Abstract:Building high performance teaching team of ophthalmology has a very important role for teachers' professional development and the improvement of the quality of ophthalmology personnel training. In this paper, the situation and existing problems of ophthalmology teaching team, the meaning of building ophthalmology teaching team, and the strategies for building team were considered.

Abstract:AIM: To examine the effect of timolol maleate, a topical anti-glaucoma drug, on in vitro cultured human corneal endothelial(HCE)cells and lay foundations for its secure medication clinically.

METHODS: After in vitro cultured HCE cells treated with timolol maleate at different concentrations, the situation of cellular growth, proliferation, and morphology was checked under an inverted light microscope. And plasma membrane permeability, DNA fragmentations, and ultra-structure of HCE cells were detected by acridine orange/ethidium bromide(AO/EB)double fluorescent staining, DNA agarose gel electrophoresis, and transmission electron microscopy(TEM), respectively.

RESULTS: After treated with timolol maleate at concentrations from 0.15625g/L to 5g/L, in vitro cultured HCE cells showed typical characteristics of apoptosis, including growth retarding, number decreasing, cytoplasmic shrinking, vacuolation, falling off from well bottom of culture plate, plasma membrane permeability increasing, chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, appearance of apoptotic body, and so on. The apoptosis-inducing effect of timolol maleate was in dose- and time-dependent manners. The greatest apoptosis-inducing effect of timolol maleate on HCE cells was found at the clinic medication concentration of 2.5-5g/L, and their induced apoptotic rate of HCE cells at 28 hours reached 83.23%-96.71%, respectively.

CONCLUSION: Timolol maleate within the concentration of 0.15625-5g/L has an obvious apoptosis-inducing effect on HCE cells, and has tremendous toxicity to HCE cells at clinic medication dosage. Timolol maleate should be carefully utilized in ophthalmic clinic.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the protective effect of resveratrol on human lens epithelial cells against ultraviolet-induced apoptosis.

METHODS:Subcultured human lens epithelial cell line, ultraviolet induced cell apoptosis, 20μmol/L resveratrol pretreated cell, the indicators change was observed: rate of apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry and apoptosis-related factors of caspses-3 and caspase-9 were detected by colorimetric detection, ultrastructure changes were observed under transmission electron microscope.

RESULTS: Flow cytometry instrument testing found that resveratrol can suppress the apoptosis induced by ultraviolet irradiation, caspses-3 and caspase-9 content in positive control group were significantly higher than that of the negative control group at the same time period, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05); caspses-3 and caspase-9 content in experimental group were lower than that in the positive control group at the same time, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). In addition, the damage of human lens epithelial cells was alleviated with the incubation time of resveratrol elongated.

CONCLUSION:Resveratrol may inhibit ultraviolet-induced apoptosis of human lens epithelial cells, it has preventive function against radioactive cataract, and it can provide reliable evidence for pursuing effective medicine to prevent and treat cataract.

Abstract:AIM: To observe retinal vessel leakage of streptozotocin(STZ)induced diabetic rat, and the effect of traditional Chinese medicine on it.

METHODS: We induced diabetic rat model by peritoneal injection of STZ, after the blood glucose raised, we used Evans blue to trace the leakage of blood-retina barrier(BRB)every month. After blood glucose rose three months later, we treated the Chinese medicine group diabetic rat with Qidengmingmu capsule. There were three groups of different dose, low dose group of 125mg/kg, middle dose group of 250mg/kg, high dose group of 500mg/kg. The control group was treated with calcium dobesilate(200mg/kg). After three months treated by medicine, the leakage of rat blood-retina barrier was evaluated.

RESULTS: The damage of BRB and visual function occurred at two week after the blood glucose rose, and the damage aggravated with the continuing of high diabetic. But after the Chinese medicine treated three months, the rat's retina vessel leakage was reduced.

CONCLUSION: BRB break down and visual acuity damage appears in early phase of STZ diabetic rat and get worse as the hyperglycemia keep on. The Chinese medicine Qidengmingmu capsule can prevent the vessel leakage by damage of BRB.

Abstract:AIM: To study the effects of αB-crystallin on the αB-crystallin content in retina, growth associated protein-43(GAP-43)expression of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs), amplitude of electroretinogram(ERG)b-wave, and to investigate the promotive effect of αB-crystallin on axonal regeneration of RGCs after acute ocular hypertension(AOH).

METHODS: One hundred and twenty male Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats(220±10g)were randomly divided into four groups(thirty in each group). αB group,(AOH following intravitreal injection of αB crystallin group, n=30). S group,(AOH following intravitreal injection of normal saline solution group, n=30). P group,(AOH following vitreous puncture group, n=30). H group,(AOH group, n=30). Western blot was assayed αB-crystallin content 7 and 14 days after model; Immunohistochemistry was observed GAP-43 expression 7, 14 and 21 days after model established; Amplitude of ERG b-wave was tested retinal function before and 1 month after model.

RESULTS: The αB content in retina of αB group was higher 7 days after model established, fewer 14 days after model(P=0.000, P=0.000, P=0.001, P=0.000). But the αB content in retina of αB group was more serious compared with other groups at the same time points(P=0.019,P=0.016); The GAP-43 expression of RGCs in αB group was highest 7 days after model established, started to decrease 14 days after model established, which was fewest 21 days after model established(P=0.000, P=0.000, P=0.000, P=0.000). But the GAP-43 expression of RGCs in αB group was significantly higher than in other groups at each time point(P =0.002, P =0.011, P =0.009); The amplitude of ERG b-wave was lower 1 month after model(P=0.014, P=0.004, P=0.003, P=0.006). There were no statistical differences among groups on amplitude of ERG b-wave before model established(P=0.993). The amplitude of ERG b-wave in αB group was higher than others 1 month after model(P=0.002).

CONCLUSION: Exogenous αB-crystallin could improve αB-crystallin expression of retinas; αB-crystallin contributed to the increase of GAP-43 expression of RGCs and RGCs axonal regeneration; αB-crystallin could promote the recovery of retinal function and was non-toxic on retinas of rat.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the inhibitory effect of curcunmin and Avastin on the rat corneal neovascularization(CNV), and approach the mechanism of the curcunmin's inhibition.

METHODS: CNV was established in thirty SD rats by alkaline burning. Rats were divided equally to group A and group B at random. In group A, right eyes were experimental group A1, treated by 40μmol/L curcunmin solution, and left eyes were control group A2, treated by 0.09% sodium chloride. In group B, right eyes were experimental group group B1, treated by 5g/L avastin, and left eyes were control group B2, treated by 0.09% sodium chloride. Cornea and aqueous humor were collected by time spot. The capillary vessels were study, and the expressions of VEGF were detected by Enzyme-Linked immunosorbnent Assay(ELISA).

RESULTS: No toxic effects of the drugs were found. The capillary vessels in experimental group were less than those of control group(P<0.01). No statistical different of the capillary vessels between two drugs were found. The expressions of VEGF in experimental group were less than those in control group(P<0.01). The expressions of VEGF in B1 group were less than in group A1.

CONCLUSION: The inhibitory effect to CNV of curcunmin and avastin have no statistical different in the experiment, but curcunmin has the less inhibitory effect to the expressions of VEGF than avastin. Curcunmin may have other mechanism in the inhibitory action on CNV.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the inhibited effect of Doxycycline on the infiltration of inflammatory cells in rat alkali burn corneas.

METHODS: Corneas of 32 SD rats were injured with 1mol/L NaOH, then divided into two groups: control and doxycycline-treated. All agents were administered topically 4 times daily. Slit-lamp microscope was performed and inflammatory index was calculated at 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after injury. Then 4 rats were randomly sacrificed and each cornea was divided into two parts, one for histopathology, the other for ICAM-1 ELISA assay.

RESULTS:In control group, the inflammatory index and the number of inflammatory cell was higher than the doxycycline-treated dramatically at all time points(P<0.05). Compared with control group, corneal ICAM-1 expression decreased significantly in doxycycline-treated group at all time points(P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION:Doxycycline may inhibit inflammatory cell infiltration by down-regulating ICAM-1 expression.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the appropriate methods to establish corneal alkali chemical injury on rats.

METHODS:The rats(n=87)were randomly divided into three groups. Corneal alkali injury was induced by placing 1mol/L NaOH soaked filter paper on the limbus of right cornea for 20 seconds(group A, n=34)or 40 seconds(group B, n=23), and on the central axis of the right cornea for 40 seconds(group C, n=30)respectively. Corneal transparency, corneal ulceration, and corneal neovascularization were observed and recorded under slit- lamp biomicroscope on day 7 post-operation.

RESULTS: Incidence of corneal ulceration, corneal perforation and positive rate of corneal fluorescein staining in limbal corneal injury groups(group A and B)were significantly higher than that of central corneal injury group(group C)(P<0.05). Incidence of corneal ulceration and corneal perforation in group B was significantly higher than group A(P<0.05). Corneal neovascularization was observed in all three groups.

CONCLUSION: Corneal alkali burns induced by 3mm diameter central cornea injury are fit for the study of corneal neovascularization, while those induced by limbus injury for 20 seconds are fit for the study on limbal stem cells deficiency.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the effects of Avastin and Lucentis on human umbilical vein endothelial cell(HUVEC)proliferation and migration and study the ways of them inhibiting neovessels.

METHODS: MTT was used to assay the different effects on proliferation of HUVEC between the same concentration of Avastin and Lucentis; Transwell was used to measure the different effects on inhibition of HUVEC between the same concentration of Avastin and Lucentis.

RESULTS: MTT showed that A value was significantly different in the respective concentration Avastin groups, Lucentis groups and control group(P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between the same concentration Avastin groups and the Lucentis groups. Transwell analysis showed that the rate of HUVEC migration was significantly different in the respective concentration Avastin groups, Lucentis groups and control group(P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between the same concentration Avastin groups and the Lucentis groups.

CONCLUSION: Avastin and Lucentis could inhibit HUVEC proliferation and migration and inhibition effects of Avastin and Lucentis on HUVEC proliferation and migration enhancement enhangced with the increasing of the drug concentration. There was no significant difference in inhibition effects on proliferation and migration of HUVEC between the same concentration of Avastin and Lucentis in vitro.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the outcome of astigmatism correction after epipolis laser in situ keratomileusis(Epi-LASIK)by standardized vector analysis, and to investigate the relationship between the result of analysis and the change in contrast sensitivity function(CSF).

METHODS: Totally 68 myopic astigmatism eyes treated with Epi-LASIK. The myopic diopter was range from -5.00D to -9.00D, and the astigmatic diopter was range from -1.00D to -3.00D. The following-up period was for 6 months. The outcome of astigmatism correction was evaluated by the standardized vector analysis which was recommended by the American National Standards Institute. The photopic without glare CSF with best spectacle-corrected visual acuity was examined by CSV-1000E.

RESULTS: The CSF of all spatial frequency in 1 month postoperatively were significant lower than that preoperatively(P<0.01). The CSF of spatial frequency 12c/d(cycles per degree)and 18c/d in 6 months postoperatively were significant lower than that preoperatively(P<0.05). The CSF of 3c/d, 6c/d and 12c/d in 1 month were significant lower than that in 6 months postoperatively(P<0.05). The |SIRC|(absolute surgically induced refractive correction)in 1 month, 6 months were positively correlated with the decrease of 18c/d CSF postoperatively(r=0.537, 0.674, P<0.01). The error of magnitude(EM)in 1 month was -0.21±0.29 and -0.12±0.31 in 6 months postoperatively.

CONCLUSION: There was decrease in high spatial frequency contrast sensitivity under photopic without glare of myopic and astigmatic eyes with midrange and high diopter within 6 months after Epi-LASIK. The SIRC might have correlation with the decrease in contrast sensitivity.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of Mecobalamin on the visual field and retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)thickness in patients with advanced glaucoma after trabeculectomy.

METHODS: This was a retrospective observational case series. We chosed 57 cases(57 eyes)operated, whose high intraocular pressure had been relieved after trabeculectomy. Patients were randomly selected and divided into treatment group 28 cases(28 eyes), and control group 29 cases(29 eyes)(conventional treatment group). The treatment group received both conventional therapy and Mecobalamin 500μg, 3 times a day for 6 months. The mean defect(MD)and pattern standard deviation(PSD)were strictly measured by Humphrey 750i and the total and regional mean RNFL thickness were measured using a Stratus OCT-3(Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA)at the time of discharge from hospital and at 6 months. Independent-samples t test was used to compare the results obtained from these two groups.

RESULTS: At 6 months, MD: treatment group(-13.30±4.03)dB, control group(-18.51±4.33)dB, PSD: treatment group(5.64±0.48)dB, control group(8.21±2.47)dB. There were statistically significant differences(t =-2.112, P=0.049; t =-2.436, P=0.025)in MD and PSD between the two groups. And the RNFL thickness overall: treatment group(75.828±7.260)μm,control group(65.037±13.074)μm,RNFL thickness of the nasal quadrant: treatment group(59.077±11.055)μm, control group(48.122±7.385)μm, RNFL thickness of the temporal quadrant: treatment group(61.098±14.832)μm, control group(48.133±17.174)μm, RNFL thickness of the superior quadrant: treatment group(96.263±22.537)μm, control group(85.596±20.472)μm, RNFL thickness of the inferior quadrant: treatment group(94.821±19.693)μm, control group(85.072±23.384)μm. There were statistically significant differences in all Stratus OCT-3 measurement parameters(t=-2.282, P=0.035; t=-2.182, P=0.043; t=-2.589, P=0.019; t=-2.236, P=0.038; t=-2.295, P=0.034).

CONCLUSION: Long-term oral Mecobalamin administration obviously improves the visual field defect and retinal nerve fibers loss in the patients with advanced glaucoma after trabeculectomy.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the correlation of vascular endothelial factor(VEGF)I/D gene polymorphism with diabetic retinopathy(DR)in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

METHODS: The 91 patients with diabetes and 30 control cases which VEGF I/D genotypes and VEGF level were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP).

RESULTS: The DD genotype frequencies were significantly higher in NPDR and PDR groups than in groups of NDR and control(P<0.01); The VEGF level were significantly higher in NPDR and PDR groups than in groups of NDR and normal control(P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: VEGF I/D gene polymorphism is associated with the development of diabetic retinopathy; D allele is probably a susceptible gene of diabetic retinopathy.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the relationship between Prol2Ala polymorphism of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ2(PPAR-γ2)gene and diabetic retinopathy(DR)with type 2 diabetic mellitus(T2DM)of the Han nationality in Shanxi province.

METHODS: Totally 90 patients with T2DM were selected into our research, who were at the age of 40 to 70 years old, diabetic duration from 10 to 20 years, blood pressure <140/90mmHg, and without diabetic nephropathy. Thirty persons were respectively divided into non-DR(NDR)group, nonproliferative-DR(BDR)group and proliferative-DR(PDR)group according to the result of ophthalmology examination. The genotypes of Pro12Ala polymorphism of PPAR-γ2 gene were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms(PCR-RFLP)assay in all the patients.

RESULTS: PCR results showed that there were 2 alleles and 3 genotypes in the groups. The frequency of genotype PP, PA, AA were 40.0%, 53.3%, 6.7% in NDR group, 70.0%, 30.0%, 0.0% in BDR group, 76.7%, 23.3%, 0% in PDR group, respectively. The allele frequency(χ²=10.208)and gene frequency(χ²=10.351)were statistically significant(P<0.05)in these groups. Logistic regression analysis showed that Prol2Ala polymorphism was a dangerous factor in the incidence of DR.

CONCLUSION: The alanine variant of Prol2Ala polymorphism of PPAR-γ2 gene is associated with DR in type 2 diabetes among the Hans in Shanxi area, and the Ala allele might be a protective factor for the development of diabetic retinopathy.

Abstract:AIM: To compare visual outcomes, central foveal thickness(CFT), and postoperative complications after vitrectomy and internal limiting membrane(ILM)peeling, with balanced salt solution(BSS)or gas tamponade, for the treatment of idiopathic macular epiretinal membrane(IMEM).

METHODS: Retrospective clinical study. 44 patients with IMEM were included in this study. All patients had undergone vitrectomy and ILM peeling. Eyes were divided into two groups: 20 eyes in group A with BSS tamponade. 24 patients in group B with gas tamponade(11 eyes were injected with filtered air and 13 eyes with perfluoropropane,100mL/L C₃F₈). The follow-up period was 12-16(mean 13)months. The following parameters were collected and compared: best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)and CFT(at baseline and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively), intraocular pressure(IOP)(at baseline and on the 1^th,7^th day, 1, 3 months postoperatively).

RESULTS: BCVA significantly improved, and 29 of 44 eyes(65.9%)achieved visual recovery≥0.2 logMAR. There were no significant differences between group A and group B in mean baseline logMAR BCVA(0.53±0.18 vs 0.52±0.14; P>0.05)and final logMAR BCVA(0.31±0.14 vs 0.28±0.09; P>0.05). With respect to OCT parameters, the mean CFT at 12 months(285.25±70.07μm)was significantly decreased from that of the baseline(407.82±97.00μm),(Z=4.29, P<0.05). There were no significant differences between group A and group B in mean baseline CFT(409.45±108.40μm vs 406.46±88.76μm; P>0.05)and final CFT(287.60±66.94μm vs 283.29±73.95μm; P>0.05). With respect to IOP, there were no significant differences between group A and group B at mean baseline and on the 7^th day, 1, 3 months postoperatively(P>0.05). The IOP in group A was significant lower at 1^th postoperative day compared with group B(Z=3.12, P<0.05), but the mean IOP of both groups were within normal range(10-21mmHg). Patients in group B with filtered air tamponade were instructed to maintain a prone position for 1 to 3 days and with perfluoropropane tamponade instructed to maintain a prone position for at least 1 week, however, patients in group A were not.

CONCLUSION: Vitrectomy and ILM peeling can significantly improve the visual acuity and decrease the CFT no matter with gas or with BSS tamponade, there were no significant differences in clinical outcomes, but it is neither necessary for patients with BSS tamponade to maintain a prone position nor have physically and psychological burden compared to who with gas, which makes surgery more efficient and safe.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the changes of human eyes optical and visual quality after LASIK through modulation transfer function(MTF)measurement and contrast sensitivity function(CSF)measurement.

METHODS:It was a prospective cohort study. Forty-seven patients(92 eyes)were divided into low myopia(-2.28±0.48D), moderate myopia(-4.54±0.97D)and high myopia(-6.86±1.17D)groups according to the spherical equivalent(SE)diopter before the surgery. The uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA), best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA), SE diopter, wavefront aberration, CSF measurement, PSF measurement were examined before and after operation. The follow up visits of the patients were scheduled at the 7^th day, 1^st and 3^rd month. CSF curves, which were obtained with Carl Zeiss WASCA Analyzer wavefront aberration instrument under the 3.0mm and 5.0mm pupil size conditions, were scanned and loaded into Engauge Digitizer 4.1 digital software to obtain PSF data of certain space frequency. And CSF data were obtained with Optical 6500 of STEREO OPTICAL Company under day and night environment. The data were statistical analyzed with paired-t test.

RESULTS: CSF data declined obviously compared with the preoperative data in early stage(7 days)after surgeries. Partial low space frequency CSF data(low space frequency CSF data in 3.0mm pupil size condition and moderate myopia patients' low space frequency CSF data in 5.0mm pupil size condition)recovered back to preoperative levels in 3 months after LASIK. The myopic degree was higher, the CSF values of moderate and high spatial frequency were harder to restore to preoperative levels. Most of the MTF values declined in 1 week after LASIK. MTF values approximately recovered back to preoperative levels in 1 month-3 months after LASIK. Partial MTF values of 1 week after LASIK had no statistical differences compared to the preoperative data.

CONCLUSION: MTF values approximately recover back to preoperative levels earlier than CSF values. All the MTF values recover back to preoperative levels in 3 months after LASIK, but partial space frequency CSF values not. MTF values reflect the improvement of visual quality in early stage after LASIK. MTF data obtained with Carl Zeiss WASCA Analyzer wavefront aberration analyzer comprehensively and objectively reflect the optical system changes in early stage after LASIK.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the clinical effectivity of flap-free LASEK combined mitomycin C(MMC)and LASEK for moderate and low myopia, to assess the safety and effectiveness of flap-free LASEK combined MMC surgery.

METHODS: Forty-four patients eighty-six eyes(-2.00- -7.00D)were divided randomly into two groups, group A and group B. Group A underwent flap-free LASEK combined MMC, group B underwent common LASEK. The uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA)scores were detected in 1 week,1 month, 3 months after surgery, the haze scores were detected in 1 week,10 days,1 month, 3,6 months after surgery. All subjective pain scores were evaluated in 1 day, 4 days, 7 days after the surgery. The days of corneal epithelium healing were recorded.

RESULTS: The difference of the UCVA had no statistical significance in 1 week, 1 month, 3 months after surgery between the two groups. The difference of haze scores had no statistical significance in 1 week, 10 days, 3 months, 6 months after surgery between the two groups, but in 1 month, haze scores were significant difference in group A and B(χ²=5.185, P<0.05), 0.5 degree haze in 1 month was statistical significant difference(χ²=10.135, P<0.05), while in 3 months there was no statistical significant difference in two groups. 1 degree haze in 1 month, 3 months were no statistical significant difference in two groups. 2 degree haze in 3 months was only one in group B, while no one in group A.The scores of pain in 1 day(χ²=38.78, P<0.05), 4 days(χ²=34.624, P<0.05)after surgery were statistical significant difference in group A and B, but the score of pain was no statistical significance in 7 days. The day of corneal epithelium healing had no statistical significant difference in two groups in 4 days, 7 days after surgery.

CONCLUSION: haze 0.5 degree was less and lighter in 1 month in flap-free LASEK surgery combined MMC than that in LASEK. Pain scores were lower in 1 day, 4 days in Flap-free LASEK surgery combined MMC than that in LASEK. There was no obviously difference in the days of corneal epithelium healing and UCVA between the two groups.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the efficacy, safety and stability of photorefractive keratectomy(PRK)for high myopia with 0.2g/L mitomycin C(MMC).

METHODS: Totally 109 patients(201 eyes)after PRK were treated with intraoperative application of 0.2g/L MMC for 20 seconds. The recovery of cornea epithelium after surgery was regularly observed. The uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA), corrected distance visual acuity(CDVA), refraction, haze, complications and endothelial cell counts 1 month, 3, 6, 12 months after PRK were compared.

RESULTS:The time of corneal epithelium recovery was 3.68±0.35 days. All eyes had a significant increase in UCVA. 12 months after surgery, 189 eyes(94%)achieved UCVA better than 1.0 and 153 eyes(76%)had a spherical equivalent(SE)within±0.5D. 7 eyes(3%)lost one line of CDVA. No one lost 2 or more lines of CDVA. Ninety-six percent eyes changed within±0.5D when comparing 3 month and 12 month. Postoperative endothelial cell density and coefficient of variability(CV)did not show a significant difference from preoperative measurements(P₁=0.71; P₂=0.83). Haze of grade 1 occurred in 12 eyes(6%)and haze between grade 0.5 and 1 existed in 189 eyes(94%)at 12 months. No eye developed haze over grade 2. No toxic effect and complications of MMC were found after surgery.

CONCLUSION: PRK with intraoperative application of MMC for 20 seconds appears to be a safe and effective method for correction of high myopia.

Abstract:Herpes simplex keratitis(HSK)is one of the most common ocular diseases, which is caused by Herpes simplex virus. More than 90% individuals have been infected with herpes simplex virus(HSV)in his lifetime. HSV establishes both neuronal latency and corneal latency. Stressful stimuli such as UV radiation, fever, stress, hypothermia, hyperthermia and surgical manipulation of the trigeminal ganglia can cause reactivation. The corneal lesions after HSV infection is mainly the result of the immunoreaction in which CD4⁺ cells appeared to be mediating the pathology, with CD8⁺ cells seemingly playing a protective role.

Abstract:Corneal collagen cross-linking(CXL)is the latest corneal shape technology applied in clinic. CXL can increase corneal rigidity after collagen cross-linking used ultraviolet A. CXL also can increase the mechanical and biochemical stability of the stroma tissue and prevent the progression of corneal expansion and the refractory corneal ulcer.

Abstract:Corneal sensitivity reduction is a common nerve conduction dysfunction due to a variety of causes. Although whether corneal sensitivity reduction is a symptom of diabetes is still controversial, it has strong correlation with the duration of diabetes,glycemic control and also diabetic peripheral neuropathy. In recent years, the corneal sensation as a monitoring indicator of diabetic peripheral neuropathy has been extensively researched. The mechanism may be the sugar metabolites accumulation in the nerve cells, the reduced number and the shortened length of nerve fibers, or immune mechanisms.

Abstract:With the aging population also increased the incidence of cataract, cataract has become the most common cause of blindness in the developing countries, the blind and vision damage has become a serious public, social and economic problem in developing countries. Although cataract surgery is the most cost-effective intervention, but to provide cataract surgical services in developing countries, there are still a lot of problems and challenges, manual small incision cataract surgery in the treatment of cataract in the past 10 years in some countrie shave achieved good results. In addition, the development of the different mode of the sustainable development of the prevention of blindness in these developing countries is also a challenge. We did a review of cataract surgery in developing countries in recent years.

Abstract:Most of uveitis is a kind of autoimmune diseases. Uveitis often occurs in the young adults and frequently relapses. Studies show that biological preparations can interfere with the specific molecules or pathways which cause inflammatory reaction process in the body, which play a critical role in the treatment of onset progress of uveitis to achieve the purpose of treatment of uveitis. This paper discusses the progress of biological preparations such as anti tumor necrosis factor agents, interleukin receptor antagonists, interferon and anti lymphocyte specific inhibitors applied in the treatment of uveitis.

Abstract:The therapy and functional recovery of optic nerve injury is a historical tough problem. Because after the optic nerves, as a part of central nervous system, were injured, the optic nerves were short of the microenvironment which nerves need to repair and regeneration. For that, it is very important that the effective nerves' protection, the prevention of neurons' death and to promote nerves' renovation. A great quantity of investigation has demonstrated that the visual function's recovery is closely related to the injury degree of retinal ganglial cells(RGCs), the axoplasm conveying materiae synthesis functional status, the self reparation capability and the self regeneration capability. In the recent decade, with the comprehending to the injury mechanism of nerves, a kind of researches in nerve preserved showed fairly advancements, which have revealed an excellent perspective in the part of healing the optic nerve injury. We read the recent pertinent literatures in the country of exterior and interior and composed a review concerning with the empirical study and the clinical therapy correlated to the RGCs' regeneration, the optical nerves' protection after the optic nerves injured.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the fixation features in non-anterior ischemic optic neuropathy(NAION)eyes with microperimetery.

METHODS: Twenty-three patients with 27 NAION eyes were enrolled in this study. The fixation features were measured by Nidek MP-1 microperimeter and direct ophthalmoscope, and the results were analyzed.

RESULTS: There were 18 eyes manifesting central fixation, 9 eyes with eccentric fixation by the direct ophthalmoscopy. There were 18 eyes manifesting predominantly central and stable fixation, 6 eyes with predominantly eccentric and relative unstable fixation, and 3 eyes with predominantly eccentric and unstable fixation. Best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)of the central fixation eyes was better than the eccentric fixation ones(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The difference between central and eccentric fixation can be detected definitely by the direct ophthalmoscopy in the NAION eyes, while microperimetery can manifest fixation location and stability in details.

Abstract:AIM: To study the clinical effects of Compound Xueshuantong capsule combined with laser in treating central serous chorioretinopathy(CSC).

METHODS: Totally 38 patients(40 eyes)who suffered CSC were divided into two groups randomly. Laser combined with Compound Xueshuantong capsule for treatment group(n=20)and laser was used in controlled group(n=20)respectively. The curative effect and recurrent rate were compared in two groups.

RESULTS: After 1 week treatment, the sight was increased significantly in treatment group(P<0.05). After 1 month treatment, the absorption of edema was significantly in treatment group(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Compound Xueshuantong capsule combined with laser can relieve symptoms quickly and reduce recurrence, which was a good method for CSC.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the clinical outcome of Phacoemulsification(Phaco)and IOL implantation on cataract patients with diabetes mellitus(DM)and analyze factors influencing visual acuity after Phaco.

METHODS:Phacoemulsification and IOL implantation were applied to 40 cataract patients(62 eyes)with type II DM(research group)and 60 cataract patients(82 eyes, control group)between January 2010 and December 2010. Visual acuity was measured 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months post-operation. Central corneal thickness and endothelial cells count were examined pre-operation and 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months post-operation. Fundus was examined under pupil dilatation 3 months and 6 months post-operation. In research group, 41 eyes were observed with non-diabetic retinopathy(NDR)and 21 eyes with DR.

RESULTS: Best corrected visual acuity(BCVA): 1 day, 1 week and 1 month post-operation, significant difference was observed between research group and control group(P<0.05). No significant difference was observed 3 months post-operation between NDR group and control group(P>0.05). Significant difference was observed between NDR and DR as well as between DR and control(P<0.05). No significant difference was observed 6 months post-operation between NDR and DR as well as between NDR and control(P>0.05). Significant difference was observed between DR and control(P<0.05). Central corneal thickness: significant differences were observed between 2 groups 1 day, 1 week, 1 month and 3 months post-operation(P<0.05). No significant differences were observed between 2 groups 6 months post-operation(P>0.05). When measured 1 day, 1 week post-operation, both groups have significant differences compared to pre-operation result(P<0.05). One month and 3 month post-operation, significant difference was observed in research group compared to pre-operation data(P<0.05), while there was no significant difference for control group(P>0.05). Six months post-operation, there was no significant difference compared to pre-operation result between 2 groups(P>0.05). Corneal endothelial cells count: No significant difference was observed between 2 groups pre-operation(P>0.05). Significant differences were observed between 2 groups when measured 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months post-operation(P<0.05). Both groups showed significant difference in 1 week, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months compared to pre-operation measurement(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: For DM patients after Phaco, key incipient influencing factor of VA is transient cornea edema, while chief factor influencing VA in mid-term is concomitant DR. More severe endothelial damage and recovery retardation of corneal edema were observed in cataract patients with DM after Phaco.

Abstract:AIM: To discuss the clinical effects of cataract extraction with modified small incision non-phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation combined with trabeculectomy for the treatment of cataract combined with glaucoma.

METHODS: Totally 135 patients with cataract combined with glaucoma were selected as objects in our hospital from March 2008 to January 2011. They were randomly divided into observation group and control group, according to different treatment methods. Observation group(cataract extraction with modified small incision non-phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation combined with trabeculectomy group, n=68)and control group(conventional operation group, n=67). We made a retrospective analysis on the clinical effects of the patients in two groups.

RESULTS: In observation group, the postoperative good eyesight rates were 92.6% and 88.2% for 1 week and 3 months after the operation; the good intraocular pressure rates were 98.5% and 95.6%; the incidence of complications was 5.9% for corneal edema, iris injury and anterior chamber inflammation. Compared with the control group, P<0.05, there were significant differences after statistical analysis.

CONCLUSION: Cataract extraction with modified small incision non-phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation combined with trabeculectomy for the treatment of cataract combined with glaucoma can improve curative effect and operation security, it is a safe and secure surgery method for the treatment of cataract combined with glaucoma.

Abstract:AIM: To compare preoperative and postoperative corneal astigmatism using 3.0mm corneal incision guided by corneal topography system in phacoemulsification.

METHODS:Phacoemulsification was performed on 144 cases 156 eyes with 3.0mm corneal clear incision at the steepest corneal meridian. Preoperative corneal astigmatism and the data 3 months postoperatively were observed by the corneal topography system. Statistical analysis included sample Student's t-test, one way ANOVA test, Kruskal-Wallis test and Pearson correlation test.

RESULTS: According to analysis, the postoperative corneal astigmatism correlated negatively with the preoperative corneal astigmatism(r=-0.69, P<0.01). The corneal cylinder changed significantly in each grade after the surgery(P<0.05). When the preoperative corneal cylinder was between 0.12D and 0.25D, the postoperative corneal cylinder was higher than before. Whereas, the postoperative corneal cylinder became lower than before when the preoperative cylinder ranged from 0.37D to 1.0D.

CONCLUSION: The incision located at the steepest corneal meridian under the guidance of corneal topography changes the preoperative astigmatism. For astigmatic correction, 3.0mm on-axis clear corneal incision phacoemusification is recommended with preoperative corneal astigmatism between 0.37 and 1.0D.

Abstract:AIM: To discuss the application of capsular tension ring(CTR)combined with iris hook in treatment of cataract with dislocated lens.

METHODS: Twenty-seven patients with 27 cataract-infected eyes combined with lens subluxation were treated phacoemulsification cataract surgery. With iris hook fixing capsular hole, CTR was implanted. The operation methods, postoperative vision, intraocular pressure, anterior chamber and intraocular lens location were analyzed.

RESULTS: The operations were successfully completed for 25 patients with 25 cataract-infected eyes. The posterior capsule rupture and vitreous prolapse happened for the other 2 cases with 2 eyes. Between the 2 cases, 1 received ciliary sulcus implantation and the other anterior chamber intraocular lens implantation. The patients' vision was improved more or less. No serious complications happened.

CONCLUSION: The application of CTR combined with iris hook in the treatment of cataract with lens dislocation can improve the procedure's operability and security, and reduce operation complications.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the efficacy of broken nuclear small incision cataract surgery and phacoemulsification cataract surgery in the treatment of hard nuclear cataract.

METHODS: Totally 42 patients with hard nuclear cataract were divided into observation group and control group, the observation group patients chosen broken nuclear small incision cataract surgery, the control group chosen phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Vision correction, corneal astigmatism effect after 1 day, 1 week, 1 month and 3 months and postoperative complications of two groups were observed and compared.

RESULTS: After 1 day, 1 week, 1 month and 3 months, the difference of the proportion of patients corrected visual acuity 0.5-1.0 had no significant significance(P>0.05). Postoperative 1 day and 1 week, the observation group patients with corneal astigmatism higher than that in the control group, the difference was significant(P<0.05). After 1 month and 3 months, there were no significant difference between the two groups of patients with corneal astigmatism(P>0.05). Sac membrane rupture in the control group was significantly higher than the observation group, the ratio of postoperative corneal edema in the control group were significantly higher than the observation group, the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Broken nuclear small incision cataract surgery has good effect and few complications.

Abstract:AIM: To study the applied value of Toric implantation and multifocal intraocular lens(IOL)in cataract complicated with corneal astigmatism.

METHODS: Patients with cataract and corneal astigmatism were collected and randomly divided into observation group given Toric IOL and control group given multifocal IOL. Then postoperative vision, astigmatism and operation index were observed.

RESULTS: Vision and astigmatism of observation group recovered from 1^st week and control group from 3^rd week. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate operation time and postoperative complications of observation group were significantly lower than control group.

CONCLUSION:Toric IOL implantation has positive therapeutic significance for its rapid, effective and safe recovery of vision and astigmatism.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the clinical effects of 3 different surgery treatments for acute angle-closure glaucoma.

METHODS: Totally 60 cases of acute angle-closure glaucoma were randomly divided into 3 groups. Iris root excision or laser iridotomy was applied to group A, cataract phacoemulsification with artificial lens implantation and goniosynechialysis for group B, crabeculectomy for group C. The changes of vision, intraocular pressure, chamber angle, anterior chamber depth before and after operation were observed, while the postoperative complications and following operations were analyzed. The period of follow-up was one week, one month, three months and six months.

RESULTS: No statistical significance was found for treatments of group A and C(P>0.05). For group C the treatment was statistically significant(P<0.01). Intraocular pressure: for all three groups intraocular pressure dropped with statistical significance(P<0.05)and group C was most effective. Chamber angle change: For group B 80% chamber angles were completely open and anterior chamber depth obviously increased(P<0.01); Postoperative complications: For group A 10% to 20% cases needed medical treatments or operations. Less complication were found for group B with better improvements of vision. For group C more complications were observed with some cases of severe and enduring cases which needed re-operation.

CONCLUSION: Cataract phacoemulsification with artificial lens implantation and goniosynechialysis is a safe and effective surgery for treatment of acute angle-closure glaucoma, which can effectively improve vision, decrease intraocular pressure, open anterior chamber angle.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the risk factors that cause phototoxic maculopathy in occupational welders.

METHODS: We examined a group of 68 male welders 136 eyes from some metal manufacturing enterprise from March 2012 to December 2012. Participants underwent thorough ophthalmologic examination including visual acuity, fundus photography, and high definition optical coherence tomography(OCT)scan. A specialist of occupational medicine examined all participants of this study prior to the OCT. The clinical history of all subjects was screened carefully before the study. All the subjects were divided into three groups according to age, length of service, protection habits. The incidences of phototoxic maculopathy were compared in 3 groups.

RESULTS: The incidences ofphototoxic maculopathy in less than or equal to 35 years old group, and more than 35 years old group were respectively 35.14%, 29.03%, and difference was not statistically significant. The incidences of phototoxic maculopathy in less than or equal to 10-years-seniority group, and more than 10-years-seniority group were respectively 11.76% and 33.33%, and the difference was statistically significant. The incidences of phototoxic maculopathy in strict protection group, protective random group and sunglasses protection group were respectively 21.88%, 36.96%, and 50.00%. The incidence in strict protection group was lower than the other two groups, the incidence was the highest in sunglasses protection group, and the difference was statistically significant.

CONCLUSION: The risk factors of phototoxic maculopathy in occupational welders are the length of service and protection habits. The longer the length of service, the macular lesions probability is high; protection more strict, macular lesions rate is low. The phototoxic maculopathy occurs regardless of age.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the clinical effect of 23G-minimally invasive vitrectomy for idiopathic macular epiretinal membrane.

METHODS: Totally 30 eyes of 30 cases of idiopathic macular epiretinal membrane were performed vitrectomy, membrane peeling and gas tamponade with 23-G minimally invasive vitrectomy from January 2010 to December 2012 years in our hospital. The follow-up time was 2 to 13 months. The operation effect was analyzed.

RESULTS: Thirty cases(30 eyes)of idiopathic macular epiretinal membrane were performed 23G-minimally invasive vitrectomy, 1 eye with macular epiretinal membrane reoccurred, 29 eyes macular epiretinal membrane disappeared, vision had different degrees of improvement than preoperative, metamorphopsia was disappeared or reduced, the macular epiretinal membrane was disappeared showed by OCT.

CONCLUSION: 23-G minimally invasive vitrectomy is a safe and effective method for the treatment of macular epiretinal membrane. It can improve the visual quality and the quality of life in patients prior to serious damage of visual function, and should be performed early.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the imaging features of the foveal photoreceptor layer in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy(CSC)using frequency-domain optical coherence tomography(FD-OCT)and to find the relationship between best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)and the morphology of thickness of the outer nuclear layer.

METHODS: Totally 58 eyes from 54 CSC patients and 60 eyes from 30 healthy volunteers as the control group were selected. FD-OCT scan was performed on all the patients and volunteers. FD-OCT scan of 6mm horizontal line was performed, the scan depth was 1.9mm with a 5.8mm×5.8mm transverse area, the vertical and horizontal resolution was 5μm and 18μm respectively. The scan mode was 512×496. The morphological changes of FD-OCT on different stages of CSC were observed and the relationship between best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)and the morphology of thickness of the outer nuclear layer were analyzed.

RESULTS: Simple serous neuroepithelial layer detachment and simple serous neuroepithelial layer detachment associated with pigment epithelial layer detachment at macula were about 84.5% of all the patients. Thickness of the outer nuclear layer was thinner from acute stage to chronic stage of CSC, and the relationship between thickness of the outer nuclear layer and BCVA was negative.

CONCLUSION: FD-OCT can detect the detailed morphologic changes and pathological morphology at the foveal photoreceptor layer in eyes with CSC patients.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze the effect of pneumatic retinopexy used in unsuccessful scleral buckling surgeries which failed because of missing holes, new breaks and so on.

METHODS: A case control study was done, 32 unsuccessful scleral buckling paients(32 eyes)in our hospital from 2010 to 2012, who match condition of pneumatic retinopexy were divided into two groups in random. The observation group were cured by pneumatic retinopexy, the control group were cured by vitrectomy combined with gas. The cure rate, corrected visual acuity, hospitalization costs and satisfaction rate were recorded to be contrasted.

RESULTS: The cure rate of both group were high, the observation group was 93.8%(15/16),the control group was 87.5%(14/16). The corrected visual acuity of the two groups respectively were 4.72±0.12, 4.75±0.14. They had no difference in statistic. But the observation group was far less than the control group in hospitalization costs, they were 4 543±126 yuan and 12 367±138 yuan respectively, and it got higher satisfaction rate than the control group, they were 93.8% and 62.5%. Both index had difference in statistic(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The pneumatic retinopexy used in unsuccessful scleral buckling surgeries can improve cure rate, satisfaction rate and it can bring down in hospitalization costs.

Abstract:AIM: To quantitatively analyse the anatomical structure after canalicular laceration, to provide a basis for finding nasal ends of the canalicular and to evaluate the feasibility of taking the lacrimal caruncle as anatomic landmarks for finding the nasal ends of the inferior canalicular.

METHODS: In this prospective case-control study, 100 cases(72 males and 28 females)of traumatic inferior canalicular laceration were chosen. They were completely random divided into the experimental group(n=50), finding the nasal ends of the inferior canalicular by applying the method of lacrimal caruncle anatomic landmarks; the control group(n=50), finding the nasal ends of the inferior canalicular by applying the direct vision method. The distance of the lacrimal punctum and the temporal side of the stump, the vertical distance and quadrant between nasal ends of the canalicular and lacrimal caruncle were measured. The success rate of the two groups to find the nasa lends of the canalicular were recorded. The data were compared using χ² test.

RESULTS: The nasal ends of the inferior canalicular in the semi-quadrant of the lacrimal caruncle was 94%. The canalicular nasal ends from the lacrimal caruncle of the vertical distance was 2.34±0.68 mm,in which lacrimal punctums pitch temporal side of the stump<4mm by nasal ends vertical distance of the lacrimal caruncle was 2.01±0.77mm. Lacrimal punctums pitch temporal side of the stump between 4-7mm was 0.57±0.19mm, lacrimal punctums pitch temporal side of the stump>7mm was 3.05±0.97mm. The success rate of surgery looking the inferior lacrimal duct nasal stump: experimental group: 49/50(98%), control group: 40/50(80%), the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Nasal ends of the inferior canalicular locates below the parallel lines of the lacrimal caruncle. The canalicular nasal ends locates in the deep side of the lacrimal caruncle within 2-3mm. The lacrimal punctum and the length of the temporal side can be used to clear the radius around the lacrimal caruncle. The success rate of finding the nasal ends of the experimental group is faster than the control group. The lacrimal caruncle as anatomic landmarks to find the nasal ends of the inferior canalicular is feasible, especially for patients whose inferior canalicular bitamporal side of the stump from inferior lacrimal punctum was 4-7mm.

Abstract:AIM: To observe and evaluate clinical effect of the combined use of vitamin A palmitate eye ophthalmic gel and Ellie eye drops for the treatment of various eye surface damage.

METHODS:Totally 167 cases of corneal disease were randomly divided into Ellie eye drops treatment group(n=45), vitamin A palmitate eye ophthalmic gel(n=55)in treatment group, the combined use group(n=67). Ellie eye drops were used to drop eye every 2 hours a day(daily 6 times). Vitamin A palmitate eye ophthalmic gel treatment group was used every 2 hours a day(daily 6 times), eye drops 1 time before sleeping in the evening. The combined use group was treated according to the above method of two medicines with 5 minutes interval.

RESULTS: Cure rate and the total effective rate of vitamin A palmitate eye ophthalmic gel treatment group were 56.4% and 83.6% respectively. Cure rate and the total effective rate of Ellie eye drops group were 66.7% and 88.9% respectively. Cure rate and the total effective rate of combined use group were 83.6% and 97.0% respectively. Alone use of Ellie eye drops in various eye surface damage was more efficient than vitamin A palmitate eye ophthalmic gel. The efficacy of combined use group for the treatment of various eye surface damages was obviously higher than that of the single application group(P<0.05). Local stimulation and systemic adverse reactions were not found during the observation.

CONCLUSION: Ellie eye drops is more effective than vitamin A palmitate eye ophthalmic gel for the treatment of all kinds of ocular surface damage, but the two medicine combined application treatment is much safer and more specific than the alone application.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate patients who suffering bullous keratopathy, postoperative pterygium and filamentary keratopathy, by wearing hydrophilic soft corneal contact lens at the same time, and observe the treatment effect on alleviating corneal irritation symptoms and promoting corneal repair.

METHODS: Totally 79 hospitalized patients(90 eyes)were divided into treatment group and control group randomly. The control group was given routine treatment; the treatment group had routine treatment and still wore hydrophilic soft corneal contact lens. The alleviating corneal irritation symptoms and promoting corneal repair between two groups were compared.

RESULTS: Cornea irritation symptoms in the treatment group patients had significantly alleviated than control group, there were significant differences(H=26.801,P<0.001), it can be considered that the overall distribution of the symptoms was different between the two groups. In corneal wound healing, there were significant differences(H=7.347, P<0.05)between the two groups at one day post-operation. It can be considered that the overall distribution of the symptoms was different between the two groups at 1 day post-operation. There were significant differences(H=13.495, P<0.001)between the two groups in pterygium post-operation. There were no significant differences(H=0.006, P>0.05)between the two groups in bullous keratopathy postoperation. There were no significant differences(H=0.245, P>0.05)between the two groups in filamentous keratitis post-operation. In corneal wound healing, there were not significant differences(H=0.708, P>0.05)between the two groups at one week post-operation. It cannot be considered that the overall distribution of the symptoms was different between the two groups.

CONCLUSION: The using of therapeutic corneal contact lens not only reduces the suffering of patients with corneal diseases, but also shortens the repairing time of corneal epithelial, reduces the economic pressure of the patients, and is conducive to clinical treatment and nursing. However, for bullous keratopathy, the main cure is still penetrating corneal transplantation at present.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the safety and clinical effects of Cachet IOL implantation in the correction of high myopia.

METHODS: Twelve high myopia patients with Cachet anterior chamber IOL implantation from May 2011 to December 2011 were recruited in clinical study. The change of vision, IOP, corneal endothelium and the complication were observed after therapy. The follow up time was 3-6 months.

RESULTS: In all eyes of 12 patients, the uncorrected distance visual acuity(UDVA)and corrected distance visual acuity(CDVA)were obviously improved in different degrees after surgery compared with those of pre-therapy. The anterior chamber was clear at 2 days after therapy. The loss rate of corneal endothelium was low, the IOL of all patients had a good position and there were no obvious complication after therapy.

CONCLUSION: The Cachet IOL implantation is an accurate method in the correction of high myopia. It is an effective therapy to lighten the response of anterior chamber, and remission of complication and improve the vision. However, its safety needs long time observation.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the refractive error in eyes with vitrectomy and silicone oil tamponade finished phacoemulsification and intraocular lens(IOL)implantation in different time point.

METHODS: Fifty-one patients(51 eyes)with vitrectomy and silicone oil tamponade performed phacoemulsification and IOL implantation were retrospectively analysed during 2009-01/2011-12 and divided into three groups by different time point of phacoemulsification and IOL implantation. There were 17 cases in A group performed silicone oil tamponade after vitrectomy combined with phacoemulsification and intraocular lens IOL implantation, silicone oil removal was performed after 3-6 months; 13 cases in B group performed silicone oil removal combined with phacoemulsification and IOL implantation; 21 cases in C group of scheduled phacoemulsification and IOL implantation after silicone oil removal, refractive error was compared 3months postoperatively.

RESULTS: The average absolute value of refractive error was 0.873±0.256D in A group, 0.828±0.134D in B group, 0.473±0.121D in C group. There was no statistical significant difference compared with A group and B group(P>0.05), but there was statistical significant difference compared with C group and A, B group(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Axial length was measured by A Scan ultrasonograph. The refractive error was small in group of phacoemulsification and IOL implantation after silicone oil removal relatively.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate anterior segment changes during accommodation in different degree of myopia with OCT.

METHODS: Sixty myopes with the age from 18 to 39 years were enrolled in this study and were divided into two groups: low to moderate myopia group(>-6.0D), and high myopia group(≤-6.0D). Anterior segment measurements were performed by anterior segment optic coherence tomography(OCT)under three different accommodative state of relax(0.0 D), 3.00D and 5.00D. The posterior corneal curvature(PCC), anterior chamber depth(ACD), lens thickness(LT), pupil diameter(PD)were compared at different accommodative state using repeated measures ANOVA.

RESULTS:Low to moderate myopia group comprised 32 myopes with the mean age 29.34±4.65 years, mean spherical equivalent -3.72±1.05D; High myopia group comprised 28 myopes with the mean age 29.57±5.89 years, mean spherical equivalent -7.05±0.85D; With the accommodation relaxed(0D), there was no difference between the low to moderate myopia group and high myopia group both in PCC and LT, ACD was 2.92±0.23mm in high myoia and 2.67±0.19mm in low to moderate myopia(t=-4.637, P=0.000). Pupil diameter was 6.21±0.56mm in low to moderate myopia and 5.95±0.42mm in high myopia(t=2.011, P=0.049). With the accommodation increased, ACD decreased significantly, LT increased significantly, and PD decreased significantly in both groups(all P<0.05). The PCC has no significant change during accommodation in both groups(all P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: Anterior segment OCT can find the alteration of ACD, LT and PD with accommodation. During accommodation, the cornea is stable. However, with the accommodation increased, ACD, greater changes happened in LT and PD using anterior segment OCT.

Abstract:AIM: To map the causal gene of congenital nuclear cataract in a family in the area of northeast.

METHODS: We investigated there generations of a Chinese family affected with hereditary cataract. Peripheral blood samples were collected from all of the family members, and genomic DNA was then extracted from the blood samples. Linkage analysis was performed using 62microsatellite markers. Two-point LOD scores(Z)were calculated using the LINKAGE programs(ver. 5.2). Haplotypes were constructed according to the allele information.

RESULTS: The affected members in this family showed classic phenotype of autosomal dominant congenital cataract. The maximum two-point LOD score of 2.71 was obtained for marker D22S689(θ = 0). Haplotype analysis traced the disease gene on chromosome 22q11.2-12.1, containing CRYBB1, CRYBB2, CRYBB3, CRYBA4 genes.

CONCLUSION: The occurrence of congenital nuclear cataract consistents with the autosomal dominant inherited regular, and the causal gene of congenital nuclear cataract localize at 22q11.2-12.1 in this family.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the refractive status of pupils of Hetian Road primary school in Zhabei community of Shanghai and analyze the relationships between visual acuity and relative factors.

METHODS: All the in-school students of Hetian Road primary school in Zhabei community of Shanghai were involved in the study. Four hundred and sixty pupils out of 465 pupils were investigated(The rate was 98.9%). There were 445 pupils with fully data collection. Uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA), age, height(H), weight(W), body mass index(BMI), diopter of spherical(S), diopter of cylinder(C), spherical equivalent(SE), axial length(AL)and corneal curvature(K)were examined. The refractive status was described and the influence of relative factors was analyzed. UCVA measurement uses the standard logarithmic visual acuity chart, recording by decimal number, then transform into LogMar vision for statistical analysis.

RESULTS: In total, the average age was 9.49±1.47 year, SE was -0.85±1.82D and UCVA was +0.09±0.28. The prevalence of myopia and astigmatism was 40.9% and 58.9%, respectively. With getting older, the prevalence of myopia increased with the average myopic SE developing significantly(P=0.000). UCVA and AL increased in the same time, SE decreased gradually(P<0.001). The results of analysis showed that UCVA was positively correlated with age, H, W, BMI and AL, and negatively correlated with S, C and SE(P<0.001).

CONCLUSION: The prevalence of myopia and astigmatism was high in Hetian Road primary school in Zhabei community of Shanghai. Visual acuity is closely related to AL and growth factors.

Abstract:AIM: To examine the configuration of fungal keratitis and the detection rate of hypha and spore under confocal laser microscopy and investigate the value of confocal microscopy in the clinical diagnosis of fungal keratitis.

METHODS: We conducted laserconfocal microscopy on 41 patients of 41 eyes diagnosed as fungal keratitis and compared the configuration of different layers of cornea in different stages.

RESULTS: The fungal infected corneas histologically showed disordered layers, edema, infiltration of inflammatory cells, damaged sub-epithelial nerves and disordered stroma with reduced transparence. Hypha showed a specific base on the diagnosis of the disease, but not the only, it may appeared different configuration in different types of fungal keratitis and at different stages of the disease.

CONCLUSION:Confocal laser microscopy is a noninvasive and rapid intuitive technique, and can offer helpful analysis in the early diagnosis, reasonable treatment and prognosis evaluation of fungal keratitis.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the relationship between postmenopausal estrogen level and senile cataract.

METHODS: The experiment was divided into two groups: control group(postmenopausal healthy women), postmenopausal senile cataract patients group. The β-estradiol(E₂)serum levels of postmenopausal patients with senile cataract and those of the control group were measured by radio immunoassay.

RESULTS: The E₂ levels in postmenopausal patients with senile cataract sharply decreased compared to those in healthy postmenopausal women, with the differential expression from the control group having a statistical significance(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The incidence of senile cataract in postmenopausal women is related to the lack of estrogen, and estrogen has protective effect on cataract.

Abstract:AIM: To study the small incision cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation method, prevention skills of complications and clinical effect.

METHODS: Small incision cataract capsule outside removing joint intraocular lens implantation were performed on 842 cases of cataract patients(944 eyes).

RESULTS: Three months after the operation, 347 cases(504 eyes)were paid a return visit. The corrected visual acuity less 0.3 was in 27 eyes(5.4%)among which 2 cases of high myopia leopard grain shape; 0.3 to 0.5 was in 102 eyes(20.2%); 0.5 to 1.0 was in 305 eyes(60.5%); above 1.0 was in 70 eyes(13.9%).

CONCLUSION: Small incision cataract capsule outside removing joint intraocular lens implantation can safely deliver nucleus, avoids the expensive operation equipment, and realizes the small incision without suture. Postoperative astigmatism is small, visual acuity recover fast and stably. It conforms to the impoverished area hospital situation.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the effect of complete circular continuous capsulorhexis(CCC)in white inflation cataracts after pressing nucleus to discharge of liquid in lens capsule.

METHODS: Sixty cases of white cortical liquefaction cataract were divided randomly into 2 groups. Thirty patients of the observation group were performed capsulorhexis with capsulorhexis forceps directly. The treatment group of 30 patients were operated the capsulorhexis after pressing nucleus with capsulorhexis to discharge of liquid in lens capsule.

RESULTS: In the initial broken capsule, the anterior capsule automatically split to the surrounding circumstances. There were 9 cases in the observation group, 10 cases in the treatment group(P>0.05). The observation group CCC success rate was 26.7%, the treatment group 66.7%(P<0.01). In the observation group, 2 patients underwent spontaneous rupture of the posterior capsule, in the treatment group, it did not happen.

CONCLUSION: In the white inflation cataract surgery, the use of pressing lens nucleus to outflow of liquefied cortex can eliminate the effect of lens nucleus of upward floating on anterior capsule capsulorhexis. It significantly improves the success rate of CCC.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the surgery of secondary glaucoma and cataract after silicone oil emulsification.

METHODS: Silicone oil removal combined with crystal phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation and trabeculectomy surgery was performed in secondary glaucoma and cataract after silicone oil emulsification. And the visual acuity, intraocular pressure, complications were analyzed between 7 days to 6 months after surgery.

RESULTS: All the operative eyes had varying degrees of silicone emulsion droplets residual. And visual acuity increased in 18(60%)eyes, decreased in 7(23.3%)eyes, without change in 5(16.7%)eyes. The numbers of patients at 1 week after surgery having normal intraocular pressure accounted for 25(83.3%)eyes, 5(16.7%)eyes were higher than normal. At 6 months after surgery, 28(93.3%)eyes of the patients had normal intraocular pressure, 2(6.7%)eyes higher than normal, and no corneal decompensation, intraocular lens shift or vitreous hemorrhage occurred.

CONCLUSION: Silicone oil removal combined with crystal phacoemulsification, and intraocular lens implantation and trabeculectomy surgery can effectively control the intraocular pressure and improve visual acuity in secondary glaucoma and cataract after silicone oil emulsification. The surgery is an effective and safe way on secondary glaucoma and cataract after silicone oil emulsification.

Abstract:AIM: To study the pseudo-accommodation in pseudophakic eyes after the surgery of coaxial 1.8mm microincision phacoemulsiflcation and implantation of Akreos MI60 intraocular lens(IOL).

METHODS: In the retrospective study, 22 eyes of 19 patients\〖mean age 63.77 years ± 2.98(SD)(range 60 to 69 years)\〗 had phacoemulsification and Akreos MI60 IOL implantation. After 3 to 6 months, far and near vision and the best corrected vision were examined. Pseudophakic accommodation was also measured by subjective techniques(defocus)and objective techniques \〖change in the anterior chamber depth(ACD)before and after using pilocarpine 20g/L eye drops\〗.

RESULTS: After 3 to 6 months, the mean far vision was 0.81±0.11, the mean best corrected far vision was 0.91±0.09; the mean near vision was 0.62±0.10, the mean best corrected near vision was 0.85±0.11; the mean accommodative range was(2.55±0.24)D by subjective techniques and(0.72±0.13)D by objective techniques.

CONCLUSION: The pseudophakic eyes implanted with Akreos MI60 possess pseudophakic have accommodation in the early days. The accommodative range measured by subjective techniques is bigger than by objective techniques.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the indications and preliminary clinical results of two types of microsurgery of primary acute angle-closure glaucoma and cataract.

METHODS: Totally 32 cases(32 eyes)with primary acute angle-closure glaucoma and cataract were selected. Examination of angle of anterior chamber(before and after the using of pilocarpine), intraocular pressures and C value were performed pre and after operation. Two types of surgery were performed: phacotrabeculectomy plus intraocular lens implantation(IOL)and phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation. They were followed up for 3 months after surgery.

RESULTS:Twenty-four cases were performed phacoemulsification with IOL; 8 cases were performed phacortrabeculectomy plus intraocular lens implantation. There was 1 case with high intraocular pressure in each group respectively. Intraocular pressure was controlled by drug.

CONCLUSION: Examination of angle of anterior chamber(after the using of pilocarpine)and C value can be helpful to choice surgery method of primary acute angle-closure glaucoma and cataract.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the effects and complications of treatment foruveitis with cystoid macular edema with two different dosages of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide(IVTA).

METHODS: Totally 6 cases(12 eyes)suffering from bilateraluveitis with cystoid macular edema were selected for the study from January 2010 to January 2012 treated in our hospital. Two eyes of each patient was divided into two groups randomly. Group A was treated with IVTA 4mg, group B was treated with IVTA 2mg. The visual acuity, intraocular pressure, foveal thickness, transparency of lens and recurrence of uveitis etc were examined postoperatively. The data were analyzed by t test.

RESULTS: The visual acuity of all patients was improved obviously after operations. A relief ofcystoid macular edema was observed in 12 eyes(100%)after operations, which was a significant difference contrast with preoperation(P<0.01). Preoperative and postoperative mean thickness of foveal in group A and group B had no difference(P>0.05). Three cases(3 eyes)in each group(50%)occurred high intraocular pressure. The mean intraocular pressure controlled with drugs of group A was 44.33±7.51mmHg, and group B was 23.33±2.52mmHg, which was significantly different(P=0.01)between two groups. Four eyes of 2 patients manifested cataract in each group. Four eyes of 2 patients underwent recurrent uveitis with cystoid macular edema after the treatment.

CONCLUSION: IVTA is an effective treatment foruveitis with cystoid macular edema. Complications include high intraocular pressure and progression of cataract. Therapeutic efficiency was the same of IVTA in two different dosages in treating uveitis with cystoid macular edema, but complication of high intraocular pressure was lower in IVTA 2mg than that of IVTA 4mg.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the pathogenesis, clinical features of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with vitreous hemorrhage and the treatment effect of vitrectomy.

METHODS: Clinical data of 24 cases(24 eyes)treated with vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with vitreous hemorrhage was analyzed retrospectively.

RESULTS: In youth group(<45 years old), there were 11 eyes, in middle-aged group(45-59 years old), there were 9 eyes, in old group(>60 years old), there were 4 eyes. Twenty-one eyes were horseshoe tear, including 2 eyes with horseshoe tear<1PD, 1PD≤14 eyes<2PD, 2PD ≤ 5 eyes<1 quadrant; 3 eye with round hole<1PD. Thirteen eyes with retinal tear were identified in the superotemporal retina, followed by inferotemporal 8 eyes, superonasal 3 eyes. Ten eyes with retinal detachment were identified in the superotemporal retina, followed by superonasal 2 eyes, totally detached 1 eye, temporal 11 eyes. Time of vitreous hemorrhage and visual acuity after vitrectomy: in one month group, there were 16 eyes, 13 eyes with the visual acuity 0.2-0.4, 3 eyes with the visual acuity ≥0.5; in 2 months group, there were 5 eyes, 3 eyes with the visual acuity 0.01-0.1, 2 eyes with the visual acuity 0.2-0.4; in 3 months group, there was 1 eye, visual acuity 0.01-0.1; in over 3 months group, there were 2 eyes, 1 eye with the visual acuity CF, 1 eye with the visual acuity HM.

CONCLUSION: Early diagnosis and timely vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with vitreous hemorrhage can achieve a better effect.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze the clinical features and differential diagnosis of carotid cavernous fistula(CCF)first examined in ophthalmology department, and improve the diagnosis and treatment level among ophthalmologist.

METHODS:This was a retrospective case study. The details of clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment in 11 cases of CCF first examined in ophthalmology department were analyzed.

RESULTS:Nine patients had a history of trauma. The clinical ocular manifestation was mainly pulsatile proptosis, and the disease may be misdiagnosed as orbital inflammatory pseudotumor, orbital aneurysm, and thyroid associated ophthalmopathy. Obliteration of the fistula by intravascular balloon embolization was the current mainstay treatment after DSA examination.

CONCLUSION: With enhanced awareness of the disease, careful query of history, combined with the characteristic clinical manifestations, and utilizing cerebralangiography examination can improve the diagnosis rate. Endovascular embolization is a suitable treatment of the CCF with good prognosis.

Abstract:AIM: To discuss the feasibility of transconjunctival surgical removal of intraorbital cavernous hemangioma.

METHODS: We recruited 53 patients with intraorbital cavernous hemangioma, the largest diameter was 4.2cm, and the smallest diameter was 0.8cm. After general anesthesia, the outer canthus should be incised, and the 1/3-1/2 circle of conjunctiva 7 to 8mm should be scissored after corneal margin to expose the tumor. The tumor should be bluntly separated along its surface. After completely separating the tumor and surrounding tissues, the front area of tumor should be clamped and pulled out. If the tumor is too large to be pulled out from the cut, it can be punctured to press out some blood so that it can be smaller to be pulled out.

RESULTS:Intraorbital cavernous hemangiomas of the 53 patients were all excised completely with no obvious scar formed and satisfied appearance.

CONCLUSION: The method of transconjunctival surgical removal of intraorbital cavernous hemangioma has the following merits: unnecessary opening the lateral wall of orbit, short duration of operation procedure, small injury and low cost. Incision is just outside the outer canthus angle and conjunctiva and there is no obvious scar formed after operation. This method is worth being recommended because of the perfect appearance.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate and evaluate therapeutic effects on treatment of Eales disease.

METHODS: A retrospective study was performed in 57 consecutive cases(110 eyes)with Eales disease during the period of January 2009 to February 2012 in our hospital. The treatment methods included drug therapy, laser photocoagulation and surgery.

RESULTS: The follow-up period after the treatment was more than 6 months. The visual acuity was improved in 88 eyes, did not change in 19 eyes, and decreased in 3 eyes.

CONCLUSION: The different treatments were found to be effective for Eales disease to some extent. Patients of different stage with appropriate treatment can achieve good effect.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the characteristics of fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA)of central exudative chorioretinitis(CEC).

METHODS:Totally 45 patients with central exudative chorioretinitis from Department of Ophthalnolgy, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, from January 2011 to December 2012 were chosen. Fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA)was performed on 49 eyes of 45 patients with Heidelberg retina angiography(HRA), and the results were analyzed.

RESULTS:Retinal neovascularization from choroidal was visible in 30 eyes of patients with central exudative chorioretinitis in the early period of artery arterial or at artery arterial period, leakage happened quickly, along with the imaging process to expand enhancement. There was a strong fluorescence spot in a mass lesion, and to late period, the imaging was still persistent. Bleeding around in strong fluorescence covered oven around ring plate or arc barrier fluorescence. Retinal edema was visible in strong fluorescence and the same at low fluorescence. It was lesions of active stage. Strong fluorescence was visible in 10 eyes of patients around the lesions of depigmentation, leakage less, not expanding. It was lesions of convalescence. Strong fluorescence in the early period of artery arterial or at artery arterial period was visible in 9 eyes of patients, gradually enhance, no leakage, not expanding, was visible to blocked fluorescence cause by scar and pigment. Later the fluorescent dye was visible to window defect hyperfluorescence. It was lesions of scar period.

CONCLUSION:FFA can improve the diagnosis rate of central exudative chorioretinitis and decrease the misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis rate. In addition, it can provide effective basis for diagnosis and guide the clinical treatment.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of paracentesis of anterior chamber to treat acute angle-closure glaucoma which couldn't controlled by drugs and with persistent ocular hypertension.

METHODS: A retrospective study in the past 3 years, 48 patients(53 eyes)with acute angle-closure glaucoma were received puncture of anterior chamber when the medicine therapy couldn't lower intraocular pressure. Postoperative IOP, visions and complications were observed.

RESULTS: IOP was controled normal in 29 eyes(54.7%), IOP: 22mmHg-30mmHg in 6 eyes(11.3%), IOP> 30mmHg in 18 eyes(34.0%). Visual acuity improved significantly. Complications were shallow anterior chamber(100%), incarcerated iris(20.8%), hyphema(7.5%).

CONCLUSION: When drugs cannot control the IOP in acute angle-closure glaucoma acute exacerbation, anterior chamber paracentesis is a safe and effective in IOP control and good for further surgery.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the effect of Mecobalamin for the treatment of the patients with optic nerve injury.

METHODS: Thirty-eight(38 eyes)patients randomly received either Mecobalamin treatment 21 cases or Tolazoline treatment 17 cases. Patients were treated with Mecobalamin injection 500μg or Tolazoline 12.5mg by hemisphere injection respectively. The change of vision and visual field for the treatment of optic nerve injury was compared.

RESULTS: The effect rate was 80% in the group treated with Mecobalamin and 44% in the controlled group with tolazoline: there was a statistical significant difference between them(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION:Mecobalamin is an effective and security medicine for the treatment of optic nerve injury.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the best opportunity and therapy measures for traumatic hyphema.

METHODS: The clinical data of 88 patients(96 eyes)from Jun. 2009 to Jun. 2011 with traumatic hyphema were analyzed retrospectively.

RESULTS: Hyphema was absorbed with in 2 days in 56 eyes, from 3 days to 7 days in 31 eyes, from 8 days to 14 days in 8 eyes and over 14 days in 1 eye. Visual acuity recovered satisfactorily in traumatic hyphema with levelⅠand levelⅡ, but unsatisfactorily in level Ⅲ.

CONCLUSION: Treating immediately and rationally, operating correctly with best opportunity, enhancing the hemorrhage re-absorption and preventing re-bleeding and other complications, are the key for traumatic hyphema.

Abstract:AIM: To study the infective endophthalmitis after multitudinous cataract surgeries in the Restoring Eye Sight, Assisting the Poor Project and to discuss the methods for prevention and treatment of this complication.

METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on cataract surgeries underwent in Mobile Eye Treatment Centre of Shaanxi province(Sight Care No.1)during past 15 years from 1996 to 2011.

RESULTS: Among 30 312 cases underwent cataract surgery, 9 cases(0.03%)suffered infective endophthalmitis. After the treatment, the visions of 7 patients were recovered to varying degrees, and enucleation was performed in 2 cases.

CONCLUSION: It is necessary for surgeons to examine patients carefully, strictly master the surgery indications, pay attention to the sterilization, regulate perioperative treatment, and improve surgical skills. When infective endophthalmitis is once occurred, it should be treated immediately. To apply antibiotic and cortisol therapy into vitreous and vitrectomy as soon as the endophthalmitis is diagnosed, the vision can be recovered.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the clinical effect of procedures in extraction of huge intraocular foreign bodies by trans-scleral way.

METHODS: Totally 12 cases(12 eyes)with huge intraocular foreign bodies were retrospectively analyzed and summarized in ocular trauma department of Shenzhen Eye Hospital.

RESULTS:Intraocular foreign bodies of 12 cases were removed successfully. In the follow-up of 6-12 months(average 9 months), the corrected visual acuity increased in 8 eyes and unchanged in 3 eyes, 1 eye complicated with retinal detachment, then suffered vitrectomy.

CONCLUSION: The way of removal of huge intraocular foreign body is effective and economic for the eligible patients.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the efficacy of physical therapy meibomian gland opening pick row for meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD).

METHODS: The MGD 52 patients(100 eyes)admitted to hospital from January 2012 to December 2012 were retrospective analyzed. They were divided into 2 groups. Group A of 26 patients(50 eyes)were treated with local cleaning, heating, opening pick a row, TobraDex-ointment and artificial tears comprehensive treatments. Group B of 26 cases(50 eyes)were only treated with artificial tears and TobraDex-ointment drug treatment. Subjective symptom, corneal fluorescein staining(FL), tear secretion and tear film break-up time(BUT)of the 2 groups before and after treatment were compared.

RESULTS: Symptoms of group A were improved in 24 cases(47 eyes), improvement rate was 94%; group B symptoms improved in 14 cases(27 eyes), improvement rate was 54%, the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.01). Two sets of tear secretion before and after treatment had no significant difference(P>0.05), tear film BUT in group A was significantly improved after treatment, the differences was statistically significant(P<0.01)between before and after treatment; corneal fluorescein staining(FL )before and after treatment between the two groups has statistically significance(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: MGD is a chronic disease that can cause ocular inflammation and injury, meibomian gland opening pick row physiotherapy for meibomian gland dysfunction is efficacy and has high patient satisfaction.

Abstract:AIM: To discuss the transposition of pedicled flap eyelashes for the treatment of complex cicatricial entropion.

METHODS: For severe cicatricial entropion in 68 patients(115 eye)with plenty of metaplastic or misdirected eyelashes, distichiasis, or previously had one or more times correction of trichiasis with recurrent later, transposition of pedicled flap eyelashes was taken; Follow-up was 6-32 months, an average of 23.3 months; The postoperative eyelid margin morphology and eyelashes were observed.

RESULTS: After treatment, two eyes within half a year, and three eyes half a year later had a few metaplastic or misdirected eyelashes(<6 root), which were cured by Electrolysis again. Others had good forms of upper eyelid palpebral margin, eyelashes were away from the eye's surface, without recurrence of trichiasis, and without complications; The cure rate reached up to 91.7%(55/60, 8 cases loss to follow-up after half a year).

CONCLUSION: Transposition of pedicled flap eyelashes on complex cicatricial entropion has better curative effect, and lower rates of recurrence.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the effects of hyaluronic acid sodium eye drops on tear film after pterygium transposition

METHODS: All 68 cases(76 eyes)after pterygium transposition were chosen and randomly divided into two groups: the hyaluronic acid sodium group and control group. In the hyaluronic acid sodium group, the patients were treated by hyaluronic acid sodium eye drops after pterygium transposition. In the control group, the patients were not treated by hyaluronic acid sodium eye drops. The tear film break-up time(BUT), the time of tear secretion( Schirmer Ⅰ test, SⅠt)and corneal fluorescein staining(CFS)were observed by the slit-lamp before operation, 1 day, 7, 14, 30 days after operation.

RESULTS: There was no statistical difference between groups before operation and 1 day after operation(P>0.05). After treatment, the BUT, SⅠt and CFS were significantly different(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION:Hyaluronic acid sodium eye drops can be effective on functional restoration of tear film after pterygium transposition.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the clinical effects of pterygium by transplantation of conjunctival flap with limbal autograft.

METHODS:Totally 50 cases(56 eyes)with pterygium were treated by transplantation of conjunctival flap with limbal autograft. The graft was obtained from the above limbal cornea with bulbar conjunctival flap in the same side,special attention was paid for the accurate alignment of the graft and the corneal bed during suturing, and the epithelialization and growth of the graft were observed.

RESULTS:The followed up was 6-12 months,the corneal epithelialium and the tear film were normal,the donor site keratoconjunctival wound healed properly, all eyes were transparent or only left a little corneal nebula. There was no new blood vessel, and no recurrence was found.

CONCLUSION: Transplantation of conjunctival flap with limbal autograft is conducive to rebuild the limbus function. It is an effective and safe surgical method for the treatment of pterygium.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze the clinical effect of endoscopic lacrimal drill combined with intubation for the treatment of chronic dacryocystitis.

METHODS: From May 2008 to May 2010, 107 patients with chronic dacryocystitis were selected as objects in our hospital. They were randomly divided into observation group and control group. Observation group(endoscopic lacrimal drill combined with intubation group, n=54)and control group(external-route lacrimal sac and nasal cavity anastomosis group, n=53). Their clinical effects were compared after the treatment.

RESULTS: In observation group, the cure rate was 74.1%, it was not significant when compared with the control group(P>0.05); the complication rate was 38.9%, the recurrence rate was 5.6% for 1 year after the surgery, it was significantly lower than the control group, there was a sharp distinction(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The endoscopic lacrimal drill combined with intubation for the treatment of chronic dacryocystitis is effective, safe as well as minimal invasion. It was suitable for clinic.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the efficacy and influence factors of lacrimal plastic operation combined with lacrimal duct intubation for the treatment of lacrimal duct obstruction.

METHODS: Totally 141 cases(146 eyes)with lacrimal duct obstruction treated in our hospital during May 2012 to December 2012 were selected, followed up for 3-6 months. The lacrimal recanalization rate, position of lacrimal duct obstruction, age and disease process to surgery effect were observed.

RESULTS: The general recurrence rate in 141 cases(146 eyes)was 82.9%(121 eyes), improved rate was 13.7%(20 eyes), no effect was 3.4%(5 eyes). The cure rate of Lacrimal duct obstruction(87.2%)was higher than lacrimal canalicular obstruction(82.9%)and nasolacrimal duct obstruction(75.9%), but there was no statistical difference(P>0.05). The cure rate of young group(88.4%)was higher than middle age group(82.4%)and senile group(75.9%), but there was no statistical difference(P>0.05). The cure rate of less 10 years was 93.8%, more than 10 year was 74.4%, there was statistical difference(χ²=9.58, P<0.001=0.009).

CONCLUSION: Lacrimal plastic operation combined with lacrimal duct intubation for the treatment of lacrimal duct obstruction is simple and efficacy. The patients' process may be the main reason of cure rate.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the treatment of lacrimal gland prolapse by fixing lacrimal gland on orbital rim holes of lacrimal fossa.

METHODS: Totally 21 patients(42 eyes)with lacrimal gland prolapse were treated by fixing lacrimal gland on orbital rim holes of lacrimal fossa via double eyelid incision. The patients were followed up for 3-36 months.

RESULTS: Whole group of 21 patients(42 eyes), 19 patients(38 eyes)had marked effect, significant efficiency 90.5%, 2 patients(4 eyes)had effect, efficiency 9.5%, ineffective 0 patient(0 eye). Total effective was 100%.

CONCLUSION: Fixing lacrimal gland on orbital rim holes of lacrimal fossa is one of effective treatment of lacrimal gland prolapse. It realizes the double recovery of appearance and function of the patients.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the influence of clear corneal incisions on the corneal astigmatism after phacoemulsification.

METHODS: 3.0mm clear corneal incision was done on the steep axis before phacoemulsification according to the test results of the IOL-Master in 42 eyes as the observation group(group A). Conventional upper-temporal(right eye)or upper-nasal(left eye)3.0mm clear corneal incisions were done in 68 eyes as control group(group B). Changes of corneal astigmatism of preoperative and postoperative 1 day, 1 week, 1 month and months were observed.

RESULTS: Preoperative and postoperative 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months visual acuity of group A was 0.2±0.24, 0.73±0.37, 0.78±0.38, 0.94±0.36; Group B, 0.17±0.2, 0.82±0.3, 0.84±0.2, 0.77±0.26, 0.8±0.36; The difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05). Corneal astigmatism of preoperative and postoperative 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months in group A were 1.01±0.10D, 1.33±0.13D, 1.15±0.14D, 0.90±0.13D and 0.89±0.12D; B group were 0.95±0.13D, 1.25±0.15D, 1.07±0.13D, 0.87±0.12D and 0.82±0.11D. Compared with the preoperative astigmatism, the changes of astigmatism on postoperative 1 day, 1 week, 1 month of two group had no statistical difference(P>0.05). The differences of astigmatism change before and 3 months postoperatively between two groups was statistically significant(P<0.05). There were 21 eyes(50%)in group A and 32 eyes(47%)in group B respectively whose uncorrected visual acuity ≥0.8, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Steep axis clear corneal incision cataract phacoemulsification could help reduce postoperative astigmatism and improve visual acuity accordingly.

Abstract:AIM: To study the relationship between positive and negative relative accommodation capabilities, far and near horizonal heterophoria, accommodative facility and youth myopia development.

METHODS: In the case of informed consent, the 266 cases of University new students, which the average age was 18.8±0.8 years, were selected. According to refractive state, the volunteers were divided into 5 groups: emmetropic group(n=29), low myopia group(n=118), moderate myopia group(n=82), high myopia group(n=37), anisometropia group(n=26). The anisometropia group was not included in the objects of study. The positive and negative relative accommodation force were measured by the phoropter integrated refractometer; far and near phoria were measured by Von Graefe; adjustment flexibility was measured by ±2.00D butterfly mirror. The eye movement parameters of different groups were statistically analyzed.

RESULTS: The positive relative accommodation force of emmetropic group was 4.87±1.47D; low, medium, high myopia group were respectively 2.36±1.21D, 2.92±1.40D, 2.86±1.81D. The PRA of different myopia group were significantly lower compared with the emmetropic group, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05); the regulation flexible degrees of emmetropia group had no significant difference compared with different myopia groups(P>0.05); far and near level phoria had no significant differences between the emmetropia and myopia group(P>0.05), there was a statistically significant difference between the low myopia and high myopia group(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Myopia positive relative accommodation decreased significantly may be one cause of youth myopia by causing accommodation insufficiency and forming hyperopic defocus. There was no relationship between negative adjustment relative force, adjustment flexibility, far, near phoria and youth myopia.

Abstract:AIM: To discuss the meaning of measuring gradient AC/A ratio in preventing and correcting adolescent myopia.

METHODS: Sixty subjects(30 early-onsetmyopes, 10 late-onset myopes and 10 emmetropes)participated in this study. The stimulant accommodative gradient AC/A ratio were measured.

RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the response AC/A between early-onsetmyopes, late-onset myopes and emmetropes(t=2.84, P<0.01 and t=2.71, P<0.01,respectively).

CONCLUSION: Early-onset myopia has a higher response AC/A than late-onset myopia andemmetropia, which suggest that higher AC/A may be the risk factors for myopia onset and progression.

Abstract:AIM: To study the causes of complications in the application ofNd:YAG laser and provide the treatment and prevention.

METHODS: There were 387 cases(597 eyes)injured on ocular tissues by laser blasting, and the damage included inflammatory reaction, transient high intraocular pressure, corneal endothelial punctate opacity, anterior chamber hyphema, intraocular lens injury, and etc. The related values were dealt with quantitative processing.

RESULTS: Glaucoma iris perforation: inflammatory reaction in 93.7%, transient high intraocular pressure in 78.9%, anterior chamber hyphema in 23.7%, posterior synechia in 2.63%, iridodialysis in 0.53%, retinal hemorrhage in 0.53%. Intraocular lens anterior membrane incision: inflammatory reaction in 20%, transient high intraocular pressure in 33.3%, anterior chamber hyphema in 46.7%, intraocular lens injury in 33.3%. Intraocular lens posterior capsule incision: inflammatory reaction in 19.2%, transient high intraocular pressure in 17.8%, anterior chamber hyphema in 0.3%, intraocular lens injury in 26.0%.

CONCLUSION: It is safe to use Nd:YAG laser in the treatment of anterior segment. The ocular tissue damage is related with the performance of the machine, the types and degree of the diseases, and the cooperation of the patients. Learning these will help to avoid and decrease the ocular tissue damage.

Abstract:AIM: To get the CT measurement values oflacrimal fossa, analyze the impact of age, gender factors on it, and provide a reference for relevant clinical work.

METHODS: Totally 100 cases were scanned by 64-slice spiral CT volume. The data of lacrimal fossa was measured and analyzed.

RESULTS:The average length oflacrimal fossa was(12.28±2.68)mm, average depth was(6.56±1.06)mm. The medial wall of the lacrimal fossa and nasal midline sagittal were almost parallel. When the subjects were grouped by gender, the lacrimal fossa of male was a little longer and wider than female's; when the subjects were grouped by age, the data of aged group was bigger than young group's.

CONCLUSION: Before orbital wall fracture repair surgery or endoscopic nasal dacryocyst made holes surgery, we should first check with 64-slice spiral CT to make clear the lacrimal fossa bone of different types construction, to forecast the potential problems during surgery, and how to prevent surgical complications.

Abstract:AIM: To estimate the value of application computer optometry and retinoscopy optometry for objective refraction test in preschooler children.

METHODS: Ninety-eight preschooler children aged from 3 to 6 years old(196 eyes)of out-patient with abnormal refraction were chosen at random and examined. 10g/L atropine eye ointment was applied twice a day for four days. The fifth day, computer optometry and retinoscopy optometry were used separately. The results of optometry were analyzed statistically.

RESULTS: A comparison of the computer optometry and retinoscopy optometry results showed that: Forhyperopic refraction, the mean spherical equivalent refractions of computer optometry(2.70±2.75D)was less positive values than that of retinoscopy optometry(2.99±2.09 D). A matched-pairs t-test showed that there was a significant difference(P<0.05). For myopic refraction, the mean spherical equivalent refractions of computer optometry(-2.74±1.25D)was more negative values than that of retinoscopy(-2.35±2.18D). There was a significant difference(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the position of astigmatic axis between two methods of measurement(P>0.05). With regard to the astigmatism degree, there existed significant difference between the computer optometry and retinoscopy optometry results(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Computer optometry and retinoscopy optometry had their own merits and defects in measurement of objective refraction in preschooler children. They should complement each other to provide accurate evidence for vision correction in clinical work.