eyes was 11.87%, among them the occurring rate of dry eyes in primary school was 5.14%, in junior middle school was 21.96%, which was significantly higher than that in primary school(P<0.05). Ordered multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that junior high school, doing homework for 1-3h or >3h every day, eyes away from the book <30cm, lying down when reading books, watching TV or playing computer phone for 1-3h and >3h every day, dry eyes, and the nutritional status(fat or thin)were the risk factors of poor vision in primary and middle school students the(OR=3.862, 1.164, 1.210, 1.212, 1.315, 1.319, 3.040, 1.110, 1.057 and 1.141).

CONCLUSION: The risk factors of primary and middle school students vision is multifarious, dry eyes is a risk factor for poor vision of primary and middle school students in the urban-rural fringe of Guangzhou.

Abstract:AIM:To understand the causes and distribution of ocular trauma, and to provide evidence for the prevention and treatment of ocular trauma.

METHODS:The clinical data of hospitalized patients with ocular trauma from September 2012 to September 2016 in 4 general hospitals of Qingyuan were analyzed statistically, including age, sex, the eye involved, occupation and education level.

RESULTS:Totally 953 patients(959 eyes)with ocular trauma were enrolled, in which 832 patients were males, 127 were females, aged 4-67 years old, with an average age of 34.6±10.3 years old. The highest incidence age was 20-50. The injury rate of the left and right eye is 0.92:1; 66.3% of the patients were graduated from junior high school or even lower. The occupations were mainly workers and farmers, accounting for 31.9% and 37.9%. Most of the patients were penetrating ocular injury, accounted for 51.2%. The main cause of injury was blunt injury, accounting for 31.9%, followed by the traffic accident and high speed foreignbody, sharp instrument injury. Patients were mainly treated by surgery alone and complications were traumatic cataract, accounting for 31.8%. After active treatment, the visual acuity was certainly improved.

CONCLUSION: People with high risk of ocular trauma need to take appropriate measures to prevent eye injury and clinics should pay attention to the occurrence of cataract.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the prevalence of trachoma in Shaanxi Province and provide basic data for the prevention and treatment of trachoma.

METHODS: Four suspected areas with high prevalence of trachoma including Kengzhen in Jiaxian Yulin, Luochuan of Yan'an, Nanzheng county of Hanzhong, Shangzhou distract in Shangluo, were selected by Blindness Prevention Office of Shaanxi Province. A random sample of 200 pupils aged 6 to 8 was examined by ophthalmic officers using the World Health Organization(WHO)simplified clinical grading system.

RESULTS: No infection of active trachoma was detected in 200 pupils.

CONCLUSION: No epidemic areas of active trachoma were found. Based on the data of this study,trachoma is no longer considered as a public health problem in Shaanxi Province.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the leading causes of blindness and low vision in Yanta district of Xi'an city in 2015.

METHODS:Totally 340 cases of vision impaired patients who were authenticated in our hospital in 2015 were analyzed in this research.

RESULTS: The leading causes of blindness and low vision were high myopia(24.7%), glaucoma(13.5%), diabetic retinopathy(11.8%), macular degeneration(9.7%)and keratopathy(5.3%).

CONCLUSION: The most important reasons of visual disability in Yanta district of Xi'an city were high myopia, glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. Since all the causes are avoidable, a planned prevention is highly recommended to decrease the prevalence of avoidable blindness.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of surgery in eyes with vitreous hemorrhage secondary to central retinal vein occlusion complicated with primary hypertension.

METHODS: Totally 83 eyes of 83 consecutive primary hypertension patients with vitreous hemorrhage underwent vitrectomy were included. In 28 eyes of 28 patients, vitreous hemorrhage was caused by central retinal vein occlusion. All patients were followed up for 9-36mo, meanly 22.4mo. Main outcome measures included the best corrected visual acuity, intraoperative and postoperative complications,and the data were statistically analyzed and compared.

RESULTS: The incidence of vitreous hemorrhage in primary hypertension complicated with central retinal vein occlusion was 33.7%. The best corrected visual acuity increased in 24 eyes(86%), unchanged in 4 eyes(14%), there was a significant statistical difference between pre-operation and post-operation(P<0.05). There were 5 eyes(18%)with macular edema after the surgery.There were no serious complications in and after the surgery in all 28 eyes.

CONCLUSION: Vitrectomy is a safe and effective treatment for vitreous hemorrhage in primary hypertension complicated with central retinal vein occlusion.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the effect of amniotic membrane transplantation(AMT)in exposure keratitis.

METHODS: A prospective study of 14 cases(19 eyes)with exposure keratitis were treated with AMT in our hospital from September 2015 to September 2016. The patients were resistant to various conventional medications. The time of amniotic membrane absorbed, corneal opacification, fluorescein staining, visual acuity, complications and recrudescence were observed after transplantation.

RESULTS: Amniotic membrane started to dissolve in 3-5d and fell off within 7-14d after transplantation in all patients. Slit-lamp examinations showed that the cornea turned transparent in 16 eyes. There were significant diffrrences in the scores of corneal opacification and fluorescein staining at 28d after treatment compared before treated(P<0.05). Visual acuity increased in all patients to varying degree with no complications.

CONCLUSION: AMT has a good effect in the treatment of exposure keratitis.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the effects of bandage contact lenses on corneal irritation and wound healing after deep corneal foreignbody removal.

METHODS: Forty-six patients(46 eyes)with deep corneal foreignbody removal were divided into two groups(23 patients for each). Both groups received deep corneal foreignbody removal. Patients of group 1 wore bandage contact lenses after the surgery,while patients of group 2 did not receive any further treatment after the surgery. The differences in eye irritation( at 1,3 and 7d)and corneal epithelial healing(at 7d)between the two groups were observed.

RESULTS: Mean pain scores were significantly lower in group 1(0.44±0.26, 0.26±0.14, 0.12±0.08)than in group 2(1.26±0.44, 1.02±0.38, 0.68±0.26)at 1, 3 and 7d after the surgery(P<0.05). The rate of completely corneal epithelial healing at 7d were significantly higher in group 1(21 eyes, 91%)than in group 2(14 eyes,61%)(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Bandage contact lenses will accelerate the recovery of corneal wounds,improve the healthcare efficiency and effectively alleviate eye irritation.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the effect of phacoemulsification assisted with femtosecond laser on corneal endothelial cells in patients with cataract.

METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study. We selected 180 patients(190 eyes)with cataract in our hospital from August 2014 to January 2016 treated with phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation. According to random number table, all patients were divided into observation group with 80 cases(85 eyes)and control group with 100 cases(105 eyes). Patients in the control group were treated by conventional phacoemulsification, and the observation group were treated by femtosecond laser assisted phacoemulsification. Two groups of patients with general information and clinical data, including age, sex, corneal endothelial cell count/mm² before and at 3mo after the operation, cumulative dissipated energy(CDE)of the two groups, were collected. Statistical analysis was performed.

RESULTS: In the observation group, the level of CDE in patients with lens hardness at class Ⅱ and Ⅲ was significantly lower than that of the control group(t=-2.456, -3.053, P=0.016, 0.003). The reduction rate of CDE in patients with lens hardness at class Ⅱ was 29.37%, and the rate of CDE in patients at class Ⅲ was 22.69%, which was significantly lower than that of CDE in class Ⅱ. Comparison of preoperative corneal endothelial cell density was not significantly different between the two groups(t=-0.816, P=0.416); at 3mo after surgery, the corneal endothelial cell density of the observation group and the control group significantly decreased(t=-2.094, 6.043, P=0.038, <0.01). At 3mo after operation, the density of corneal endothelial cells of observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group(t=2.575, P=0.011). In the observation group, the rate of corneal endothelial cell loss(7.68±4.23)% was significantly lower than that of the control group(10.36±4.08)%.

CONCLUSION: For cataract patients with class Ⅲ and below nuclear, femtosecond laser assisted cataract surgery can reduce the level of CDE and reduce the damage to corneal endothelium, which is safe and effective.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of triamcinolone acetonide(TA)injected in anterior chamber during traumatic cataract surgery.

METHODS: From January 2013 to May 2016, 31 cases(31 eyes)of traumatic cataract were involved in our study. To identify whether there was vitreous loss and confirm the location of vitreous body, all the cases were injected TA into the anterior chamber respectively in surgery. Totally 13 cases(13 eyes)with intact posterior lens capsules were performed the small incision non-phacoemulsification cataract surgery. The others, 18 cases(18 eyes)with posterior capsule rupture and vitreous loss were performed with the anterior vitrectomy combined with small incision non-phacoemulsification cataract surgery. The follow-up time was for 6-12mo.

RESULTS: Tirty-one cases were completed the operation successfully. All the cases with second-stage penetrating corneal trauma were implanted intraocular lens(IOL). The other cases with first-stage penetrating corneal trauma were not implanted IOL. Eighteen cases, which were confirmed with posterior capsule rupture and vitreous loss by injecting TA into the anterior chamber,were consistently improved the visualization of vitreous cortex and treated with anterior vitrectomy successfully. During follow-up, 28 cases had best corrected visual acuity of more than 4.5. The postoperative inflammation of all cases was slight. There was no hard corneal edema and abiding intraocular pressure higher more than 1wk. The position of the pupil and IOL was normal.

CONCLUSION: Anterior chamber injection of TA can make the treatment of posterior capsule rupture and vitreous loss easier, and improve the safety of the traumatic cataract surgery. At the same time, it also can inhibit the postoperative inflammatory reaction.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the clinical effect of phacoemulsification combined with goniosynechialysis for patients with cataract and glaucoma.

METHODS: Totally 73 cases(80 eyes)with angle closure glaucoma and cataract were selected from April 2014 to October 2015. All patients were treated with phacoemulsification combined with goniosynechialysis. The visual acuity, intraocular pressure, anterior chamber depth, anterior chamber angle and complications were compared before and after treatment.

RESULTS: Vision: compared with preoperative data, the data at 1wk, 1, 2, 6mo, 1a of postoperative were improved significantly(P<0.05). Intraocular pressure: compared with preoperative data, the data at 1wk, 1, 2, 6mo, 1a of postoperative decreased significantly(P<0.05). After the surgery, the anterior chamber depth were evidently higher than those before the surgery(P<0.05). The angle grading after the surgery were improved remarkably compared with the preoperative ones(P<0.05). There were no serious complications.

CONCLUSION: Phacoemulsification combined with goniosynechialysis is safe and effective for patients with cataract and glaucoma. The surgery increase the depth of the anterior chamber significantly, improve the openness of angle, improve the vision and reduce the intraocular pressure.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the clinical efficacy and safety of the Ex-press miniature glaucoma device placed under scleral flap combined mitomycin C for the treatment of refractory glaucoma.

METHODS: This retrospective analysis comprised 18 eyes of 18 patients who suffered from refractory glaucoma and treated with Ex-press miniature glaucoma device implantation combined mitomycin C in January 2014 to May 2015 in Jingzhou Central Hospital. All patients were followed at least 12mo. The visual acuity, intraocular pressure(IOP), complications and filtering bleb were recorded and statistically analyzed preoperative and 1d, 1, 2wk, 1, 6 and 12mo after operation.

RESULTS: Average intraocular pressure was 43.83±7.99mmHg preoperative and decreased significantly at every time point postoperative(8.72±3.29, 11.56±1.86, 13.33±2.30, 13.67±2.03, 14.78±3.64, 16.61±7.19mmHg respectively), the difference was statistically significant(t=16.475, 15.324, 14.761, 14.172, 12.140, 11.412, P<0.05). The successful rate was 89% at 12mo after operation, and 3 eyes with improved vision, 12 eyes with unchanged vision, 3 eyes with decreased vision. Early complications were mainly anterior chamber bleeding and postoperative shallow anterior chamber, and late complications were non-functional bleb. There were no serious or unexpected complications in our group of patients.

CONCLUSION:The Ex-press miniature glaucoma device implantation combined mitomycin C in the treatment of refractory glaucoma is a safe and effective method, which has few surgical complications and less damage to eyesight, and make the stability control of postoperative intraocular pressure.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the effect of compound trabeculectomy in patients with primary acute angle closure glaucoma under persistent high intraocular pressure.

METHODS: From February 2015 to February 2016, we selected 62 cases(62 eyes)of primary acute angle closure glaucoma in our hospital, the control group 34 patients 34 eyes(preoperative intraocular pressure control in the normal range, intraocular pressure ≤ 21mmHg), the observation group 28 patients 28 eyes(preoperative intraocular pressure not in the normal range, the intraocular pressure 28-50mmHg and lasted for more than 3d). The two groups were treated with compound trabeculectomy and observed for visual acuity, intraocular pressure and so on.

RESULTS: Compared with preoperative, at 3mo postoperatively visual acuity improved, unchanged and decreased rate in observation group were 68%, 21% and 11%, the difference were not statistically significant compared with the control group(P>0.05). The postoperative intraocular pressure of the two groups compared with preoperative significantly decreased(P<0.05). The postoperative intraocular pressure of observation group and control group were 11.10±2.20mmHg and 11.73±2.71mmHg, the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05). The preoperative and postoperative anterior chamber depth of observation group was lower than that in the control group(P<0.05). The postoperative anterior chamber depth of the two groups compared with preoperative increased(P<0.05). The postoperative axial length of the two groups compared with preoperative decreased(P<0.05). The postoperative complication rate of observation group was 14%, and the control group was 18%, the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: Compound trabeculectomy in patients with primary acute angle closure glaucoma under high intraocular pressure is effective, but there still needs further study.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the clinical effect of traditional Chinese medicine TQMM decoction on treating primary open angle glaucoma.

METHODS: Totally 220 patients(386 eyes)with primary open angle glaucoma in our hospital from May 2012 to January 2016 were selected. According to the order of admission they were divided into Chinese medicine group and normal group, 110 patients in each. Normal group was treated with trabeculectomy and routine treatment, traditional Chinese medicine group was given TQMM decoction for 3 courses beside the treatment of normal group(15d for a course of treatment).

RESULTS: After treatment, visual acuity of the two groups improved(P<0.05). vision sensitivity of Chinese medicine group was higher than the normal group(P<0.01); mean defect was lower than the normal group(P<0.05); central retinal artery blood PSA and EDV of Chinese medicine group were higher than those in normal group(P<0.05); RI was lower than that of normal group(P<0.05). After treatment, the total efficiency rate of Chinese medicine group was 77.8%, that was 60.8% of normal group(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: TQMM decoction auxiliary treatment of primary open angle glaucoma is helpful to improve blood circulation, to expand visual field, and to improve the effect of treatment.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the application value of scleral adjustable sutures in trabeculectomy and scleral biological amniotic membrane implantation for angle closure glaucoma.

METHODS: The clinical data of 94 patients(106 eyes)with angle closure glaucoma who underwent trabeculectomy and scleral biological amniotic membrane implantation were analyzed retrospectively. According to scleral adjustable suture used, the subjects were divided into the application group(study group, 54 patients 60 eyes)and the non-application group(control group, 40 patients 46 eyes). The occurrence of early shallow anterior chamber, continuous shallow anterior chamber and related complications in 2wk after surgery was observed and compared between the two groups. The formation of functional filtration bleb in 3mo after surgery was analyzed, and the improvement of intraocular pressure before surgery and 1mo after surgery was recorded.

RESULTS: In 2wk after surgery, the incidence rates of early shallow anterior chamber and continuous shallow anterior chamber in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05), while there were no significant differences in the incidence rates of complications between the two groups(P>0.05). One month after surgery, the intraocular pressure of the two groups were significantly lower than that before surgery(P<0.05), and the difference of intraocular pressure before and after surgery in the study group was significantly higher than the control group. Three months after surgery, the formation rate of functional filtration bleb in the study group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The application of scleral adjustable sutures in trabeculectomy and scleral biological amniotic membrane implantation can effectively reduce the risk of shallow anterior chamber, which is of positive significance in improving intraocular pressure and formation of functional bleb in patients with angle closure glaucoma.

Abstract:AIM: To study the application of optical coherence tomography(OCT)in the laser treatment for diabetic macular edema.

METHODS: This was a retrospective case study. We reviewed 188 patients(376 eyes)with diabetic macular edema(DME)treating by simple grid pattern laser photocoagulation in Haigang Hospital from January 2015 to June 2016. We measured retinal thickness of macular area within 6 mm scope by OCT at 1mo after laser treatment, analyzed the data using SPSS19.0 statistical software.

RESULTS: At 1mo after laser treatment, average macular retinal thickness with macular center fovea to 1mm at diameter, 1mm to 3mm, 3mm to 6mm is respectively 332.02±18.07, 393.40±19.71, 372.00±20.01μm. The average macular retinal thickness is respectively 404.70±16.37, 445.17±18.25, 410.87±18.14μm before treatment. Compared with before treatment, the difference is statistically significant(P< 0.05). The thickness change with macular center fovea to 1mm, 1mm to 3mm, 3mm to 6mm is respectively 72.68±14.74, 51.77±9.48, 38.87±17.94μm, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Macular area retinal thickness is reduced at 1mo after simple grid pattern laser photocoagulation, the effect is more obvious when closer to macular center fovea.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the changes of retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)and corneal nerve fibers(CNF)in diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy(DR)retrospectively.

METHODS:Forty eyes of 40 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, who were found no diabetic retinopathy, were examined by optical coherence tomography(OCT)and in vivo confocal microscope(IVCM). Forty eyes of 40 healthy participants were only scanned using OCT served as RNFL control group, and another forty eyes of 40 healthy participants were only scanned using IVCM served as CNF control group. The thickness of superior, inferior, nasal, temporal and average RNFL to optic disc were measured using OCT. Corneal nerve fibers length(CNFL)and corneal nerve fibers density(CNFD)were measured using IVCM.

RESULTS: The diabetic patients showed decreased thickness of inferior RNFL when compared to controls(P=0.003).No significant differences were found in the thickness of superior, nasal, temporal and average RNFL(P>0.05). The diabetic patients were also found to have lower CNFL and CNFD(P<0.01). What's more, in diabetes patients, the average RNFL were positively correlated with CNFL and CNFD(r=0.518, P<0.01; r=0.484, P=0.002),and the inferior RNFL were also positively correlated with CNFL and CNFD(r=0.607, P<0.01; r=0.573, P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: RNFL and CNF are early damaged in diabetic patients without DR. RNFL decreases in the inferior quadrant of retina. The loss of RNFL positively correlates with that of CNF significantly.

Abstract:AIM: To decide the type of the idiopathic epiretinal membrane by measuring collagens.

METHODS: Totally 25 cases(25 eyes)were divided into cellophane macular reflex membrane(CMRM)and preretinal macular fibrosis membrane(PMFM)by fundus manifestation. Then the specimens of peeled idiopathic epiretinal membranes were made immunohistochemistry and measured for the collagen of Ⅵ and Ⅰ and Ⅱ. The coincidence rate were tested between the fundus examination and pathological examination.

RESULTS: The idiopathic epiretinal membranes were classified into 10 CMRM and 15 PMFM by fundus manifestation. The immunohistochemical specimens were classified into 16 Ⅵ collagens and 9Ⅰ or Ⅱ collagens.

CONCLUSION: The pathological examination is the means of the type of the idiopathic epiretinal membranes.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the clinical outcome of non-vascularization area after laser photocoagulation in the patients with retinopathy of prematurity(ROP)to lay the foundation for the clinical treatment of ROP.

METHODS: For a prospective follow-up observation from June 2014 to June 2016, 186 cases(372 eyes)underwent retinal laser photocoagulation were screened out in the ROP screening clinic and neonatal intensive care unit(NICU)bedside screening by the cooperative group of screening for ROP in our hospital. Non-vascularization area were exist in 26 cases(32 eyes). There were 17 male patients(18 eyes)and 9 females(14 eyes), the gestational age at birth was 29.4±0.4wk, and the average birth weight was 1222.8±70.3g. Among these cases, 10 patients(12 eyes)developed pre-threshold type 1 ROP, 12 patients(14 eyes)developed threshold ROP, and 4 cases(6 eyes)developed aggressive posterior-ROP. The Retcam fundus photography was performed at 1, 3, 8 and 12wk after laser surgery respectively. The changes of the non-vascularization area, the lesions and the additional lesions were observed. During following-up, if the lesions were found to increase, retinal laser photocoagulation or intravitreal injection of anti- vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)would be performed, until the lesions were completely under control.

RESULTS: In the all 26 patients, non-vascularization areas were found in 1wk after laser resection, but the lesions ridge dissipated from the stage 3 to stage 2 and stage 1. The dissipation were more obviously in patients with ROP of pre-threshold type 1. The range of non-vascularization areas was narrowed at 3wk in 27 eyes(84%), and the retinal vessels continued to develop to the surrounding areas,but in the other 5 eyes(16%),the non-vascularization areas were not significantly narrowed, the lesion ridge developed stage 3-4, with bleeding and proliferation phenomenon, then we timely to gave additional retinal laser photocoagulation. In these 5 eyes, 3(9%)developed threshold ROP, and 2 developed aggressive posterior-ROP. At the 8th week, 3 eyes(9%)of the 5 eyes were found with additional photocoagulation, the condition was controlled and stable. In 2 eyes(6%), the neovascularization disappeared in the ridge and the lesion was not found, then intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF were given. At the 12th week, the additional lesions in the 2 eyes had subsided, the ridge subsided, and the retinal blood vessels to the temporal shaped slightly stiff.

CONCLUSION: Retinal laser photocoagulation is an effective method for the treatment of retinopathy in premature infants. Most retinal blood vessels would develope in missing areas after the laser photocoagulation. A small proportion of patients need timely replenishment of laser photocoagulation treatment, if necessary, combined with intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluated the anatomic and functional outcomes of scleral buckling(SB)in a group of patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment(RRD)in this retrospective study.

METHODS: A total of 215 patients(215 eyes)with RRD underwent SB surgery from May 2008 to May 2014 by a single surgeon. All the patients were identified as fulfilling the criteria of presenting with a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and the levels of proliferative vitreoretinopathy(PVR)were less than B. Localization and cryotherapy of retinal breaks in all eyes were performed with binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy during the operations. The main outcome measure was the primary reattachment rate at 2mo after single surgery. Patients were followed up for 2mo at least to observe the anatomic outcomes, postoperative vision and complications.

RESULTS: Subretinal fluid(SRF)drainage was performed in 107 eyes(49.8%), intravitreal injection of sterile air was fulfilled in 82 eyes(38.1%). The anatomical success rate after single SB surgery at 2mo was 91.2%(196/215), single SB surgery failed to retinal reattachment in 19 cases(8.8%). Compared with pre-operation, visual acuity increased in 192 cases(89.3%), unchanged in 14 cases(6.5%), decreased in 9 cases(4.2%). No complications related to SRF drainage and intravitreal injection of sterile air occurred. Only 11 patients experienced SB surgery- related complications.

CONCLUSION: SB surgery for RRD is safe and effective. Accurate localization of retinal breaks and the relationship between the retinal breaks and the pad edge are the most important factors for successful operation.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and characteristic of lock stitch suture with bandage contact lens for pterygium.

METHODS: A prospective randomized controlled double-blind study was conducted. Totally 140 cases(140 eyes)with pterygium were involved in the study from January 2014 to December 2015. All cases were randomly divided into two groups: 68 cases(68 eyes)in Group A received lock stitch suture, while 72 cases(72 eyes)in Group B received lock stitch suture with bandage contact lens. The postoperative reaction, effect, complications and so on were retrospectively analyzed between two groups.

RESULTS: One week later, the pain index scores at 1, 3 and 7d after surgery were 1.62±0.71, 0.83±0.52, 0.31±0.36 in Group A, and the pain index scores were 0.98±0.47,0.27±0.14, 0.12±0.21 in Group B, there were significant difference between the two groups(t=6.23, 8.56, 7.03, P<0.05), and the difference were statistically significant within Group A and B(F=8.60, 13.60, P<0.01); 4 of 68 eyes(5.9%)were recurrence after 1a in Group A and 4 of 72 eyes(5.6%)were recurrence in Group B, demonstrating no significant differences(P>0.05); 10 of 68 eyes(14.7%)with complications in Group A and 3 of 72 eyes(4.2%)with complications in Group B, demonstrating significant differences(χ²=4.61, P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: A good result can be obtained by using the lock stitch suture with bandage contact lens in the treatment of pterygium. The lock stitch suture with bandage contact lens could significantly release pain response, it can significantly reduce the probability of the concurrent appearance.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the efficency of Bangerter filters and conventional covering for binocular vision in patients with mild-to-moderate ametropic amblyopia.

METHODS: We selected 30 children aged 6-8 years with mild-to-moderate ametropic amblyopia diagnosed in our hospital from May 1 to August 30 2016. There were experimental group whose relatively good eye were covered with Bangerter filters to make the good eye eyesight depressed after contrast poor eyesight in one line and 15 cases(30 eyes)as control group whose relatively good eye were quantitatively covered. Both groups went to our center for systemic visual function rehabilitation twice per week for 3mo.

RESULTS: Stereoscopic vision, amplitude of accommodation(AMP), accommodating facility(AF), negative relative accommodation(NRA), positive relative accommodation(PRA), convergence near points(NPC)before treatment between experimental group and the control group had no significant difference(P>0.05). Stereoscopic vision, AMP, AF, PRA and NPC of the two groups were improved after treatment(P<0.05), while NRA were not significantly improved(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: Children with mild-to-moderate ametropic amblyopia treated with Bangerter filters get better stereoscopic vision, AMP, AF, PRA and NPC than those of control group, while there is no difference on NRA.

Abstract:AIM:To assess the effect of applying retrobulbar anesthesia or atropine pretreatment as an available method to prevent oculocardiac reflex(OCR).

METHODS:A total of 92 pediatric patients(166 eyes)aged 5-13 years old who underwent elective strabismus surgery from March 2015 to March 2016 were enrolled and randomly assigned into three groups. Traditional anesthesia(TA)group was intravenously injected with propofol 2 mg/kg, fentanyl 1 mg/kg and atracurium 0.5mg/kg. Retrobulbar anesthesia(RA)group received both traditional anesthesia and retrobulbar injection of 2% lidocaine 2mL. Atropine pretreatment(AP)group received both traditional anesthesia and intravenous injection of atropine 0.15 mg/kg before surgery. The heart rate decreased by over 10% from the baseline value was considered as OCR positive. The anesthesia time, operation time, the baseline value of heart rate and the muscles induced OCR were recorded and analyzed.

RESULTS:The incidence of intraoperative OCR was 20% in RA group, 22% in AP group and 58% in TA group. There was no significant difference in anesthesia time, operation time, the baseline value of heart rate and corrective rate of postoperative eye position among three groups(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: Retrobulbar anesthesia and atropine pretreatment both effectively reduced the incidence of OCR in children's strabismus surgery, which could be potentially effective methods to prevent OCR and further provide more operation security for children with strabismus.

Abstract:AIM: To study the effects between low concentration atropine and orthokeratology on myopia prevention and control.

METHODS: Totally 150 cases of juvenile outpatients with myopia were chosen in our hospital. They were divided into 3 groups randomly. Group A(50 cases)were treated with low concentration atropine. Group B(50 cases)were treated with orthokeratology. Group C(50 cases)were treated with spectacles. Refractive degree and ocular axial length had no statistically significant differences between three groups before treatment. After 1a follow-up, refractive degree and ocular axial length of three groups were statistically analyzed.

RESULTS: After 1a, the refractive degree changes of each group before and after treatment were statistically significant(P<0.01). The results of refractive degree changes among the groups were as follows: there was no significant differences between low concentration atropine group and orthokeratology group(P>0.05); compared with orthokeratology and low concentration atropine group, that of spectacles group was significantly different(P>0.05). After 1a follow up, the ocular axial length changes of each group before and after treatment were statistically significant(P<0.01). The results of ocular axial length changes among the groups were as follows: there was no significant differences between low concentration atropine group and orthokeratology group(P>0.05); compared with orthokeratology and low concentration atropine group, that of spectacles group was significantly different(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The effects of low concentration atropine and orthokeratology on controlling juvenile myopia and ocular axial length have no significant difference. They are superior to spectacles on controlling juvenile myopia.