Abstract:AIM: To examination the thickness of Chinese Descemet's membrane and investigate the correlation with age.

METHODS: Twenty-seven normal corneas with ages ranging from 0.2 to 78y old were collected. All specimens were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, and viewed and photographed at ×400 through a calibrated Motic light photomicroscope. Four measurement sites on each specimen micrograph were chosen and the boundary of Descemet's membrane was designated manually, then the Descemet's membrane thickness was measured by the software of Motic Images Plus 2.0 automatically. The relationship between Descemet's membrane thickness and age was analyzed by using linear regression methods.

RESULTS: The thickness of Chinese Descemet's membrane various from 1.78 to 9.30 μm, averaged 4.63±2.00 μm. There is a highly significant positive correlation between age and thickness of Descemet's membrane(r=0.776, P=0.000). The estimated equation that best describes the relationship of thickness with age can be expressed as: Thickness(μm)= 2.010+0.063y.

CONCLUSION: There is a significant positive association between age and the thickness of Descemet's membrane in Chinese people.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the rotational stability of AcrySof toric intraocular lens(IOL)after cataract surgery, by an high-precision method.

METHODS: A total of 104 eyes of 90 patients with age related cataract and moderate to high regular astigmatism underwent phacoemulsification and implantation of AcrySof toric IOL(SN6AT series; Alcon, Fort Worth, TX, USA). Patients underwent comprehensive examinations at standard intervals. The rotational stability of AcrySof toric intraocular lens was evaluated using visual quality analyser KR-1W(Topcon, Tokyo, Japan). Uncorrected distance visual acuity(UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity(CDVA)and manifest refraction were also recorded. The outcomes were analysed by paired-samples T test and ANOVA Test.

RESULTS: From preoperatively to the last visit(24mo), 104 eyes were included in the clinical trial. The AcrySof toric IOL axis orientation(at seven visits)did not show significant change, P=0.863. All of the eyes had significant improvement in UDVA(logMAR, 4.39±0.27 to 4.77±0.22; P<0.001), CDVA(logMAR, 4.54±0.25 to 4.93±0.14; P<0.001)and manifest refraction astigmatism \〖diopters(D), -1.27±0.98 to -0.97±0.71, P=0.003\〗. There was an increase in MTF results between preoperative and postoperative evaluations.

CONCLUSION: The AcrySof toric IOL shows good rotational stability. It can reduce manifest refraction cylinder and improve visual acuity and vision-related quality of life permanently.

Abstract:AIM:To present incidence, types and determinants of retinal degeneration among children with myopia of ≥3 diopter(D).

METHODS: This case series type of study was conducted during 2010-2011 at an eye hospital in Western Maharashtra, India. Children with high myopia were interviewed to record history of myopia in family members and to collect demographic information. Optometrist evaluated visual and refractive status of each eye. Ophthalmologist examined eyes of children to assess central and peripheral retinal changes. We calculated percentage proportion of eyes with central and peripheral retinal degeneration. We also reviewed the association of family history of myopia, sex, age, religion and grade of myopia with retinal changes. We performed univariate & multivariate analysis.

RESULTS: Eight hundred and forty-seven eyes of 499 children were examined with myopia of ≥ 3 D. In 150 eyes \〖17.7%(95% confidence interval 15.4-20.4)\〗, we found vitreo-retinal degenerative changes. The rate of macular degeneration, posterior scleral staphyloma, lattice degeneration was 2.0%, 4.6% and 18% respectively. Axial length of more than 24 mm was significant risk factor(Adjusted Odd's Ratio=3.88)of vitreo retinal degeneration in eyes with myopia of more than 5 D. The compliance of visual aid was 58.4%. There were 8.8% of the 499 children's vision was less than 6/60 and they could benefit from low vision care.

CONCLUSION: Nearly one fifth of eyes with myopia had vitreo retinal degeneration. High myopia had less vitreo retinal degeneration of serious consequences. Detailed retinal examination of eyes with myopia should be carried out periodically.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the effect and safety of outpatient probing with a lumbar needle and TobraDex ointment infusion for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction(CNLDO).

METHODS:Prospectively designed lacrimal probing with simultaneous infusion of TobraDex ointment infusion was conducted for CNLDO children at the Lacrimal Clinic, Jinan Military General Hospital from Oct. 2008 to Feb. 2012. The results were retrospectively reviewed.

RESULTS:According to the medical histories, five out of fifty-nine(8.47%)children(38 boys, 21 girls)were bilaterally affected, with one eye being spontaneously resolved at 12mo of age before treatment. Sixty-four eyes were finally enrolled. The average age at surgery was 16.9mo(range: 3-96mo). There was an incomplete probing of one female with bilateral dysplasia of the bony nasolacrimal duct. All remaining obstructions were resolved after single probing, except for one eye that received a re-probe. Age, side operation, and chronic infection at the time of surgery appeared to have no influence on the final outcome. No significant complications were encountered.

CONCLUSION: Compared with other treatment modalities, probing with a lumbar needle and TobraDex ointment infusion for pediatric nasolacrimal obstruction is highly effective and safe, both as a primary treatment and an alternative measure after failed simple probing.

Abstract:AIM: To assess the serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2(MMP-2)and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases 2(TIMP-2)in patients with high myopia(HM), and to investigate the relationship between their levels and axial length(AL).

METHODS: HM patients(13 eyes)(group A)and age-matched healthy volunteers with normal axial length eyes(13 eyes)(group B)who acted as controls were recruited. Blood samples were collected from all subjects in the early morning hours after an overnight fast. MMP-2 and TIMP-2 levels were measured by specific immunoassays(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay).

RESULTS: The serum MMP-2 and TIMP-2 levels were decreased in the eyes of patients with HM compared with those of controls(P=0.027 and P=0.048, respectively).The median MMP-2 level was 10.21 pg/ml(range,9.26-11.49 pg/ml)in the group A and 11.56 pg/ml(range, 11.03-15.14 pg/ml)in the control group. The median TIMP-2 level was 79.69 pg/ml(range, 72.86-93.89 pg/ml)in the group A and 93.16 pg/ml(range, 87.54-100.97 pg/ml)in the control group.

There was no significant difference between the two groups in TIMP2/ MMP2(P=0.216)ratio. MMP-2 and TIMP-2 levels were negatively correlated with AL(r₁=-0.512, P₁=0.007; r₂=-0.604, P₂=0.001). No correlation was observed between the ratio TIMP2/ MMP2 and AL(r=0.385, P=0.052).

CONCLUSION: This pilot study reveals that the levels of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 could be detected in the serum. The levels of serum MMP-2 and TIMP-2 were decreased in the eyes with elongated axis, and their levels were nevatively correlated with AL.

Abstract:AIM: To make a rat model of optic nerve injury by using the transverse quantitative traction method, and to evaluate the survival rate of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)of the model using the method of fluorogold retrograde labeling.

METHODS:Twenty-five Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: sham operation group, 1d, 3d, 7d and 14d after tractive optic nerve injury group. The model groups pulled the left optic nerve with lateral tensiometer; the sham operation group only exposed the optic nerve but not pulled. The right eyes of each group were served as normal control eyes. The RGCs density of the five groups was observed by fluorogold retrograde labeling.

RESULTS:In the normal control group, the RGCs labeled by the fluorescent gold were round or oval, clear boundary, no obvious fluorescent dye leakage and partially visible cell processes. However, in the optic nerve traction groups, the number of RGCs decreased with time increasing and the cell distribution was not uniform. Lots of fluorescent leakages and microglial cells were observed. Compared with the normal control group, there was no significant difference in the morphology and density of RGCs of sham operation group(P>0.05). In 1d, 3d, 7d and 14d after traction of the optic nerve groups, the number of RGCs were reduced progressively and the density of RGCs of the left eye was significantly lower than that in the normal control group(P<0.01). The survival rates of RGCs in the groups of 1d, 3d, 7d and 14d after optic nerve traction were(78.94±0.92)%,(60.07±0.90)%,(38.92±1.42)% and(17.31±0.97)% respectively.

CONCLUSION:The transverse quantitative traction method can establish a model of easily quantifiable optic nerve injury, which can provide a powerful tool for further study on the treatment of optic nerve injury.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the protective effects of Salvianolic acid B resistance to oxidative stress on cornea in diabetic rats.

METHODS: Twenty-five Sprague-Dawley male rats were taken as experimental subjects. Random 5 of them were used as control group. The remaining 20 were induced to be diabetic mellitus by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin(STZ)and divided into 4 groups randomly: diabetes control group, 0.01% Salvianolic acid B treated group, 0.05% Salvianolic acid B treated group and 0.1% Salvianolic acid B treated group. In the Salvianolic acid B treated groups, the corresponding concentration of Salvianolic acid B eye drops were used 3 times a day until the animal was sacrificed, and then detected rats blood glucose and body weight, observed sensation and transparency of the cornea once a week. After the building completion, all rats in each group were sacrificed in 12^ndwk, and then observed the corneal tissue structure change, and in rat serum and tissue of malondialdehyde(MDA)content and activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD).

RESULTS: The blood glucose of all rats was in high level(>16.7mmol/L), early rise and later fall in weight. In the diabetic control group, the corneal sensation and transparency of the cornea were decreased. The content of MDA in the corneal tissue was significantly increased. The activity of SOD in the corneal tissue was significantly decreased(P<0.05). Through the course of disease, the above change was obvious day by day. Compared with the diabetic control group, the sensation and transparency of the cornea were improved significantly. The content of MDA in the corneal tissue was significantly decreased. The activity of SOD in the corneal tissue was significantly increased(P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: Salvianolic acid B can reduce the corneal lesions of diabetic rats, the mechanism may be related to Salvianolic acid B, remove superoxide anion, protect cells from damage of resisting oxidative stress.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the differences of curative effects and security between two therapies in treating macular edema which is caused by panretinal photocoagulation: intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide and oral calcium dobesilate.

METHODS: A study was performed on the clinical material of 72 patients(72 eyes in total)with macular edema due to panretinal photocoagulation under the treatment in our hospital from Jan. 2012 to Jan. 2015. All of the 72 eyes were underwent treatment with panretinal photocoagulation because of serious diabetic retinopathy. After the treatment of panretinal photocoagulation, the patients got macular edema to varying degree, and some even acquired more serious macular edema than before. Seventy-two eyes were randomly divided into two groups, with respectively 36 eyes in each group: one was the injection group and the other was oral group. The former(patients)were treated with intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide(0.025ml, 1mg); the latter(patients)took orally calcium dobesilate capsule. Best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), central macular thickness(CMT), intraocular pressure(IOP)and complications were observed before the treatment and 1mo, 3mo and 6mo after treatment.

RESULTS: There was not obvious statistical significance on basic characters between two groups(P>0.05). Intra-group comparison: after 1mo, 3mo and 6mo of treatment, BCVA and CMT in the injection group were improved significantly as compared with that before treatment(P<0.05); there were no significant differences in intraocular pressure(P>0.05). After 1mo, 3mo and 6mo of treatment, BCVA and CMT in the oral group showed no statistically significant differences before and after treatment(P>0.05); no differences were found in intraocular pressure(P>0.05). Intergroup comparison: after 1mo, 3mo and 6mo of treatment, BCVA and CMT in the injection group were improved significantly than that in the oral group(P<0.05), but there were no statistical differences in intraocular pressure between the two groups(P>0.05). After treatment, there were not any severe ocular and physical complications in two groups.

CONCLUSION: In terms of improving BCVA and CMT of patients with macular edema due to panretinal photocoagulation, the injection of 1mg intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide is more efficient than oral calcium dobesilate. Both of them are safe and didn't cause any obvious side effects or severe complications.

Abstract:AIM: To study the effect of 23G minimally invasive vitrectomy surgery assisted with intravitreal injection of ranibizumab(IVR)and panretinal photocoagulation(PRP)and combine both of them in the treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR).

METHODS: Retrospective control study. A total of 142 patients(169 eyes)with PDR were recruited to have 23G vitrectomy surgery and were divided into 4 groups as intravitreal injection of ranibizumab(Group A, 35 patients, 41 eyes), panretinal photocoagulation(Group B, 34 patients, 39 eyes), combine IVR and PRP(Group C, 32 patients, 38 eyes)and control group(Group D, 41 patients, 51 eyes). The average operating time, blooding during operation, the use of filler and electric coagulation, iatrogenic breaks, best corrected visual acuity in 1mo and complication were comparatively analyzed among the 4 groups.

RESULTS: The average operating time was 70.03±8.91min in Group A, 71.13±8.89min in Group B, 68.60±6.73min in Group C and 103.23±17.44min in Group D. The average operating time of A, B, C groups were significantly reduced than Group D, the difference was statistically significant(P_AD,P_BD,P_CD<0.05). The difference of iatrogenic breaks in four groups was no statistically significant(χ²=0.531, P>0.05). Electric coagulation were used in 8 eyes of Group A, in 11 eyes of Group B, in 7 eyes of Group C and in 38 eyes of Group D. The use of electric coagulation in Group A, B, C were significantly reduced than Group D, the difference was statistically significant(χ²_AD=27.499, χ²_BD=19.105, χ²_CD=27.405, P_AD,P_BD,P_CD<0.0167). But there was no significant difference in Group A, B, C(χ²=1.305, P>0.05). Filler were needed in 6 eyes of Group A, in 7 eyes of Group B, in 5 eyes of Group C and in 28 eyes of Group D, the use of filler in A, B, C groups were significantly reduced than D group, the difference was statistically significant(χ²_AD=15.818, χ²_BD=12.698, χ²_CD=18.014,P_AD、P_BD、P_CD<0.0167); but there was no difference in A,B,C groups(χ²=0.360, P>0.05). Continuous or severe bleeding during the operation in the four groups were no difference(χ²=2.809, P>0.05).The best corrected visual acuity of 1mo after surgery was 0.274±0.151, 0.175±0.079, 0.277±0.137, 0.177±0.059 respectively in the four groups; Groups A, B, C were significantly increased than Group D, the difference was statistically significant(P_AD,P_BD,P_CD<0.05). There were 5, 5, 4, 20 eyes happened vitreous hemorrhage again respectively in Group A, B, C, D of 1wk; Group A, B, C were significantly reduced than Group D, the difference was statistically significant(χ²_AD=8.385, χ²_BD=7.675, χ²_CD=9.100, P_AD, P_BD, P_CD<0.0167); but there were no difference after 1 and 3mo among four groups(χ²_1mo=2.933, χ²_3mo=2.249, P_1mo, P_3mo>0.05).

CONCLUSION:The therapy of ranibizumab and panretinal photocoagulation before vitrectomy surgery can effectively shorten the operation time, reduce the use of filler and electric coagulation and complication, effectively increase the visual acuity.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of femtosecond laser micro incision lens extraction(SMILE)in the treatment of myopia.

METHODS: According to surgical treatment options 420 patients with myopia patients were(817 had eyes)divided into observation group(225 patients, 431 affected eyes)and control group(195 patients, 386 affected eyes). The observation group was treated with SMILE surgery correction, control group was treated with Bowman's layer of excimer laser in situ angular membrane keratomileusis(SBK)correction. The therapeutic effect of patients in two groups and the incidence rate of adverse reaction were comparativel analyzed.

RESULTS: After 1wk, 1mo and 3mo, there were no significant differences between the two groups. The difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05). Before and 1wk, 1mo, 3mo after operation, two groups of patients with corneal surface vertex height difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups(P>0.05)in the preoperative and postoperative 3mo, the rupture time of the observation group was significantly longer than that in the control group(P<0.05). Preoperative and postoperative 1mo, 3mo, the two groups had no significant difference in the wet length of the Schirmer I test paper(P>0.05). Four eyes of the two groups had eye surgery source of corneal before surface clover grass difference, coma, spherical aberration and total higher order aberration compared the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: The curative effect of SMILE surgery is similar to SBK surgery for myopia, but the early postoperative had better tear film stability.

Abstract:Keratoconus is characterized by progressive corneal thinning and protrusion, resulting in irregular astigmatism and visual impairment. Numerous studies show that matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs)play a key role in matrix degradation and thinning process. Corneal crosslinking(CXL)is a recently developed noninvasive treatment method which can delay or even prevent progression of keratoconus. Most studies focused on effect of CXL on corneal biomechanics and structure, but less on MMPs. Researches have shown that MMPs in tears of patients with keratoconus after CXL change, however alterations of those in corneal matrix remain unclear. Further study on the changes of MMPs after CXL is helpful to understand pathophysiological processes of postoperative keratoconus and mechanism of CXL stabilizing course of keratoconus.

Abstract:Phacoemulsification has been widely used in clinical practice. Patients' postoperative visual satisfaction has become the focus of ophthalmology doctors. Cataract surgery is certain to affected by biological, social and psychological factors as a sight restoring surgery. In this paper, we would elaborate the relevant factors in detail in order to guide the clinical work and improve the postoperative satisfaction.

Abstract:Glaucoma and cataract are the common diseases in Ophthalmology. They are also two major causes of blindness. In China, the incidence probability of primary angle-closure glaucoma(PACG)is high, and the pupil occlusion caused by lens factor is very important in glaucoma pathogenic factors. Removal of the lens can also remove the fact of pupil occlusion. With the development of medicine, there are many methods for the treatment of angle closure glaucoma and cataract. This article reviews the progress of the treatment of angle closure glaucoma with co-existing cataract, in order to provide more reference and the selection for the treatment and surgical operation.

Abstract:Retinal vein occlusion is the second most common retinal vascular disease after diabetic retinopathy. The etiology and pathogenesis is still unclear. Macular edema and retinal ischemia is the main cause of vision loss. The article illustrates the advancement of retinal vein occlusion treated with medicine, laser and surgical treatment and mentions the prospects in the future.

Abstract:From 1990s, optical coherence tomography(OCT)can diagnose more diseases as early as possible. It's visible, quantified, noninvasive, painless, high resolution and so on. In recent years, refractive errors have an increasing incidence and the age of onset becomes younger. More and more researchers focus on the problem using technology in refractive error study. It can find small changes in retinal and choroidal thickness early. If we take immediate actions, it may build a foundation for further study. This article summarizes the application of optical coherence tomography in refractive error.

Abstract:IgG4-related ocular disease, a chronic systemic disease with lgG4, is characterized by elevated serum levels of lgG4 and a dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate rich in lgG4-positive plasma cells in involved ocular adnexa such as lacrimal glands, extraocular muscles, infraorbital nerve and so on. It is often the first symptom of systematic disease. IgG4-related ocular disease has a good response to steroids. In this article we will review relevant literatures of this disorder.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze the expression of apoptosis factor in cataract and age-related cataract lens epithelial cells.

METHODS: A total of 50 cases(50 eyes)of concurrent silicone oil cataract patients as study group and the same period of 50 cases(50 eyes)of age-related cataract patients as control group were selected in our hospital during Mar. 2014 to Mar. 2016. In the determination of two groups of patients had been accurately grasped the specific content of the research program and signed informed consent book of the lens epithelial cells apoptosis factor expression. They were measured and compared.

RESULTS: Study group of Bcl-2 protein expression positive rate was 92%. Bax protein expression positive rate was 100%. The expression of caspase-3 protein expression positive rate was 100%. Compared with the control group, the expression of bcl-2 expression positive rate of 80%. Bax protein expression positive rate of 84%. Caspase-3 protein expression positive rate of 82%. Difference between the two groups were statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Concurrent silicone oil cataract lens epithelial cells apoptosis factor expression is significantly higher than that of age-related cataract. A clinical lens epithelial cells apoptosis factors of full participation in the silicone oil cataract extraction in the development and progression is prompted.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the ocular surface changes after phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation in patients with type 2 diabetes in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.

METHODS: Thirty cataract patients in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region with type 2 diabetes mellitus(40 eyes)who underwent phacoemulsification procedure were included in the study as experimental group. And 38 cataract patients in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region without diabetes mellitus(45 eyes)operated in the same period were included in this study as contrast group. The Symptoms of dry eyes, corneal fluorescein(FL)staining, break-up time(BUT)of tear film, and Schirmer Ⅰ test(SⅠt)value were analyzed and compared between two groups preoperatively and 1d, 7d, 30d, 90d, 180d postoperatively.

RESULTS: Compared two groups of dry eye symptom, the results showed the difference was statistically significant. Different time between both groups, the difference was statistically significant. Compared preoperative and postoperative 180d in control group with dry eye symptoms, the difference was statistically significant. Two groups of FL, BUT and SⅠt in a different set of comparison, the difference was statistically significant. Different time between both groups, the difference was statistically significant. Postoperative 1d, 7d and 30d compared with the preoperative, FL increased, BUT shorted, SⅠt secretion decreased in two groups, the difference was statistically significant. Postoperative 90d compared with the preoperative, experimental group increased, FL increased, BUT shorted, SⅠt reduced in two groups, the difference was statistically significant. The control secretion with FL, BUT, SⅠt were closed to preoperative levels, the differences were no statistically significant. Postoperative 180d compared with the preoperative, FL, BUT, SⅠt were closed to preoperative levels in two groups, the differences were no statistically significant.

CONCLUSION: Type 2 diabetic cataract patients in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region have tear film dysfunction and are susceptible to dry eye. The tear film stability of diabetic cataract reduces significantly at early stage after phacoemulsification and recover much slowly. The secretion and stability of tear decreased in the short term after phacoemulsification procedure, and would recover gradually. The reason may be related to many factors such as the sandstorm in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. More research is needed. The preventions and treatment should be taken clinically.

Abstract:AIM: To assess the effect of intraocular lens' material and posterior surface curvature on capsular bend speed.

METHODS: A non-randomized clinical trial. According to the implanted intraocular lens(IOL), senile cataract patients were divided into three groups, 15 eyes in Proming^&#xAE;A1-UV group, 15 eyes in Akreos^&#xAE; AO group and 15 eyes in AcrySof^&#xAE; IQ group. The adhesion degree between capsule and IOL optic edge in eyes was measured by slit lamp at 1d, 1wk, 2wk and 4wk after cataract surgery.

RESULTS: At postoperative 1d, the Capsular Bend Indexs(CBIs)of A1-UV group, AO group, IQ group were 3.34±0.22, 3.00±0.19, 3.45±0.42, respectively and the differences were statistically significant(χ²=16.55, P<0.05). Pairwise comparison results showed that the difference between A1-UV group and AO group was statistically significant(χ²=12.02, P<0.05). The difference between A1-UV group and IQ group was no statistically significant(χ²=0.01, P>0.05). The difference between AO group and IQ group was statistically significant(χ²=12.79, P<0.05). At postoperative 1wk, the CBIs of A1-UV group, AO group, IQ group were 4.01±0.04, 3.08±0.26, 3.50±0.44, respectively and the differences were statistically significant(χ²=29.07, P<0.05). Pairwise comparison results showed that the difference between A1-UV group and AO group was statistically significant(χ²=28.64, P<0.05). The difference between A1-UV group and IQ group was statistically significant(χ²=10.53, P<0.05). The difference between AO group and IQ group was no statistically significant(χ²=4.44, P>0.05). At postoperative 2wk, the CBIs of A1-UV group, AO group, IQ group were 4.04±0.08, 3.15±0.32, 3.53±0.47, respectively and the differences were statistically significant(χ²=27.49, P<0.05). Pairwise comparison results showed that the difference between A1-UV group and AO group was statistically significant(χ²=26.69,P<0.05). The difference between A1-UV group and IQ group was statistically significant(χ²=11.28, P<0.05). The difference between AO group and IQ group was no statistically significant(χ²=3.27, P >0.05). At postoperative 4wk, the CBIs of A1-UV group, AO group, IQ group were 4.04±0.08, 3.16±0.36, 3.65±0.46, respectively and the differences were statistically significant(χ²=25.14, P<0.05). Pairwise comparison results showed that the difference between A1-UV group and AO group was statistically significant(χ²=25.15, P<0.05). The difference between A1-UV group and IQ group was statistically significant(χ²=7.11, P<0.05). The difference between AO group and IQ group was no statistically significant(χ²=5.52, P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: Capsular bend speed can be influenced by the combined action of IOL's material and posterior surface curvature. IOL's material significantly influences capsular bend speed at postoperative 1d. Hydrophobic acrylic IOL speeds up the capsular bend. At postoperative 1-4wk, the main factor influencing the capsular bend speed is mechanical structure, with a weakening influence of material. IOL with high convex posterior surface can form capsule bend rapidly, expedite the procedure of the capsular adhesion toward the optic edge, and reduce the time of migration and proliferation of lens epithelial cells to the posterior capsule, which has important clinical application value.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the difference in hospitalization cost and operation results between the clinical path and non-clinical path of the age related cataract patient and carry out cost-result analysis.

METHODS:A total of 649 patients who were diagnosed initially as senile cataract or age-related cataract and received operations of parallel phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation were selected in Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital within time period between Sep. 1^st, 2014 and Sep. 1^st, 2015. Among them, 108 patients were in the group of clinical path, and the rest 541 patients were in non-clinical group. This paper utilized the sum of hospitalization expenses and other costs to measure the total costs and used the amount of change in visual acuity to measure results and carried out the cost-result analysis.

RESULTS: The cost of clinical pathway group in bed charges, checkups, care, inspection fees, laboratory fees and the total costs of hospitalization required were significantly less than the non-path group. The charge for loss of working time of the pathway group was significantly less than the non-clinical pathway group. The difference of the amount of change in visual acuity between the clinical pathway group and non-path group was not statistically significant(P>0.05). The results of the clinical pathway group-effectiveness rate was lower than the non-clinical pathway group, which meant the statement of program in clinical pathway group was better.

CONCLUSION: The clinical pathways optimum scheme is better, which can reduce the medical costs without affecting the efficacy of postoperative cataract surgery. The clinical path group can reduce relevant costs through controlling the days of hospitalization. The clinical path group can reduce relevant costs through standardizing diagnosis and treatment behavior.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the clinical efficacy of modified glaucoma surgery in the treatment of primary angle closure glaucoma.

METHODS: One hundred and four patients with primary angle closure glaucoma from Mar. 2012 to May 2015 were selected as the study subjects. According to the random number table, the patients were divided into two groups, 52 cases of each group. Patients in the control group were treated with conventional trabeculectomy, the experimental group was treated with modified trabeculectomy. Vision restoration of the patients in the two groups were compared. Postoperative 3d, 7d and 30d, the intraocular pressure(IOP)and anterior chamber hemorrhage were compared between two groups, intraoperative penetration conjunctival flap and postoperative shallow anterior chamber occurred. Two groups of patients with postoperative including inflammation of the iris and anterior chamber hyphema, filter channel obstruction, corneal edema and choroidal detachment multiple complications occurrence were compared.

RESULTS: In experimental group, the average visual acuity was 1.4±0.4 improved 42 cases(64 eyes)(80.8%); the average visual acuity in control group was 0.8±0.3 improved 31 cases(47 eyes)(59.6%), the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The intraocular pressures of experimental group patients in postoperative 3、7、30d were 27.3±4.7, 20.7±3.8, 16.2±4.4mmHg respectively. The intraocular pressures of control group patients in postoperative 3、7、30d were 32.6±3.9, 26.5±5.1, 20.8±4.7mmHg respectively. The difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Patients in the test group with hyphema included 21 eyes(25.9%), conjunctival flap surgery penetrate 5 eyes(6.2%). Intraoperative hyphema patients in control group included 37 eyes(52.1%), intraoperative penetrate the conjunctiva flap included 16 eyes(22.5%), the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). In experimental group, Grade 1 shallow anterior chamber included 14 eyes(17.3%), Grade 2 shallow anterior chamber included 11 eyes(13.6%), Grade 3 shallow anterior chamber included 2 eyes(2.5%). In control group, Grade 1, Grade 2, Grade 3 shallow anterior chamber included 34 eyes(47.9%), 18 eyes(25.4%), 19 eyes(26.8%)respectively, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). In experimental group, postoperative inflammation of the iris included 9 eyes(11.1%), hyphema included 10 eyes(12.3%), filter obstruction included 6 eyes(7.4%), corneal edema included 8 eyes(9.9%), choroidal detachment included 2 eyes(2.5%). The inflammation of the iris control group included 21 eyes(29.6%), hyphema included 20 eyes(28.2%), filter obstruction included 15 eyes(21.1%), corneal edema included 18 eyes(25.4%), corneal edema included 9 eyes(12.7%), the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Modified glaucoma surgery for the treatment in patients with primary angle-closure glaucoma can get a good clinical effect, and it also can reduce the complication occurred.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the ability of Cirrus spectral domain optical coherence tomography(SD-OCT)-guided progression analysis(GPA)software to detect glaucomatous progression in primary open angle glaucoma(POAG)patients.

METHODS:Longitudinal study. The study examined 45 eyes of 36 patients with POAG over a 2y period. All eyes underwent at least four serial retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)thickness measurements performed by Cirrus OCT, with the first and last measurement separated by at least 2y. Visual field(VF)testing was performed by using the Swedish interactive threshold algorithm(SITA)Standard 30-2 program of the Humphrey field analyzer within the same week as the optic disc/RNFL photography. Serial RNFL thickness were assessed by the GPA software program. Glaucomatous eyes were classified as either early or advanced stage according to VF severity. At the same time each eye was labeled with status of RNFL(diffuse RNFL defect; localized RNFL defect; no RNFL defect; unidentifiable RNFL status)based on baseline RNFL photographs. Reference standard of glaucoma progression was defined by expert assessment of optic disc/RNFL photographs or VF data. Sensitivity and specificity of OCT GPA, as well as agreement between OCT GPA findings and each reference standard data were estimated.

RESULTS: Eighteen eyes showed progression by optic disc/RNFL photographs or VF data, while 15 eyes by OCT GPA. When expert assessment of optic disc/RNFL photographs and VF data was used as the reference standard, the sensitivity and specificity of OCT GPA employed to detect glaucoma progression were 38.9% and 70.4%. Agreement between OCT GPA and either optic disc/RNFL photographic evaluation or VF analysis was poor(к=0.211, -0.036 respectively). When expert assessment of optic disc/RNFL photographs was used as the reference standard, 6 eyes were detected progression only by photographs, 2 eyes showed a new disc hemorrhage while 4 eyes with optic disc rim thinning. Among 9 eyes processed only by OCT GPA, 8 eyes were in early stage of POAG, of which 5 eyes had a diffuse RNFL defect and 2 eyes with no RNFL defect at baseline. VF analysis used as the reference standard, 7 eyes were detected progression only by VF testing, of which 5 eyes in advanced stage of POAG. Twelve eyes were processed only by OCT GPA, of which 10 in early stage of POAG.

CONCLUSION:The Cirrus OCT GPA is more sensitive in eyes with a diffuse RNFL defect and may be useful for progression detection in earlier stage of glaucoma to complement other reference standard strategies.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the efficiency of different dose of intravitreous injection combined with laser photocoagulation in patients with macular edema(ME).

METHODS: Prospective research. Eighty-four of 54 patients with macular edema were randomized into 2mg group and 4mg group. Eyes were subjected to laser photocoagulation from 2 to 4wk after intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide. At 1mo, 3mo, 6mo after treatment follow up, the corrected visual acuity, central macular thickness(CMT)and development of any side effects was measured between the 2mg group and 4mg group.

RESULTS: The vision was obviously improved and the CMT values were reduced after injection compared with before injection in both two groups(P<0.01)and no evident differences were seen in vision at various time points between two groups(P>0.05). There was no difference in the happening to the side effects between two groups.

CONCLUSION: This study suggests that both 2mg and 4mg intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide combined with laser photocoagulation appears to have an effect on visual improvement, decreasing retinal thickness. Group of 2mg represents a relatively safe treatment of macular edema. It is an attempt to use 2mg triamcinolone acetonide to replace 4mg triamcinolone acetonide in macular edema.

Abstract:AIM:To study the retinal function of macular edema of diabetic retinopathy.

METHODS: Thirty cases(48 eyes, 18 eyes of local macular edema, 24 eyes of diffuse macular edema and 6 eyes of cystoid macular edema)and fifteen normal cases(30 eyes)were enrolled in the study. Multifocal electroretinogram(mfERG)system(version 3.15)was used and the recordings were evaluated.

RESULTS: Compared with the control group, a-wave and b-wave amplitude densities at the fovea, the macula and paramacular of diabetic macular edema(DME)retina were attenuated(P<0.01). The amplitude densities of a-wave at the fovea of two groups were 25.2±10.48 nv/deg² and 37.93±7.19 nv/deg². The amplitude densities of b-wave at the fovea of two groups were 77.16±27.97nv/deg² and 113.42±11.79nv/deg². The amplitude densities of a-wave at the macula of two groups were 14.27±4.99 nv/deg² and 27.42±2.86 nv/deg². The amplitude densities of b-wave at the macula of two groups were 43.14±14.77nv/deg² and 69.99±10.07 nv/deg². The amplitude densities of a-wave at paramacular of two groups were 7.82±2.79nv/deg² and 11.46±1.54nv/deg². The amplitude densities of b-wave at paramacular of two groups were 19.85±6.5nv/deg² and 31.56±6.0nv/deg². There were significant difference in a-ware amplitude density and b-ware amplitude density among three groups(local macular edema, diffuse macular edema and cystoid macular edema)(P<0.01). There were no significant differences in a-ware latency and b-ware latency among three groups(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: The amplitude densities of a-wave and b-wave of DME retina are attenuated. The latency of a-wave and b-wave are longer. The amplitude densities are more sensitive than the latency.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the prenatal risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity(ROP)in Kunming Children's Hospital.

METHODS: One thousand and one hundred cases of prematurity and infants(May 2010 to Dec. 2014)with birth weight less than 2 000g were examined by Retcam II and recorded the stage and risk factors.

RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-nine ROP patients were founded among the 1 010 cases(13.76%), including 80 cases(57.55%)in Stage 1, 42 cases(30.22%)in Stage 2, 9 cases(6.47%)in Stage 3, 4 cases(2.88%)in Stage 4, 4 cases(2.88%)in Stage 5. Nine cases(6.47%)were threshold ROP. There was significant difference in birth weight(BW), gestational age(GA), multiple pregnancy and ischemia between ROP and Non-ROP groups. GA and BW, multiple pregnancy and ischemia were significant risk factors associated with ROP.

CONCLUSION:In Kunming Children's Hospital, the incidence of ROP is 13.67%. Low birth-weight and low gestational ages, multiple pregnancy and ischemia are main maternal risk factors for ROP.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the clinical characteristics of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS)complicated with cytomegalovirus(CMV)retinopathy(CMVR), and the clinical manifestations of immune reconstruction inflammatory syndrome(IRIS)in eye.

METHODS: Patients who accepted treatments diagnosed with AIDS in our hospital of Department of Infectious Disease from Jan. 2010 to Dec. 2015 were retrospective analyzed. Sixty cases(103 eyes)with cytomegalovirus retinitis were identified. The clinical symptoms, the fundus manifestation, CD4⁺T cell count and the prognosis were examined.

RESULTS: Visual acuity of 65 eyes(63.1%), 26 eyes(25.2%), and 12 eyes(11.7%)were ≤0.1, 0.1-0.3 and ≥0.3 respectively. The fundus manifestations had yellow-white lesions along vascular distribution and hemorrhage of retina. The vitreous body was rarely involved. The retinal necroses in 37 eyes(35.9%)involved the posterior pole, 45 eyes(43.7%)involved peripheral region, and 21 eyes(20.4%)with mixed type. In 60 patients, CD4⁺T cells counts was 38.6±12.3 cells/μL on average, 43 cases(71.7%)of CD4⁺T cells is ≤50 cells/μL, 8 cases(13.3%)of CD4⁺T cells >50-100 cells/μL, and 9 cases(15.0%)>100 cells/μL. Visual acuity of 89 eyes improved with highly active antiretroviral therapy(HARRT)and anti-CMV treatment, 19 eyes unchanged, 18 eyes decreased, and CD4⁺T cells counts was significantly higher(P<0.05). Five patients(9 eyes)with IRIS were responded well to treatment.

CONCLUSION: CMVR is a common intraocular complication of AIDS. Routine fundus examination should be performed when the CD4⁺T cells counts is less than ≤50 cells/μL. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome CMV retinopathy has worse in the prognosis.

Abstract:AIM:To describe the prevalence and analysis on relevant factors of low vision and blindness in high myopic patients.

METHODS: A total of 612 high myopic patients(1111 eyes)treated in our hospital from Jan. 2010 to Dec. 2013, whose spherical equivalents ≤-6.0D and axial lengths ≥25.5 mm, were enrolled in the study. World Health Organization(WHO)standard was used for low vision and blindness, the clinical data of all enrolled patients were analyzed retrospectively. Additionally, the relative factors including age, sex, axial length, posterior staphyloma and family history were analyzed by multiple logistic regression to find out the possible risk factors associated with low vision and blindness.

RESULTS: WHO standard was used, 86 eyes(7.7%)were blindness, and 172 eyes(15.5%)were low vision respectively. Logistic regression analysis revealed that low vision and blindness in high myopic patients was independently associated with age, axial length and posterior staphyloma(P<0.05). It was not associated with gender and family history of high myopia(P>0.05). Twenty-one eyes(9.1%)and 51 eyes(12.5%)had visual impairment in age 6-20 and age 21-40, respectively. Amblyopia was the most frequent cause of visual impairment in the two groups, 17 eyes(81.0%)in age 6-20 and 30 eyes(58.8%)in age 21-40, respectively. One hundred and five eyes(32.5%)and 81 eyes(54.4%)had visual impairment in age 41-60 and >60 respectively. Fundus lesions were the most frequent cause of visual impairment in the two groups, 86 eyes(81.9%)in age 41-60 and 75 eyes(92.6%)in age >60 respectively.

CONCLUSION: High myopia injure the vision of patients seriously. Age, axial length and posterior staphyloma are independent risk factors associated with low vision and blindness in high myopic patients. Amblyopia is the most frequent cause of visual impairment for adolescents, and fundus lesions is the most frequent cause for middle-aged and elderly men.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens implantation for the correction of high myopia by ultrasound biomicroscopy(UBM)and optical coherence tomography(OCT).

METHODS:Twenty-four high myopia patients(48 eyes)who underwent the implantation of implantable collamer lens(ICL)or toric implantable collamer lens(TICL)in our hospital from Jan. 2015 to Apr. 2015 were observed. The various data included central anterior chamber depth(ACD); angle opening distance 500(AOD500); the distance between crystal lens and IOL(ICL-vault); postoperative best corrected visual acuity(postoperative-BCVA); postoperative uncorrected visual acuity(postoperative-UCVA); counts of endothelial cells; intraocular pressure(IOP); break-up time(BUT)by slit lamp were investigated during 1mo, 3mo, 6mo and 1y respectively on postoperative check while compared with the data of preoperation. The data were analyzed.

RESULTS:UBM were used to investigate ACD and four directions of AOD500 in 1mo, 3mo, 6mo and 1y postoperative. The results were all reduced compared with preoperation. The differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). After the distances between crystal lens and IOL being examined by OCT after operation, we found that the four time nodes were not statistically different(P>0.05). However, all results including postoperative best corrected visual acuity(postoperative-BCVA), postoperative uncorrected visual acuity(postoperative-UCVA)were improved compared with preoperation. There was significant difference between preoperation and postoperation(P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the various time points postoperative. Besides, there was no significant difference in mean IOP, mean counts of endothelial cells and the average BUT between preoperation and 4 times of postoperative following up studies(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION:Several clinical data have proved curative effect and safety of ICL implantation for the correction of high myopia. The stability of tear film has no obvious change. The patients are highly satisfactory.

Abstract:AIM: To study the effect of toric implantable collamer lens(TICL)implantation on axial stability and visual function of patients with myopia and astigmatism after intraocular lens implantation.

METHODS: The analysis was performed in TICL operation of 72 cases of patients with ametropic(90 eyes)in our hospital from Jun. 2014 to Jul. 2015. Uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA), best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), refraction and contrast sensitivity were evaluated before and after treatment. The TICL axis of astigmatism was measured by slit lamp from 1wk, 3mo and 6mo postoperatively. The visual function satisfaction was done by survey questionnaire study 6mo postoperatively.

RESULTS:Significant improvement in UCVA and BCVA were found at 1wk, 3mo and 6mo(P<0.05). The refraction and astigmatism at 1wk, 3mo and 6mo after treatment were no significant difference(P>0.05). The contrast sensitivity was all significantly better than results before operation(P<0.05). It indicated the better stability of axis after TICL. The proportion of visual function satisfaction of patients was over 98% postoperatively.

CONCLUSION: TICL implantation is safe and effective in the treatment of myopia and astigmatism, worthy of promotion.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the ocular features of the elderly patients with dye eye disease in the community of Shanghai, and to explore the related factors of dry eye disease's symptoms.

METHODS: The clinical information about the elderly patients with dry eye disease in Miaohang Community Shanghai Baoshan District from Nov. 2013 to Dec. 2014 with self-designed questionnaire were collected. General information, the eye conditions, the history of systemic disease, habits and customs were collected. All patients completed the ocular surface disease index(OSDI)questionnaire which assessed the severity of dry eye disease. The positive patients would have a comprehensive examination of the eye.

RESULTS: A total of 618 validated questionnaires were collected and included in analysis. There were 142 males(23.0%)and 476 females(77.0%). The most common symptoms, dry eye feeling, accounted for about 66.8%. Eighty point nine percent patients had more than three kinds of symptoms. The proportion with refractive errors(hyperopia or presbyopia), pterygium is higher in 50-60 age group than other groups. Visual display terminal(VDT)and driving for a long time had significant difference between the three groups(the proportion was 37.3% and 9.3% respectively, P=0.004, 0.001). The patients exposed to smoke environments, such as chess room, had higher proportion in the 61-70 age group than any other age group, the proportion was 20.6%(P<0.05). The proportion of conjunctivochalasis and cataract was higher in the 71-80 age group than other groups, with proportion of 28.6% and 78.9% respectively(P<0.05). Meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD), long-term use of eye drops especially in glaucoma patients had no difference in three groups(P>0.05). One hundred and fifty patients had surgery history, the common operations were cataract, pterygium and blephar. One hundred and eighty-one patients(29.3%)had positive corneal fluorescein staining, with higher proportion in the symptoms of foreign body sensation, photophobia, conjunctival congestion, frequent blinking and lacrimation.

CONCLUSION: The risk factors of dry eye disease's symptoms were various in different age groups. According to thus, we should take different measures with relevant education about the cause of disease and comprehensive treatment to improve quality of life in elderly people with dry eye disease.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate of the prevalence of visual impairment and blindness, leading causes among adults aged ≥50y in Guilin.

METHODS: Random sampling analysis was performed in 10 252 individuals chosen as the sample aged ≥50 years in 5 districts and 12 counties of Guilin. The name, sex, age, ethnic, cultural level, economic status, history of illness, smoking, drinking were recorded. General information and eye testing results were registered into computer. The results were analyzed by SPSS 19.0 software.

RESULTS:A total of 10 252 people were surveyed, including 4 958 men(48.4%), and 5 294 women(51.6%), 9 218 Han nationality people(89.9%), 1 034 minority people(10.1%). The top three blinding eye diseases in Guilin were cataract(0.7%), macular lesion(0.2%), diabetic retinopathy(0.1%).

CONCLUSION: Cataract is stillthe leading cause of vision loss among adults aged ≥50y currently in Guilin. Vision loss and blindness caused by diseases such as hypertension, diabetes incidence has a certain growing degree. Strengthening basic health education, improving the medical resources are still the key point of preventing and treating blindness work in future.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the clinical efficacy of deproteinized calf blood extract eye gel in the treatment of corneal foreign body.

METHODS: One hundred and four cases(104 eyes)with corneal foreign body were divided into two groups according to different treatment methods: treatment group(55 eyes)and control group(49 eyes). In the control group, the postoperative dropped lomefloxacin eye drops and ofloxacin eye ointment. On the basis of control, the treatment group combined with deproteinized calf blood protein extract eye gel.

RESULTS: The total effective rate of the treatment group after 1wk, 2wk were 85.5%,96.4% higher than that of control group. The difference was statistically significant(P<0.01). The symptoms and signs of the treatment group after 1wk of treatment were 4.82±2.18 score, 2wk after treatment were 1.65±2.21 score, and were lower than control group(P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: Deproteinized calf blood extract eye gel can accelerate epithelial repair. It is safe and effective after removal of foreign body from corneal foreign body.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the efficacy and safety of small incision non phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation combined with removing the wind and the benefit loss decoction(a traditional Chinese medicine)in the treatment of cataract.

METHODS: In our hospital accepted small incision non-phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation in the treatment of 120 cases of cataract patients(120 eyes)were randomly divided into control group(57 cases, 57 cases)and traditional Chinese medicine treatment group(63 cases, 63 eyes). Control group mainly underwent conventional anti infection and symptomatic and supportive treatment after treatment. Chinese medicine treatment group was based on the control group in addition to use the wind profit loss soup. All patients were followed up for 1wk and 6mo after operation.

RESULTS: The anterior chamber fibrin exudation degree of Chinese medicine treatment group was significantly lower than that of control group. The difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). One week after surgery, traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of vision group was significantly higher than that of the control group, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). According to the curative effect evaluation, the control group was invalid 26 cases(45.6%), 10 cases were effective(17.5%), effective in 21 cases(36.8%), Chinese medicine treatment group was invalid in 6 cases(9.5%), effective in 17 cases(27.0%), 40 patients were cured(63.5%)and traditional Chinese medicine therapeutic effect of the treatment group was significantly better than the control group, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Small incision non phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation combined with removal of the wind and the benefit loss decoction is effective and safe in the treatment of cataract.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the safety and efficiency of the open capsule-single loop intraocular lens(IOL)ciliary sulcus fixation for the treatment of congenital subluxation lens.

METHODS: Ten patients(13 eyes)with congenital subluxation lens were included. After conventional tunnel incision and continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis, iris hooks were used to fix the luxation lens helped the phacoemulsification(phaco)procedure and IOL implantation into capsular bag. The inferior capsular bag was opened. The IOL prolapsed from the bag and was half packaged. The lower loop was fixed to the ciliary sulcus by suturing to avoid the possible dislocation.

RESULTS: The best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)was increased in all of the patients without any serious complication. The IOL kept stable in 12mo.

CONCLUSION: The iris hooks can fix subluxation lens and facilitate the phaco. Open capsular bag makes IOL half-free and single suture the lower IOL loop in ciliary sulcus. It can avoid dislocation of the IOL due to progressive weakening of the zonular fibers.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate application value of recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor on dry eye after cataract phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation.

METHODS: One hundred and forty patients were selected with one dry eye after the surgery above, and randomly divided into control group and observation group. The two groups were treated with polyethylene glycol eye drops and polyethylene glycol eye drops combined with recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor eye gel respectively. We tested their dry eye symptom score, Schirmer Ⅰ test(SⅠt); tear break-up time(BUT)and corneal fluorescein staining before and 1mo after treatment. Finally, statistical analysis of the two groups of efficacy differences were carried out.

RESULTS: Before treatment, there was no significant difference in dry eye symptom score, SⅠt and BUT between two groups(P>0.05). After treatment, the three measured values above were significantly improved within each group by Paired t-test(P<0.05), while only the dry eye symptom score and BUT in observation group were significantly better than the control group(P<0.05). The decrease rate of corneal fluorescein staining score in the observation group was significantly higher than that in control group(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: For the treatment of dry eye after cataract phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation, combined application of the traditional artificial tears polyethylene glycol and recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor is more effective than those only using polyethylene glycol. Combined treatment can improve the eye discomfort, prolong the time of BUT, and reduce the corneal fluorescein staining score more significantly. The medicine has certain application value in clinical.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the safety and efficacy of Ex-press glaucoma value implantation for the treatment of refractory glaucoma.

METHODS:The data of 22 patients(23 eyes)with refractory glaucoma received implantation of Ex-press glaucoma value were retrospectively analyzed. The visual acuity, intraocular pressure(IOP)and complications in all patients were observed before and after operation in 1wk, 2mo, 3mo, 6mo and 12mo.

RESULTS:All patients were followed up for 1y. The complete success rate was 52%(12 eyes), the partial success rate was 22%(5 eyes)and the total success rate was 74%. The IOP of preoperative and postoperative 1wk, 1mo, 2mo, 3mo, 6mo, and 12mo was 40.59±11.11, 10.30±5.07, 12.23±4.03, 13.87±4.62, 16.52±6.09, 18.35±7.06 and 19.65±8.26 mmHg,(1mmHg=0.133 KPa)respectively. Postoperative IOP at every time point was significantly decreased compare to preoperation(P<0.01). The visual acuity was significantly improved postoperatively(P<0.01). Postoperative hyphema were found in 3 eyes, transient low IOP in 2 eyes, and choroids detachment in 1 eye. All of these complications appeared at the early postoperative stage and healed within 4-14d. No other complications were observed.

CONCLUSION:Ex-press glaucoma value implantation seemed to be one of the most safe and effective way in treatment of refractory glaucoma.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the efficacy and safety of semiconductor 532nm laser peripheral iridoplasty in drug control invalid acute satge of angle-closure glaucoma patients.

METHODS: Patients with 15 uncontrolled eyes of 13 cases treated by semiconductor 532nm laser peripheral iridoplasty were recruited into the study. Preoperative and postoperative visual acuity, intraocular pressure, cornea anterior chamber depth and complications were observed.

RESULTS: Iridoplasty preoperative intraocular pressure(IOP)averaged 60.6±8.8mmHg(1kPa=7.5 mmHg), postoperative 15min decreased to average 37.4±7.3mmHg, postoperative 60min decreased to average 26.2±6.6mmHg, postoperative 3h(17.1±5.3mmHg). The anterior chamber deepened and visual acuity improved. All patients had corneal edema disappeared. There were no obvious complications.

CONCLUSION: Semiconductor 532nm laser iridoplasty for the uncontrolled acute attack stage of angle-closure glaucoma with drug was safe and effective.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the curative effect and safety of glass body cavity injection of Conbercept glass valve body cavity injection combined with Ahmed valve implantation and whole retinal photocoagulation in treatment of neovascular glaucoma with visual function.

METHODS: Retrospective analysis of our hospital from 2015 Jan. to 2015 Dec., 12 cases of neovascular glaucoma patients with visual function were treated with glass body cavity injection of Conbercept 0.5mg, after waiting for iris neovascular fade, glaucoma valve implantation and retinal photocoagulation. All the cases were follow-up for 3mo. Visual acuity, intraocular pressure, complications and so on were observed and recorded.

RESULTS: After 3mo follow-up, vision improvement 10 eyes, constant vision 1 eye and decreased vision 1 eyes average intraocular pressure decreased significantly(41.22±8.29 mmHg vs 16.08±4.92 mmHg, P<0.05). No serious complications were observed, only one eye was found shallow of anterior chamber, and recovered in 1wk. A small amount of blood in the anterior chamber was observed in 1 eye, and absorbed 3d later. Vitreous body hematocele was diagnosed in 1 eye treated with whole retinal photocoagulation after 1mo later. After vitreous body cutting applied, vision was partly recovered and intraocular pressure was stable.

CONCLUSION: Conbercept glass valve body cavity injection combined with Ahmed valve implantation and whole retinal photocoagulation treatment is a safe and effective method for neovascular glaucoma with visual function.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effect of glaucoma drainage implantation in the treatment of open angle glaucoma.

METHODS: Patients with open angle glaucoma treated in our hospital selected as objects from Mar. 2014 to Jun. 2015. They were divided into two groups according to the treatment: the drainage group and the trabeculectomy group. The general operation condition of two groups were observed. Visual acuity, intraocular pressure and complication rate of the two groups before and after treatment were compared.

RESULTS: The operation time of trabeculectomy group was 35.12±3.56min. It was shorter than drainage group(P<0.05). The intraocular pressure and visual acuity of the two groups had no significant difference before surgery. After surgery, the intraocular pressure and drainage of the two groups were reduced. And the implantation group reduced significantly(P<0.05). The level of visual acuity of the two groups before and after surgery had no significant difference. The postoperative corneal abrasions, lens damage and other complications was no significant difference(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: Glaucoma drainage device implantation for open angle glaucoma have a better therapeutic effect. The operation time is short, the complication rate is low and the clinical value is better.

Abstract:AIM: To choose the filler for the treatment of idiopathic macular hole(IMH).

METHODS: Clinical data of 46 eyes of 46 cases with IMH who underwent surgical treatment were retrospectively analyzed. Patients in Group A(23 eyes)underwent pars plana vitrectomy + membrane peeling + Silicone oil injection and patients in Group B(23 eyes)underwent pars plana vitrectomy + membrane peeling + C2F6(20%)gas liquid injection. EDI-OCT was used to measure the subfoveal choroidal thickness(SFCT)before the surgery. Changes in best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), the closure rate of hole, the damage diameter of IS/OS and the complications after the surgery were observed.

RESULTS: The follow-up time was 12mo at least. In Group A, the post-operative BCVA improved compared with preoperative one and the difference was statistically significant(t=7.659, P<0.05). In Group B, the post-operative BCVA improved compared with preoperative one and the difference was statistically significant(t=11.648, P<0.05). In Group A, the closure rate of hole is 100%. In Group B, the closure rate of hole is 95.2%. In Group A, the post-operative damage diameter of IS/OS improved compared with preoperative one and the difference was statistically significant(t=12.252, P<0.05). In group B, the post-operative damage diameter of IS/OS improved compared with preoperative one and the difference was statistically significant(t=13.257, P<0.05). Complications: In Group A, high intraocular pressure occurred in 4 eye after the surgery. In group B, retinal detachment with the hole not closed occurred in 1 eye, and the hole was closed after the silicone oil injection again. In Group B, vitreous hemorrhage occurred in 2 eyes after surgery, one eye was absorbed naturally, and one eye needed surgery again.

CONCLUSION: The two kinds of operation can cure IMH effectively. The surgical method of Group A can press the retina persistently, increase the chance of the macular hole closing. But patients needed lie prone for a long time, and needed surgery again to get the silicone oil out, increase the burden of the patients. The surgical method of Group B needn't surgery again to get the fillers out, but needed surgery again when the macular hole fails to close. We used the SFCT as the guidelines to design the surgical method. We provided personalized treatment for patients.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the effect of a traditional Chinese medicine(Qi Ming Granule)on the retinal and choroidal circulation of patients with diabetes mellitus.

METHODS:According to the results of fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA), 45 diabetes patients were divided into no diabetic retinopathy(NDR)and non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR)group. All the subjects were examined by color Doppler flow imaging(CDFI). We quantitated peak systolic velocity(PSV), end diastolic velocity(EDV)and resistance index(RI)of the ophthalmic artery(OA)and the posterior ciliary artery(PCA). After 3mo ingestion of Qi Ming Granule, all the subjects were examined by the same methods. The alterations of the hemodynamic parameters were observed before and after taking Qi Ming Granule.

RESULTS: After 3mo ingestion of Qi Ming Granule, there were significant increased in PSV and EDV of OA and PCA in the two groups, and RI were significantly decreased.

CONCLUSION: Qi Ming granule can accelerate the blood flow of retina and choroid, improve the ocular blood circulation of the patients with diabetes, and delay the occurrence and development of diabetic retinopathy.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the clinical effect and complication of YAG laser in the treatment of physiological vitreous opacity.

METHODS:Forty patients of physiological vitreous opacity were chosen and randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group was treated by YAG laser, and they were reviewed postoperative 1wk, 2wk, 1mo, 3mo and 6mo for corrected visual acuity, non-contact intraocular pressure, and corneal endothelial cell count, chamber angle optical coherence tomography(OCT)were done at 6mo after the surgery. Also they were asked to complete patient treatment satisfaction questionnaire. The control group was treated by iodized lecithin, they were reviewed after the treatment of 1mo, 3mo, 6mo for corrected visual acuity and non-contact intraocular pressure, also they were asked to complete patient treatment satisfaction questionnaire.

RESULTS:The corrected visual acuity, non-contact intraocular pressure of the two groups had no significant difference with before. In experimental group. The difference of the corneal endothelial cell count before and after the surgery had no statistically significant. The difference of the upper chamber angle OCT before and after the surgery had statistical significance(after>before). But there was no statistically significant in the differences of lower, nasal and temporal chamber angle OCT. The difference of the two groups patient' treatment satisfaction questionnaire had statistically significant, the experimental group had better effect than the control group.

CONCLUSION:YAG laser can be used in the treatment of physiological vitreous opacity. It is proved to be safe and effective.

Abstract:AIM: To summarize and analyze the causes of ciliary body detachment, and to improve the therapeutic effect of symptomatic treatment.

METHODS: The causes, symptomatic treatment and prognosis data of 22 patients with ciliary body detachment admitted to our hospital between Jan. 2012 and Jan. 2016 were analyzed retrospectively.

RESULTS: The causes of 22 patients with ciliary body detachment included ones induced by traumatic detachment in 5 cases, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome in 3 cases, retina after laser treatment in 6 cases, acute angle closure glaucoma after rapidly lowering intraocular pressure in 5 cases and acute angle closure glaucoma after YAG iris laser drilling in 3 cases. After symptomatic treatment, all patients were successfully reset, and the reduction rate was 100.00%. Thirty days after treatment, the average intraocular pressure and anterior chamber depth were significantly higher than those before treatment(P<0.05). After treatment, the proportion of patients whose visual acuity recovered to >0.5-0.8 was 73%. Compared with that before treatment, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: To understand the causes of ciliary body detachment can guide clinical examination and selection of treatment. It also can improve the reduction rate of ciliary body, promote the improvement of visual acuity, and avoid unnecessary trouble at the same time.

Abstract:AIM: To explore a safe and effective integrated Chinese-Western therapy for xerophthalmia caused by meibomian gland dysfunction in the young and middle-aged, providing the rationale for the therapy for xerophthalmia.

METHODS:A total of 74 young and middle-aged yin deficiency and dryness heat patients(148 eyes)with xerophthalmia caused by meibomian gland dysfunction, who were visited at Ophthalmology Departments of our hospital and PLA 161^st Hospital between Feb. 2011 and Jan. 2015. They were assigned to the study group and the control group(each n=37, 74 eyes)in a randomized and average fashion. The latter received routine Western therapy, administration of artificial tears, while the former additionally received self-made Erdong Yuzhu Decoction(a traditional Chinese medicine)therapy on the same basis as the control group. Efficacy was evaluated and recorded were made regarding examination results, including pre- and posttreatment Schirmer Ⅰ tests(SⅠt), tear break-up time(BUT), width of lacrimal river, blood routine examination, and hepatic and renal function, and adverse reactions during treatment.

RESULTS: The cure rates and total response rates were 28.4% vs 13.5% and 85.1% vs 70.3% for patients in the study group and the control group, respectively(χ²=12.255, 6.547,P<0.05). Before treatment, patients in both groups showed comparable results of SⅠt, BUT and width of lacrimal river(P>0.05); 90d after treatment, the above three results in the study group were superior to those before treatment(P<0.05)and the homochromous control group(P<0.05). Patients enrolled had mild adverse actions.

CONCLUSION: It is a clinically considerable and propagable that Erdong Yuzhu Decoction plus routine Western therapy is a safe and effective integrated Chinese-Western therapy for xerophthalmia caused by meibomian gland dysfunction in the young and middle-aged.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the application of C₃F₈ filling in the vitreous chamber using in primary surgery of complexity of open eye injury.

METHODS: A total of 54 patients(54 eyes)with complexity of open eye injury from Jan. 2012 to Dec. 2014. The following conditions were complexity of open eye injury, wound involving cornea and sclera, loss of a large number of eye content, low intraocular pressure(IOP), intraocular hemorrhage. All patients underwent one stage operation, including debridement, anterior chamber irrigation and intravitreal injection of C₃F₈ gas. After 1-2wk follow-up, they underwent two-stage operation.

RESULTS: During the two stage operation, we found different dose of C₃F₈ gas in the vitreous chamber in all patients. Forty-one patients with IOP were normal, and 13 patients were low. The cornea was edema and no blood staining. Most of the vitreous body were lost and hematocele were less. All patients were found rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and choroidal detachment. All patients underwent vitrectomy and filling of silicone tamponade. After operation, best corrected visual acuity of 32 eyes(59%)improved, 17 eyes(31%)of them were not changed, and 5 eyes(9%)of them were worse.

CONCLUSION: C₃F₈ filling in vitreous chamber in one stage operation of open eye injury can stop bleeding, maintain intraocular pressure, prevent blood staining of cornea and prevent the retinal detachment and proliferation and create conditions for the two stage operation.

Abstract:AIM: To provide reference for clinical work by analyzing the correlation between the operation opportunity and prognosis of open ocular trauma patients.

METHODS: Sixty-two cases(62 eyes)of open ocular trauma patients admitted to our hospital during the period from Dec. 2013 to Jan. 2016 were selected as the research subjects. The patients were randomly divided into observation group and control group, 31 cases(31 eyes)in each group. Observation group patients were treated in 3d of vitreoretinal surgery after injury. The patients in the control group underwent vitrectomy within 1 to 2wk after injury of pars plana. Two groups of patients with preoperative eye injury and postoperative treatment effect, complications and visual acuity recovery were compared.

RESULTS: Two groups of patients with preoperative corneal laceration, retinal detachment, vitreous and lens rupture eye injury situation were no significantly difference(P<0.05). The prognosis of the two groups were compared. The treatment effect of the patients in the observation group were significantly better than the control group. The observation group of patients with postoperative complications were significantly lower than that of control group at the same time. The observation group patients' postoperative visual acuity recovery was significantly better than the control group and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Open ocular trauma surgery was significantly correlated the between operation time and prognosis status. It is beneficial to achieve better therapeutic effect on the patients with vitreous body surgery. It also can reduce complications and help the recovery of visual acuity patients after operation.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the safety and efficacy of hydrophilic soft contact lenses in pterygium surgery.

METHODS: A total of 86 eyes(86 patients)with a diagnosis of pterygium and received pterygium excision combined with conjunctival autograft transplantation were enrolled between May 2011 and Jun. 2013 at People's Hospital of Nanjing Gaochun. The pterygium grown onto the corner about 2.5mm-7.0mm each patient. They were divided into two groups according to operation time: hydrophilic soft contact lenses group and control group. There were 43 eyes(43 patients)in each group. Patients in hydrophilic soft contact lens group wore hydrophilic soft contact lens without gauze after surgery for 3d. And they were bandaging with gauze in control group. The degree of pain after surgery were evaluated at 2h, 6h, 8h, 12h, 24h, 48h and 72h after surgery.

RESULTS: The difference of age, sex and pterygium size were statistically significant between two groups. The pain index scores at 2h, 6h, 8h, 24h, 48h and 72h after surgery were as follows: Hydrophilic soft contact lenses group were 0.80±0.41 scores, 0.89±0.52 scores, 0.42±0.49scores, 0.28±0.45 scores, 0.30±0.43 scores, and 0.25±0.35 scores; control group were 2.56±0.52 scores, 2.57±0.25 scores, 1.85±0.67 scores, 1.44±0.50 scores, 1.42±0.52scores and 0.85±0.53 scores. The pain index scores of the hydrophilic soft contact lens group were significantly less than control group(P<0.01). The corneal epithelial fluorescein staining scores was 0.89±1.12 scores of hydrophilic soft contact lenses group, 1.58±1.35 scores in control group(P=0.140). There was no significant difference between the two groups. The cornel epithelial defect areas were 0.18±0.46mm² in hydrophilic soft contact lens group, significantly less than control group(2.69±4.34mm²)(P=0.048). There were no infection, relapse and implant healing badness during the followed up from 3 to 12mo(4.5±1.25mo). Subconjunctival cyst was observed in 2 patients(2 eyes)during the follow-up times, and they were excised by surface anesthetic.

CONCLUSION: Hydrophilic soft contact lens was an efficacious and safe treatment. It can significantly release pain response after pterygium excision and promote the healing of the corneal epitheliums.

Abstract:AIM: To research the treatment of pterygium by conjunctival autograft transplantation combined with biological fibrin glue and usage of bandage type latent lens.

METHODS: Thirty-seven cases of patients(52 eyes)with simple pterygium were collected. They were randomly divided into observation group with 19 cases(28 eyes)and the control group with 18 cases(24 eyes). The observation group were treated by conjunctival autograft transplantation combined with biological fibrin glue and usage of bandage type latent lens. The control group were treated by pterygium excision combined with conjunctival autograft transplantation. The curative effect of two groups of patients were observed and compared.

RESULTS: The operation time(19.34±2.31min)and the incidence rate(36%, 11%)of foreign body sensation at postoperative 1d, 7d of observation group were significantly lower than those(28.15±4.27min, 79%, 46%)in the control group. The total healing rate of postoperative 3d(89%)was significantly higher than that of the control group(46%), the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The recurrence rate was no significant difference between two groups at 6mo postoperative.(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: Conjunctival autograft transplantation combined with biological fibrin glue and usage of bandage type latent lens can significantly decrease the operation time, eliminate the sense of foreign body in patients and improve the healing rate of the wound after operation. It is suitable for further promotion in the primary hospital.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the early comprehensive visual quality of patients with myopia after laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK), and to explore the application value of double-pass optical quality analysis system(OQAS)in the evaluation of visual quality.

METHODS: A total of 48 cases(96 eyes)with myopia patients were selected our hospital Sep. 2014 to Sep. 2015. All patients of femtosecond LASIK was examined by a dual channel system(OQAS). A total of four time points of Strehl ratio(SR), modulation transfer function cut-off spatial frequency(MTF cutoff), intraocular objective scattering index(OSI)of patients were recorded preoperatively and postoperatively 1wk, 1mo, 3mo. The early visual acuity was analyzed and evaluated before and after operation.

RESULTS: After the 3mo, MTF cutoff spatial frequency is better than preoperative(P<0.05). OSI in postoperative 1wk and 1mo were higher than that in preoperative(P<0.05). But it recovered to the preoperative level at 3mo after the operation. SR, OSI linear correlation and MTF cutoff spatial frequency correlation were analyzed by Pearson linear correlation. They showed that both SR and OSI were significantly related to MTF cutoff spatial frequency(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The postoperative visual acuity of femtosecond LASIK recover fast. It's effective and safety. MIT cutoff spatial frequency, SR and OSI results can be used as a comprehensive index to evaluate the clinical postoperative visual acuity.

Abstract:AIM: To study explore the eye position and binocular visual function in infants and young children premature after strabismus surgery related factors.

METHODS: Ninety cases were selected in ophthalmology department of our hospital underwent external strabismus surgery. The clinical data was collected and follow up 1 year postoperatively. The factor affected eye position and binocular visual function after surgery were analyzed including before the age of onset, type of strabismus, operative age, age at diagnosis, surgery far stereo visual function, operation before the near stereopsis function after surgery, ocular and so on.

RESULTS: The types of strabismus and postoperative eye position positive rate and operation after far, binocular visual function recovery of closely related, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Preoperative far stereo visual function and near stereo visual function affected postoperative distant stereoscopic vision function, and near stereoscopic visual function of main factors, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Infantile exotropia surgery preoperative far stereo visual function, near stereo visual function and the type of strabismus is main factors affected postoperative eye position and function. It can provide some treatment bases for postoperative recovery in children with eye position and binocular visual function.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss the relationships between quality of life and self efficacy and health status in adults with blindness and low vision, and to provide reference for improving the quality of life.

METHODS:One hundred and twenty-two cases of adults with blindness and low vision registered in rehabilitation center of Department of Ophthalmology in our hospital from Jan. 2011 to Nov. 2014 were selected as the study group, and another sixty cases of healthy volunteers for physical examination during the same period in our hospital were selected as the control group. The self-efficacy scale, health status scale and quality of life core scale were used to carry out questionnaire survey, then the relationships between quality of life and self efficacy and health status in adults with blindness and low vision, and to provide reference for improving the quality of life were analyzed by Pearson liner correlation analysis method.

RESULTS: The health status, quality of life and self efficacy scores in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05). The physiological health in the health status was positively correlated with each dimension of quality of life(r=0.351, 0.541, 0.412, 0.425, all P<0.05). The general health status was positively correlated with the regulating ability in the quality of life(r=0.587, P<0.05). The social health and mental health were positively correlated with the reading and fine work and daily life ability in the quality of life(r=0.412, 0.357, 0.365, 0.452, all P<0.05). The self-efficacy was positively correlated with each dimension of quality of life(r=0.387, 0.415, 0.451, 0.361, all P<0.05).

CONCLUSION:The quality of life of patients with blindness and low vision is correlated with the self-efficacy and health status, and it should be improved the health status of the patients in the treatment process, enhanced self-efficacy, in order to improve their quality of life.