Abstract:AIM: To investigate the association between the single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNP)(rs6214 and rs12423791)in IGF-1 and high myopia susceptibility by performing a Meta-analysis.

METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure(up to March 12, 2014)were searched by two authors independently. Crude odds ratios with 95%CIs were used to assess the strength of the associations between SNP rs6214, rs12324791 and high myopia. Statistical analysis was performed using the program RevMan5.2 software(Revman; The Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, UK)and STATA 12.0 software(Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA).

RESULTS: Five case-control studies with involving 2585 patients with high myopia and 3327 controls were included in this Meta-analysis. No statistical evidence of significant association was found in all genetic models of rs6214A/G and rs12324791G/C.

CONCLUSION: This Meta-analysis suggested that the rs6214A/G and rs12324791G/C mutation in the insulin-like growth factor-1 are not significantly associated with high myopia.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the safety, efficacy, predictability, stability and complications of wavefront-guided laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy(LASEK)in low myopia, myopic astigmatism and high myopia correction.

METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 416 eyes were assigned to 3 groups: 159 eyes with low myopia(LM)and mean refractive spherical equivalent(MRSE)of -3.68±1.33 dioptre(D); 161 eyes with myopic astigmatism(MA)and MRSE of -5.99±2.24D and mean cylinder of 2.41±1.07D; and 96 eyes with high myopia(HM)and MRSE of -7.41±0.80D. After an epithelial flap creation, a wavefront-based excimer laser ablation was performed. Safety, efficacy, predictability and stability were evaluated at day 10, 2, 6 and 12mo postoperatively.

RESULTS:At 12mo, the MRSE was -0.36±0.31D in LM group, 0.15±0.41D in MA group and 0.58±0.68D in HM group. The uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA)was 20/20 in 90.60% of patients in LM group, 78.90% in MA group and 67% in HM group. Efficacy indices were 0.98, 1.04 and 0.92 in LM, MA and HM groups, respectively. Safety indices were 1.00, 1.07 and 1.05 in LM, MA and HM respectively. Five eyes(3.1%)in the LM group gained 1 line. Forty-four eyes(27.3%)in MA gained 1-3 lines and eighteen eyes(19.2%)of HM group gained 1-2 lines of BSCVA. Only 2 eyes in LM group developed corneal haze. There were not statistically significant differences in efficacy and safety indices amongst three groups.

CONCLUSION: Wavefront-guided LASEK is an effective and safe procedure for the treatment of LM, MA, and HM.although in myopic astigmatism the predictability, efficacy and safety indices had been better.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the effect of exogenous peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α(PGC-1α)on vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)expression in human retinal vascular endothelial cells(HRVEC).

METHODS: Recombinant PGC-1α protein was added to HRVEC, and no recombinant PGC-1α protein was added to HRVEC as control group. After 24h of incubation, two groups of cells were then placed into a normoxic(20% O₂)or hypoxic(1% O₂)environment for another 16h. The expression of VEGF mRNA and protein were detected by real-time PCR, ELISA and immunofluorescence cytochemistry.

RESULTS: VEGF mRNA and protein levels in the cells were significantly increased by recombinant PGC-1α protein both under normoxia and hypoxia conditions as compared with control groups(P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: PGC-1α can upregulate the expression of VEGF in HRVEC under normoxia and hypoxia conditions.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the effects of pirfenidone(PFD)on the proliferation and transfomring growth factor-β₁(TGF-β₁)expression in vitro culture rat corneal stromal cells.

METHODS: Corneal stromal cells from 8 to 10wk SD rats were isolated, cultured and treated with different concentrations of PFD 0mg/mL(control group), 0.15mg/mL(experimental group Ⅰ), 0.3mg/mL(experimental group Ⅱ), 1mg/mL(experimental group Ⅲ)for 48h. CCK-8 assay was performed to assess cell proliferation, while immunocytochemistry and Western Blot were used to detect the expression of ki-67 and TGF-β₁ expression, respectively.

RESULTS: Compared with control group, PFD significantly inhibited the proliferation in a dose-dependent manner(all P<0.05), so was protein expression of ki-67. PFD significantly down-regulated the expression of TGF-β₁ in a dose-dependent manner(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Pirfenidone can significantly inhibit the proliferation of rat corneal stromal cell by down regulating TGF-β₁ expression, therefore, it has potential prospect in lightening the corneal wound healing reaction.

Abstract:AIM: To study the effect of wearing overnight orthokeratology(OK)contact lens on corneal topography and tears in adolescents.

METHODS: The diopter, corneal curvature, corneal surface regularity index(SRI), tear break-up time(BUT), Schirmer I test, and corneal fluorescent(FL)were recordedon 40(80 eyes)adolescent myopia patients(mean age 13.68±2.32 years), who had worn OK contact lensfor more than 1 year, with mean spherical equivalent refraction -3.61±1.48D before wearing OK contact lens. These indexes were tested and recorded before the patients' wearing OK contact lens and 5 times(1wk and 1, 3, 6, 12mo after the first wearing)during the patients' overnight wearing OK contact lens for 8～10 hours per day.

RESULTS: Compared with pre-wearing, at post-wearing OK contact lens 12mo, the mean spherical equivalent refraction was apparently decreased from -3.61±1.48D to -1.39±1.31D(P<0.01). The corneal curvature was significantly flattened from 42.29±1.55D to 40.13±1.41D(P<0.01). Mean SRI was increased from 0.34±0.01 to 0.37±0.01(P<0.01). Mean BUT was decreased from 10.39±2.25s to 7.26±1.77s(P<0.01). These indexes were stable at 1wk after wearing OK contact lens overnight and had no significant differences during the following(1, 3, 6, 12mo after wearing)tests(P>0.05). There were no significant differences on Schirmer Ⅰ test during the 12mo of OK wearing(P>0.05). The cases of corneal fluorescent staining increased were mainly grade I, and the number of corneal staining grade I at 1 wk and 1, 3, 6, 12 mo after wearing were 15 eyes(18.8%), 9 eyes(11.3%),13 eyes(16.3%), 9 eyes(11.3%), and 12 eyes(15.0%). BUT of corneal staining grade I wasdecreased significantly, compared with the BUT of corneal staining grade 0 during the 12mo of OK wearing(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: OK contact lens can significantly decrease the degree of myopia and K value of corneal curvature without changing tear volume. However, tear film stability weakens, which needs regular follow-up.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the morphology of corneal endothelial cells after femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis(Femto-LASIK).

METHODS: From May to September in 2013, 88 eyes of 45 patients with myopia who accepted Femto-LASIK were enrolled in this study. The morphology of central corneal endothelial cells was measured by a non-contact corneal endothelial cell analyzer before, 1mo and 1a after surgery. The number, density, average size, size standard deviation, size coefficient of variation and hexagonality of the corneal endothelial cells were observed. All the measurements were analyzed by statistical analysis.

RESULTS: All patients underwent operation smoothly, and no complication was observed during and after surgery; One month after surgery, the endothelial cell density(ECD)was 2 815.34±297.07/mm², which had a 2.64% decrease compared with preparative ECD(t=4.60, P=0.00), there was no statistical significance between ECD measurements of 1mo and 1a after surgery(P>0.05); One month after surgery, the size standard deviation(S_SD)was 118.47±31.58μm², which increased significantly compared with the preoperative S_SD(t=-3.87, P=0.03), there was no statistical significance between S_SD measurements of 1mo and 1a after surgery(P>0.05); After surgery, the number, hexagonality, average size and size coefficient of variation of the corneal endothelial cells didn't change statistically(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: In the early period after Femto-LASIK, the ECD decreased slightly, however this kind of surgery did not have significant harm to the function of corneal endothelial cells, and the surgery didn't cause the progressive loss of corneal endothelial cells.

Abstract:AIM: To compare posterior choroidal thickness in high myopia amblyopia eyes at different points to high myopia and normal eyes of Chinese children and investigate the relationships between choroidal thickness, axial length and age.

METHODS: Fifty Chinese children(65 eyes)with age 4～15 years(mean 9.91±3.41 years)were recruited. By atropine optometry they were divided into high myopia amblyopia group(24 eyes), high myopia group(19 eyes), and normal group(22 eyes). Choroidal scans were obtained for all eyes using enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography(EDI-OCT). Subfoveal choroidal thickness(SFCT), macular thinkness, choroidal thickness and retinal thickness at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0mm superior(S, 12:00 position), temporal(T, 9:00 position), inferior(I, 6:00 position), nasal(N, 3:00 position)were measured. Meanwhile, axial lengths of all eyes were measured by A-Scan.

RESULTS: Compared high myopia group and emmetropia group, SFCT and the thickness of choroids on each position were thinnest in high myopic amblyopia group, with statistically significant differences(P<0.05). There was a significant negative correlation between SFCT and axial length in high myopic amblyopia group(r=-0.531, R²=0.282, F=7.476, P=0.013), with no relative in age(r=-0.292, R²=0.085, F=2.044, P=0.167).

CONCLUSION: The choroidal thickness thinning in high myopic amblyopia shows a negative correlation with axial length.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze dryeye disease after the femtosecond laser and mechanical microkeratome for laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK)by Oculus dry eye analyzer examination.

METHODS: The people who had femtosecond LASIK(FS-LASIK)and mechanical microkeratome LASIK in Weifang Eye Hospital from January 2014 to April 2014 were observed. Sixty patients(120 eyes)who had corneal refractive surgery were collected. The average age of patients was 27.46±6.65 years old. The LASIK group had 28 patients(56 eyes)and the FS-LASIK group had 32 patients(64 eyes). The tears river altitude, first tear break up time(BUT), and average BUT at preoperative, 1wk and 1mo after operation were observed by Oculus dry eye analyzer.

RESULTS: By Oculus dry eye analyzer examination, the preoperative tears river altitude of patients was 0.25±0.10mm. First BUT was 6.70±3.86s. Average BUT time was 10.14±4.51s. At 1wk after operation, the tears river altitude of patients was 0.19±0.04mm. The first BUT time was 4.87±1.71s. The average BUT time was 7.77±2.30s. There was significant difference between preoperative and 1wk after operation(P<0.05). At 1mo after operation in two groups, the tears river altitude of patients was 0.19±0.18mm.The average BUT 8.72±2.54s. The BUT was 5.02±2.30s. There was significant difference between preoperative and 1mo after operation(P<0.05). The two groups had significant difference in average tears river altitude and average BUT between 1mo and 1wk after operation. There was no significant difference in the first BUT between 1mo and 1wk after operation. There was no significant difference between LASIK and FS-LASIK groups at any time of the test(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: LASIK and FS-LASIK patients have different degree of dry eye symptom after operation. Dry eye symptoms mainly display in the decrease of tear production and the stability of tear film. It will be better after giving artificial tears. Oculus dry eye analyzer is a non-invasive examination equipment. It can reflect the amount of tears and the stability of tear film. It is usefull in rapid diagnosis of dry eye and judgment of the degree of dry eye symptom after LASIK operation.

Abstract:Due to the serious shortage of donor cornea materials and the donor limit, clinical popularization of penetrating keratoplasty is severely restricted. It is a hot spot of current research that applying tissue engineering in vitro to culture corneal endothelial cells(CEC)with high density, regular hexagonal shape and healthy endothelial function. In this article, we reviewed the latest progress in the study of source of CEC seeder cells, selection of cultivating carries, type of CEC transplantation and immune mechanism that summarized the current research problems and made a prospect to the future.

Abstract:Age-related macular degeneration(AMD)is a kind of age-related blinding degenerative fundus lesions, totally about 30 million patients suffering from AMD all over the world, with about 500 000 people blind for it yearly. As the development of economy and the aging of the population intensified, incidence of AMD indicates a trend of rising year by year, being the third major cause of blindness in our country. At present, the pathogenesis of AMD is not fully clear, as reported it may be related to oxidative stress, inflammatory immune response, VEGF and genetic manipulation. Clinical treatments mainly include photodynamic therapy, drug therapy, radiation therapy, laser photocoagulaory operation, the pupil warm treatments, Chinese medicine and intravitreous injection VEGF antagonists such as Ranibizumab, Conbercept and so on. In this issue, we mainly expound on the progress in the epidemiological studies of AMD, especially elaborate the progress made on genetic manipulation in recent years.

Abstract:Diabetic retinopathy(DR)due to disturbance of carbohydrate metabolism is the most serious ocular complication in patients with diabetic disease, and diabetic macular edema(DME)is one of the main causes of vision loss. It is considered that many factors are involved in DME pathological process. DME is defined as an abnormal thickening of the macular associated with the accumulation of excess fluid in the extracellular space of the neurosensory retina. Nowadays, the main treatment methods of DME include pharmacotherapy, laser photocoagulation and surgery. Inflammatory components within the vascular tissue play an important role in the development of DME, so drug therapy is an important method for DME. In this review, we summarized the risk factors and the current pharmacotherapy situation of DME.

Abstract:Silent information regulator protein 1(SIRT1)is one of the sirtuins and belongs to histone deacetyase. Its activity depends on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NAD⁺)and is regulated by NAD⁺. Experimental and clinical studies have shown the neuro-protective effect of SIRT1 in the pathogenesis of age-related eye diseases. In this review, the relationship between SIRT1 activator and apoptosis in the retinal cells were discussed. The review also points to SIRT1 as a potential therapeutic target for the clinical management of age-related retinal disease.

Abstract:Mitochondria play an important role in energy(ATP)production through oxidative phosphorylation pathway and the regulation of cell death by apoptosis.Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathophysiology of a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Glaucoma as a neurodegenerative disorder, mitochondrial oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of glaucoma and the damage of RGCs has received close attention in recent years. In this article,we reviewed the current evidences and recent advances in the relationship between mitochondrial oxidative stress and the RGCs apoptosis.

Abstract:The idiopathic macular hole(IMH)is research priority associated with the regenerate quickly of vitrectomy. The unaided visual acuity and the best corrected visual acuity is partial for the visual acuity of the patient with IMH.The mechanism and clinical significance of modern visual function measurements associated with IMH, including contrast sensitivity, visual field, multifocal electroretinogram, and stereoscopic vision, have been introduced. These measurements could be of great value in early diagnosis of IMH, assessment of surgical indication and evaluation of visual performance after vitrectomy. They would also be helpful to the analysis of postoperative impaired visual function and its management. Having an adequate understanding of the contents and significance of visual function is helpful to the improvement of IMH surgery techniques and postoperative visual acuity.

Abstract:Photodynamic therapy(PDT)is a new technique to diagnose and treat diseases with photodynamic effect produced by photosensitizer and light, and is now a main method of treating exudative age-related macular degeneration(AMD). In recent years, with the development of science and technology, combinations of PDT have become a research hot spot. In this paper, we reviewed the research status of treatments on exudative AMD with PDT combined anti-VEGF drugs.

Abstract:Age-related macular degeneration(AMD)is one of the important eye diseases of the WHO present three big blindness, is one of the main blinding eye disease in people over the age of 50, people over the age of 65, about 2% of the disease caused by monocular blindness, as the population ages, AMD prevalence is increasing in our country. AMD with respect to its clinical manifestations can be divided into dry AMD and wet AMD, wet AMD is the most harmful for the vision of patients, at present there are many treatments for AMD(mainly for wet age-related macular degeneration), mainly including laser treatment, drug therapy, surgical treatment, gene therapy,etc. The treatments of AMD would be illuminated in this article.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the neuroprotective effect of nerve growth factor(NGF)on acute angle-closure glaucoma patients after trabeculetomy.

METHODS: Patients with viral keratitis who underwent trabeculectomy in treatment of acute angle-closure glaucoma in Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University from December 2011 to October 2013 were selected and completed the treatment, 61 eyes of 45 cases were followed up. The treatment group of 23 cases(32 eyes)with acute angle-closure glaucoma patients were treated by NGF gel for 3mo after trabeculetomy, while in the control group 22 cases(29 eyes)were treated by normal saline replaced NGF. All patients were followed up for at least 12mo, visual acuity, perimetry, retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)thickness and cup/disc ratio of the patients were followed up during the treatment. The safety of topical use of NGF gel was also evaluated.

RESULTS:In all patients, the intraocular pressure(IOP)was successfully controlled under 21mmHg and the visual acuity was markedly increased in the affected eye after trabeculectomy. Compared with control group, the postoperative IOP and visual acuity had no significant differences in treatment group(P>0.05). The average light sensitivity of perimetry and mean defect were better than that in control group postoperative 6 and 12mo; The results of optical coherent tomography(OCT)and Heiderburg Retina Tomography(HRT)-Ⅲ showed that RNFL thickness was significantly greater than that in control group, while cup/disc ratio significantly less than that in control group postoperative 6 and 12mo. Ocular surface damage, corneal endothelium to reduce and other eye complication were no observed in treatment group.

CONCLUSION:Acute angle-closure glaucoma treated by NGF gel after operation is effective and safe.

Abstract:AIM:To study and investigate the change situation of trace elements and body comprehensive immune state of patients with viral keratitis.

METHODS:Sixty-two patients with viral keratitis in our hospital from December 2011 to February 2014 were selected as observation group, 62 healthy persons with health education at the same time were the control group, then the serum and tear Zn, Cu, cellular immunity and erythrocyte immunity of two groups were compared, and the detection results of observation group with different types and severity degree were compared.

RESULTS:The serum and tear Zn of observation group was all lower than that in control group, serum and tear Cu was higher than that in control group, cellular immunity and erythrocyte immunity indexes were all worse than that in control group,the detection results of observation group with mild, moderate and severe infection had significant differences(P<0.05), while the detection results of observation group with herpes simplex keratitis and herpes zoster keratitis had no significant differences(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: The change of trace elements and body comprehensive immune state of patients with viral keratitis are obvious,and the severity degree for the detection levels of keratitis are greater.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the clinical effect of phacoemulsification and middle incision extracapsular cataract extraction(MI-ECCE).

METHODS: One hundred and eighty-five eyes of phacoemulsification(137 cases)and 185 eyes of 139 cases for MI-ECCE from January 2011 to May 2013 were involved in this study. And the ratio posterior capsular rupture during surgery, visual acuity, corneal edema, corneal astigmatism and intraocular pressure post operation were followed up.

RESULTS: On 1d after surgery, uncorrected visual acuity in the group of MI-ECCE was better than that of phacoemulsification group, while from 3d; 1 and 3mo after surgery, no significant difference was found from the above two groups. On 1d postoperation, corneal edema ratio in phacoemulsification group(45 eyes)was higher than that in MI-ECCE group(20 eyes)(χ²=11.665, P=0.0006). No significant difference was found for the ratio of posterior capsule rupture during surgery in these two surgical technique groups(χ²=0.094,P=0.759). On 1wk; 1 and 3mo after surgery, significant difference was found for the average of surgical induced corneal astigmatism between two groups(u=6.661, 6.880, 4.187, P=0.00, respectively). During following up, no significant difference was found for the intraocular pressure between two groups(u=1.858, 0.963, 0.471, 1.349, 1.388; P=0.063, 0.335, 0.638, 0.177, 0.165). Intraocular pressure on 1d postoperation in phacoemulsification and MI-ECCE groups was higher than before operation(u=19.86, 19.39, P=0.00, respectively). And on 1wk; 1 and 3mo postoperation, intraocular pressure in the operated eyes in both groups was lower than before operation for 2～3mmHg.

CONCLUSION: Although phacoemulsification and MI-ECCE could both get good visual rehabilitation, with similar visual outcome, no significant effect for intraocular pressure, and no severe complications, the latter one owns the advantage that easier maneuver, quicker recovery, and cheaper instruments needed, which is suitable for the hard nuclei cataract in local hospitals. MI-ECCE is a safe, effective and easy manipulation for local hospital for large batch of cataract surgeries.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the clinical results of innercapsular phacoemulsification with primary intraocular lens(IOL)implantation in the treatment of lens dislocation.

METHODS: A total of 23 cases(23 eyes)of lens dislocation(IIa and IIb)were underwent innercapsular phacoemulsification combined with primary IOL implantation. IOL implantation were underwent during operation, the complications of intraoperative and postoperative, postoperative vision, intraocular pressure(IOP), corneal endothelial cell, IOL location were analyzed.

RESULTS: The operations were successfully completed for all patients in accordance with the pre-surgery program; lens nucleus or its fragments did not crash into the vitreous cavity; 20 cases of corneal edema and 17 cases of IOP presented at the first day after surgery, the deviation or displacement of IOL and serious complications such as retinal detachment were not appeared. At the first week postoperation, the average IOP was 15.81±2.10mmHg, with statistically significant differences when compared with the preoperative(P<0.01), the visual acuity in all eases increased, with statistically significant differences when compared with the preoperative(P<0.01). Corneal endothelial cell density and percentage of hexagonal cells decreased, the variation coefficient increased in first week of postoperative, with no statistically significant differences when compared with the preoperative(P>0.05)

CONCLUSION: Innercapsular phacoemulsification combined with primary IOL implantation in the treatment of the whole lens dislocation(Ⅱa and Ⅱb)can restore function in patients with diplopia and control IOP effectively, reduce corneal endothelial cell damage, which is an effective method to treat the whole traumatic lens dislocation.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the methods of learning coaxial microincision phacoemulsification and assess the related complications.

METHODS:The clinical data of 1 080 eyes of coaxial microincision phacoemulsification performed by beginners from October 2011 to December 2013 was retrospectively analyzed. In order of surgery dates, the patients were equally divided into groups A, B, C and D, 270 eyes in each group. Comparisons were made among the four groups in operation time, cumulative dissipated energy(CDE), rate of intraoperative, and postoperative complications at 1d; and best corrected distance visual acuity(BCDVA)at 1mo postoperatively.

RESULTS: No significant differences were found in age, sex, lens grading, BCDVA at 1mo postoperatively among the four groups(P>0.05). The operation time was significantly longer in group A than in groups B, C and D(25.15±3.11min vs 15.20±3.40min, 14.71±3.02min and 14.41±2.91min, P<0.05). No significant differences were found in the operation time among the other three groups(P>0.05). The CDE of grade Ⅱ and Ⅲ was significantly higher in group A than that in groups B, C and D(95.9%, 97.8% and 98.5%)(P<0.01). The number of continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis(CCC)were performed successfully was significantly less in group A(80.7%)than the other three groups(95.9%, 97.8% and 98.5%)(P<0.01). The incidence of posterior capasular rupture of group A(7.8%)was higher than that of group B(3.7%), group C(1.1%)and group D(0.4%)(P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between group C and group D(P>0.05). There were no significant differences both in the number of corneal edema and BCDVA at 1d between group A and group B.(P=0.66, P=0.53).

CONCLUSION: With learning step by step, appropriate training program, careful case selection, and accurate managing complications, coxial microincision phacoemusification can be safe for a beginner.

Abstract:AIM: To discuss long-term changes of refractive status in children after congenital cataract intraocular lens(IOL)implantation and analyze its related influence factors.

METHODS: Seventy cases(110 eyes)with congenital cataract from January 2013 to January 2014 in our hospital were selected, according to the age of patients, they were divided into group A(<2 years old), group B(2～6 years old), group C(7～12 years old). They were all given cataract extraction combined with IOL implantation in congenital cataract. Corneal curvature, axial length, refractive status of three groups after operation were compared, the influence factors ocular axis changes were analyzed.

RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in corneal curvature of groups A, B, and C after operation(P>0.05); The differences had statistical significances of the corneal curvature of group A after surgery and 3mo after operation(P<0.05), there were no significant differences of the corneal curvature of group B, group C after surgery and 3mo after operation(P>0.05); the corneal curvature 3mo after operation of group A was significantly higher than that of groups B and C(P<0.05), there were no significant differences in the corneal curvature between group B, and group C after 3mo(P>0.05); There were no statistical significances on axial length after operation in groups A, B, and C(P>0.05); Ocular axial length difference of group A 3mo after surgery was significantly higher than that of groups B and C(P<0.05), ocular axial length had no statistical difference of group B, group c 3mo after surgery(P>0.05). Refractive status of three groups after operation showed myopia moving trend, refractive change rate and refractive diopter of group A after operation was significantly higher than that of group B, group C, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: After congenital cataract extraction combined with IOL implantation, patients present myopia refractive state trend. Performance of children below 2 years old is significant. The main factor of myopia is axial growth.

Abstract:AIM: To study the changes of pupil diameter and its effects during phacoemulsification.

METHODS:Block design, prospective study. 60 cataract patients(60 eyes)were selected, which divided into two groups according to the age, young age group(group A, 20 eyes of 20 patients)and older age group(group B, 40 eyes of 40 patients). Two groups were all given compound tropicamide eye drops for fully mydriasis before operation, computer software to process images during operation, and according to the cornea amplification ratio measure pupil diameter during the operation phase: before the corneal tunnel incision(t1), after injection of sodium hyalurantae(t2), before artificial lens implantation(t3), at the end of the surgery(t4). Statistical analysis of data using SPSS18.0 software.

RESULTS: The pupil diameter measurements of t1-t4 were followed respectively: group A were 8.36±0.65, 8.97±0.50, 8.67±0.63, 8.72±0.96mm; group B were 7.73±0.58, 8.23±0.59, 7.89±0.16, 7.70±0.63mm. Overall comparisons between the two groups, the pupil diameter measurements had differences during the operation phase(F=26.696,P< 0.05). Comparisons between the two groups at different time points: the pupil diameter of t1-t4 in group A was larger than that in group B, with statistically differences(P<0.05). The pupil diameter of each groups had a tendency to change in different operation phrases, with no statistically differences(F=2.617,P>0.05). Comparisons in a group at different time points: the pupil diameter of t2 was larger than that in t1, with statistically differences(P>0.05), the pupil diameter of t3 and t4 were decreased in group B, with statistically differences(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Compound tropicamide eye drops are given for mydriasis before operation, young patients with cataract and senile patients with cataract can achieve the effect of surgery for mydriasis, the pupil stability of phacoemulsification in senile patients with cataract are lower than that in young patients with cataract.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of limbal relaxing incision(LRI)for correcting corneal astigmatism during implantable collamer lens(ICL)surgery.

METHODS: A total of 185 eyes of 105 patients with high myopia and corneal keratometric astigmatism were included in the study. ICL surgery with concomitant relaxing incision was performed in 105 eyes of 60 patients in LRIs group(Group A). Eighty eyes of 45 patients only underwent ICL surgery were in control group(Group B). All patients undergone ophthalmic examination that included uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA), best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA), Pentacam analysis system to observe the changes of corneal astigmatism before and 1wk, 1 and 3mo after surgery.

RESULTS: Respectively comparing UCVA between two groups in 1 and 3mo postoperatively, the P values were considered statistically significant(P<0.05). But, respectively comparing BCVA between two groups in 1wk, 1 and 3mo postoperatively, the P values were considered no statistically significant(P>0.05). Preoperative corneal astigmatism was 1.52±0.55D in group A and 1.48±0.57D in group B, there was no statistically significant difference(P>0.05). One week postoperatively, the astigmatism was 0.55±0.41D in group A and 1.20±0.48D in group B. One month postoperatively, the astigmatism was 0.60±0.38D in group A and 0.93±0.47D. Three months postoperatively, the astigmatism was 0.51±0.32D in group A and 0.96±0.40D in group B. The difference between the two groups were statistically significant(P<0.05). The difference value of corned astigmatism before surgery and 1wk, 1 and 3mo after surgery had statistical significance(P<0.05). In LRIs group, at preoperative and postoperative time points, the average corneal astigmatism changes were also considered statistically significant difference(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: LRIs performed during ICL surgery appeared to be an effective and safer procedure to reduce pre-existing corneal astigmatism and improve UCVA as well as the visual quality.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate biological measurement parameters of anterior segment in acute angle-closure glaucoma(AACG).

METHODS: Forty-six eyes of 46 patients with AACG and 52 eyes of 52 patients with shallow anterior chamber and 50 eyes of 50 normal individuals were examined. The parameters of anterior segment including chamber crowd rate(CCR), lens thickness(LT), lens position(LP)and anterior chamber depth(ACD)were measured by A-ultrasound according to different ages in each group. The data were performed statistical analysis in three groups.

RESULTS: In each age range group(≥50～59 years old, ≥60～69 years old, ≥70 years old), statistically significant differences in three groups(AACG, shallow anterior chamber group and the controls)were found in CCR, LT, LP, ACD(P<0.01). There were statistically significant differences only in CCR(P<0.01)but not in LT,LP and ACD(P>0.05)between AACG and shallow anterior chamber group in each age range group.

CONCLUSION: CCR can be used as the index of evaluating crowding state of anterior segment in AACG patients and the sensitivity is better than LT and LP.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the curative effect of minimally invasive sclera buckling on single retinal detachment.

METHODS:Totally, 100 cases of patients with retinal detachment(106 eyes)enrolled in our hospital were randomly divided into observation group and control group, 53 eyes in each group. Patients in observation group were treated with minimally invasive sclera buckling, while patients in control group received traditional limbal conjunctival incision. After surgery, patients were all followed up for 6～18mo, during which the retinal recurrence situation, degree of vision enhancement and compliance occurrence rate was recorded.

RESULTS: The retinal reattachment rate once of observation group(96.22%)was significantly higher than that of control group(88.68%), there was statistically significance(P<0.05). The vision enhancement rate of observation group(84.90%)was significantly higher than that of control group(71.70%), there was statistically significance(P<0.05). The compliance occurrence rate of observation group(11.32%)was significantly lower than that of control group(32.08%), there was statistically significance(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The improved minimally invasive sclera buckling can significantly enhance the curative effect for retinal detachment, decrease the compliance occurrence rate, improve vision function, and is a scientific, practical and rigorous tool for retinal detachment treatment.

Abstract:AIM: To study the antioxidative stress effect of probucol for nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy.

METHODS:Sixty-eight clinic patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy were selected from January, 2012 to August, 2013. According to the random number table, the patients were divided into control group and observation group, the control group was received conventional medicine for hypoglycemic therapy, and the observation group was given probucol(0.375g, twice daily)on the basis of control group. All patients were followed up for average 11.58±0.17mo. At the same time 16 healthy volunteers matched with baseline were collected as normal control group. Changes in fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, the staging progress rate and the remission rate of diabetic retinopathy, and indicators related to oxidative stress, such as, total antioxide capacity(TAOC), superoxide dismutase(SOD), and methane dicarboxy aldehyde(MDA), of two groups of patients before and after therapy were observed.

RESULTS: Fasting blood glucose,postprandial blood glucose, and glycosylated hemoglobin of patients in two groups before and after therapy showed no significant changes, and the differences had no statistical significance. The staging remission rate and the progress rate of diabetic retinopathy of the control group after therapy were 3% and 19% respectively. The staging remission rate and the progress rate of diabetic retinopathy of the observation group after probucol therapy were 18% and 5% respectively. In comparison with the control group, the difference had statistical significance(P<0.05). TAOC, SOD, MDA of the control group before and after therapy had no obvious change, but TAOC, SOD of the observation group after therapy had significantly increased, and MDA had significantly decreased(P<0.05), with statistical significance in comparison with the changes of the patients in the control group after therapy(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION:Probucol can improve the antioxidative stress status of the patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, and enhance the therapeutic effect of the patients with diabetic retinopathy.

Abstract:AIM:To compare the effects of external approach microsurgery and conventional external approach surgery for retinal detachment(RD).

METHODS: From January 2010 to January 2013, 60 patients(60 eyes)in our hospital were randomly divided into experimental group(29 cases, 29 eyes)and control group(31 cases, 31 eyes), the external approach microsurgery and conventional external approach surgery were performed respectively(by the same skilled doctor). Retinal reattachment rate, visual acuity improvement rate and operative time were compared between two groups.

RESULTS: It cost shorter time for the external approach microsurgery than that of conventional external approach surgery(P=0.0087). The once successful retinal reattachment rate in experimental group was 93%(27 cases), which was higher than that in control group(90%, 28 cases), there was no statistical difference. The vision improvement rate in control group was 86%(25 cases), compare to 90%(28 cases)in experimental group, there was no statistical differences.

CONCLUSION: No statistical differences showed in visual acuity improvement and the once retinal reattachment rate between the two groups for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. However, it is believed that external approach microsurgery could be faster, easier to learn with satisfactory effect.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze the significance of intraocular scattered light and contrast sensitivity in cataract patient's visual quality.

METHODS: Seventy-three cases of cataract patients(120 eyes)in our department from January 2012 to January 2014 were selected, of which 32 cases(52 eyes)were cortical cataract, 18 cases(33 eyes)were nuclear cataract, 23 cases(35 eyes)were posterior subcapsular cataract, and 40 normal persons(40 eyes)were as the normal group. The full-eye corneal astigmatism and total astigmatism were observed in all those enrolled. The contrast sensitivity of different perspective was checked by automatic glare contrast sensitivity tester.

RESULTS: The corneal astigmatism and full eye total astigmatism in the cortical cataract group, nuclear cataract group and the posterior capsule cataract group was significantly higher than that in the normal group(P<0.05). The total astigmatism was no significant difference cataract in three groups of patients with corneal astigmatism and total full eye astigmatism(P>0.05). The contrast sensitivity in the cortical cataract group, nuclear cataract group and posterior subcapsular cataract group in the whole band were significantly lower than the normal group(P<0.05). The contrast sensitivity of posterior subcapsular cataract group in the whole band was significantly lower than cortical cataract groups and nuclear cataract group(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Intraocular scatter light and contrast sensitivity joint inspection can effectively evaluate the visual quality of cataract patients, which lead to early treatment.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the relationship between the morphologic changes of central serious chorioretinopathy(CSCR)and recovery of visual acuity visual acuity(VA).

METHODS: Thirty-eight eyes of thirty-eight patients with CSCR were studied and divided according to best corrected visual acuity(BCVA). Group 1, n=17(45%), VA 6/6-6/9(logMAR 0～0.176); Group 2, n=19(50%), VA 6/9-6/18(logMAR 0.176～0.477); Group 3, n=2(5%), VA less than 6/18(logMAR 0.477). All patients inspected by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography(SD-OCT).

RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 42.50±5.41years, the mean logMAR VA was 0.176±0.0185, retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)detachments in 21 eyes(55%), including single RPE detachments in 14 eyes(67%), and multiple confluent RPE detachments in 7 eyes(33%). Small bulge of RPE in 7 eyes(18%), granular deposition epi-RPE in 5 eyes(13%). The mean subretinal fluid height at the fovea was 259.11±128.78μm. The average photoreceptor lengths were 70.1±9.08μm, 81.6±8.16μm, and 91.9±8.03μm in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively, the mean subretinal fluid height at the fovea was 66.5±8.13μm, 67.8±7.49μm, and 58.6±7.26μm after 6mo, respectively. The mean outer nuclear layer thickness during the active stage was 93.10μm and it was 75.69μm after 6mo(P=0.012)

CONCLUSION: In the acute CSCR, VA showed statistically significant association with greater dimensions of subretinal fluid-particularly, greater subretinal fluid height and thinning of the outer nuclear layer at the fovea. The type of pigment epithelium detachment(PED), location, or fiber deposition has nothing to associate with VA. In resolved CSCR, VA has a significant associated with a persistently thinner outer nuclear layer.

Abstract:AIM:To study the effect of postural change on intraocular pressure(IOP)fluctuation in open angle glaucoma patients after trabeculectomy, and to discuss the value of this investigation on prognosis.

METHODS: Fifty-one cases(62 eyes)of primary open angle glaucoma were selected as the research object. Perkins ophthalmotonometer was used to test IOP at the time when patient seat(first seat). The patients were asked to lie supine for 25min, detected IOP, and the patients seated again(final seat), sustaining for 15min, detected IOP. According to whether the IOP range was more than 5mmHg, they were divided into high volatility fluctuation group and low volatility fluctuation group. We recorded their visual field progression(with AGIS score), HPA staging, in order to evaluate the correlation of IOP range with them. Reviews were made 3mo a time, and lasted for 1a, in order to evaluate the relation between IOP range and AGIS scores.

RESULTS: The IOP of first seat was 18.1+2.2mmHg. There was no significant difference in the same position(P>0.05). The IOP range was 4.1±1.5mmHg. Low volatility fluctuation group was more likely to have low AGIS score and to be early vision HPA(P<0.001, P<0.05). There were significantly positive correlation between IOP range and AGIS(r=0.412, P<0.001); With time increasing, the number of patients whose visual field progression was increased, and the IOP was also raised. At any time the two were positively correlated(P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: Visual field progression is related to the degree of IOP fluctuation in open angle glaucoma patients after trabeculectomy, so we can predict the prognosis of patients simply by detect IOP fluctuation. This is good to adjust the IOP control scheme.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the diopter after cataract surgery for vision gain in high myopia and its effect on visual outcomes.

METHODS: Sixty(120 eyes)high myopia combined with cataract cases received phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation in our hospital were retrospective studied. The patients were divided into three groups based on postoperative diopter: -1.0～-2.0D(group A), -2.25～-3.0D(group B)and -3.25～-4.0D(group C). The uncorrected distance visual acuity(UCDVA), best corrected distant visual acuity(BCDVA), uncorrected near visual acuity(UCNVA)and questionnaire of Activities of Daily Vision Scale(ADVS)were collected to assess the vision gain at 3mo after cataract surgery.

RESULTS: At 3mo after surgery, UCDVA of group A was better than that of group B, and UCDVA of group B was better than that of group C. There were no differences in BCDVA among groups. There were significant differences between the three groups' UCNVA, it was best for the group C, followed by the group B, group A was the worst. For questionnaire, no difference was observed in patients' satisfactory for surgical results, but a significant difference was detected in postoperative glasses wearing frequency between groups.

CONCLUSION:For cataract surgery in high myopia combined cataract, postoperative diopter should be calculated based on patients' daily requirements. For patients had not used to wearing glasses and near distant working condition, it's appropriated to reserve a minor degree of myopia. Conversely, for patients require near distant working and received wearing moderate and low hyperopia mirror, higher degree of myopia can be reserved.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze the reasons of impaired vision after LASIK and explore its preventive treatment measures preliminarily.

METHODS: In this retrospective study, 175 eyes of 134 patients whose vision was decreased after LASIK were included. The constituent ratio of every reason was counted and uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA)between pre-treatment and post-treatment were compared by paired t-test respectively.

RESULTS: The overall incidence of impaired vision after LASIK was 1.86%. The constituent ratio of regression was 51.43% and UCVA increased from 0.61±0.22 to 0.90±0.38(t=8.00, P<0.001)after treatment. The constituent ratio of punctate corneal epithelial defect was 32.57% and UCVA increased from 0.60±0.19 to 1.20±0.24(t=20.00, P<0.001)after treatment. The constituent ratio of accommodative spasm was 5.14% and UCVA increased from 0.76±0.21 to 1.32±0.22(t=8.14, P<0.001)after treatment. The constituent ratio of corneal flap shift and gauffer was 4% and UCVA increased from 0.29±0.26 to 1.24±0.28(t=6.33, P<0.001)after treatment. The constituent ratio of corticosteroid-induced ocular hypertension was 4% and UCVA increased from 0.57±0.05 to 1.0±0.16(t=2.53, P<0.05)after treatment. The constituent ratio of fundus lesions and diffuse lamellar keratitis(DLK)was 2.86% and UCVA all increased by different degrees after treatment.

CONCLUSION: The reasons of impaired vision after LASIK are many and varied. These cases could recover their vision by discovery and treatment in time, and the appropriate preventive measures were essential.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the factors and solutions of Tibetan Plateau excimer laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK)for myopia overcorrection.

METHODS: The relevant information, 32 cases(58 eyes)in 126 cases(252 eyes)had obvious overcorrection after LASIK were analyzed.

RESULTS: Two months after surgery, 32 cases(58 eyes)overcorrection(23.0%), uncorrected visual acuity of 0.5～0.8, overcorrection range of +1.50 ～ +2.25DS, subjective inserts were ≥1.0; Five case(7 eyes)overcorrection 6mo after surgery(2.8%), uncorrected visual acuity 0.8～1.0^-2, overcorrection range is +0.75 ～ +1.25DS, subjective inserts were ≥1.0. Corneal thickness of overcorrection was 500～563μm, preoperative refraction was -5.00 ～ -7.50D, astigmatism -1.50 ～ -2.75DC, preoperative best corrected visual acuity ≥1.0.

CONCLUSION: Overcorrection and long recovery time after LASIK in Tibet, possibly with local factors altitude, temperature, humidity, surgical parameters and situation.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the status of visual disability population in Yuzhong district of Chongqing, in order to provide a counter measure for improving their quality of life.

METHODS:The data of visual disability population was analyzed, which was registered in federation of the disabled of Yuzhong district of Chongqing from January 21, 2009 to July 17, 2013, collected the information of their gender and age constituent ratio, visual disability level differences, and the differences of their disability pathogeny.

RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the total numbers of male and female visual disability, and before the age of 60, the number of male was more than female, but after 60, it was opposite. The grade four of visual disability accounted for the largest proportion, followed by a level of grade one, two, and three. The main causes of visual disability in proper order were: ametropia(high myopia), retina and pigment membrane disease, ocular trauma, optic nerve disease, glaucoma, corneal disease, congenital anomaly or eccyliosis, cataract, amblyopia, agnogenic, methysis, trachoma, and the others(hyperpyrexia).

CONCLUSION: The diagnosis and treatment of juvenile in Yuzhong district must be strengthened, also include retina and pigment membrane disease, to reduce the visual disability caused by these diseases.

Abstract:AIM: To test the safety of using cardiac death donation(DCD)corneas for penetrating keratoplasty surgery graft.

METHODS: In chronological order, suing DCD corneas penetrating keratoplasty, corneal endothelial cell density and best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)were tested 3～4mo after surgery.

RESULTS: A total of 14 cases of DCD while 26 corneas were included in this study. Donors age ranged 0.5～61 years, averagely 38.3±15.6 years. Causes of death included that 9 cases of traumatic brain injury, 2 cases myocardial infarction, 2 cases brain stem hemorrhage, 1 case of respiratory and circulatory failure. All 26 patients underwent penetrating keratoplasty, no rejection occurred and all grafts were transparent 3～4mo after surgery. Three to four months after surgery, corneal endothelial cell density ranged 794～4 347/mm², averaged 2 305±827/mm², within which was only one case was lower than 1 000/mm²(3.8%), while 9 cases ranged from 1 000～2 000/mm²(34.6%), 16 cases were higher than 2 000/mm²(61.5%). The age of all the 26 receipts were from 20～80 years, mean 40.7±17.1 years. BCVA before surgery was light perception positive to 0.08, with an average 0.027±0.024. Three to four months after surgery, BCVA were 0.2～0.8, with an average 0.52±0.182 in contrast(t=3.96, P<0.001).

CONCLUSION: DCD donated corneas could be used for penetrating keratoplasty graft with high security.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the efficacy of highly hydrophilic soft contact lenses for persistent corneal epithelial defects.

METHODS:In this retrospective case analysis, 28 patients(28 eyes)with persistent corneal epithelial defects after anterior segment surgery from January 2011 to June 2013 in our hospital were reviewed. After regular treatment for at least 2wk, the persistent corneal epithelial defects were treated with highly hydrophilic soft contact lenses, until the corneal epithelial healing. Continued to wear the same lens no more than 3wk, or in need of replacement the new one. All cases were followed up for 6mo. Key indicators of corneal epithelial healling, corneal fluorescein staining and ocular symptoms improvement were observed.

RESULTS: Twenty-one eyes were cured(75.00%), markedly effective in 5 eyes(17.86%), effective in 2 eyes(7.14%), no invalid cases, the total efficiency of 100.00%. Ocular symptoms of 25 cases(89.29%)relieved within 2d, the rest 3 cases(10.71%)relieved within 1wk. The corneal epithelial of 6 cases(21.43%)repaired in 3wk, 13 cases(46.43%)in 6wk, 7 cases(25.00%)in 9wk, 2 cases(7.14%)over 12wk. There were no signs of secondary infection. And no evidence of recurrence in 6mo.

CONCLUSION: Highly hydrophilic soft contact lenses could repair persistent corneal epithelial defects after anterior segment surgery significantly, while quickly and effectively relieve a variety of ocular irritation.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the feasibility, safety and effect of the full-thickness lamellar keratoplasty for the treatment of pseudomonas aeruginosa corneal ulcer.

METHODS: Based on a retrospective non-controlled study, 25 patients were given the full-thickness lamellar keratoplasty for clinical diagnosis of pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and corneal ulcer medication conventional anti-gram-negative bacteria. Routine follow-up were carried out at postoperative 1wk; 1, 3, 6, 12, 18mo to observe the situation of corneal epithelial healing, recurrent infection, immune rejection, graft transparency and best corrected visual acuity, etc. At the 6 and 12mo postoperative, corneal endothelial cell density was reexamined.

RESULTS: No patients because of Descemet's membrane rupture underwent penetrating keratoplasty surgery: One only in cases of bacterial infection after 1mo, once again did not cultivate a culture of bacteria pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the remaining 24 cases average follow-up 14±6mo, corneal graft were transparent, the cure rate was 96%. At the sixth month after surgery, there were 16 cases of eye surgery best corrected visual acuity ≥4.5, of which 3 cases ≥4.8. At the sixth month after surgery, the average corneal endothelial cell density 2 425±278/mm²; At 12mo postoperatively, it was 2 257± 326/mm².

CONCLUSION: Full-thickness lamellar keratoplasty is an effective method of pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in the treatment of corneal ulcers, corneal drying material glycerol can be achieved by visual effects.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of phototherapeutic keratectomy(PTK)in the treatment of bullous keratopathy(BK).

METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 60 cases(60 eyes)of BK patients from Department of Ophthalmology in our hospital October 2011 to July 2014 was undergone. Clinical data of all patients with treatment of PTK were analyzed. Best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), corneal curvature, corneal astigmatism, corneal thickness and corneal endothelial cell density(ECD), postoperative complications before and after surgery were compared.

RESULTS: BCVA, corneal curvature, corneal astigmatism of patients before surgery were 0.05±0.01 and 37.02±5.38, 1.08±0.67D, which were significantly less than those of postoperative(respectively 0.45±0.13 and 46.27±7.02, 1.92±0.73D), the differences were statistically significant(all P<0.05). Corneal thickness of patients was 492.33±18.27μm before surgery, which was higher than that after surgery 377.27±22.49μm(P<0.05). The difference of visual acuity before and after surgery was statistically significant in this group(P<0.05). During the follow-up period of 6mo, no recurrence of the original corneal lesions, only 2 cases of postoperative slight haze, it was completely dissipated after given the hormone eye drops.

CONCLUSION: Excimer laser technology has high safety in the treatment of bullous keratopathy, it should be promoted in clinical practice.

Abstract:AIM:To explore clinical efficacy of hyperosmotic glucose after cataract surgery.

METHODS: Eighty eyes(80 cases)with II level and above grades corneal edema after small incision cataract operation were enrolled. They were randomly divided into treatment group and control group. Control group used TobraDex eye drops and other conventional treatment and the treatment group received hyperosmotic glucose(500g/L)with the bases of the control group. The regression of corneal edema was observed by slit lamp microscope. SPSS 17.0 statistical software was used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS: The level of corneal edema at the first day after surgery, age, sexuality and nuclear hardness in the treated group were compared with those in the control group, the differences were without significances(P>0.05). Disappearance time of corneal edema was 4.95±3.62d of the treatment group, and was 6.80±3.33d of the control group, the treatment group was better than control group(t=8.55, P=0.00).

CONCLUSION: Hyperosmotic glucose has exact and obvious efficacy for early corneal edema after cataract surgery.

Abstract:AIM: To observe and compare the influence of different incision cataract phacoemulsification on comprehensive state in patients.

METHODS: Sixty patients with cataract who were treated with phacoemulsification in our hospital from November 2012 to May 2014 were selected as research object, and they were divided into group A(corneal incision group)30 cases and group B(corneoscleral rim incision group)30 cases according to the disease state. Epithelial and incision repair time, tear break-up time, tear secretion, corneal staining score and tear related indexes before and after the treatment of two groups were respectively analyzed and compared.

RESULTS: The epithelial and incision repair time constitution of group B were better than those of group A, the incision repair time, tear break-up time, tear secretion, corneal staining score and tear related indexes at 1,7, 14 and 28d after the treatment were all significantly better than those of group A too, there were all significant differences(all P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The application value of corneoscleral rim incision in the patients with cataract phacoemulsification is relatively higher,and bad influence of this method for the patients is smaller, the postoperative recovery of comprehensive state are faster.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the clinic effects and complication of Ahmed glaucoma valve(AGV)implantation in refractory glaucoma by using the 23G syringe needle direct puncture the sclerotic tunnel.

METHODS: Forty-four cases(44 eyes)of refractory glaucoma underwent AGV implantation by useing the 23G syringe needle direct puncture the sclerotic tunnel. The intraocular pressure(IOP), visual acuity, and complication of post-operation were contrasted with those of pre-operation.

RESULTS:The success rate was 84.1%, the mean preoperative IOP in research group was 52.1±10.1mmHg, and the last follow up mean IOP was 15.6±6.9mmHg. Compared with the preoperative visual acuity, 11 eyes increased, 27 eyes had no changes and 6 eyes decreased. The main post-operative complications included shallow anterior chamber(4 eyes), choroidal detachment(3 eyes), drainage tube shift(1 eye), hyphema(6 eyes), drainage tube blockage(1 eye), expulsive choroidal hemorrhage(1 eye), and fiber wrap of drainage tray(5 eyes).

CONCLUSION: AGV implantation by direct puncture the sclerotic tunnel is feasible and easy. It avoids of making sclerotic petal and the xenogenic sclera transplanting, simplified the operation technique, prevent the leakage of around tube. The shallow anterior chamber rate is lower. It is an effective procedure for refractory glaucoma.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the risk factors of diabetic retinopathy(DR)in type 2 diabetes patients.

METHODS: A total of 380 cases of type 2 diabetes were selected from January 2014 to June 2014, divided into DR group(126 cases)and non-diabetic retinopathy(NDR)as control group(254 cases), all patients were underwent medical history, physical examinations, laboratory and assistance examinations. The prevalence and single factor and multiple factors of DR were analysed by the logistic regression model.

RESULTS: The univariate logistic regression analysis showed that DR was associated with diabetes duration, systolic blood pressure, triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, urine protein, intraocular pressure, carotid intima-media thickness, peripheral neuropathy disease was the related risk factors for DR. In multiple logistic regression analysis, only duration was the related risk factors for DR.

CONCLUSION: The occurrence of DR is the outcome of combined action of multiple factors, duration is an independent risk factor for occurrence of DR.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the effect and advantage of performing rhegmatogenous retina detachment surgery under operation microscope with under direct ophthalmoscopes.

METHODS: Ninety-three patients(93 eyes)were randomized to two groups, Group A(under operation microscope during rhegmatogenous retina detachment surgery, 47 cases), Group B(under direct ophthalmoscopes during rhegmatogenous retina detachment surgery, 46 cases). All patients were followed up for 2wk to observe success rate and visual improving rate.

RESULTS: Total percentage of success was 95.74% in group A and 80.43% in group B. The visual improving rate of group A was 82.98% and it was 67.39% in group B. Operative time in group A was significantly shorter than that in group B(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Performing rhegmatogenous retina detachment surgery under operation microscope is ascertaining and it is more effective and handy than performing that surgery under direct ophthalmoscopes.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of applying visual electrophysiological examination, including flash visual evoked potentials(FVEP), flash electroretinogram(FERG), pattrn electroretinogram(PERG), fundus photography, eye B-type ultrasound, optical coherence tomography(OCT), on visual function assessment and retinal disease detection before cataract surgery.

METHODS: Visual elctrophysiological examination,fundus photography, eye B-type ultrasound and OCT were applied in 148 cases(196 eyes). The positive rate was analyzed according to the results of FVEP, FERG(or PERG), fundus photography, eye B-type ultrasound and OCT.

RESULTS: In 148 cases(196 eyes), vitreous opacities was showed in 165 eyes(84.2%)by eye B-type ultrasound examination, 31 eyes(15.8%)without access to B-type ultrasound image; success for fundus camera images in 161 eyes(80.6%), and unable to get image in 35 eyes(19.4%); the VEP and ERG in 58 eyes(29.6%)were get valuable, and the VEP and ERG were saw no obvious abnormal in 138 eyes(70.4%); success for OCT image in 167 eyes(85.2%), without access to OCT image in 29 eyes(14.8%).

CONCLUSION: Visual elctrophysiological detection,fundus photography, eye B-type ultrasound and OCT can predict the preoperative visual acuity of cataractous patients. A variety of inspection methods complement each other, can further improve detection rate of retinal diseases and other eye disease before cataract surgery.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the clinical curative effect of calcium dobesilate capsule and yimaikang tablet for treating retinal vein occlusion(RVO).

METHODS:A total of 120 patients(167 eyes)with RVO were divided into 2 groups at random. The control group of 60 cases(82 eyes)were given calcium dobesilate capsule, and the treatment group of 60 cases(85 eyes)received calcium dobesilate capsule and yimaikang tablet. Changes of visual acuity and clinical effects after 3 courses of treatment were compared and analyzed for all patients.

RESULTS: Markedly effective 15 cases(23 eyes), effective 42 cases(57 eyes)and invalid 3 cases(5 eyes)in the 60 cases(85 eyes)of the treatment group, the total effective rate was 94.1%. Eighty-two eyes of 60 cases in the control group, markedly effective in 8 cases(12 eyes), effective 38 cases(49 eyes), ineffective 14 cases(21 eyes), The total effective rate was 74.4% in the control group. There were significant differences between the 2 groups of curative effect, and low incidence rate of adverse reaction.

CONCLUSION: Calcium dobesilate capsules and yimaikang tablet is effective and safe in the treatment of RVO.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the effective method for the treatment of complicated ocular trauma accompanied with cyclodialysis.

METHODS:Sixty-eight cases of complexity ocular trauma with cyclodialysis in different degrees were undergone vitrectomy and(or)combined with ciliary body reduction.

RESULTS:All patients were followed up for 10～36mo(mean 17.0±5.7mo). The postoperative visual acuity was better than that of preoperation(P<0.05). Compared with preoperative, intraocular pressure was significantly increased(P<0.05). Successful rate of ciliary body restoration was 91%.

CONCLUSION: For the complicated ocular trauma accompaniedwith cyclodialysis, vitrectomy and(or)ciliary body reduction is an effective treatment method.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the reliability and short-term and mid-term efficacy of a new designed multi-functional lacrimal sac nasal drainage stent on the treatment of nasolacrimal duct obstruction after endonasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy(EES-DCR), and to evaluate its clinical application value.

METHODS: A retrospective case series study was carried out. Seventy-six patients(79 eyes)with nasolacrimal duct obstruction underwent EES-DCR and a new type of multi-functional lacrimal sac nasal drainage stent was implanted. The nasal lacrimal drainage stent was pulled out 2～3mo later after surgery and the patients received 3～6mo follow-up afterwards.

RESULTS: In 79 eyes, stents were successfully implanted in 77 eyes(97.5%). All stents of 77 eyes could be pulled out successfully 2～3mo after the operation. Sixty eyes were cured with unobstructed lacrimal irrigation and symptom of epiphora disappeared; 15 eyes were improved of epiphora and mild reflux during lacrimal irrigation were found, overall effective rate was 97.4%, 2 eyes failed in stent implantation. In 6mo follow-up, nocomplications such as stent displacement or slip was occurred, the epithelization of anastomotic stoma was good.

CONCLUSION: Surgical technique of using the multi-function nasolacrimal stent is simple and fast, and implantation of the new designed stents has a rapid recovery with fewer complications. The usage of the new stents not only improves the success rate but also broadens surgical indications of EES-DCR, it is a safe and effective method for the treatment of nasolacrimal duct obstruction.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the adjuvant therapeutic effect of silicone oil and ointment applied to the lacrimal laser angioplasty.

METHODS: Totally, 134 eyes of 102 cases who were diagnosed as lacrimal duct obstruction(except chronic dacryocystitis)were divided into two groups. Sixty eyes were performed laser plastic operation and silicone oil filling. Seventy-four eyes were adopted laser plastic operation with cloth enzyme dexamethasone eye ointment filling. All patients were followed up for 3～15mo. The clinical effect and the number of irrigation of two groups were compared 3mo after treatment, and to assess the merits of the method.

RESULTS: The efficiency of the silicone oil group was 87% and that of the eye ointment group was 84%. There was no statistically significant difference(P>0.05). The number of lacrimal duct flushing of the silicone oil group was 7.20±1.22 times among postoperative 3mo, and that of the eye ointment group was 7.96±1.79 times. The number of lacrimal duct exploration through of the silicone oil group was 0.62±0.87 times, that of the eye ointment group was 1.43±1.48 times. There was statistically significant differences compared between the two groups(both P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The effect of laser plastic operation and silicone oil filling treating obstructive diseases of lacrimal duct is similar to laser plastic operation with cloth enzyme dexamethasone eye ointment, but the postoperative care of the former is more simple. Patients can significantly reduce the frequency of lacrimal duct flushing and lacrimal duct exploration through.

Abstract:AIM:To explore treatment efficacy of the lower eyelid twitch muscle transposition surgery in senile entropion.

METHODS: Fifty cases(86 eyes)of senile lower eyelid entropion patients underwent lower eyelid twitch muscle transposition correction surgery as the experimental group, and the other 42 cases(68 eyes)of senile lower eyelid entropion patients received orbicularis muscle shortening correction as controls group. The correction rate, double eyelid symmetry and overcorrection rate of patients were observed one week after surgery. The patients were followed up for 6～12mo to be observed the long-term recurrence rate, double eyelid symmetry and overcorrection rate.

RESULTS: One week after operation, eyelid symmetry, overcorrection rate of experimental group and control group had significant difference(P<0.05); After followed up for 6～12mo, eyelid symmetry, overcorrection rate of experimental group and control group had significant difference(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Folding and orbicularis muscle shortening treatment of senile entropion was compared with the lower eyelid twitch muscle transposition surgery treatment of senile entropion, We can find that clinical results in double eyelid surgery symmetry and overcorrection rate are of obvious advantage.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the clinical efficacy of treatment on recurrent pterygium using different concentration mitomycin C(MMC)in the pterygium excision operation combined with the corneal limbal stem cell autografting(CLSCA).

METHODS: Sixty patients(65 eyes)with recurrent pterygium were randomly divided into three groups. All cases were accepted CLSCA, 21 patients(22 eyes)were given 0.15g/L MMC during operation, 20 patients(22 eyes)were given 0.25g/L MMC during operation, 19 patients(21 eyes)were given 0.4g/L MMC during operation. The patients were followed up for 6mo to 2a.

RESULTS: The recurrent rates of the three groups were 9%, 5%, 5% respectively. There was no statistically significant differences(P>0.05). The complication rates of the three groups were 5%, 36%, 33% respectively. There were statistically significant differences(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The treatment to the recurrent pterygium using low concentration MMC has the similar recurrence rates, but the complication rate was lower, it is an ideal operation method, and it is worth popularization and application.

Abstract:AIM: To compare and analyze the clinical treatment effect of primary pterygium with amniotic membrane transplantation, autologous corneal limbus stem cell transplantation and intraoperative application of 0.2g/L mitomycin C.

METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 232 patients who were underwent primary pterygium surgery was performed. Eighty-two cases were treated with amniotic membrane transplantation, 90 with autologous corneal limbus stem cell transplantation, and 60 with intraoperative application of 0.2g/L mitomycin C. The postoperative recurrence and complications of three operative methods were compared.

RESULTS: The recurrence rate of autologous corneal limbus stem cell transplantation and intraoperative application of 0.2g/L mitomycin C was lower than that of amniotic membrane transplantation(P<0.05). The recurrence rate between autologous corneal limbus stem cell transplantation and intraoperative application of 0.2g/L mitomycin C had no difference(P>0.05). Corneal epithelium defect, tears and photophobia were higher in 0.2g/L mitomycin C group(P<0.05), which were no statistical difference between autologous corneal limbus stem cell transplantation and amniotic membrane transplantation(P>0.05). Conjunctival congestion and subconjunctival hemorrhage in three groups had no statistical difference(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: Compared with other two operative methods,autologous corneal limbus stem cell transplantation for primary pterygium has the advantages of lower recurrence rate and less complications.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the clinical results of pterygium excision combined with conjunctival autograft transplantation using fibrin glue.

METHODS: A total of 60 patients(60 eyes)with primary nasal pterygium were randomly divided into two groups: the fibrin glue group(experimental group, 30 eyes)and suture group(control group, 30 eyes). All patients underwent pterygium excision combined with conjunctival autograft transplantation. In the experimental group autograft was attached to sclera with fibrin glue while in control group 10-0 polyamide was used. The patients were followed up for 6mo. The time of operation, post operation comfort, complications and recurrence were evaluated.

RESULTS:The average surgical time was 24.5±6.5min with fibrin glue group while 35.2±5.4min with suture group, with statistically significant difference between two groups(P<0.05). Pain and foreign body sensation was significantly less with fibrin glue group than that in the control group(P<0.05). No severe postoperative complication occurred both in two groups. The incidence of subconjunctival hemorrhage in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group(P<0.05). 1 case(3%)of fibrin glue group, 3 cases(10%)of suture group had recurrence at the end of follow up 6mo.

CONCLUSION:It's a safe and effective way to attach conjunctival autograft during pterygium surgery by fibrin glue. It can reduce surgical time, postoperative complications and relieve postoperative discomfort.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the effect of releasing aqueous humor of anterior chamber through lateral incision of cornea in treating early elevated intraocular pressure(IOP)after implantation of implantable collamer lens(ICL).

METHODS: Patients with elevated IOP were analyzed after ICL implantation. When the IOP>25mmHg, aqueous humor was released slowly through lateral incision of cornea, and made the IOP reduce to 10～13mmHg. After operation, IOP was measured every 2h. The releasing of aqueous humor was repeated until the IOP was decreased to normal.

RESULTS: One hundred sixty-seven patients(330 eyes)were implanted ICL, while the IOP of 32 patients(62 eyes)was higher than 25mmHg after ICL implantation.Viscoelastic material was found in aqueous humor of most of high IOP patients, and the IOP of 48 eyes did not increase again through releasing aqueous humor once. The IOP of all these eyes was decreased to normal through releasing aqueous humor in 3 times at most. There were no abnormal in postoperative follow-up.

CONCLUSION:The main reason of early elevated IOP after ICL implantation is the remaining of viscoelastic material of eyes. Releasing aqueous humor through lateral incision of cornea can decrease IOP effectively. It is a simple, safe, painless and repetition, which the patients are willing to accept.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the efficacy of combined pranoprofen eye drops and artificial tears on the treatment of mild to moderate dry eye syndrome after trabbeculectomy.

METHODS: This prospective case control study included 63 cases(63 eyes)of patients with mild to moderate dry eye syndrome after trabbeculectomy in our hospital from November 2013 to June 2013. All subjects were randomly divided into two groups. Observation group was treated with combined pranoprofen eye drops and artificial tears and control group received simple artificial tears marking the eyes at 1, 2, 4wk. The patient's symptoms, signs, BUT, SⅠt, and FL were observed before treatment and 1, 2, 4wk after treatment.

RESULTS:After 2wk, the symptoms of observation group were improved, there was statistically significant difference(P<0.05). FL difference of each group was statistically significant(P<0.05); After 4wk, symptoms and signs were improved. There was statistically significant difference(P<0.05). The BUT of the observation group and corneal FL scores of two groups showed significant differences(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Artificial tears joint pranoprofen eye drops has good curative effect in the treatment of mild to moderate dry eye syndrome after trabbeculectomy.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the effect of rigid gas permeable contact lens(RGP)in correcting high myopia and astigmatism.

METHODS: Forty-one patients(65 eyes)with myopia(-9.03±6.19DS, maximum -23.00DS)and astigmatism(-1.41±1.32DC, maximum -5.50DC)were fitted with RGP after strict routine ophthalmological examination, objective refraction and subjective refraction. All these patients were followed after 1wk, 1, 3mo and half one year.

RESULTS: Sixty-five eyes were fitted with RGP(-9.92±5.96DS). RGP base curve(BC)was majorly located within the range 7.20～8.25mm. 46.2% eyes with RGP achieved 1.0(BCVA)and 80.1% achieved above 0.6(BCVA). However, with spectacles, the percent was 28%(1.0)and 60%(>0.6), respectively. BCVA of RGP was 0.81±0.22, but BCVA with spectacles was 0.66±0.28, there was statistical significance(P<0.01). There were 40 eyes(62%)fitted with RGP whose vision were enhanced more than 1 line, 24 eyes(37%)whose vision were not changed and 1 eye(2%)whose vision were dropped 1 line.

CONCLUSION: RGP effectively improves visual acuity of high myopia and astigmatism compared with spectacles.

Abstract:AIM: To explore a formula between the diopter, cornea diopter(CD), anteriou chamber depth(ACD), lens thickness(LENS), vitreous depth(VITR), and ocular axis longitude(AL)of high school students in certain middle school, and to predict the diopter with the biometry data of refractive factors on the students.

METHODS: The related ocular examinations were performed to 364 eyes of 182 high school students in certain middle school by cluster sampling method. Optometry was for diopter and A-ultrasonic biometry was for ACD, LENS, VITR, and AL. The data were analyzed with SPSS to sum up a poly-variation liner regression formula that can express their quantitative relationship.

RESULTS: A poly-variation liner regression was got. The formula was D=69.750-0.724×CD-0.630×ACD-2.207×LENS-1.728×VITR(r=0.87).

CONCLUSION: The diopter of high school students seems able to be predicted through biometric data of CD, ACD, LENS and VITR.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effect of peripheral vision control technology for delaying the development of juvenile myopia.

METHODS: A total of ninty-nine cases of 12～18 year-old myopic patients were randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group was peripheral vision control technology group whose members wore the special lenses which can help correct the hypermetropic defocus of peripheral retina. The other was control group whose members wore ordinary monofocal lenses. All the subjects needed to accept re-examination every 3mo and be recorded the data of dioptre, corneal curvature and axial length.

RESULTS: After 18mo, the dioptre and axial length of two groups had increased in varying degree. But the data's different quantity of the corneal curvature in each group had no statistical significance(P>0.05). Themyopia deepen quantity in experimental group was -0.65±0.65D and its axial growth was 0.23±0.22mm, and the myopia deepen quantity in control group was -1.17±0.50D and its axial growth was 0.41±0.17mm. Under the circumstance of valid data, the increment of myopia and axial length in experimental group was lower than that in control group(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Peripheral vision control technology can delay the development of juvenile myopia effectively.