Abstract:AIM: To observe the outcome of application of water sac under the conjunctival flap formation combing with adjustable suture in estimating and controlling the post-operational filtering outflow in compound trabeculectomy.

METHODS: Totally 200 eyes of 186 cases of primary glaucoma were randomly divided into observation group and compared group. All eyes of observation group underwent application of water sac under the conjunctival flap formation combining with ajdustable suture and mitomycin-C in compound trabeculectomy. Eyes in control group underwent compound trabeculectomy only. All cases were observed for 12 months, including visual acuity, intraocular pressure(IOP), filtering blebs, depth of anterior chamber, and other complications.

RESULTS: In the early term after operation, the shallow anterior chamber and other complication in observation group was obviously less than that in control group. In the far term after operation, the IOP in observation group was lower than that in control group, visual loss and non functional blebs in observation group was obviously less than that in control group.

CONCLUSION: Water sac under the conjunctival flap formation combining with adjustable suture in compound trabeculectomy is useful for controlling IOP, and less complication(bleb leakage, shallow anterior chamber, malignant glaucoma etc.)

Abstract:AIM: To assess the hemodynamic changes in the extraocular orbital vessels of amblyopic patients in comparison with non-amblyopic fellow eyes, using color Doppler ultrasonography(CDU).

METHODS: Thirty-six eyes of 18 pediatric patients were included in the study(20 amblyopic, 16 normal). All eyes underwent color Doppler ultrasonography examination of ophthalmic artery, central retinal artery, and posterior ciliary artery.

RESULTS: The only differences between the two groups with regard to color Doppler ultrasonography parameters was the significantly lower peak systolic velocity(32.70±11.60 vs 55.01±11.68, P=0.001)and end-diastolic velocity(6.83±1.91 vs 13.99±4.15, P=0.001)for ophthalmic artery in amblyopic eyes.

CONCLUSION: Our study showed amblyopic eyes may present a decrease in retrobulbar blood flow velocity.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the neuroprotective effect of rho-associated coiled coil-forming protein kinase(ROCK)inhibitor y-39983 on retinal ischemia reperfusion(IR)injury in rats.

METHODS: Sixty adult SD rats were randomly assigned into normal group(n=15), IR group(n=15), saline group(n=15), y-39983 group(n=15), and the rats in later three groups were induced retinal IR by intra-anterior chamber infusion of saline solution. Rats in the saline and y-39983 groups were intravitreously injected with normal saline and y-39983 respectively, 5 minutes prior to the induction of ischemia. The protein expression of intercellular cell adhesion molecules-1(ICAM-1)was determined by immunohistochemical staining. Retrograde labeling of retinal ganalion cells(RGCs)with fluorogold was performed to assess the number of RGCs. Histologic studies and electroretinogram were carried out to evaluate retinal damage.

RESULTS: The preadminisration of y-39983 decreased ICAM-1 expression, elevated the survival rate of RGCs and the recoverage rate of amplitude of b wave and O₂ wave significantly, and attenuated the IR-induced the thinning of inner retina.

CONCLUSION: y-39983 can protect the rat retina from IR injury at least partially by inhibiting ICAM-1 abnormal expression, suggesting that y-39983 may have therapeutic potential for the retinal diseases associated with IR.

Abstract:AIM: To discuss the expression and clinical significance of Pax6 gene in retinoblastoma(Rb).

METHODS: Totally 15 cases of fresh Rb organizations were selected as observation group and 15 normal retinal organizations as control group. Western-Blot and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)methods were used to detect Pax6 protein and Pax6 mRNA expressions of the normal retina organizations and Rb organizations. At the same time, Western Blot method was used to detect the Pax6 gene downstream MATH5 and BRN3b differentiation gene protein level expression. After the comparison between two groups, the expression and clinical significance of Pax6 gene in Rb were discussed.

RESULTS: In the observation group, average value of mRNA expression of Pax6 gene was 0.99±0.03; average value of Pax6 gene protein expression was 2.07±0.15; average value of BRN3b protein expression was 0.195±0.016; average value of MATH5 protein expression was 0.190±0.031. They were significantly higher than the control group, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Abnormal expression of Pax6 gene is likely to accelerate the occurrence of Rb.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the role and underlying mechanisms of nogo receptor(NgR)on the apoptosis of retinal ganglion cell in rats with diabetes mellitus(DM).

METHODS: SD rats were used for inducing DM models by administrating streptozotocin. Studies were performed with control group, DM group, siNgR group: DM rats intravitreal administration of anti-NgR nucleotide, and siRNA control group: DM rats intravitreally administrated with negative nucleotide. One month later, TUNEL staining was conducted to detect apoptosis of retinal ganglion cell(RGC), level of retinal malondialdehyde(MDA)were detected with kit, and expression of NgR and caspase-3 were observed with Western blot.

RESULTS: The level of retinal MDA in control group, DM group, siNgR group and siRNA control group were 3.74±0.49, 7.21±0.96, 6.41±1.34 and 4.02±0.53nmol/mg prot respectively. A significant increase in the number of TUNEL-positive RGC, the expression of retinal NgR and caspase-3, and the level of retinal MDA were detected in DM and siNgR groups compared with control group(P<0.05). However, the number of TUNEL-positive RGC, the expression of retinal NgR and caspase-3, and the level of retinal MDA showed no difference between control group and siNgR group(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: NgR induces retinal oxidative stress and up-regulation of retinal caspase-3, playing an important role in the apoptosis of diabetic RGC.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the relationship between pathological myopia and the LAMA1 gene.

METHODS: Individuals with pathological myopia and control subjects of Chinese Southern Han were selected. Genomic DNA was collected from 5mL peripheral blood, then the exon27, exon36 in the LAMA1 gene were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction(PCR)and direct sequencing. Allele frequencies were tested for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium(HWE). The χ ² Fisher test was conducted to investigate the genotypic and allelic distri-bution between the pathological myopia and control groups.

RESULTS: In this study, no gene mutation was identified in the exon27, exon36 in the LAMA1 gene.

CONCLUSION: The relationship between pathological myopia and the LAMA1 gene is still waiting for the further proof.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the effect of the treatment of fungal keratitis with natamycin,recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor eye gel and iodine cautery.

METHODS: Totally 160 fungal keratitis patients were randomly divided into test group one(60 cases), group two(67 cases)and control group(33 cases). Three groups were all treated by iodine cautery at first. Then the test group was treated with 50g/L natamycin eye drops and the test group two was given 50g/L natamycin and bFGF eye gel. The control group was only treated by 2g/L fluconazole eye drops. Then the therapeutic effect and duration of treatment between the three groups were analyzed.

RESULTS: The cure rates of three treatment groups were 71.7%, 76.1% and 51.5%, respectively. The effective rates were 90.0%, 91.0% and 78.8%, respectively. There were statistical differences between two test groups and the control group(P <0. 05). The average healing time of cured cases in the three groups were 20±15, 16±12, 30±13d, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between the two test groups and the control group.

CONCLUSION: The combined treatment of novel antifungal 50g/L natamycin, cell growth factor bFGF with traditional iodine cauterization is remarkable effective for fungal keratitis, especially early stage patients.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the clinical visual quality after implantation of two kinds of AcrySof ReSTOR aspherical intraocular lens(IOL), and also to analyze the relative factors.

METHODS: Forty patients with cataract(80 eyes)were divided into two groups: Group A(20 patients, 40 eyes): implanted with AcrySof ReSTOR+3D(SN6AD1); Group B(20 patients, 40 eyes): implanted with AcrySof ReSTOR+4D(SN6AD3). Uncorrected distance visual acuity(UCDVA), uncorrected intermediate visual acuity(UCIVA), uncorrected near visual acuity(UCNVA)were observed at 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3 month postoperatively. BCDVA, BCNVA, DCNVA, DCIVA, aberration, contrast sensitivity were examined at 3 month postoperatively. Binocular defocus curve-a full range of vision also were examined at 3 month postoperatively.

RESULTS: All of the eyes had best UCDVA, but, group A showed statistical superiority in UCIVA at 1 day, 1 week, 1 month and 3 month(P<0.05). It showed no statistical difference in UCNVA at 1 week, 1 month and 3 month, but except 1 day after surgery. Both two groups showed no statistical difference in BCDVA, BCNVA, DCNVA, DCIVA, aberration and contrast sensitivity at 3 month postoperatively(P>0.05). Binocular defocus curve-a full range of vision showed that group A had two focuses at +0.0D and -3.0D, but, besides the two focus:+0.0D and -2.5D, group B also had a platform level from -2.0D to -2.5D. Questionnaire showed that both of two groups had no obviously visual disturbance(t=-0.87, P>0.05). But, aspherical AcrySof ReSTOR+3D IOL showed more superior vision performance in intermediate vision.

CONCLUSION: The aspherical AcrySof ReSTOR+3D IOL can provide patients with excellent outcomes in distant, intermediate and near vision. Compared with aspherical AcrySof ReSTOR+4D, it shows more superior vision performance in intermediate vision, reduces the dependence on spectacles and improves the quality-of-life.

Abstract:AIM: To obverse visual acuity, pseudophakic accommodation, visual performance after implantation of the Tetraflex accommodative intraocular lens(IOL)in patients with age-related cataract.

METHODS: Case -control study. Forty-eight patients(seventy-two eyes)with age-related cataract received phacoemulsification and implantation of artificial intraocular lens in our department during March 2010 to December 2012. The patients were randomly divided into 2 groups: Tetraflex group( 23 cases 35 eyes)and SA60AT group(25 cases 37 eyes). All patients were assessed for visual acuity, accommodation amplitude and contrast sensitivity visual acuity in 1, 3 and 6mo after the surgery. The indexes were analyzed by SPSS 13.0 statistics software.

RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in uncorrected distance visual acuity(UCDVA)and best-corrected distance visual acuity(BCDVA)between the two groups(P>0.05); while there were statistically significant differences in uncorrected near visual acuity(UCNVA)and distance-corrected near vision acuity(DCNVA)(P<0.05). There was no significant difference of contrast sensitivity between the 2 groups(P>0.05). The Tetraflex group has best accommodative amplitude than the SA60AT group(P<0.05), and there was no significant difference of contrast sensitivity between the 2 groups(P>0.05). The Tetraflex group had higher rate of spectable independence than the SA60AT group(82.9% vs 16.2%)(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Tetraflex provides an excellent distance and near visual acuity, good amplitude of accommodation and decrease the dependence of spectacle, and improve the visual performance. But its long-term effect remains to be observed.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of one-field non-mydriatic digital fundus photography and direct ophthalmoscopy for diabetic retinopathy(DR)screening, compared with fundus fluorescein angiography( FFA ).

METHODS:All 93 patients of type 1 or 2 diabetic who have underwent one-field non-mydriatic digital fundus photography, and direct ophthalmoscopy with dilation of their pupils, and FFA by ophthalmologists. The sensitivity and specificity of one-field non-mydriatic digital fundus photography and direct ophthalmoscopy were calculated respectively, compared with FFA.

RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity of one-field non-mydriatic digital fundus photography for detection of any DR were 80.4% and 94.7%; The sensitivity and specificity of direct ophthalmoscopy for detection of any DR were 64.2% and 84.2%; After the standard for referable DR being lowered down to the moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(M-NPDR), the sensitivity and specificity of non-mydriatic digital fundus photography for detection were 88.9% and 98.4%, the sensitivity and specificity of direct ophthalmoscopy for detection were 71.5% and 96.7%.

CONCLUSION: One-field non-mydriatic digital fundus photography is an effective method for DR screening.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the efficacy of the binocular vision training on intermittent exotropia children postoperative binocular visual function reconstruction.

METHODS:From January 2010 to October 2011, 112 intermittent exotropia children were treated, divided into three groups, the first group used synoptophore for binocular visual training, the second group used the binocular visual training software for binocular visual training, the third group was control group, no binocular visual training. The postoperative far and near stereoacuity and postoperative 1 year eye position orthophoria rate of the three groups were observed and compared.

RESULTS: The two groups of children with visual training, the far and near stereoacuity was significantly higher than that of the control group, the difference was significant. In the 1-year follow-up after surgery, the eye position orthophoria rate of the control group was significantly lower than the other two groups.

CONCLUSION: Intermittent exotropia postoperative binocular visual training can significantly promote the reconstruction of children with binocular vision, reduce eye rollback rate, improve the success rate of surgery.

Abstract:Water channel protein(aquaporins, AQPs)mainly mediates the passive transport of free water along the osmotic pressure gradient to across biological membrane. It is highly selective for water. There are only two kinds of water channel protein in lens, lens epithelial cells express AQP1, lens fiber cells express AQP0, together they adjust the lens water metabolism, physiological functions and maintain the lens transparency, their abnormal expression can lead to cataracts. We reviewed the research of the water channel protein 0, 1 in recent years and discussed the relationship between water channel protein and cataract.

Abstract:Phacoemulsification with small incision, reduced number of inflammation cells, and better postoperative recovery has been recognized as the world's most popular option for cataract surgery. Modern cataract surgery is developing gradually from sight rehabilitating to refractive surgery with better vision acuity. Being the most important part of the eye refractive system, maintenance of the cornea's transparency relies heavily upon the healthy endothelial cells. It is well known that there will be endothelial cell loss after phacoemulsification and the damage of the endothelial cells may lead to corneal swellings and opacity, or even the corneal descompensation, which often severely influenced the postoperative vision recovery. This is a review of phacoemulsification and the risk factors of corneal endothelial damage pre-and postoperation.

Abstract:Perfect vision and fewer complications is our goal in cataract surgery, femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery hold the promise. Applications of femtosecond laser technology for capsulotomy, nuclear fragmentation and corneal incision in cataract surgery bring a new level of accuracy, reproducibility and predictability over the current cataract surgery. The femtosecond laser produces capsulotomies that are more precise, accurate, reproducible, and stronger than those created with the conventional manual technique, and further helps maintain proper positioning of the IOL. Femtosecond laser in nuclear fragmentation lead to a lower effective phacoemulsification time, and the corneal incision is more stable. But currently there are some complications and a clear learning curve associated with the use of femtosecond lasers for cataract surgery. The long-term safety and visual outcomes still need further investigation.

Abstract:Neovascular glaucoma(NVG)is increasing in clinical with the increase of basic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension. It is easy to diagnose, but the treatment is more complex. In the late, because the pain of patients, a variety of methods such as the ciliary body cryotherapy, photocoagulation, retrobulbar alcohol injection, chlorpromazine, even enucleation of eyeball were used to relieve pain of patients. Enucleation of eyeball brings inconvenience to the patients. Then how to choose the reasonable method is particularly important for patients, in the face of complicated treatments, as far as possible to avoid enucleation. Alcohol or retrobulbar injection of chlorpromazine should be careful used and should be combined with the new progress in the Department of Ophthalmology. Using a variety of methods to control intraocular pressure, alleviate the suffering of patients, to formulate a scientific and reasonable individualized treatment is the treatment of NVG trend.

Abstract:Glaucoma drainage valve implantation surgery is one of the effective treatment methods of refractory glaucoma, due to its remarkable clinical effect on controlling persistent intraocular pressure, more and more ophthalmologists favor this surgery as the first choice to treat refractory glaucoma, however, the long term success of this surgery is limited by its complications, since the complications are diverse, it is quite important to know how to prevent and treat those complications. This article aims to summarize causes and treatment to some common complications after the surgery.

Abstract:Someone called ocular hypertension as suspected glaucoma or early glaucoma. There was important guiding significance to study diagnosis, assessment and prognosis in ocular hypertension with the depth of clinical research and improvement of detection technology. We summarized the study advancement about special examinations with ocular hypertension in recent years.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the outcome of high oxygen permeable contact lens used after photorefractive keratectomy(PRK)surgery.

METHODS: Totally 95 patients(190 eyes)after PRK were included. Patients were randomly assigned to wear high oxygen permeable contact lens in one eye and normal lens in the fellow eye after surgery. The subjective symptoms and corneal epithelial status after PRK were evaluated. Uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA)and haze were assessed at 6 months after PRK.

RESULTS: Complaints of blurred vision, pain and photophobia were statistically more among the normal lens group than high oxygen permeable contact lens group(P<0.05). The time of corneal epithelium recovery was 3.11±2.12 days in the high oxygen permeable contact lens group and 4.02±2.21 days in the normal lens group respectively. There was statistically significant difference between two groups(P<0.05). The wholly healing of corneal epithelium happened in 46% and 36% eyes at 72 hours after surgery respectively. Seven days after surgery, 60 eyes(63%)and 48 eyes(51%)achieved UCVA better than 1.0 respectively(P=0.35). There was no difference in UCVA and haze 6 months after surgery(P=0.55).

CONCLUSION: High oxygen permeable contact lens can significantly produce less the corneal irritated symptoms, reduce the discomfort feeling and promote healing of corneal epithelium after PRK.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the indications, efficacy, and complications of different types tectonic surgery for rheumatic diseases associated corneal melting.

METHODS: It was a retrospective case series study. Sixteen patients(19 eyes)with rheumatic diseases associated corneal melting underwent surgery for tectonic indications at the General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region between January 2008 and August 2012 were involved. The selection of surgical procedures was based on the preoperative corneal status(location, depth and area). These include penetrating keratoplasty(4 eyes), deep lamellar keratoplasty(8 eyes), corneal(scleral)patch grafts(5 eyes)and amniotic membrane transplantation(5 eyes). Concomitant systemic disease, indication for tectonic graft, preoperative visual acuity, postoperative visual acuity and postoperative complications were recorded and studied during the follow-up period of 1 year. Efficacy was evaluated by the outcomes of cured or improved or invalid.

RESULTS: Corneal melting were completely cured in 12 eyes, improved in 5 eyes and showed invalid in 2 eyes. Visual acuity in 7 eyes(36.8%)was improved after operation. Postoperative complications included graft melting in 3 eyes, persistent corneal epithelium defect in 3 eyes, secondary glaucoma in 1 eye, complicated cataract in 1 eye.

CONCLUSION: Designing the appropriate type of tectonic surgery based on the different preoperative corneal status allows the removal of the corneal lesion and spares the maximum amount of normal tissue. It is an effective approach for preservation of eyeballs and restoration of visual function.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the clinical outcomes and affected factors of prognosis of cataract extraction by phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation in eyes with primary angle-closure glaucoma(PACG)and co-existing cataract.

METHODS: Totally 60 cases(70 eyes)of PACG with cataract, including 43 eyes with acute primary angle-closure glaucoma(APACG), 27 eyes of chronic primary angle-closure glaucoma(CPACG). The main outcome measures included: visual acuity, intraocular pressure, gonioscopy, depth of anterior chamber(ACD). Patients were examined 6 months after surgery.

RESULTS: After phacoemulsification, visual acuity was improved(P<0.05), postoperative mean IOP was decreased(P<0.01), part of anterior chamber was widened(P<0.01). The depth of anterior chamber(ACD)was deepen(P<0.01).

CONCLUSION:Phacoemulsification is more effective for acute APACG than for CPACG.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the clinical effect of manual small incision combined with negative power intraocular lens implantation for cataract with high myopia.

METHODS: Totally 75 cases(98 eyes)with super high myopia and cataract which had underwent small incision combined with negative power intraocular lens implantation were studied retrospectively. Preoperative axial length and postoperative visual acuity, refractive diopter and expected deviation value(refractive deviation)were recorded. Eye conditions operation complications and postoperative were observed. The patients were followed-up for 6 to 12 months.

RESULTS: The mean preoperative axial length was 32.05±1.78mm. Best corrected visual acuity≥0.2 was in 66 eyes, accounting for 67.3%; ≥0.5 in 43 eyes, accounting for 43.9%; the postoperative refractive error <±1.00D was total 48 eyes, accounting for 49.0%; <±2.00D total 78 eyes, accounting for 79.6%. Intra-operative posterior capsular rupture occurred in 3 eyes. Intra-operative posterior elastic layer detachment occurred in 1 cases. The postoperative corneal edema was found in 21 eyes. Postoperative 6 months, posterior capsular opacification was found in 13 eyes, and the visual acuity recovered after Nd:YAG laser cut. No retinal detachment, secondary glaucoma, macular cystoid edema, intraocular lens shift and other complications were found. Two eyes had the symptom of binocular interference post-operation. Three months later, another eye was performed intraocular lens implantation. The symptoms were eliminated post-operation.

CONCLUSION: The manual small incision cataract extraction combined with negative power intraocular lens implantation for cataract with high myopia is safe, effective method.

Abstract:AIM: To study thetherapeutic effect of two surgical methods for the cataract of the grade Ⅲ nuclear and above.

METHODS:Totally 52 eyes were performed retrospective analysis with phacofragmentation technique(group A)and extracapsular extraction surgery for cataract with small incision(group B)differently, and the effects of surgical treatment were compared.

RESULTS:Postoperative best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)of group A lens was better improved than group B, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05); the difference of corneal thickness was not statistically significant(P>0.05); the effect of group A on corneal endothelium was larger than group B, the difference was statistically significant(P <0.05); the surgical complications of group A were lower than group B, the difference was statistically significant(P <0.05).

CONCLUSION: The technology of sonicating lens can be considered for the cataract of the grade Ⅲ nuclear and above.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the difference of wavefront aberration, uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA), best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA), contrast visual acuity between aspheric intraocular lens and spherical intraocular lens after implantation.

METHODS: Totally 46 patients(50 eyes)with age-related cataract were divided into 2 groups at random, one group of 23 patients(24 eyes)received ACR6D SE spherical intraocular lens(Group A), another group of 23 patients(26 eyes)received negative spherical aberration Acri.Smart 36A aspheric lens(Group B). Three months after surgery, we observed patient's UCVA, BCVA, the contrast vision of dark background(25cd/m²)and highlighted background(255cd/m²), the spherical aberration, coma and total high-order aberration RMS'(pupil's diameter was 6mm)differences between two groups.

RESULTS: The differences of UCVA and BCVA between the two groups were not significant. There was no significant difference in the contrast visual acuity of 100% and 25% between highlighted background and dark background, however, under dark background, the contrast visual acuity of 5% and 10% in Group B was better than Group A. When the pupil diameter was 6mm, root-mean-square(RMS)of higher-order aberration, spherical aberration and comatic aberration in Group A were significantly lower than Group A and difference was statistically significant.

CONCLUSION:Acri.Smart 36A aspheric intraocular lens can significantly reduce patients' wavefront aberration and improve contrast visual acuity under lower contrast of dark background when compared with ACR6D SE spherical intraocular lens.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate and compare the clinical effect of 180 and 360 degrees of selective laser trabeculoplasty(SLT)in treatment of primary open angle glaucoma(POAG).

METHODS: Totally 60 cases(60 eyes)of POAG were treated by SLT with light spot diameter of 400μm, irradiation time of 3 nanosecond, and power of 0.3-1.2mJ. Patients were evaluated 1 hour, 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3 and 6 months after laser treatment.

RESULTS: Intraocular pressure(IOP)decreased significantly in two groups after laser treatment. The mean preoperative IOP was(25.6±2.0)mmHg(1kPa=7.5mmHg)in 180-degree SLT group, and(25.4±2.1)mmHg in 360-degree SLT group. The mean IOP at 1 hour, 1 day, 1 week, 1 months, 3 months and 6 months postoperatively were(27.1±2.1)mmHg,(16.5±1.9)mmHg,(19.6±1.9)mmHg,(18.5±1.8)mmHg,(19.9±1.9)mmHg,(20.3±1.8)mmHg, respectively, in 180-degree SLT group, and were(26.6±1.9)mmHg,(15.9±2.0)mmHg,(19.0±2.0)mmHg,(17.8±1.9)mmHg,(18.7±2.0)mmHg,(19.2±1.9)mmHg, respectively, in 360-degree SLT group. There were statistically significant decreases in IOP at 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months postoperatively compared with preoperative IOP in the two groups(P<0.01). To compare the effect of two groups, the 360-degree SLT group showed significantly lower post-treatment IOP at each follow-up point relative to 360-degree SLT group, and its IOP reduction rate stayed statistically higher than the 180-degree group at 3 months and 6 months postoperatively(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: This study suggests that 360-degree SLT is more effective than 180-degree SLT in treatment of POAG.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the effect of laser peripheral iridoplasty(LPIP)to treat acute angle-closure glaucoma(AACG)which could not controlled by drugs and with persistent ocular hypertension.

METHODS: Totally 67 patients(69 eyes)with AACG were performed LPIP when intraocular pressure(IOP)was still over 30mmHg after the medicine therapy for 3-6 hours. Visual acuity and intraocular pressure were under detection before laser treatment and 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 2 hours after laser treatment. We measured the anterior chamber depth, width of angle, iris thickness with ultrasound biomicroscope(UBM). Dynamic gonioscopy was used to evaluate the degree of peripheral anterior synechia(PAS).

RESULTS: Angle open distance(AOD)after iridoplasty was increased(P<0.01). Trabecular-iris angle(TIA)was widen(P<0.01)and the extents of PAS were reduced in some cases. IOP reduced at different levels in different time after laser treatment. The mean IOP before acute attack was(53.81±10.22)mmHg. The mean IOP were(33.81±9.22)mmHg,(21.93±7.19)mmHg and(15.16±3.07)mmHg at 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 2 hours after laser treatment respectively(F=151.79, P<0.01). Visual acuity increased in all patients.

CONCLUSION: LPIP can deepen peripheral anterior chamber, increase the angle access and lower the IOP immediately. It is an important ongoing adjuvant treatment, which can reduce the patients suffering by lowering the IOP quickly, reduce the damage of visual function caused by long-term high intraocular pressure, avoid side effect of the drugs, and can improve the prognosis.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the effect of 2 different methods in treatment of acute angle-closure glaucoma.

METHODS: A retrospective study was done. Totally 115 cases(115 eyes)diagnosed with acute angle-closure glaucoma were divided into observation group and control group. The observation group(n=45, 45 eyes)was given trabeculectomy after anterior chamber paracentesis while control group(n=70, 70 eyes)was received trabeculectomy after drugs decompression. The clinical efficacy was compared between the two groups.

RESULTS: The postoperative vision recovery, anterior chamber angle and complications of observation group were better than that of control group, and the incidence of complications was less than that of control group, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Trabeculectomy combined with anterior chamberparacentesis is a simple therapy with fewer complications, which is worth to actively promoting in clinical.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of a repeated bleb needling technique combined with subconjunctival injection of 5-FU in eyes with previous glaucoma surgery that had malfunctional filtering blebs.

METHODS: A retrospective review of 34 consecutive patients(34 eyes)of repeated bleb needling combined with subconjunctival injection of 5-FU in eyes, which had malfunctional filtering blebs after previous glaucoma surgery in our hospital from March 2009 to February 2013 was performed. The intraocular pressures(IOP), shapes of filtering blebs and complications after surgery were analyzed.

RESULTS: There was significant reduction of mean IOP from 35.51mmHg to 14.43mmHg(P<0.05). The overall success rate was 91%. The general complications included damage of corneal epithelium, conjunctiva torn, and choroidal detachment.

CONCLUSION: Repeated needling with adjunctive 5-FU proved a highly effective, safe alternative to treat malfunctional filtering blebs after previous glaucoma surgery.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the clinical application effect of 532 laser subthreshold photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema(DEM).

METHODS: Fifty-seven eyes of 32 diabetes patients with diffuse macular edema of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy were randomized to experimental group and control group. The subthreshold laser photocoagulation was performed in the experimental group, and the threshold laser photocoagulation in control group. The effect evaluation of photocoagulation included visual acuity, fundus examination, optical coherence tomography at pre-treatment and various times after treatment(1 week, 1 month, 3 months), and all patients underwent fluoreseein angiography at pre-treatment and the 3^rd month after treatment.

RESULTS: At the first month after photocoagulation, in the experimental group, the eye visual acuity improved accounted for 11.1%, unchanged accounted for 66.7%, vision loss accounted for 22.2%, and the eyes visual acuity improved accounted for 13.3%, unchanged accounted for 63.3%, vision loss accounted for 23.3% in the control group. There were no statistical differences in visual acuity improvement in two groups. At the first month after photocoagulation, in the experimental group, macular edema completely absorbed accounted for 0 cases, partial absorbed accounted for 40.7%, no absorbed accounted for 59.3%, and in the control group was 6.7%, 53.3%, and 40.0%. Macular edema was absorbed better in the control group than in the experimental group, but the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05). At 3^rd month after laser treatment, the data of macular edema absorbed and visual acuity improved were similar in two groups, the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: The subthreshold photocoagulation for DME is as effective as classical grid laser treatment, and this method is very safe.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the change of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness(RNFLT)after laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK)by three dimensional frequency domain optical coherent tomography(3D-OCT).

METHODS:Eighty-three patients(83 right eyes)who underwent LASIK operation were recruited. RNFLT was performed by 3D-OCT preoperatively and 1 day, 1 week, 1 month and 3 months postoperatively. The data was analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA and paired t test.

RESULTS: After the comparisons of the RNFL thickness among different time points, we found no statistical differences excluding the RNFLT of superior, nasal and 12, 1-4 o'clock sectors through the repeated measures with ANOVA.Then using paired t test for further analysis, the difference was not remained in the follow-up observation. There was also a significant correlation between RNFLT and diopter(superior r=-0.316, P=0.004; nasal r=-0.456, P<0.001)and laser cutting time(superior r=0.341, P=0.002; nasal r=0.471, P<0.001), but no significant correlation between RNFLT and age and suction time.

CONCLUSION: There is no change of RNFLT after LASIK during the follow-up.

Abstract:AIM: To elevate the diagnostic accuracy and guide the clinical treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy(CSCR)by means of multifocal electroretinogram(mf-ERG)at presentation and after resolution of the acute phase.

METHODS: A comparative observational case series group and a normal sample group were set. Thirty-one eyes of 31 patients with unilateral CSCR were examined. Both eyes underwent complete ophthalmological examination, which included measurement of best-corrected visual acuity, fluorescein angiography, OCT and mf-ERG recording. The results were compared with the corresponding findings of 30 normal volunteers of the same age.

RESULTS: At presentation, the averaged mean retinal response density of the mf-ERG of the affected eyes in area 1 was 60.54±18.20 nV/degree², 45.43% lower compared to the normal controls(P<0.01), and in area 2 was 38.12±10.81 nV/degree², 37.42% lower compared to the normal controls(P<0.05). After regression of CSCR, the averaged mean retinal response density of the mf-ERG of the affected eyes in area 1 was 93.71±14.13nV/degree², 15.53% lower compared to normal controls(P<0.05), and in area 2 was 51.16±10.34 nV/degree², 16.01% lower compared to the normal controls(P<0.05). It was interesting that 8 of 31 fellow non-affected eyes showed abnormal values, with an averaged mean retinal response density of mf-ERG in area 1(62.41 nV /degree²). In the remaining 23 eyes, the mf-ERG values were within normal limits.

CONCLUSION: Multifocal electroretinography is favorable in the clinical treatment and the following observation of central serous chorioretinopathy. It may play an important role in the diagnosis, pathogenic condition evaluation and prognosis of CSC.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze the clinical characteristics of retinal detachment associated with choroidal detachment and to evaluate the surgical techniques, the efficacy and operation time for treatment.

METHODS: We reviewed and analyzed the operative effects of vitreoretinal surgeries in 45 patients(45 eyes)with retinal and choroidal detachment in our hospital from January, 2010 to January, 2012. In these 45 patients, there were 38 patients of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment associated with choroidal detachment, 7 patients of retinal redetachment associated with choroidal detachment. The surgical techniques include scleral encircling operation, epichoroidal space drainage by sclerocentesis intraocular photocoagulation, gas-fluid exchange, perfluoropropane(C₃F₈)or silicone oil intraocular tamponade and vitreoretinal surgery.

RESULTS: The drainage of the suprachoroidal space liquid and blood was successful in 45 eyes. Silicone oil tamponade was performed for 39 eyes and C₃F₈ tamponade for 6 eyes. Retinas and choroids were all reattached and retinal holes were closed. Visual acuities were improved, ≥0.1 in 23 eyes.

CONCLUSION: The vitreoretinal surgery and external drainage by sclerocentesis and scleral encircling operation is an effective operating method for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment associated with choroidal detachment.

Abstract:AIM: To assess the long-term safety and efficacy of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide(TA)injection in the management of macular edema caused by retinal vein occlusion(RVO).

METHODS: This prospective, interventional case series included 17 patients(17 eyes)with RVO and macular edema. They received an intravitreal injection of 2mg TA. Follow-up was for 1 year. Outcome measures were visual acuity and macular thickness measured using ocular coherence tomography(OCT).

RESULTS: In our group, visual acuity measurements showed that 15 eyes(88%)had improved visual acuity, and mean visual acuity increased from 0.114±0.068 preoperatively to a postoperative visual acuity of 0.184±0.094(P<0.05). The central macular thickness was reduced from 514.0±67.4μm to 442.0±61.5μm(P<0.05). Six patients in the study suffered a rise in intraocular pressure(IOP)(35%)temporarily. There was no case of visually significant cataract, vitreous haemorrhage, retinal detachment, or endophthalmitis.

CONCLUSION:Intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide can effectively improve the macular edema caused by retinal vein occlusion.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate theeffect of preoperative injection of Avastin at different time points for pars plana vitrectomy(PPV)in proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR)through clinical research and study the best proper time point for injection.

METHODS: We studied 49 patients(51 eyes)(from March 2010 to August 2012)with severe PDR. Sixteen cases(17 eyes)were treated with Avastin 4 days before PPV(group 1); 15 cases(16 eyes)were treated with Avastin 10 days before PPV(group 2); and 18 cases(18 eyes)underwent direct PPV(group 3). Surgical time, the condition of neovascular membranes, the number of iatrogenic retinal tear, and silicone oil utilization intra-operative, and vision after 6 months of surgery were recorded.

RESULTS: Compared to group 1(treated withAvastin, 4 days before PPV), group 2(treated with Avastin, 10 days before PPV)and group 3(simple vitrectomy surgery group), there were significantly difference. In group 1 and group 2, operative time was shortened, and interruption neovascular membranes bleeding rate, iatrogenic retinal tear rate and silicone oil utilization rate intra-operative were lower than the group 3, and the visual acuity was significantly better than the group 3. There was no statistically significant difference between group 1 and group 2 in surgical time, the condition of neovascular membranes, the number of iatrogenic retinal tear, and silicone oil utilization intra-operative, and vision 6 months after surgery.

CONCLUSION:Avastin administered prior to PPV was well tolerated, thus facilitating PPV, and to maximize the recovery of patients with limited vision. The ideal injection time of Avastin using for PPV in PDR is 4 days before PPV.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the pathogenic factors and clinical relevance study of non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy(NAION)in the population of high altitude regions.

METHODS: The patients who came to our ophthalmology clinic outpatient to see a doctor and diagnosed with NAION from March 2011 to September 2012 were included as case group. During the same period, persons who participated in medical examination in our outpatient department and whose age and gender matched with case group were regarded as the control group. 1)Registering personal information of each object included in detail. 2)Taking detailed ophthalmologic examinations to included objects. 3)For the included objects, blood pressure monitoring and laboratory tests including blood routine, serum lipid, blood glucose, hemorrheology and so on were taken. These observational indexes were detailed recorded.

RESULTS: 1)Between NAION group and control group, there were no significant differences among the total cholesterol, HDL lipoprotein and blood routine(P>0.05); however, as to the triglycerides, blood glucose, blood pressure had a significant difference(P<0.05), NAION group was higher than the control one. 2)To high shear viscosity of whole blood, plasma viscosity, shear between high and low reduction viscosity of whole blood, erythrocyte deformation index, ESR and KESR, there was no significant difference between two groups(P>0.05); low shear and shear between high and low viscosity of whole blood, HCT, high and low shear reduction viscosity of whole blood, erythrocyte aggregation index had a significant difference(P<0.05), NAION group was higher.

CONCLUSION: 1)The pathogenic factors of NAION in the population of high altitude regions are multiple factors instead of single one. 2)Under the environment conditions of high altitude, low atmospheric pressure and low oxygen, the onset of NAION is associated with a series of pathophysiologic changes in the microcirculation of human body. 3)It had statistical significances among triglycerides, blood pressure, blood glucose and the onset of NAION at high altitudes. 4)High blood viscosity is a risk factor of the onset of NAION at high altitudes. 5)It is time to strengthen health education of NAION among the population of high altitude regions and improve their awareness of prevention and cure of that.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze and study reasons of high intraocular pressure(IOP)after phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation and its therapeutic methods.

METHODS: Totally 1 258 cases(1 318 eyes)of cataract treated with phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation were retrospectively analyzed in our hospital from January 2006 to October 2012.

RESULTS: Among the 1 318 eyes, IOP occurred in 54 eyes(about 4.10%). The IOP reached the peak mostly 2 to 4 hours after the surgery, up to 22-60mmHg. One eye with congenital cataract; 2 eyes with traumatic cataract; 15 eyes with diabetes; 12 eyes with hypertension; 2 eyes with chronic pigment meningitis; 1 eye after vitrectomy; 11 eyes with high myopia; 10 eyes with unconsolidated systemic disease. Part of the cortical residual and the viscoelastic agent residue or crystal posterior capsular rupture vitreous overflowed into the anterior chamber or severe inflammatory reaction was observed through slit lamp in high IOP patients.

CONCLUSION: Viscoelastic agent residue and inflammation is the main reason of IOP. With diabetes, high myopia, chronic pigment meningitis, ocular trauma of disease such as cataract patients are more prone to IOP.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD)in elder patients.

METHODS: Through the questionnaire survey, tear break-up time, Shimmer I test, corneal fluorescein staining and meibomian gland secretion examination, 74 cases(145 eyes)of meibomian gland dysfunction were divided into mild, moderate, severe group. According to the disease degree, dredging, cleaning combined eyelid massage, artificial tears, or anti-inflammatory, anti-infection were performed, respectively.

RESULTS: Totally 74 patients were treated for meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD)with 145 eyes. After one month, the ocular surface disease index decreased, the meibomian gland secretion grade lowered, the time period of tear broken was extended, the ocular surface staining grade lowered. The ratio of total cure was 34.5%, and the ratio of efficiency was 98.6%.

CONCLUSION: Ophthalmology physicians should master the clinical characteristic of MGD for the elderly patients. Symptoms, illness history inquiry and MGD test were highly regarded to avoid misdiagnosis and error treatment.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate effectiveness of the treatment of limbal autograft stem cells transplantation combined with the use of mitomycin C(MMC)for pterygium on the postoperative recurrence and repairing time of corneal epithelial.

METHODS: All the relevant reported studies were searched out through Cochrane Datebase, Pubmed, China BioMedical Literature Database(CBM), China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI), VIP and Wanfang Database which published before December 2012. All the randomized controlled trials(RCT)which accessed the recurrence of pterygium by comparing the treatment of limbal autograft stem cells transplantation with the additional use of MMC during limbal autograft stem cells transplantation were included. The data were analyzed by RevMan 5.1 software provided by Cochrane Collaboration Network.

RESULTS: Totally 217 studies were included at first and 12 RCT were included at last. A total of 1 044 eyes were included. Twelve RCT were analyzed with Meta-analysis: the postoperative recurrence rate had statistical significance between limbal autograft stem cells transplantation and limbal autograft stem cells transplantation combined MMC,(OR=0.23,95% CI:0.15-0.36, Z=6.40, P<0.01). Six studies of RCT about repairing time of corneal epithelial showed that repairing time of corneal epithelial had no statistical significance between limbal autograft stem cells transplantation and limbal autograft stem cells transplantation combined MMC by Meta-analysis(MD=0.62, 95% CI: 0.62-1.85, Z=0.98, P=0.33).

CONCLUSION: The application of MMC with the treatment of limbal autograft stem cells transplantation can reduce the recurrence of pterygium, while it has no effect on the repairing time of limbal epithelium.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the effect of glaucoma drugs joint surgical treatment on patients with tear of MUC5AC and ocular surface.

METHODS: Totally 26 cases(29 eyes)underwent glaucoma and cataract surgery who with history of glaucoma drugs admitted to our hospital in March 2010 to September 2011 were included. The content of tear MUC5AC and the ocular surface function scores of patients and healthy people at different time point were measured and analyzed. The relativity between types and taking time of medication, and ocular surface function scores before and after surgery was analyzed. The change of ocular surface function score, and the content of tear MUC5AC before and after surgery was compared.

RESULTS: Content of tear MUC5AC of glaucoma patients at each period was significantly lower than that of healthy people. There was statistically significance at preoperative 1 day, postoperative 1 month, 3 months(P=0.0168,P=0.0001,P=0.0150), and there was no statistically significance postoperative 6 months(P=0.2230). The content of tear MUC5AC of glaucoma patients decreased significantly post-operation, then gradually increased. Comparing the content of tear MUC5AC 1 month post-operation with 1 day pre-operation, 3 months and 6 months post-operation, there was statistically significance(P=0.0365,P=0.0329,P=0.0004). There was a positive correlation between preoperative ocular surface function score and the taking time and types of medication(P=0.0427,P=0.0327), and there was no correlation 6 months post-operation(P=0.1788,P=0.9916). The ocular surface function score of glaucoma patients was significantly higher, then gradually reduced, there was statistically significance between 1 month post-operation and 1 day pre-operation, 3 months and 6 months post-operation(P=0.0012,P=0.0001,P=0.0000). Ocular surface function score was significantly lower 6 months post-operation, compared with the preoperative 1 day, there was statistically significance(P=0.0049).

CONCLUSION: Glaucoma medications combined with glaucoma and cataract surgery impaired tear MUC5AC and ocular surface, such kind of damage is more obvious with the increase of taking time and types of the drug and gradually improves with the post-operative time extending.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the consolidation effect of visual function training in amblyopic therapy on children with amblyopia of different degrees(mild, moderate and severe)which had been normalized.

METHODS: Totally 78 amblyopic children were divided into two groups: visual function training group(n=36, 70 eyes)and control group(n=42, 67 eyes). The rollback situation of the two groups in 6, 12, 24 and 36 months were observed after visual acuity reached 0.9 during treatment.

RESULTS: The rollback rates were both 0 in visual function training group and control group with different degrees of amblyopia after 6 months. There was no significant difference in rollback rate between the 2 groups with different degrees of amblyopia after 6 and 12 months. There was no significant difference in rollback rate between the two groups with mild amblyopia after 24 and 36 months(P=0.269, 0.269). However, the rollback rate in training group with moderate amblyopia was significantly different from in control group after 24 and 36 months(P=0.004, 0.002). There was no significant difference in rollback rate between the two groups with severe amblyopia after 24 and 36 months.

CONCLUSION: Visual function training can reduce the rollback rate and consolidate the effect of amblyopic treatment effectively for children with moderate amblyopia. However, the effect is not as good for children with mild and severe amblyopia.

Abstract:AIM: To assess the diagnostic value of age for meridional amblyopia by Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve.

METHODS: A total of 1 005 children(1 910 eyes)with unknown ocular abnormalities other than with-the-rule astigmatism(aged 4-8 years)were recruited. Astigmatism >or =1.00D and sphere < or = 3.00D were present in one or both eyes. The difference of sphere between both eyes was less 1.50D. The difference of astigmatism between both eyes was less 1.00D. All astigmatism was calculated by the absolute value. By analyzing age, sex, astigmatism type, diopter of cylinder and diopter of sphere with Logistic regression, two mathematical models were established. Then the diagnostic efficacy of the model was assessed using the ROC curve.

RESULTS: The model 1 included 4 parameters(sex, astigmatism type, diopter of cylinder and diopter of sphere). The model 2 included 5 parameters(the 4 parameters of the model 1 adding age). Using Logistic regression, the diopter of cylinder had an influence on the diagnosis of meridional amblyopia in two models. In model 2, age was another influencing factor on the diagnosis of meridional amblyopia. The model 1 area under ROC curve(AUC)was 0.64, and the model 2 was 0.74. The area of model 2 was greater than the model 1. There was statistical difference in the AUC of two models(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Age might be an influential factor on the diagnosis of meridional amblyopia using Logistic regression and ROC curve.

Abstract:AIM:To explore impact of portable phoria meter placed whether in front of dominant or non-dominant eye on phoria results during phoria inspection in physical examination of cadet candidate.

METHODS:Totally 650 candidates had passed the first round of ophthalmology check of China Southern 2012 Annual civil aviation cadet in Guangdong province. We picked out their dominant eyes by card-hole method, then respectively placed in front of the dominant eye(the dominant eye group)and non-dominant eye(non-dominant eye group)to measure phoria value. Von Graefe measurement value was as a control, exophoria was negative, esophoria was positive, vertical phoria was absolute value. Chi-square test was applied to analyze the phoria values respectively in the phoria group between dominant eye group and non-dominant eye group, dominant eye and Von Graefe law group, non-dominant eye group and Von Graefe law group.

RESULTS: Von Graefe group: average exophoria value was -2.21±0.35^△, average esophoria value was +3.87±1.20^△, hyperphoria value was +0.44±0.12^△. Average exophoria value of dominant eye group was -2.68±0.55^△, average esophoria value was +6.22±2.55^△, average hyperphoria value was +0.46±0.15^△; average exophoria value of non-dominant eye group was -2.16±0.40^△, average esophoria value was +3.22±1.65^△, hyperphoria value was +0.45±0.14^△. As for horizontal heterophoria(exophoria and esophoria), there was significant difference between dominant eye group and non-dominant eye group(P<0.05), dominant eye group and Von Graefe group(P<0.05), and there was non-significant difference between non-dominant eye group and Von Graefe group(P>0.05); As for vertical heterophoria, there was non-significant difference among the Von Graefe group, the dominant eye group and non-dominant eye groups(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION:The results are more reliable when portable phoria meter placed in front of dominant eye during the phoria check for civil aviation cadet.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the influencing factors related to the public awareness of glaucoma in 1 091 people in a health screening center of general hospital in Shenzhen.

METHODS: A total of 1 091 people were interviewed in the Health Screening Center of Peking University Shenzhen Hospital using a self-designed questionnaire. Chi-squared test and binary logistic regression were used to analyze the public awareness of glaucoma and the influencing factors and their extents.

RESULTS: Influencing factors of the awareness of glaucoma included level of education, monthly income, medical insurance, working experience in healthcare system and myopia(Chi-squared test, P<0.05). In contrast, we found no correlation between the awareness of glaucoma and age, gender and systemic disease(P>0.05). Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of the awareness of glaucoma and it was found that working experience in healthcare system and level of education had statistical significance(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: People who have working experience in the healthcare system, higher level of education, those who have medical insurance, higher monthly income and myopia have better recognition of the disease. Medical staffs should strengthened the glaucoma knowledge education for the public, especially for those who have lower monthly income, systemic disease, no medical insurance, and the people who have positive personal or family history of glaucoma.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the trachoma related factors on migrant laborers' children in Shanghai.

METHODS: With random cluster sampling, 3 879 migrant laborers' children, aged(10.22±2.00)years old, from 7 schools in Shanghai, participated in the questionnaire survey, under parents' guidance.

RESULTS: Our survey achieved a 98.27% response rate and got a total of 3 812 valid questionnaires, 2 114 males and 1 698 females. Totally 288 cases of trachoma were found. Compared with students who were clinically diagnosed as trachoma, the other students got a high rate in using separate towels, not rubbing eyes, prefer vegetarian diet, asking parents for help when got an eye discomfort and asking for a doctor. Using separate towels would be the main relative factor of the prevalence of trachoma.

CONCLUSION: Good health habits could be protective factors to susceptible population.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the optometric examination results of myopic young children between those diagnosed in the period from 1998 to 2000 and those diagnosed in the period from 2008 to 2010; and to find out the causes of myopia and factors that worsen the condition, and suggest methods of its prevention and treatment.

METHODS: This study was a retrospective case study. We randomly selected sample from out-patient department register of cases and divided them into two main groups, ‘ten year before group'(TYBG)(1998/2000 year cases)and ‘ten years later group'(2008/2010 year cases)(TYLG). Each group was further subdivided into three sub-groups by age: under-six years old children group(CG), seven-twelve years old primary-school group(PSG)and thirteen-eighteen years old middle-school group(MSG). The optometric examination results were statistically analyzed.

RESULTS: The difference of the mean dioptre between the TYBG and TYLG was strongly statistically significant, also forward-lead trend of age when children suffered from myopia was found(P<0.01). There was a significant increase of dioptre among PSG and MSG in TYLG compared to TYBG(P<0.01). After analyzing the relationship between dioptre and age, this study showed an increase of the proportion of myopia patients from 35.2% to 50.0% in PSG in ten years interval. This proportion decreases in MSG and remains stable in CG. All cases had been divided into slight myopia, medium myopia and high myopia, depending on their own myopia dioptre. The biggest difference of myopia dioptre were seen in MSG where the proportion of medium myopia patients increased 11.4% and high myopia patients increased 7.9% in TYLG.

CONCLUSION: Our study shows that the age of getting myopia was forward lead, the dioptre increases by 1.00 degree and the prevalence of myopia is increasing gradually. This situation may due to the modern life style and changes of living standard of the population. Therefore, prevention of myopia should concentrate more on younger children at kindergarten and primary school stage students.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the features of idiopathic intracranial hypertension(IIH)in the patients firstly visit the ophthalmologic clinical practice.

METHODS: Six patients with 12 eyes were enrolled in this study. The predisposition, symptom, visual acuity, ocularfundus, visual field, ocular aligment, cerebral magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)and magnetic resonance venography(MRV), cerebro-spinal fluid(CSF)suppressor and biochemical analysis were recorded and analyzed.

RESULTS: The predispositions included catching a cold, anxiety reaction and taking doxycycline orally. The symptom included paroxysmal darkness, blurred vision, diplopia, and headache. The visual acuity remained normal or decreased mildly. The papilledema could be found in the ocular fundus examination. Normal visual field or enlargement of physiology scotoma, paralysis of lateral rectus in ocular aligment, normal cerebral MRI and MRV, and normal CSF biochemical results were the feature of these patients except the increased CSF suppressor between 250 and 300mmH₂O.

CONCLUSION: The detailed examination of central nerve system is essential for patients firstly visit the ophthalmologic clinical practice withpapilledema and lateral rectus paralysis to diagnose or exclude the possibility of IIH.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the influence of protein free calf blood extract eye gel on dry eye after pterygium surgery.

METHODS: Thirty six patients(40 eyes)with primary nasal pterygium were enrolled in this study, which were divided into study group and control group randomly, with 20 eyes in each group. All patients received pterygium excision and limbal stem cell autograft surgery and tobramicin dexamethasone eye drops after surgery. Patients of the study group received protein free calf blood extract eye gel while those of the control group received 0.1% sodium hyaluronate eye drops furthermore. Ocular surface disease index(OSDI)questionnaire, tear film break-up time(BUT)and Schirmer's Ⅰ test Ⅰ(SⅠt)were carried before and 3 months after surgery to evaluate the dry eye degree of the patients.

RESULTS: There was no statistical difference between the age, gender and size of the pterygium of the study and control groups preoperatively. There was no statistical difference between the OSDI(2.33±1.02 vs 2.32±0.93), BUT(8.80±2.48 vs 8.35±2.28)seconds and SⅠt(4.30±2.30 vs 4.40±2.44)of the two groups preoperatively. There was statistical difference between the OSDI(1.45±0.47 vs 1.81±0.60), BUT(11.20±2.07 vs 9.50±2.40)seconds and SⅠt(8.35±3.13 vs 6.35±2.18)of the two groups 3 months postoperatively, which was also different from that of the preoperative data correspondingly.

CONCLUSION: Protein free calf blood extract eye gel could reduce the dry eye after pterygium surgery.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze the factors of corneal edema after small incision operationfor cataract, the treatment and prevention.

METHODS: The factors of 56 cases(56 eyes)with corneal edema after small incision operation for cataract were analyzed.

RESULTS: There were 13 cases of age between 70 and 80 years above among the 56 cases with corneal edema. Nuclear hardness of 29 eyes was between 3 and 4 grades. Eleven cases combined with other ocular complications or systemic complications. Three cases were with diabetes.

CONCLUSION: The occurrence of corneal edema after small incision operation for cataract is related with age, hardness of the nuclear, ocular complications or general condition.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the value of Heidelberg retina tomograph 3-RCM(HRT3-RCM)in clinical diagnosis of fungal keratitis.

METHODS: Thirty-two eyes with clinical determined fungal keratitis were observed with HRT3-RCM examination. In the same time, the corneal scraping was performed for all cases.

RESULTS: In 32 patients, the positive rate of corneal scraping was 75%(24/32)and the positive rate of HRT3-RCM was 94%(30/32).

CONCLUSION: HRT3-RCM, which is using laser as light source, is a new generation of confocal microscopy. It is a rapid, effective and noninvasive technique that can be used in the early diagnosis, treatment of fungal keratitis.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the causes of descemet membrane detachment, and put forward the treatment and prevention methods.

METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 30 cases(30 eyes)with decement membrane detachment was investigated. Gas tamponade in anterior chamber was performed, after 6 months of follow-up, the corneal transparency and visual acuity were observed.

RESULTS: Cataract and glaucoma were common causes of decement membrane and detachment, 25 of the 30 cases had vision improved obviously after gas infusion in anterior chamber, 27 patients with recovery of corneal transparency.

CONCLUSION: The decement membrane detachment has great effect on cornea, it should be promptly dealt with, otherwise it can easily cause corneal persistent injury.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the effect of 30g/L iodine rubbed and debridement of wound together with 2g/L fluconazole in the treatment of fungal corneal ulcers.

METHODS: Fifty fungal keratitis cases(50 eyes)diagnosed by corneal smear examination were cleaned locally, iodine blanch. All patients were given 2g/L fluconazole for systemic treatment, treated eye with 2g/L fluconazole eye-drops and loxacin eye-drops, and 30g/L atropine eye ointment dilate the pupils.

RESULTS:Fifty cases(50 eyes)were selected, of which, 40 cases were healed, 8 cases were improved and 2 cases were aggravated with operation being given.

CONCLUSION:After early and timely diagnosis of fungal keratitis, local debridement, 30g/L iodine rubbed the wound and joint with systemic and local treatment of fluconazole can achieve good effect.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the effect of 2.2mm micro-incision coaxial phacoemulsification on corneal astigmatism and surgically induced astigmatism(SIA).

METHODS: Fifty-six cataract patients(78 eyes)were randomized into two groups: 38 eyes in the 2.2mm incision group and 40 eyes in the 3.0mm group. Torsional phacoemulsification was followed. Corneal astigmatism, SIA and uncorrected distance visual acuity(UCVA)were assessed at 30 and 90 days after cataract surgery.

RESULTS:One month postoperatively, the corneal astigmatism of the 2.2mm group was 0.85±0.42D and the 3.0mm group was 1.18±0.37D. Three months postoperatively, the corneal astigmatism of the 2.2mm group was 0.74±0.40D and the 3.0mm group was 1.00±0.30D. One month and 3 months postoperatively, SIA of the 3.0mm group was greater than SIA of the 2.2mm group(P<0.05). In the 3.0mm group, mean SIA at 1 month was greater than SIA at 3 months(P<0.05), but SIA was similar. There was no statistical significance between the mean SIA between 1 month and 3 months. Postoperative UCVA was better in the 2.2mm group at both 1 month and 3 months postoperatively.

CONCLUSION: 2.2mm micro-incision coaxial phacoemulsification contributed to postoperative corneal astigmatism. When incision size was reduced, SIA was reduced, refractive stabilization was faster and UCVA was better.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the techniques and clinical results of complicated small pupil cataract surgeries.

METHODS: In the various 58 cases(69 eyes)of complicated small pupil cataract surgeries, pupillary margin radial cuts, situ phacoemulsification of cataract and intraocular lens implantation were used to replace assistive devices and mechanical pupil dilation.

RESULTS: The postoperative patients' visions were improved: 1.0 to 0.6 of 21(30.4%), 0.5 to 0.3 of 28(40.6%), 0.25 to 0.1 of 16(23.2%), <0.1 of 4(5.8%); postoperative pupils were expanded to 3 to 4.5mm in diameter; 62(89.8%)of the pupils were circular or near-circular; 7(10.1%)of them were irregular. No serious complications happened.

CONCLUSION: Complicated small pupil cataract surgeries with the radial pupillary margin cuts and cataract situ phacoemulsification can realize visual recovery, and physiological pupils also can be obtained. Surgical methods are safe and effective.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the effect and safety of phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation combined with trabeculectomy for primary angle-closured glaucoma with cataract.

METHODS: Retrospective study was performed in 49 cases(59 eyes)of primary angle-closure glaucoma with cataract patients treated with phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation combined with trabeculectomy. Among them, 35 eyes were acute primary angle-closure glaucoma(APACG), 24 eyes were chronic primary angle-closure glaucoma(CPACG).Visual acuity, intraocular pressure(IOP), thickness of lens, axial length of eyeball, central anterior chamber depth, complications and medications were detected in all patients followed up until 6-12 months.

RESULTS: 1)Preoperative and postoperative IOP were 23.9±6.6mmHg, 11.7±2.6mmHg respectively in APACG group(n=35, P<0.01), and 20.9±6.5mmHg, 14.5±1.4mmHg respectively in CPACG group(n=24, P<0.01). Postoperative IOP of APACG decreased in 11.3±5.9mmHg, while 7.4±7.1mmHg in CPACG group(P<0.05). 2)The visual acuity of 44 eyes in 59 eyes of PACG(74.6%)increased postoperatively compared with that preoperatively(P<0.05). 3)Preoperative, postoperative central depth of the anterior chamber were 1.79±0.15, 3.32±0.17mm respectively in APACG group(P<0.01), while 1.84±0.19, 3.37±0.20mm respectively in CPACG group(P<0.01). 4)The thickness of lens and the axial length of eyeballs ratio in APACG and CPACG group were 2.26±0.16, 2.14±0.13 respectively(P<0.01). 5)The total success rate, partial success rate were 94.3%, 5.7% in APACG group, compared to 87.5%, 8.3% in CPACG respectively. 6)Mild and moderate corneal endothelial edema and fibrinous exudate were occurred in 15 eyes(25.4%)in all patients respectively.

CONCLUSION:Phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation combined with trabeculectomy is effective and safe treatment for primary angle-closure glaucoma with cataract patients, especially for acute primary angle-closure glaucoma compared with chronic primary angle-closure glaucoma.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze the clinical effect of surgical treatment for traumatic cataract, and explore the appropriate time for intraocular lens(IOL)implantation.

METHODS: The clinical data of 112 cases(112 eyes)of surgical treatment for traumatic cataract were retrospectively analyzed, 35 cases were implanted IOL. The other 77 eyes received secondary implantation.

RESULTS: The visual acuity of the patients by primary and secondary implantation improved obviously, but there was no statistically significance in post-operative visual acuity between primary and secondary implantation(P>0.05). In primary implantation the postoperative complications included uveitis, corneal bedewing, exudative membrane of IOL and opacity of post capsula, which were apparently higher than secondary implantation, with significant difference between each other(P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: IOL implantation is the only effective means of treatment for traumatic cataract and vision recovery. Though the postoperative complications of primary implantation is more than secondary implantation, it makes no difference to the vision after treatment, avoids second operation.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the operation skills of keeping the intraocular lens centering and stabilizing and decreasing the complications in ciliary groove suture of posterior chamber intraocular lens.

METHODS: Totally 31 cases(31 eyes)undergone ciliary groove suture fixation with posterior chamber type of soft intraocular lens, fixing the position of the lens' optical surface stably in the middle by horizontal marking before or during the operations, locating and burning the puncture point, fixating with the suture and other standardizing operational procedure.

RESULTS: The best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)of 26(26/31, 84%)eyes' vision were more than 0.5 after following up of 12-24 weeks(average 18 weeks). All lens were kept centering and stabilizing, all eyes' refraction were corrected, and all had on complications during and after operations.

CONCLUSION: Ciliary groove suture with soft intraocular lens using small incision and standardizing operational procedure could perfectly correct the aphakia refraction and showed no special complications.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the effects of phacoemulsification combined intraocular lens implantation(IOL)on exfoliation syndrome combined cataract(XFSC)with different nuclear hardness in Kashgar, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China.

METHODS: Totally 52 cases(53 eyes)admitted in our hospital underwent XFSC sugary from January 2012 to December 2012, including 11 eyes of nuclear hardnessⅡ, 27 eyes of nuclear hardness Ⅲ, 15 eyes of nuclear hardness Ⅳ. Phacoemulsification combined IOL was performed. The post-operative naked vision, best corrected vision acuity, complications, capsulorhexis openning of anterior capsule and the position of IOL were analyzed. Chi-square test was used as statistical methods.

RESULTS: After 3-8 months follow-up, the naked vision was ≥ 0.5 in 7 eyes with Ⅱnuclear hardness XFSC, 7 eyes with Ⅲ nuclear hardness XFSC and 3 eyes with Ⅳnuclear hardness XFSC. There was statistical significance among the 3 groups(P<0.05). The best corrected vision acuity was ≥0.8 in 8 eyes with Ⅱnuclear hardness XFSC, 9 eyes with Ⅲ nuclear hardness XFSC and 4 eyes with Ⅳnuclear hardness XFSC. Complication occurred intra-operation and post-operation in 1 eye with Ⅱnuclear hardness XFSC, 9 eyes with Ⅲ nuclear hardness XFSC and 11 eyes with Ⅳnuclear hardness XFSC. There was statistical significance among the 3 groups(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION:XFSC achieves good recovery of vision acuity at the early stage and has less complication. Pre-operative careful mydriasis examination and intra-operative careful operating are the keys of successful sugary.

Abstract:AIM: To observe clinical features of neovascular glaucoma(NVG)treated with multi-wavelength laser photocoagulation(PRP).

METHODS: Totally 21 patients(25 eyes)with NVG were performed actively anti-glaucoma treatment, at the same time, they were also performed multi-wavelength laser photocoagulation. Photocoagulation characteristics and complications were observed.

RESULTS: The PRP was completed successfully on alleyes. Red photocoagulation was used more offen. Three cases(5 eyes)had obvious pain, 2 cases(3 eyes)had iris inflammation reaction, 4 cases(4 eyes)had anterior chamber and vitreous hemorrhage. Choroidal retinal detachment was not found. IOP was decreased at different degree, eye pain and headache symptoms were relieved.

CONCLUSION: Multi-wavelength laser is conducive to the successful completion of pan retinal photocoagulation in neovascular glaucoma. It is safe and effective.

Abstract:AIM: To study the efficacy of a single intravitreal injection of perfluoropropane(C₃F₈)in releasing vitreomacular traction.

METHODS: Twelve eyes of 12 consecutive patients with vitreomacular traction received a single intravitreal injection of 0.3mL 100%(C₃F₈)were retrospectively analyzed. The best corrected vision acuity and the neural epithelium thickness of central macular were observed.

RESULTS: One month following treatment, vitreomacular traction was released in 5 eyes(42%), mean final visual acuity(VA)improved 0.04 and mean central foveal thickness decreased by 69μm. The vision acuity before and after treatment were 0.20±0.07, 0.25±0.04 respectively.

CONCLUSION: Intravitreal C₃F₈ injection could offer a minimally invasive alternative to pars plana vitrectomy in patients with vitreomacular traction.

Abstract:AIM: To discuss the effects of crescent-shaped resection of redundant conjunctiva and conjunctival fixation to the sclera to treat conjunctivochalasis.

METHODS: Totally 27 cases(48 eyes)suffering from conjunctivochalasis were treated by using two techniques: crescent-shaped resection of redundant conjunctiva, conjunctival fixation to the sclera. Evaluation of symptom, observation of conjunctivochalasis using slit lamp microscope, tear meniscus, tear break-up time(BUT)were measured after surgery.

RESULTS: Follow-up visits were made 1 week after surgery. Improvement was indicated in 92% crescent-shaped resection, in 88% in conjunctival fixation to the sclera. One month after surgery, improvement was indicated in 92% crescent-shaped resection, in 83% in conjunctival fixation to the sclera.

CONCLUSION: The two surgical techniques are effective in treating conjunctivochalasis.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the clinical effect of Hexuemingmu tablets for the treatment of subconjunctival hemorrhage, and to seek a treatment which can shorten the course of disease and improve the efficacy.

METHODS: Eighty-two(82 eyes)patients randomly received either Hexuemingmu tablets treatment(n=50 cases)or Vitamin C treatment(n=32 cases). Patients were treated with Hexuemingmu tablets(5 tablets)or Vitamin C(0.2g)by oral drugs(3 times a day)respectively. They were clinical observed.

RESULTS: After 1 month,among 50 patients treated with Hexuemingmu tablets, 40 patients were cured, 7 patients were improved and 3 patients were invalid. The total effective rate was 94%(47/50). While in Vitamin C group, 32 patients were treated, 16 patients were cured, 9 patients were improved, and 7 patients were invalid. The total effective rate was 78%(25/32). There was a significant statistical difference between the two groups(P=0.015<0.05).

CONCLUSION: It is effective, easy and safe to use Hexuemingmu tablets for the treatment of subconjunctival hemorrhage. It is worthy to be popularized in clinical treatment.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze the prognosis and influencing factors of retinopathy of prematurity(ROP).

METHODS: The prognosis of 145 ROP cases treated in our hospital from September 2011 to September 2012 was recorded(110 males, 35 females). Gestational weeks, birth weight, time of oxygen, oxygen \〖continuous positive airway pressure(CPAP)or mechanical ventilation\〗, pulmonary surfactant, septicemia were statistically analyzed between surgical group and non-surgical group.

RESULTS: A total of 145 cases of retinopathy of premature were all in stage 1 to 3, no cases in 4 to 5 stage. Thirty-six cases(24.8%)had undergone the laser and/orcryocoagulation. ROP regressed completely or were stable before prethreshold lesions without surgery in 109 cases(75.2%). Using the Chi-square test, multivariate logistic regression analysis, it showed that gestational age, time of oxygen, CPAP or mechanical ventilation and septicemia were associated with ROP outcome, with the statistically significant difference. Gestational age, oxygen, septicemia were progression factors of ROP, which was significant difference between groups.

CONCLUSION: Most of ROP degenerated or were stable without surgery.Gestational age, mechanical ventilation or CPAP, oxygen for a long time, septicemia could aggravate ROP and increase the probability of surgery.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze the clinical effects of topical tobramycin-dexamethasone coulentum in the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD).

METHODS: Totally 87 MGD patients(174 eyes)were chosen from January 2012 to June 2012. All patients were divided into three groups according to medical order. Observation index was analyzed before treatment, 1 week after treatment, 4 weeks after treatment.

RESULTS: There were statistical difference in symptoms scores(SS), breakup time of tear film(BUT), corneal fluorescein staining scores(CFS), Schirmer I test(SⅠt), limbi margin scores(LMS)before treatment and 1 week,4 week after treatment among three groups by paired tests.SS and LMS at 1 week, 4 weeks after treatment in observation group were better than that in control group, there were statistical differences, and there were statistical differences in above indicators between Erythromycin eye ointment group and observation group, observation group were superior to Erythromycin eye ointment group.

CONCLUSION: Topical tobramycin-dexamethasone coulentum is effective for MGD. It can significantly improve the symptoms and signs for patients with MGD. Its effect is satisfied.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the efficiency and safety of fibrin glue to suture technique in pterygium surgery performed with limbal autograft.

METHODS: A prospective randomized clinical trial was carried out in 60 eyes of 48 patients operated for primary nasal pterygium. Autologous limbal graft taken from the superotemporal limbus was used to cover the sclera after pterygium excision under local anesthesia with 2% lidocaine. In 22 cases(30 eyes), the transplant was attached to the sclera with a fibrin tissue adhesive(group 1)and in 26 cases(30 eyes)with 10-0 Virgin silk sutures(group 2). Patients were followed up at least for 3 months. Time of operation, matching degree of graft and visual analogue scale(VAS)score were mainly observed and recorded.

RESULTS: Patient symptoms were significantly less and biomicroscopic findings were better in group 1. Pterygium recurrence was seen in 1 case of group 1, and 1 case of group 2. Average surgery time was shorter(P<0.01)in fibrin group.

CONCLUSION: Using fibrin glue for graft fixation in pterygium surgery causes significantly less postoperative pain and shortens surgery time significantly.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the therapeutic effects on the retrograde rip of pterygium combined with mitomycin C(MMC)and limbal stem cell autograft transplantation in the treatment of pterygium.

METHODS: Pterygium in 89 eyes of 89 cases was ripped retrogradely by tweezers combined with MMC and limbal stem cell autograft transplantation. Postoperatively epithelial healing time of corneal wound and the recurrent rate were observed. All patients were followed up for 1month-12 months.

RESULTS: The epithelial cure time of corneal wound was 3-7 days in all cases. The grafts survived very well. Five cases recurred and the recurrent rate was 6%.

CONCLUSION: Retrograde rip of pterygium combined with MMC and limbal stem cell autograft transplantation is an effective method and decreases the recurrent rate.

Abstract:AIM: To discuss and analyze the common causes of preschool children ocular trauma, clinical characteristic, diagnostic methods and therapeutic principles, in order to better provide theoretical basis for clinical prevention and treatment.

METHODS: Totally 37 patients with preschool children ocular trauma from January 2011 to January 2013 in our hospital were analyzed. The sex, age, injury causes, injury types, eyesight condition, diagnosis and treatment were retrospectively analyzed so as to explore the clinical prevention and treatment of disease.

RESULTS: The ocular trauma in preschool children was serious, more common in boys than girls, the nature of the injuries was sharp injury, and it was one of the important causes of children blindness.

CONCLUSION: Preschool children ocular trauma is more urgent, with more complications and poor prognosis, timely discovery and correct diagnosis and treatment, and grasp the operation indication can reduce ocular trauma of visual function damage, reduce the rate of blindness.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the clinical effect of dacryocystorhinostomy in treating recurrent dacryocystitis by nasal endoscopy.

METHODS: Totally 18 cases(18 eyes)of recurrent dacryocystitis were operated with dacryocystorhinostomy by nasal endoscopy from March 2007 to June 2012. During the dacryocystorhinostomy, the hole in the bone was expanded, and adhesion sites were separated. Blood clot, scar, granulation, and other lesions were cleared up. Nasal steroids were used after operation.

RESULTS: The patients were followed up for 6-12 months after operation. Fifteen cases(83.3%)were cured, 2 cases(11.1%)were improved, 1 case were failed. The total effective was 94.4%.

CONCLUSION: Dacryocystorhinostomy appears to be an effective and safe filtering procedure in recurrent dacryocystitis with the advantage of having fewer complications. It is worthy of clinical application.

Abstract:AIM: To discuss the application of anastomosis in traumatic lacrimal canaliculi laceration.

METHODS: Totally 21 patients of which nasal end can not be found out were treated with anastomosis combined dacryocystotomy and retrograde intubation.

RESULTS: All the patients were followed up postoperatively for 1 year to 2 years. The total effective rate was 95.2%.

CONCLUSION: The anastomosis with dacryocystotomy and retrograde intubation is a affirmative and available method in treatment of traumatic lacrimal canaliculi laceration.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the effects on patients with chronic dacryocystitis treated with three methods: external dacryocystorhinostomy(EDCR), intranasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy(IEDCR)and Nd:YAG laser dacryoplasty, and to explore the best operation method.

METHODS:Totally 182 cases(202 eyes)were randomly divided into three groups, using EDCR, IEDCR and Nd:YAG laser dacryoplasty respectively, postoperative follow- up lasted 6-24months.

RESULTS: The success rate of three groups were 93.9%, 92.3% and 71.1% respectively. There was not significant difference between group EDCR and group IEDCR(P>0.05). There was significant difference between group Nd:YAG laser dacryoplasty and other two groups(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: EDCR and IEDCR are effective methods. Especially IEDCR is minimal invasive technique and worthy of promotion and application.

Abstract:AIM: To summarize common causes and coping strategy for complications after muscle surgery in restricted strabismus caused by thyroid associated ophthalmopathy(TAO).

METHODS:It was retrospective study. Totally 21 cases after muscle surgery in restricted strabismus caused by TAO, hospitalized from January 2009 to February 2012, were analyzed, including patient's condition, extraocular muscle surgery, complications of surgery.

RESULTS: Totally 6 cases with hypertropia and 15 cases with hypotropia before operation were observed. The strabismus surgery included myectomy of superior rectus(1 case), recession of superior rectus(5 cases), and recession of inferior rectus muscle(15 cases). Two cases were found injury of sclera, 1 case while cutting off muscle stop and another while suturing and 3 cases were found preset stitches slipped during operation. Undercorrection happened in 6 cases and overcorrection in 5 cases in the early stage after operation(within a month). Overcorrection was in 15 cases(6 cases with restricted hypertropia and 9 cases with restricted hypotropia)and lower eyelid retreat in 8 cases in the late postoperative period(6 months after operation).

CONCLUSION:Overcorrection tends to occur after muscle surgery in restricted strabismus caused by TAO. Quantity of recession of muscle should be strictly controlled during the surgery. Lower eyelid retreat may occur in recession of inferior rectus muscle.

Abstract:AIM: To integrate the individual and various items of refractive examination to one software, and made it applicated conveniently.

METHODS: On the basis of every examination system, the computer software was designed and developed, the modules were established and maintained.

RESULTS: The computer software could fulfill the examinations of visual acuity, strabismus(Hess screen), color vision, stereopsis.

CONCLUSION: After 10 years' application, the effect is significant. It can nearly replace the items using projector of integrated refractometer, stereopsis exam and color blind exam.