Abstract:AIM: To exam the alteration of MERTK gene in different passages and clarify the feasibility of passaged allograft retinal pigment epithelial(RPE)cells transplantation.

METHODS:Human primary RPE cells were passaged as ratio 1:3, the level of MERTK gene in different passages cells were quantified by SYBR^® Green I real time RT-PCR. The 2^-ΔΔCT method was used to calculate relative changes in gene expression determined from real-time quantitative PCR experiments.

RESULTS: Both primary and passaged RPE cells expressed MERTK gene. The level of MERTK gene in second passage RPE cells were the same as the primary cells,while in passage 3-6 the level of MERTK gene were declined obviously.

CONCLUSION: The passaged allograft RPE cells could be a source for transplantation, but the second passage RPE cells were the better selected object.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate effects of intravitreal bevacizumab on ocular blood flow parameters in diabetic patients with macular edema.

METHODS: This study included 21 eyes of 21 patients. Patients who had diffuse diabetic macular edema(DME), central macular thickness(CMT)>320μm and have no ischemic macular edema or other vascular retinal disease included to this study. All patients underwent three ophthalmologic examinations before and at one day and at 4 weeks after bevacizumab 1.25mg/0.05 mL injection. Examinations including visual acuity(VA), measurement CMT by optical coherence tomography(OCT), peak systolic velocities(PSV)and end-diastolic velocities(EDV)of blood flows were measured by ultrasound imaging in the ophthalmic artery(OA), in the central retinal artery(CRA), in the nasal posterior ciliary artery(NPCA)and temporal posterior ciliary artery(TPCA). Resistive indices(RI)were automatically calculated by software of device. The velocities of blood flow before and one day after injections were compared. The values of patients before and 4 weeks after injections were compared for VA and CMT.

RESULTS: Mean best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)was 0.88±0.21 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution(logMAR)before and after injection was 0.54±0.19 logMAR units(P<0.01). Mean CMT decreased from 440.57±54.58 μm to 250.33±31.12(-190.24±36.00)μm. There were changes in the PSV, EDV and RI but this changes were not significant.

CONCLUSION: There was a significant improvement in VA and a decrease in CMT after bevacizumab injection. Regarding the PSV, EDV and RI, no observed significant changes in the OA, CRA, TPCA and NPCA after bevacizumab injection. Intravitreal bevacizumab injection improved VA and the CMT. However, it didn't affect blood flow velocities in diabetic patients on the OA, CRA, TPCA and NPCA.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the effect of retinal organizational structure on short term intense light exposure rabbit eye model and the mechanism of light injury.

METHODS: Totally 25 healthy New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into 5 groups. Rabbit eyes were exposed to 30000 lux simulated solar for 15 minutes and 30 minutes. Then the retinal tissue ultrastructure was observed and photoreceptor cells apoptosis at different time after exposure was detected.

RESULTS: Examination results of 15 minutes light exposure group at 2^nd day: membrane structure of photoreceptor outer segment was disordered; lamellar structure was discrete; mitochondrial of the inner segment were swollen and some ridges were ruptured; cell plasm of external granular layer was vacuolated-like; apoptosis rate of photoreceptor cells was 3.26%±0.98%. Examination results of 30 minutes light exposure group at 2^nd day: membrane structure of outer segment was disordered; lamellar structure was severely dispersed; mitochondrias of the inner segment were swollen and ridges were ruptured; cell plasm of external granular layer was vacuolated-like; apoptosis rate of photoreceptor cells was 3.63%±1.25%. Examination results of 30 minutes light exposure group at 7^th day: organizational structure of outer segment membrane was disordered; lamellar structure was disappeared and vacuolated; mitochondrial of the inner segment were swollen and ridges were ruptured; cell plasm of external granular layer was swollen, vacuolated largely, and disordered; partial membranes were damaged; apoptosis rate of photoreceptor cells was 19.63%±1.32%. Examination results of 30 minutes light exposure group at 14^th d: organizational structure of outer segment membrane was recovered orderly; lamellar structure was more compact; mitochondrial of the inner segment were swollen and ridges were ruptured; swollen cell plasm of external granular layer was mitigatory and arranged more regularly; apoptosis rate of photoreceptor cells was 18.98%±1.13%.

CONCLUSION: Results demonstrate that 30000lux stimulated solar radiation for 15 minutes led to acute photodamage of rabbit retina, showing retinal photoreceptor cells degeneration which is the important mechanism of photoreceptor cells apoptosis.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the influence of tea polyphenols(TP)to NF-κB expression on the H₂O₂-induced lens epithelial cells.

METHODS: SD rats transparent crystals were cultured in vitro by lens technology, and placed in a certain concentration of H₂O₂ in MEM medium. The experimental cataract lens model was established. Blank control group, H₂O₂ group and tea polyphenols(0.02mg/mL, 0.2mg/mL, 2mg/mL)treatment group were set and sampled at different time points(6, 12, 24, 48 hours). NF-κB mRNA expression was detected by RT-PCR, and NF-κB protein expression was detected by Western-blot in lens epithelial cells.

RESULTS: H₂O₂ raised the expression of NF-κB, and appeared time-dependent manner(P<0.01)in lens epithelial cells; different concentrations of tea polyphenols can inhibit the expression of NF-κB in lens epithelial cells, when TP concentration was 0.2mg/mL, the inhibitory effects was statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: TP can inhibit the expression of NF-κB in H₂O₂-induced lens epithelial cells, when TP concentration was 0.2mg/mL, the effect is statistically significant.

Abstract:AIM: To study the expression of Bcl-2/Bax in contusion of the rat retina and the effect of N-acetyl-cysteine(NAC)on it.

METHODS: The animal model of retinal injury was created by a free falling iron bar hitting the rat cornea. The rats were divided into normal group(n=6), contusion group(n=24)and treatment groups of NAC(n=24)randomly. After retina contusion, the latter two groups were subdivided into 1 day, 3 days, 7 days and 14 days group; there were 6 rats in each observation period. Structural changes of retina were observed with light microscope, and the expression of Bcl-2/Bax was observed by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS: In the contusion of the rat retina, retinal damage was concentrated in sensory layer. RGC layer, inner nuclear layer, and outer nuclear layer cells were obviously observed. After contusion, retinal tissue edema, cell disorder, cytoplasm vacuolated changes, thinning of retinal tissue, and cell loss were began to appear. No expression of Bax was found in normal group and treatment group, and low expression of Bcl-2 was observed. Most of Bax positive cells had expression at 1 day after contusion injury in contusion group, and then increased obviously at 3 days, and decreased at 7 days and much further at 14 days, and Bcl-2 positive cells had expression at a low stage. Treatment group had the same trend with the contusion groups in each index, but the expressive intensity of each period weakened in evidence. There were significant differences between two groups at 1 day,3 days and 7 days after contusion(P<0.05). The expression of Bcl-2 in each period of time was increased. Compared the two groups with 1 day, 3 days after contusion and 7 days had a significant difference(P<0.01 ).

CONCLUSION:In the contusion of the rat retina, NAC can improve the retina damage, and may protect the retinal tissue from contusion injury by regulating Bcl-2/Bax protein expression.

Abstract:AIM: To study the effect of different concentration of Verapamil(Ver)on Ca²⁺ of guinea pig retinal pigment epithelial(RPE)cells in vitro and compare the changes of Ca²⁺ with or without Ver under different forms of light.

METHODS: Ten two-week-old healthy guinea pigs were chosen and RPE cells were cultured in vitro. Cells were divided into Ver treated and untreated groups, then each group further divided into 4 groups: focused light group, defocused light group, parallel light group and control group. The first three groups were exposed to the focused light, defocused light(2 forms of light were transformed from parallel light by passing through different lens)and the parallel light respectively, and control group was removed from exposure of light. After exposed to different forms of light, the fluorescence intensity of intracellular Ca²⁺ were detected by laser scanning confocal microscope(LSCM)immediately. Cool white light was used as light source. Cells were exposed to light with same spot diameter and degree of irradiation level(at 300 LUX)for 30 minutes respectively. Horizontal temperature of cells changed between 36.5℃-37.2℃. There was no natural light interference. In order to avoid the impaction of refraction of liquid, most of the medium were siphoned off before irradiation. The data were analysed by SPSS 13.0 statistical software, completely randomized design ANOVA and Pearson linear correlation analysis were used as statistical methods. The forms-effect relations were explored.

RESULTS: Treated with Ver for 12 hours, the apoptosis rates of RPE cells in 20, 40, 80mg/L concentration group had no significant difference compared with control group(P>0.05). Ver could reduce the Ca²⁺ fluorescence intensity of RPE cell,and there was significantly statistical difference in 80mg/L group(P<0.05). The Ca²⁺ fluorescence intensity of focused group of no Ver treated part was significantly higher than other groups, had significant differences compared with the other groups(P<0.05). After added 80mg/L Ver on the RPE cells for 12 hours, exposure to light did not significantly increase the Ca²⁺ fluorescence intensity, there was no significant difference among the 4 groups(P >0.05).

CONCLUSION: Focused light can significantly stimulate the concentration of intracellular Ca²⁺ of RPE cells. Ver above a certain concentration can induce apoptosis of RPE cells; 80mg/L Ver can effectively reduce intracellular Ca²⁺ fluorescence intensity under the premise of not leading to apoptosis of RPE cells. Different forms of light have no effect on the Ca²⁺ fluorescence intensity of RPE cells after treated with Ver(80mg/L)for 12 hours.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the mechanism of pigment epithelium-derived factor(PEDF)in the development of experimental rat corneal neovascularization(CNV).

METHODS: Rat corneal alkaline burn model was established in both eyes by routine method in 40 anesthetized female Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were randomly assigned to 2 groups with 20 rats each for topical administration of recombinant PEDF combined with chloramphenicol or normal saline combined with chloramphenicol(as control). At different intervals(4, 7, 10, and 14 days)of the treatment, rats were euthanized and the corneas removed for immunohistochemistry analyses to measure expression levels of PEDF, vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), Fas and FasL. The eyes of ten healthy rats were used as normal control. Meanwhile, the apoptosis of neovascular endothelial cells was detected by TUNEL method on the 4^th, 7^th, 10^th and 14^th day respectively after the burn.

RESULTS: There were high levels of PEDF expression and low levels of VEGF, Fas and FasL in the normal cornea. VEGF levels were significantly induced by chemical cauterization in the groups treated with chloramphenicol combined with normal saline, demonstrating CNV. In contrast, the PEDF treatment prevented the over expression of VEGF induced by the cauterization and unregulated the expression of Fas and FasL. In CNV tissues, the positive immune reaction of VEGF was most apparent during the 7^th day and then declined thereafter. However, the most positive expression of PEDF, Fas, FasL was on the 10^th day and then declined slowly after thereafter. The ratio of PEDF/VEGF raised from <1 to >1 in the course and the hinge was on the 10^th day. Certain time correlation existed between the dynamic expressions of VEGF and PEDF and the development of CNV. The expression of Fas and FasL correlated to PEDF closely in the whole procession which may underlie a simulative relationship between them. The apoptosis of CNV endothelial cells expressed most positively on the 10^th day and it was always much more intense in the PEDF group than in the normal saline group.

CONCLUSION: The expressions of VEGF and PEDF are remarkably expressed in experimental rat CNV tissues, and the fluctuation of which is consistent with the development of CNV. The breakdown of the balance between the two factors may play a role in CNV occurrence and development. That the PEDF downregulates VEGF expression and upregulates Fas and FasL expression which induces the apoptosis of CNV endothelial cells results in the inhibition of corneal NV induced by chemical cauterization. The results suggested the possible mechanism of PEDF in the therapeutic function for CNV diseases.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the protective effects of cattle encephalon glycoside and ignotin(CEGI)on developmental process of rds mice, investigate its function and effects on retinal degenerative diseases, and offer the basis on treating similar diseases.

METHODS:The retinal pathologic and ultrastructure changes of rds mice treated by CEGI were observed by light and electron microscopy, and the apoptosis rates of photoreceptor cells were determined through TUNEL(tdt- mediated biotin-dUTP nick-end labeling)technique.

RESULTS: Postnatal 14 days(P14)was the best stage of developmental process of rds mice. After 28-56 days, cell number on retinal outer nuclear layer and retinal inner layer reduced, and photoreceptor apoptosis increased gradually. What's more, electron microscopy showed apoptosis nuclear changes and disintegration of inner section and cilia. On 28 days and 56 days, CEGI groups showed thicker retinal cell layers and less apoptotic cells compared with the control group. There was no statistically significant difference in comparison. Nerve growth factor(NGF)had similarity function with CEGI.

CONCLUSION: CEGI can promote growth and development of retinal cells, and have a protective effect on retinal degenerative process of rds mice.

Abstract:AIM: To study the expression of tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells(TIDC)in retinoblastoma(Rb)and its prognostic significance.

METHODS: The expression of tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells was examined by immunohistochemical staining(S-P method), using CD1a mouse monoclonal antibody in Rb tissues of 31 cases.

RESULTS:The expression of CD1a⁺ cells was found in tumor samples of 23 cases(74.2%)among the total 31 cases. The rates of positive CD1a expression in well-differentiated type was 77.8%(7/9)and in undifferentiated type cancer tissues was 75%(15/20), respectively(P>0.05). The rate of spontaneous regression type was 50%(1/2).

CONCLUSION: There was no correlation between the number of CD1a⁺ cells and tumor grade in Rb. It is difficult to identify whether TIDC was good indicator in assessing tumor prognosis.

Abstract:AIM: To discuss the outcome of 100% autologous serum tear usage for persistent corneal epithelial defects of ocular chemical injury.

METHODS: Totally 41 cases(41 eyes)of persistent corneal epithelial defects of ocular chemical injury in our hospital treated with 100% autologous serum were identified and reviewed. The curative effect after the use of 100% autologous serum tear in persistent corneal epithelial defects of ocular chemical injury patients was observed.

RESULTS: The curative effect of acidic ocular chemical injury was better than alkaline ocular chemical injury, with significant difference(χ²=4.120, P=0.042); The curative effect of corneal epithelial defects of small area was better than corneal epithelial defects of large area, with significant difference(χ²=5.857, P=0.016); The curative effect of small range ischemia of conjuntiva and limbus cornea was better than wide range ischemia, with significant difference(χ²=4.137, P=0.042). In 7 invalid cases, 2 cases had undergone conjunctival flap masking operation, 5 cases had undergone amniotic membrane transplantation.

CONCLUSION: The use of 100% autologous serum in persistent corneal epithelial defects of ocular chemical injury is safe and effective. It could accelerate the repair of corneal epithelial defects, reduce complications. It would have a good prospect of clinical application.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the changes of wave-front aberration in high myopia patients after implantable collamer lens(ICL)implantation.

METHODS: Wave-front aberrations were evaluated by NIDEK Optical path differences(OPD)in 50 eyes of 25 high myopia patients who received ICL implantation preoperatively and 1 month postoperatively. The results were analyzed by Student's t test.

RESULTS:The Zernike functional values of total aberration and internal total aberration in 6mm pupil size area of the postoperative eyes implanted with ICL were found significantly statistical lower(P<0.05)than those of the preoperative eyes. The Zernike functional values of total high-order aberration, total spherical-like aberration, total coma-like aberration, total trefoil-like aberration and internal total coma-like aberration were found significantly statistical higher(P<0.05)than those of the preoperative eyes. The Zernike functional values of cornea aberration were not found significantly statistical changes compared with those of the preoperative eyes.

CONCLUSION: Although total aberrations could be decreased by implantable collamer lens implantation in high myopia eyes, high-order aberrations such as total spherical-like aberrations, total coma-like aberrations and total trefoil-like aberrations are increased in certain degree.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of GDxVCC, short wavelength automated perimetry(SWAP), standard automated perimetry(SAP)indices in the early diagnosis of open angle glaucoma.

METHODS: Forty-two normal subjects(42 eyes), 84 patients with open angle glaucoma(OAG, 84 eyes)were examined with GDxVCC, SWAP and SAP. Receiver's operating characteristic(ROC)curves of RNFL parameters were described and compared. The sensitivity and specificity of GDxVCC, SAP and SWAP on glaucoma diagnosis were calculated.

RESULTS: The area under ROC curve of GDxVCC parameters were: NFI(0.87), IES(0.85), IA(0.80), TSNIT(0.77), SA(0.76)respectively. The sensitivity of GDxVCC, SWAP, SAP were 80.6%, 74.2%, 67.8% respectively, and the specificity were 95.2%, 85.7%, 76.2% respectively.

CONCLUSION: NFI and IES are the best indices to distinguish normal subjects from patients with glaucoma. GDxVCC has the best diagnostic capability, SWAP is the second.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the effects of periglomerular injection of dexamethasone in anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, and compare with systemic administration of superiority, especially in reducing adverse reactions.

METHODS: Totally 132 patients were randomly divided into the periglomerular injection group(n=74)giving periglomerular injection of 2.5mg dexamethasone for 7 days and systemic administration group(n=58)giving dexamethasone 10mg intravenous for 5 or 7 days. 59 patients of with cerebral vasospasm or lacunar infarction in department of neurology were selected as control group not giving dexamethasone. Three groups of patients were given systemic enlarging vascular drugs and nutrition nerve drugs. We checked visual acuity, visual fields, weight change, and learned the adverse reactions 4 to 7 days after treatment.

RESULTS: Both visual acuity and field of vision were significantly improved in periglomerular of dexamethasone injection group and systemic administration group. Visual acuity and Visual fields of the control group increased slightly. Appetite hyperactivity, fatigue, insomnia, weight gain and other adverse reactions were distinctly in systemic administration group.

CONCLUSION: It is worth spreading of the primary hospital that the treatment of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy by periglomerular injection of dexamethasone.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the rotational stability of a Toric intraocular lens(IOL)using purpose-designed software and to determine the influence of axial length(AL)and in- the-bag IOL alignment on IOL rotation.

METHODS: This study enrolled eyes that had AcrySof toric IOL implantation. The AL was measured using optical coherence biometry or immersion A-scan biometry. Corneal astigmatism was determined by manual keratometry and topography. The IOL alignment was vertical, horizontal, or oblique.Rotational stability was measured using the purpose- designed software, and the mean absolute difference was determined. The effect of AL and IOL alignment on rotational stability was determined 6 months postoperatively.

RESULTS: The study evaluated 168 eyes(168 patients). The mean AL was 24.12±1.62(range 19.33 to 29.04)mm. The median IOL rotation was 0.4 degree from baseline to 1 week, 1.1 degree from 1 week to 1 month, 0.3 degree from 1 to 3 months, and 0.2 degree from 3 to 6 months. The maximum rotation occurred between 1 week and 1 month. There was a strong correlation between AL and IOL rotation at 6 months(r = 0.92, P<0.01). The mean absolute difference at 6 months was not significantly different between the 3 axis placement categories when correlated with the rotation(P=0.102, analysis of variance).

CONCLUSION: Toric IOL rotation is greater in eyes with a longer AL. Alignment of the IOL in the capsular bag have no influence on rotation.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the distribution of myopic patients' ocular dominance before LASIK operation and the relationship of vision and visual function changes after LASIK operation.

METHODS:A total of 235 myopic patients(470 eyes)who were going to undergo myopic LASIK were included in this study. The ocular dominance was examined by card-hole method before LASIK operation and checked 1 month, 3, 6, 12 months after operation. The patients' best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)before operation and the visual acuity after LASIK operation were compared with ocular dominance and non-ocular dominance, and then measured by the questionnaire of vision function.

RESULTS:The right ocular dominance was common in myopic patients, occupying 67.2%. There was good consistency between ocular dominance and BCVA eye, the coincidence was 81.1%. There were not any changes of ocular dominance in 220 cases, but 15 cases changed the ocular dominance, five of them were exotropias(>15°).

CONCLUSION: There are more right ocular dominance in myopic patients and most of them was best-corrected visual eye. The visual activity of ocular dominance's changing or exchanging ocular dominance had effects on euphoropsia in early postoperation but few effects finally.

Abstract:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy(PCV)is a disease of which the etiology and pathogenesis are still unknown, and some studies have shown that it may be related to certain genes. The funduscopic presentation of PCV is similar to that of exudative age-related macular degeneration(AMD). PCV could be distinguished from AMD through imaging such as indocyanine green angiography(ICGA)and optic coherence tomography(OCT). The diagnosis could be made if subretinal orangered lesions by ophthalmoscope and branching choroidal vessels with poly-like terminal aneurismal dilations on ICGA are seen. The treatment of PCV mainly includes photodynamic therapy(PDT), intravitreal anti-angiogenesis therapy, and combination therapy. We review the nature of PCV through its history, epidemiology, pathology, pathogenesis, gene, clinical manifestation, imaging, diagnosis and treatment. The further research direction of PCV is discussed and proposed at last.

Abstract:Dry eye disease is a common ocular surface disease in ophthalmology and its complex pathogenesis makes no animal model could perfectly mimic the characteristic of dry eye disease which is chronic, repeated and worse. Studies showed inflammation plays an important role in the development of dry eye disease and we gave an overview of Th1 cell and Th17 cell in the pathogenesis of dry eye disease in this review.

Abstract:Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness in the world just second to cataract. Decreasing intraocular pressure by filtering surgery combined with antimetabolites(5-fluorouracil, 5-FU; mitomycin C, MMC)is the main way to control the progress of the disease. However, the side effects of these antimetabolites induced limit their clinical use. In recent years, the researchers have turned to the biological modulation of would healing after filtering surgery in order to obtain biological agents with low side effects, target oriented, effect strength and duration controlling. These biological agents include monoclonal antibodies targeting cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and gene therapy and so on. Some of them had been applied clinically and demonstrated good results. This is undoubtedly the ideal research direction to the modulation of wound healing after glaucoma filtering surgery.

Abstract:Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is a serious eye complication caused by abnormal glucose metabolism, and for work people is one of the first blinding eye diseases. Although lots of methods can be used to treat diabetic retinopathy effectively, such as: intravitreal injection, photodynamic therapy(PDT), pars plana vitrectomy(PPV)and so on, but the photocoagulation of retina also is the first choice. With the progress of laser technology, the conventional laser photocoagulation's single-spot pattern could not meet the clinic need, and has gradually been replaced by multi-spot laser, which is more security, effective, less complications. This review focused on current situation of multi-spot laser in diabetic retinopathy.

Abstract:Ganciclovir(GCV)is an effective agent against ocular herpes simplex virus(HSV)and human cytomegalic inclusion disease virus(CMV)infection. The main obstacle to its ophthalmic dosage forms is its low ocular bioavailability, especially its poor vitreous availability. Intravitreal injection of GCV to treat retinitis in order to become a research focus at this stage.

Abstract:Pterygium is a common and frequently-occurring disease in ophthalmology department. Through the admission, treatment and recurrence intervention method summarized by the author, and the collection of consulting domestic and international relevant clinical research data, the paper provided reference and summarized the research methods for clinical diagnosis and treatment of ophthalmology department from a clinical perspective on pterygium etiology, treatment and relapse intervention.

Abstract:Amblyopia is the most common eye disease affecting children's visual development. Amblyopia patients not only monocular or binocular visual acuity decreased significantly, and the loss of binocular vision and stereopsis, seriously affect the visual development. For three hundred years, patching as the classic treatment of amblyopia therapy is widely used in clinical. Patching of the sound eye, not only is not conducive to the establishment of a binocular stereopsis, but also easy to form amblyopia. On the other hand, although age is the impact of amblyopia treatment effect of important factors, but the patients' adherence to treatment efficacy is also crucial. For these reasons, the occlusion therapy for older children with amblyopia cure rate and treatment is subject to the appropriate constraints. Therefore, atropine penalization therapy is widely accepted by some patients, especially older monocular amblyopia children. It can give children a forced to comply with the treatment process and can suppress the dominant eye to eyes depending on the material, in order to facilitate the establishment of binocular vision. And the treatment method to effectively solve the problems covered by the patients because of cosmetic or other reasons do not want to accept.

Abstract:Pupil examination is one of the important eye detection indicators, with the advantages of objective, noninvasive, repeatable. Many eye diseases demonstrate the relative afferent pupillary defect(RAPD)during the initial stage. Recently with the development of science and technology, the detection of RAPD is gradually realized to be quantitative and precise, other more, the operation is becoming more convenient. This may provide a more reliable objective index for diagnosis and prognosis of many blinding eye diseases. This review summarizes the articles about RAPD of blinding eye diseases in recent years.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the effect of viscoelastic agents on the corneal laceration suturing.

METHODS:Totally 146 cases(146 eyes)of corneal laceration were randomly divided into experimental group and control group. Appropriate amount of viscoelastic agents were injected into anterior chamber during corneal laceration suturing for 73 cases of the experimental group. While, the stitching process without application of viscoelastic agent in 73 cases of the control group. Then observed the corneal astigmatism and the iris anterior synechia occurrence rate after operation in the two groups.

RESULTS:Iris anterior synechia occured in 2 cases(2.7%)of the experimental group, but in 26 cases(35.6%)of the control group, postoperatively.The difference of the iris anterior synechia occurrence rate between the two groups was significant(P<0.05). The postoperative average corneal astigmatism of the experimental group was(1.29 ± 0.25)D, of the control group was(2.43±0.39)D. The difference of the corneal astigmatism between the two groups was significant too(P<0.05), which means the experimental group was lower than the control group on postoperative corneal astigmatism.

CONCLUSION:Viscoelastic agents play a significant adjunct role during corneal laceration suturing,such as they can effectively separate the adhesions between intraocular tissue and wound, make the corneal suture more precisely and reduce postoperative corneal astigmatism and other complications, which is of benefit to visual function recovery.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the anti-inflammatory effectiveness of anterior chamber injection of dexamethasone for anterior uveitis following cataract extraction combined with anti-glaucoma surgery.

METHODS: Forty-six patients who received combination procedure of cataract extraction and anti-glaucoma from September 2008 to October 2010 were randomly divided into two groups: treatment group and control group. Each group had 23 patients. All patients were performed using combination procedure of cataract extraction and anti-glaucoma. During surgery, the treatment group received anterior chamber injection of dexamethasone(0.5mg). The control group was applied with anterior chamber injection of balanced salt solution(0.5mg). The myopia, aqueous flare,intraocular pressure(IOP)and corneal endothelium counter was measured 1 day, 3,7 days,1 month and 3 months after surgery.

RESULTS: At 1, 3 and 7 days after surgery, the aqueous flare in treatment group was significantly lower than control group(P<0.05). There was no aqueous flare at 1 month and 3 months after surgery. The intraocular pressure between two groups was not statistically different(P>0.05). Meanwhile, no significant difference was found between two groups when determined the corneal endothelium counter.

CONCLUSION: Dexamethasone can effectively inhibit the inflammatory reaction of anterior uveitis after cataract combination with anti-glaucoma surgery. No severe applications is found after anterior chamber injection of dexamethasone.In all, it was a safe and effective method.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the effect of application of auxiliary equipment protection onphacoemulsification and conventional phacoemulsification in treatment of hard nucleus cataract.

METHODS: Totally 87 cases(115 eyes)Ⅳ-Ⅴ nuclear cataract were randomly divided into two groups. Forty-four cases(58 eyes)were in group A. In this group, auxiliary equipment(Chop hook)protection was used in ultrasonic emulsification. During the surgery, there was a slightly pause after the nuclear fragmentation was sucked by the phaco tip. Then the auxiliary equipment was placed between the nuclear fragmentation and the cornea, that was just located above the blocked nuclear. After that, the nuclear fragmentation was removed through phacoemulsification. Forty-three cases(57 eyes)were in Group B, which was treated with traditional phacoemulsification. Visual acuity, corneal edema, the loss rate of corneal endothelial cell, intraoperative ultrasound emulsification time, intraoperative and postoperative complications were compared between the two groups at 1 day, 3 days and 1 month after operation.

RESULTS: One and 3 days after operation, the rate of vision recovery in group A was faster than that in group B(P <0.05). One month later, there was no statistical difference between the two groups in vision. At 3 days and 1 month after operation, the corneal endothelial cell loss rate between the two groups was significantly different(P <0.05). The complications of intraoperative and postoperative had no significant difference between the two groups(P >0.05).

CONCLUSION: Application of auxiliary equipment during the process of phacoemulsification is safer than conventional phacoemulsification.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the therapeutic effects of transscleral cyclophotocoagulation procedures(TCP)with 810nm laser for refractory glaucoma.

METHODS: Totally 25 patients(30 eyes)with refractory glaucoma were treated with TCP. The follow-up time was 3 months, the patients' symptom, intraocular pressure(IOP), visual acuity and complications were analyzed.

RESULTS: During the follow-up period, all patients' ocular pain was reduced. The mean IOP before TCP and at the last follow-up time were(50.42±2.50)mmHg(1kPa=7.5mmHg)and(15. 95±4.19)mmHg, respectively, the IOP decreased after TCP, there was significant difference(P<0.001). After TCP, the visual acuity improved in 2 eyes(6.7%), had no change in 24 eyes(80.0%), decreased in 4 eyes(13.3%). After TCP, the exudation of anterior chamber appeared in 12 eyes(40.0%), hyphema of anterior chamber appeared in 3 eyes(10.0%), vitreous hemorrhage in 1 eye(3.3%), which were all cured after drug treatment.

CONCLUSION: TCP with 810nm laser in treatment of refractory glaucoma has curative effect, can degrade the IOP, lessen ocular pain and with few complications.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the clinical effect and indication of phacoemulsification combined with lysis of the synechiae in the management of chronic angle-closure glaucoma with cataract.

METHODS: The 32 patients were treated by phacoemulsification combined with lysis of the synechiae. The preoperative and postoperative intraocular pressure, visual acuity, anterior chamber depth, configuration of anterior chamber were compared; the postoperative complications were observed.

RESULTS: The mean postoperative follow-up duration was 6 months to 2 years. The best-corrected visual acuity was improved in all eyes. The intraocular pressure was reduced from15.2±8.1mmHg to 11.2±5.0mmHg, the difference had statistical significance(t=3.126, P<0.01). The central anterior chamber deepened from 2.22±0.39mm preoperatively to 3.36±0.43mm postoperatively, the difference had statistical significance(t=-14.371, P<0.001). The chamber adhesion range reduced. The serious complications did not happened.

CONCLUSION: Phacoemulsification combined with goniosynechialysis is an effective and safe treatment for primary chronic angle-close glaucoma with cataract.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the treatment choice of different stages for neovascular glaucoma(NVG).

METHODS: The case information of 123 eyes of 116 NVG patients were analyzed and summarized retrospectively, according to different stages of NVG.

RESULTS: At the first stage, of the 17 eyes performed panretinal photocoagulation, the new vessels of 16 eyes were disappeared. At the second stage of 57 eyes, the new vessels of 17 eyes disappeared after panretinal photocoagulation. Of 26 eyes performed panretinal photocoagulation and trabeculectomy, the IOP of 23 eyes were fully controlled. Of 9 eyes performed vitrectomy and panretinal photocoagulation and trabeculectomy, the IOP of 8 eyes were fully controlled. All 5 eyes performed glaucoma drainage implant placement appeared fully controlled. At the third stage of 49 eyes, of 3 eyes performed glaucoma drainage implant placement, the IOP of 2 eyes were controlled. Of 38 eyes performed pan-peripheral retinal cryotheraphy and cyclocryotherapy and trabeculectomy, the IOP of 29 eyes were controlled.

CONCLUSION: From the view of NVG different stages, the individual treatment should be performed according to various clinical characteristic.

Abstract:AIM: To review the clinical features and photodynamic therapeutic effect of patients with chronic central serouschorioretinopathy(CCSC).

METHODS: Fifteen eyes of eleven patients diagnosed as CCSC were treated with photodynamic therapy(PDT), whose clinical data were retrospectively reviewed. The best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA), fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA), indocyanine green angiography(ICGA), optic coherence tomography(OCT)and fundus autofluorescence(FAF)before and after PDT were compared to evaluate therapeutic efficiency and safety of PDT on CCSC. The mean follow-up time was 10 months.

RESULTS: Mean age of the patients was 46.72±8.10 years. Mean duration of CCSC before PDT was 21.1±16.65 months. The mean log MAR BCVA at baseline was 0.50±0.22. The area of activefluorescein leakage was 1.27±1.45mm². Five eyes had leakage points within or near the foveal area, and 8 eyes had diffuse retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)decompensation with multiple window defect and multifocal leakage. ICGA revealed dilated choroid- capillaries and choroid hyperpermeability near the active leakage sites. Serous detachments of neurosensory retina were observed in 15 eyes on OCT, of which 7 eyes associated with RPE detachments. The mean foveal thickness was 297.27±107.23μm. Abnormal FAF alterations were detected in the area of retinal detachments and decompensation of RPE. After PDT treatment, the mean log MAR BCVA was 0.73±0.30 with significant improvement compared with before treatment(P<0.05). The mean area of fluorescein leakage was 0.05±0.12 mm² with statistically significant less compared with before PDT(P<0.05). The central foveal thickness decreased from 297.267±107.228μm to 173.733±38.944μm(P<0.05). The average time for absorption of subretinal fluid was 4.60±3.906 months. No serious adverse events were observed in treatment process and during the follow-up period.

CONCLUSION: Clinical features of CCSC include older age at onset and longer duration. Persistent serous retinal detachment of macular and diffuse decompensation of RPE may lead to permanent photoreceptor damage, consequently resulting in severe and irreversible visual loss. PDT with verteporfin could influence choroid vascular hyper-perfusion or hyper-permeability and help RPE to recover its normal structure and function, and thus facilitate the absorption of subretinal fluid and increased mean BCVA in eyes with CCSC, which provided an effective and safe treatment option for patients with CCSC.

Abstract:AIM: To report the effects of subthreshold transpupillary thermotherapy(TTT)on the subsequent serous neurosensory detachment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy(CCSC).

METHODS: Thirteen eyes of 10 CCSC patients who have been suffered serous neurosensory detachment for at least six months were treated with subthreshold TTT by using 810nm diode laser. Lesion changes have been compared via ophthalmic examination, angiography and OCT. The comparative study of the best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)was conducted under self-control method.

RESULTS: The average treatment of each patient by TTT was(1.23±0.44). All patients were followed up for 6 months. Before treatment, visual acuity was 0.05-0.4(0.16±0.10), and after treatment the vision was 0.05-0.8(0.35±0.21). The difference of visual acuity was statistically significant(P<0.05). No leakage of fluorescent dyes of FFA after treatment. No obvious choroidal permeability increase was noticed. The treatment-related side effects were not found in the treatment area.

CONCLUSION: The subthreshold TTT has obvious therapeutic effect on sustained neural epithelium detachment CCSC while there is no significant complications.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the clinical effects of laser photocoagulation for retinopathy of prematurity(ROP)and to identify the potential risk factors for the unfavorable outcomes.

METHODS: Forty-six ROP infants(89 eyes)underwent laser photocoagulation were analyzed retrospectively. Among the 89 eyes, 57 eyes were type I pre-threshold and 32 eyes were threshold disease. Laser photocoagulation with 810nm wavelength using binocular indirect ophthalmoscope was performed in all the infants. While changes of ROP and retinal structural outcome after laser treatment were to be followed up. The results were divided into regressed group and progressed group. The relationships between anatomical outcome changes and localization of lesions, occurring in course of ROP, number of laser spots, ventilation need, sepsis, pneumonia of newborn et al were analyzed.

RESULTS: In the 89 eyes, ROP regressed completely in 79(89%), unfavorable structural outcomes were observed in 10(11%). The difference in birth weight(P=0.495), gestational weeks(P=0.668), age at laser photocoagulation(P=0.143)were not statistically significant between the two groups. Zone I disease(P=0.035), threshold disease(P=0.017), aggressive posterior ROP(P=0.000)and number of laser spots(P=0.031)in progression group were more than regressed group, the difference were statistically significant. Logistic regressive analysis indicated that aggressive posterior ROP(OR=12.167, 95% CI: 2.733-54.154, P=0.001)emerged as primary risk factors for anatomical outcome after laser treatment.

CONCLUSION: Laser photocoagulation is an effective approach to treat type I pre-threshold and threshold ROP. Aggressive posterior ROP is closely related to prognosis after laser treatment, which is easier to reach retinal detachment than other ROP.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the significance of contrast sensitivity(CS)for diabetic retinopathy(DR)between the stage of pan retinal photocoagulation(PRP).

METHODS: A total of 49 case(87 eyes)of DR was divided into three stages by the fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA), the first group was the stage of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR)(25 eyes), the second group was the stage of pre-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PPDR)(27 eyes), the third group was the stage proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR)(35 eyes). 532nm laser was used to have PRP for the PPDR and PDR groups, and retreated for 3-4 times, the CS and eye sight was performed around the stage of PRP.

RESULTS: After the laser, the eye sight was increased in 22 eyes, decreased in 6 eyes and unchanged in 34 eyes. There were significant differences around the stage of PRP in CS. The differences in middle and high frequency were significant(P<0.05)between the control group and the laser group before PRP. After PRP, low and middle frequency had no significant difference(P>0.05)between PPDR and control group, and each frequency had significant difference(P<0.05)between PDR and control group.

CONCLUSION: CS is an important method of evaluation of the changes the DR, and can become the guiding and proof of PRP in the treatment of DR.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the relationship between serum vitamin D levels and diabetes retinopathy(DR)in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).

METHODS: Totally 360 T2DM patients were chosen. Serum 25-(OH)D₃ and 1,25-(OH)₂D₃ were measured by radioimmunoassay. All patients were divided into 3 groups according to the serum 25-(OH)D₃ level quartile, group L(the lowest quartile, serum 25-(OH)D₃<14.3ng/mL, n=87), group M(the middle two quartiles, serum 25-(OH)D₃≥14.3ng/mL, and serum 25-(OH)D₃<19.4ng/mL, n=176)and group H(the highest quartile, serum 25-(OH)D₃≥19.4 ng/mL, n=89). Then the patients of group L were randomly divided into Group L1 which received routine drug treatment without VitD and Group L2 with VitD treatment. Serum and 25-(OH)D₃, 1,25-(OH)₂D₃, calcium(Ca), phosphorus(P), Parathyroid Hormone(PTH) were measured at the experiment onset and at the end of follow-up visit. The new DR morbidity was calculated, too.

RESULTS: At the end of follow-up visit, serum 25-(OH)D₃,1,25-(OH)₂D₃ and Ca levels in Group H, M, L1 were all decreased compared with their own levels at the experiment onset(P<0.05), and serum P and PTH levels were increased(P<0.05). The above indexes disorder get improved in Group L2 at the end of follow-up visit(P<0.05). The lower serum 25-(OH)D₃ level, the higher DR morbidity(Group H, M, L1 13.48%, 21.59%, 45.45% respectively, P<0.05), Once Vitamin D treatment, the DR morbidity get decreased(18.6% vs 45.45%, P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Serum 25-(OH)D₃ level is an risk factor of T2DM morbidity, and vitamin D treatment can reduce the DR morbidity in type 2 diabetic patients.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the clinical feature of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy(PCV)which would provide the basis for treatment and prognosis of PCV, according to the classification of indocyanine green angiography(ICGA)image, combined with fundus and optical coherence tomography(OCT)examination.

METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 33 PCV patients, who were diagnosed in Ningxia Eye Hospital with OCT, fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA)and ICGA. Comprehensive analysis the classification of PCV which were based on the ICGA image, and take the feature of PCV lesion into consideration.

RESULTS: Thirty-three PCV patients(54 eyes)were collected, 12 patients(36%)had monocular disease and 21 patients(64%)had binocular lesion. There were 20 male(61%)and 13 female(39%)included in the study. The age was raged from 42-86 years old and the average age was 70.63±9.42 years old. Forty-five eyes(83%)PCV lesion was located in macular area. Three types of PCV were classified according to ICGA image: polyps expansion type(20 eyes, 37%), abnormal branching vascular network type(16 eyes, 30%)and classical type(18 eyes, 33%). Twenty-seven eyes(50%)were suffered from pigment epithelial detachment(PED). The abnormal branching vascular network type(11 eyes, 68.8%)and classical type are(12 eyes, 66.7%)was more likely to suffer from PED. Twenty-three eyes(43%)have retinal neuroepithelium layer detachment including 10 eyes(62.5%)of abnormal branching vascular network type and 9 eyes(50.0%)of classical type. Thirty-one eyes(57%)shows active status 81.3% of abnormal branching vascular network type and 72% of classical type shows active status. Ten eyes(19%)appear fibrous membrane totally, including 7 eyes(43.8%)of branching vascular network type and 2 eyes(11.1%)of classical type. Thirty-seven eyes(69%)have nourishing vessels totally. Eighty-one percent of abnormal branching vascular network type and 94% of classical type have nourishing vessels.

CONCLUSION: The subtype of PCV such as branching vascular network type and classical type is apt to be active, the PED, retinal neuroepithelium layer detachment and nourishing vessels are more likely to appear in this two subtype rather than in the polyps expansion type, which always tend to be motionless. The branching vascular network type is easily to have fibrous membrane.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the expressions of CCR3 on T lymphocytes and/or eosinophil peripheral blood cell surface before and after liangxue huayu in treatment of choroidal neovascularization(CNV)in exudative age-related macular degeneration(AMD)and explore the mechanism of the incidence of CNV on exudative AMD.

METHODS: Totally 32 cases of exudative AMD patients, 44 cases of atrophic AMD patients and 50 healthy subjects were observed. 32 cases of exudative AMD patients were treated by liangxue huayu decoction and the expressions of CCR3 on T lymphocytes and/or eosinophil peripheral blood cell surface were detected by flow cytometry.

RESULTS: The expressions of CCR3 on T lymphocytes and/or eosinophil peripheral blood cell surface of the patients with exudative AMD were higher than the control group of healthy people(P<0.01); The expressions of CCR3 on T lymphocytes and/or eosinophil peripheral blood cell surface were no significant difference between the patients with atrophic AMD and the control group of healthy people(P>0.05); The expressions of CCR3 on T lymphocytes and/or eosinophil peripheral blood cell surface were no significant difference after liangxue huayu on treatment of CNV on exudative AMD(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: The CNV formation of exudative AMD may be related to the higher expressions of CCR3 on T lymphocytes and/or eosinophil cell surface. Liangxue huayu decoction is effective in treating exudative age-related macular degeneration CNV, but it is not related with the expression of CCR3.

Abstract:AIM: To discuss the feasibility and clinical efficacy of combination of two kinds of silicone tubes implantation for treatment of acute dacryocystitis.

METHODS: Totally 63 eyes, suffering from acute dacryocystitis, were chosen from Huizhou First Hospital, and were randomly divided into two groups: group A(42 eyes)and group B(21 eyes). In group A, patients were implanted two kinds of silicone tubes to expand both superior and lower lacrimal passage after irrigation and anti-inflammatory therapy, and silicone tubes were removed 3-6 months later. Patients in group B were performed dacryocystorhinostomy after combination of surgical incision and drainage and anti-inflammatory therapy. All cases were then followed a clinical follow-up for 6-12 month, given irrigation of lacrimal passage regularly. We did statistical analysis to compare the effects and complications of two groups by way of Kruskal-Wallis Test or Chi-square test.

RESULTS: The effective standard was based on anatomical structure and function of lacrimal abscess. Results showed that complete remission rate in group A was significantly higher than that in group B, while failure rate in group A was significantly lower than that in group B, and complication rate in group A was significantly lower than that in group B, P<0.05.

CONCLUSION: Combination of irrigation of lacrimal passage and two kinds of silicone tubes implantation were effective to cure acute dacryocystitis, significantly better than traditional therapy, by which we can recover anatomical structure and function of lacrimal passage quickly, showing good long-term results.

Abstract:AIM: To compare phacoemusification combined Toric intraocular lens implantation(Toric-IOL)with spherical intraocular lens implantation combined peripheral corneal relaxing incisions(PCRIs)for astigmatism correction in elderly patients before having cataract surgery.

METHODS: This randomized prospective clinical study comprised eyes with more than 0.75 diopter(D)of preexisting corneal astigmatism. Totally 54 patients(54 eyes), 27 males and 27 females, with mean age 70.04±9.08 years, were enrolled consecutively to group A(n=30)(0.75D-1.50D)and group B(n=24)(1.75D-2.50D)according to the corneal astigmatism. In each group patients were randomized to undergo Toric-IOL implantation or PCRLs in the steep axis with spherical IOL implantation. Uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA), best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA), error of vector(|EV|), surgery induced refraction correction(|SIRC|)and correction rat(CR)were measured 1 month and 6 months postoperatively.

RESULTS: Six months postoperatively, all 54 eyes got the BCVA≥0.6. Patients underwent PCRIs and Toric-IOL with BCVA≥0.8 were 86.7% vs 93.3%(P>0.05)in group A and 75% vs 91.7%(P=0.59)in group B respectively. UCVA, |EV|, |SIRC| and CR in patients underwent PCRIs and Toric-IOL were not significantly different by 0.70±0.21 vs 0.76±0.17(P=0.81), 0.48±0.22 vs 0.37±0.19(P=0.13), 0.87±0.30 vs 0.92±0.38(P=0.71),0.75±0.16 vs 0.78±0.19(P=0.56)respectively in group A; It were significantly different by 0.50±0.15 vs 0.78±0.11(P<0.01), 1.17±0.36 vs 0.54±0.33(P<0.01), 1.08±0.27 vs 1.68±0.32(P <0.01), 0.51±0.13 vs 0.81±0.14(P <0.01)respectively in group B. Difference of UCVA and |EV| between 1 month and 6 months were not significant in patients in group A, but were significant in group B, regardless of PCRIs or Toric-IOL surgery. In group A,UCVA and |EV| measured 1 month and 6 months post-operation were 0.77±0.23 vs 0.70±0.21(P=0.09),0.50±0.23 vs 0.48±0.22(P=0.58)respectively in PCRIs patients and 0.77±0.223 vs 0.76±0.17(P=0.81), 0.40±0.18 vs 0.37±0.19(P=0.55)respectively in Toric-IOL patients. In group B, UCVA and |EV| measured 1 month and 6 months post-operation were 0.63±0.17 vs 0.50±0.15(P<0.01), 0.81±0.34 vs 1.17±0.36(P<0.01)respectively in PCRIs patients and 0.81±0.12 vs 0.78±0.11(P=0.08), 0.48±0.31 vs 0.54±0.33(P<0.01)respectively in Toric-IOL patients.

CONCLUSION: Toric-IOL implantation and PCRIs were both safe and effective for astigmatism correction in elderly patients before having cataract surgery. The efficacy and stability of astigmatism correction were equal in low astigmatic patients. Toric-IOL implantation achieved an enhanced effect over PCRIs in higher astigmatic patients. Both of the surgeries had the refractive regression after 6 months and PCRIs regressed more obviously.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of bromfenac ophthalmic solution for easing postoperative pain after photorefractive keratectomy(PRK).

METHODS: In a prospective randomized clinical trial, 60 patients underwent PRK. In addition to a standard regimen of topical antibiotics and topical steroids, 30 patients(the trial group)were treated withbromfenac ophthalmic solution twice daily from 3 days before surgery through 5 days after surgery. The other 30 patients(the control group)were treated with profenac ophthalmic solution four times daily from 3 days before surgery through 5 days after surgery. Patients completed a maximum pain assessment survey during the 5 days after surgery using the following 0-4 pain scale: 0=no pain, 1=mild pain, 2=moderate pain, 3=severe pain, 4=severe pain requiring immediate treatment.

RESULTS: The Mann-Whitney test showed a statistically significant difference between the bromfenac group and the control group in maximum pain score(P<0.05). However, all patients reported a pain assessment score below 2, with the exception of 3 patients in the control group who reported a score of 3.

CONCLUSION:Bromfenac ophthalmic solution is a reasonable analgesia for postoperative pain after PRK.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the value of HAR-800 hand held autorefractor for non-cycloplegic screening for amblyopia in preschool children.

METHODS: Totally 1 027 preschool children were enrolled into this study in Jiangning block, Jing-An district, Shanghai. The association between refractive finding with HAR-800 handheld autorefractor and amblyopia status was studied. The received operator curve was depicted to evaluate the value of the means for screening amblyopia. The sensitivity(Sn), specificity(Sp), accuracy and kappa were calculated.

RESULTS: All 44 children were diagnosed with amblyopia. The area under ROCs of anisometropia, spherical refractive error and astigmatism was 0.92, 0.89, 0.21 respectively. Anisometropia and spherical refractive error can be used to screen amblyopia. When anisometropia >0.88D or spherical refractive error >2.5D were set as the index of amblyopia, the Sn was 77.3% and 72.7%; Sp was 99% and 98.8%; accuracy was 93.4% and 93.3%, respectively. Kappas were all >0.4.

CONCLUSION: HAR-800 hand held autorefractor can be used to screen amblyopia in preschool children.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the treatment effect of fresh amnion on refractory viral keratitis.

METHODS:Eighteen patients who came to our hospital to treat viral keratitis from June 2008 to June 2010 were selected, after corneal scaping checking, get rid of fungus and Acanthamoeba infection, all of the patients had a history of recurrent attacks. After 1 to 3 days' antiviral therapy, the selected patients accepted fresh amnion transplantation, which was according to patients' ulcer depth, then adopted the single or multiple fresh amnion transplantation. After operation, patients were still treated by antiviral and anti-bacterium, but reduced times of local drug use. Follow-up visit was 1 to 6 months, average 4 months.

RESULTS:One to 4 weeks after operation, 18 patients' keratohelcosis were all healed. Fluorescence staining was negative, corneal grassroots edema gradually faded away. 3 months after operation, 1 patient's cornea was transparent, 10 formed nebula, 7 formed macula. Comparing to pre-operation, all patients' vision improved in varying degrees.

CONCLUSION: Fresh amnion transplantation is able to fill keratohelcosis, reduce side-effect of drug to cornea, ease keratitis, and promote cornea union, which is an effective way to treat refractory viral keratitis.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the diagnosis and treatment measures of the corneal herpetic endotheliitis.

METHODS: Forty cases of keratitis patients were selected, and according to the clinical symptoms and signs, parallel ordinary slit-lamp microscope examination and corneal laser scanning confocal microscope examinations, they were diagnosed with corneal herpetic endotheliitis, and randomly divided into two groups, 20 patients with simple anti-viral treatment as control group, 20 were treated with anti-viral combination glucocorticoid treatment as the observation group, the treatment effects were observed.

RESULTS: All patients successfully completed the treatment, the observation group did not appear expanded corneal ulcer, perforated ulcer complications during treatment. The total effective rate in observation group and control group was 70% and 50%, respectively, the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The herpes simplex viruskeratitis endothelial can easily be mixed up with a variety of eye diseases, it should be read in conjunction with the patient's history, clinical symptoms and laboratory diagnosed clinical antiviral therapy combined with corticosteroid therapy can be used to improve the therapeutic effect.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the dynamic response of cornea after the femtosecond laser-assisted laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK)and to evaluate the risk factors for interface haze formation after thin-flap femtosecond laser-assisted LASIK.

METHODS: One hundred and ninety-eight eyes of ninety-nine subjects with age from 19 to 23 years old, spherical equivalent refraction of -2.75- -12.50D and the central corneal thickness was 492 - 558 μm underwent the femtosecond laser LASIK with Femto LDV femtosecond laser-assisted LASIK for myopic correction, were analyzed from November 1, 2011 to March 31, 2012. The surgical parameters were set as follows: laser frequency 1MHz,flap diameter 8.5-9.0 mm and expected flap thickness 110μm, Japan TOMEY SP100 ultrasonic corneal thickness gauge, used for predetermining 110μm thickness for femtosecond flap, the actual measure thickness was 95-103μm, with an average of 98.00μm. And light scattering were assessed in all eyes that developed haze postoperatively.

RESULTS: Haze was observed in 19 eyes treated, the time of finding the haze was: 2 weeks in 2 cases of 4 eyes, 1 month 8 cases of 15 eyes. There were 14 eyes of grade 0.5. 5 eyes were grade 1. The haze usually occurred in the center of the optical zone, of which the diameter was about 3.0 - 4.5mm, and a small portion of it occurred in the nasal.

CONCLUSION: Interface haze is associated with an ultra thin femtosecond laser flap setting of 95-103μm and younger age among eyes following LASIK for myopia.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the reason and surgery treatment of shallow anterior chamber after three association techniques(compound trabeculectomy+phacoemulsification+intraocular lens implantation).

METHODS:Totally 17 eyes of 17 cases with shallow anterior chamber were treated with compound trabeculectomy+ phacoemulsification +intraocular lens implantation, the shallow anterior chamber appeared after 20 days-4 months, an average of 1.6±0.5 months; Before operation, intraocular pressure was 28.2-43.3mmHg, average 33.2±5.7mmHg(1mmHg=0.133 kPa); best-corrected visual acuity in 7 cases was <0.05, in 5 cases was 0.05-0.1, in 3 cases was 0.1-0.3, in 2 cases was >0.3. 16 eyes had the obvious pupillary posterior synechiae. 3 eyes underwent the purely nonirrigation anterior vitrectomy, 14 eyes underwent the nonirrigation anterior vitrectomy+ peripheral iridoctomy at 6 position, in which 2 eyes had experienced two or more operations. All cases were observed for 12 months.

RESULTS: The successful rate of chamber formation for the first operation was 88.2%(15/17). The rate of experienced two or more operations was 11.8%(2/17); best-corrected visual acuity in 3 cases was <0.05, in 2 cases was 0.05-0.1, in 7 cases was 0.1-0.3, in 5 cases was >0.3. After operation, intraocular pressure was 14.7±3.4 mmHg, all patients had no shallow anterior chamber, bleb leakage, choroidal detachment, malignant glaucoma, choroidal hyphema and so on.

CONCLUSION:Pupillary posterior synechiae is the main reason of shallow anterior chamber after three association techniques. The nonirrigation anterior vitrectomy+the peripheral iridoctomy is an effective, reliable method to treat shallow anterior chamber after three association techniques.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the operating skills of phacoemulsification after vitrectomy.

METHODS: Totally 62 cases of vitrectomy cataract patients underwent phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation.

RESULTS: The visual acuity of 47(76%)eyes was improved to varying degrees. The 15(24%)eyes were improved due to optic atrophy and age-related macular degeneration.

CONCLUSION: Skilled specification to master each step of the conventional phacoemulsification is the key of a successful implementation of vitrectomy and postoperative cataract phacoemulsification.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the methods and effect of operation for secondary glaucoma due to traumatic lens subluxation.

METHODS: Among 32 cases of secondary glaucoma induced by lens dislocation, 22 cases were treated by vitrectomy combined phacectomy; 7 cases were treated by vitrectomy, phacectomy combined trabeculectomy; 3 cases were treated by vitrectomy, phacectomy combined glaucoma valve implantation. They were followed up for 1-12 months. Intraocular pressure(IOP), visual acuity(VA)and complications were observed.

RESULTS: The average IOP of pre-operation was(45.67±14.36)mmHg, the last IOP was(16.63±7.94)mmHg. Among them, the last IOP was 9-21mmHg in 27 eyes, 21-24mmHg in 4 eyes, higher than 24mmHg in 1 eye. Best-corrected visual acuity was improved in 24 eyes, stabilized in 7 eyes and decreased in 1 eye. No complication was observed.

CONCLUSION: Choosing applicable operation according to the situation of every patient is safe and effective.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the clinical characteristic, treatment and treatment effect of Vogt-Koyana-Harada(VKH)syndrome.

METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted based on the clinical data of 20 patients 39 eyes with VKH syndrome who were admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of the Shihezi University from April 2004 to April 2012. The clinical data were analyzed, including ocular symptoms, ocular symptoms, fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA), and treatment method.

RESULTS: All of the 20 patients 39 eyes were initial patients, simultaneous involvement of both eyes occurred in 19 cases, only one case had the unilateral disease. Prior to the onset of the disease,14 patients(70%)had prodromal symptoms such as headache, nausea, vomiting. External ocular symptoms were noted in 80% of the patients, including neurologic symptoms, auditory problems, poliosis, alopecia and vitiligo. The specific performances of FFA were irregular punctate hyperfluorescent dots, disc leakage and multiple hyperfluorescent pool in the subretina. All patients were treated with high-dose corticosteroids for 9-12 months. The vision of the patients improved differently. After 3 months' following-up, 3 cases relapsed.

CONCLUSION:Prodrome, clinical course, external ocular symptoms and FFA are helpful to the diagnosis of VKH syndrome. Early and aggressive systemic treatment with corticosteroids has greatly improved the visual outcome in VKH patients. But there is a tendency of recurrence, and long-term follow-up should be closely observed.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze the effect of argon laser photocoagulation in the treatment of macular edema related to branch retinal vein occlusion(BRVO)with optical coherence tomography(OCT).

METHODS: Consecutive retrospective analysis of visual acuity(VA)and OCT from eyes treated with grid macular photocoagulation for BRVO-related macular edema were performed. Examed VA and central retinal thickness(CRT)before and after treating 1 month, 2, 3 and 6 months respectively were examined. Analysis of variance was used to compare pre- and post-treatment VA and CRT.

RESULTS: The macular retinal thickness was 352.3μm before photocoagulation. Within 6 months from symptom onset, 12 eyes had better visual acuity and less CRT than before photocoagulation.

CONCLUSION: OCT is able to quantify the development and resolution of macular edema secondary to BRVO. It is a useful and non-injury tool to analyze the effect of photocoagulation.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of diosmin in treating non-ischemic retinal vein occlusion.

METHODS: Forty-eight eyes of 48 cases of non-ischemic retinal vein occlusion were randomly divided into two groups. Twenty-seven eyes of 27 cases were enrolled in treatment group, receiving diosmin, 0.9g, po, bid, 4 weeks as a course altogether for 12 weeks. Twenty-one eyes of 21 cases in control group receiving danxiang guanxin injection 16mL+5g/L glucose injection(or sodium chloride injection)500mL, iv, qd for 1 week followed Salvia miltiorrhiza tablets, 3 tablets, po, tid, for 11 weeks. The best-corrected visual acuity, variation of eye fundus, electroretinogram, incidence rate of macular edema, and the thickness of macular were observed before and 4, 8, 12 weeks after the treatment.

RESULTS: The improvement of best-corrected visual acuity in treatment group was much better than that in control group with statistical difference between two groups at the end of 4, 8, 12 weeks(P<0.05). At the end of 4 weeks after treatment, the absorbency of bleeding and exudation of treatment group was 63%, higher than that of control group(33%, P<0.05). In dark adaptation eyes, the maximum amplitude of b wave in treatment group were meliorated 12 weeks later(231±39μV versus 184±65μV, P<0.05), also showing more improvement than those in control group(207±49μV, P<0.05). There was no significant difference in incidence rate of macular edema between the two groups(17 in treatment group versus 14 in control group, P<0.05). The thickness of macular in treatment group was 298±54μm, which was much less than that in control group(369±76μm, P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: In non-ischemic retinal vein occlusion, diosmin is efficient in reducing macular edema, alleviating the retinal disfunction, improving visual function. Its therapeutic efficacy is better than Salvia miltiorrhiza.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the function of optic nerve and the thickness peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)in elder age amblyopia.

METHODS: Pattern visual evoked potential(P-VEP)and optical coherence tomography(OCT)were compared between >12 years elder amblyopia group(30 cases, 30 eyes)and normal group(15 cases, 30 eyes).

RESULTS: The amplitudes of the P100 wave(P-VEP)inamblyopia group were lower and latencies were longer compared with normal group(P<0.05), and the average RNFL thickness of optic disc using OCT from amblyopia group were thinner than those of the normal group(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: There are significant abnormal of the conduction from the optic nerve and the retinal structure in elder amblyopia.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the clinical application value of 23-gauge transconjunctival vitrectomy sutureless system(23G TSV).

METHODS:Totally, 140 patients(140 eyes)with vitreous retinal diseases underwent 23G TSV. During one month of follow-up, the operation method, operation time, operation effect, visual acuity, intraocular pressure, corneal endothelium and operation complication were recorded.

RESULTS:(1)The initial operation success rate was 100%, the recurrence rate in one month was 0.71%. There had no infectious endophthalmitis or persistent incision leakage and other complications during the follow-up period;(2)The operation time was 20-95 minutes, the average was 46 minutes;(3)The length of the hospitalized time was 3-39 days, the average was 7 days;(4)The visual acuity was improved in 91.43% patients, the best-corrected visual acuity was 0.7, and the differences between preoperative and postoperative visual acuity was significant(P<0.01);(5)intraocular pressure(IOP/mmHg): The rate of low intraocular pressure(<7)was 7.14% before operation, 5%, 0.71% and 0.71% at 1, 5 days and one month after surgery, respectively; The rate of high intraocular pressure(>21)was 4.29% before operation, 4.29%, 12.14% and 5% at 1, 5 days and one month after surgery, respectively. The differences between preoperative and postoperative was significant(P<0.05);(6)The corneal endothelial density(/mm²): The result of preoperatively corneal endothelial density was 2 735.49±319.28, and after a month the corneal endothelial density was 2 694.14±354.08, the difference had no significance(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: Because of the short operation time, rapidly postoperative recovery, less operation complications and the advantages of wide application range, 23G minimally invasive vitrectomy technique has certain clinical application prospect.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the effect of posterior capsule polishing in phacoemulsification and whether posterior capsule polishing can reduce posterior capsule opacification(PCO).

METHODS: Totally 149 cataract patients including 82 cases(104 eyes )with phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation after posterior capsule polishing treatment by polishing device, and 67 cases(85 eyes )without posterior capsule polishing in phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation were recruited at the same period in this study.

RESULTS: Totally 11 eyes(10.6%)occurred PCO in polishing group and 23 eyes(27.1%)occurred PCO in control group 6 months after operation. There was significant difference between two groups. And 17 eyes(16.3%)occurred PCO in polishing group and 31 eyes(36.5%)occurred PCO in control group 12 months after operation. The control group was significantly higher than that of polishing group concerning PCO. The vision of this two group patients had no significant differences 1 week after operation, but there was significant difference 6 and 12 months after operation(P< 0.05).

CONCLUSION: The results showed that posterior capsule polishing in phacoemulsification is safe and effective. It can significantly reduce postoperative PCO and improve visual acuity.

Abstract:AIM: To summarize and analyze the vision field of patients with sellar tumors in our department in the recent 4 years.

METHODS: Vision field data of patients with sellar tumors from August 2008 to August 2012 were collected and analyzed.

RESULTS: Among 27 patients, 16 patients(59.3%)were with abnormal vision field, and 11 patients(40.7%)were with normal vision field. In 16 cases with abnormal vision field, 12 cases(75.0%, 8 cases with pituitary tumors, 3 cases with craniopharyngioma and 1 case with third ventricular malignant teratoma)were with bilateral temporal hemianopsia, 3 cases(18.8%, 1 case with pituitary tumors, 1 case with pituitary cancer and 1 case with craniopharyngioma)were with unilateral temporal hemianopsia, and 1 case with parasellar cyst(4.5%)was with unilateral superior-temporal hemianopsia. After excision of tumors, 13 cases(81.3%)had better vision field, and 6 cases(37.5%)recovered to normal.

CONCLUSION: Most sellar tumors can cause the change of vision field, and the vision field shape depends on the lesion type, size and pressed location. The most characterized vision field is bilateral temporal hemianopsia. After removing tumors, most patients can get better vision field, and some patients can recover to normal. Vision field examination is helpful in the early detection and location detection for sellar tumors, and it can also evaluate the surgery effects, which has guiding significance in the clinical working.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the clinical effects of vitrectomy in treating infectious endophthalmitis after cataract surgery.

METHODS: Totally 17 cases(17 eyes)suffered from infectious endophthalmitis after cataract surgery were analyzed retrospectively, endophthalmitis were treated with vitrectomy, postoperative follow-up of 3 months to 24 months.

RESULTS: After vitrectomy, intraocular infection of 17 cases was controlled, the vision improved at different degree, and all the eyeballs were saved.

CONCLUSION: Timely vitrectomy is a kind of effective and safe method for the endophthalmitis after cataract surgery.

Abstract:AIM: To propose and evaluate a modified evisceration and implantation technique that aiming to improve the motility and simulation and long-term stabilization of the implant.

METHODS: From January 2008 to July 2011, 120 patients underwent the primary evisceration and implantation of a porous polyethylene in our hospital using the modified technique, which included secting posterior sclera flap, inserting porous polyethylene sphere into sclera cavity, the posterior sclera flap on the surface of the implant. They underwent artificial eye installation about one to two months postoperatively. Main outcome measures were mobility of the implants, mobility of the artificial eyes, conjunctiva surplus square, conjunctiva sac depth, and complications.

RESULTS: In a mean 1.5 years follow-up period(range, 1 to 3 years), mobility of the implants were excellent in 115 cases, and good in 5 cases; mobility of the artificiaI eyes were excellent in 89 cases, and good in 26 cases, and poor in 5 cases; the mean conjunctiva surplus square was 178.1±7.5mm²; the mean conjunctiva sac depth was 2.7±1.1mm; there was 2 cases of implant exposure and infection, 3 cases of subconjunctival implantation cysts, 2 cases of implant fixation sutures exposure, no case of significant enophthalmos, superior sulcus deformity, conjunctiva sac narrow, lower eyelid ectropion, or orbital cellulitis.

CONCLUSION: This technique appears to be an excellent modification for an ophthalmic socket reconstruction.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the surgery effectiveness between topical anesthesia and topical combined local anesthesia in pterygium excision with limbal stem cell transplantation.

METHODS: It was a prospective clinical study. Totally 48 primary pterygium cases(52 eyes)who needed pterygium excision combined with limbal stem cell transplantation were divided into group A and group B according to random number table. 23 cases(26 eyes)in group A received topical anesthesia combined local anesthesia of 20g/L lidocaine subconjunctival infiltration, while 25 cases(26 eyes)in group B underwent topical anesthesia simply. All patients were performed the same operation mode. The main survey indexes included operative time, anesthesia effectiveness, the matching degree of graft, subconjunctival hemorrhage and recurrence rate 6 months after surgery.

RESULTS: The operation time of group B was shorter than that of group A. There was significant difference between group A and group B(P<0.05). Patients in group B had less subconjunctival hemorrhage. There was no significant difference in paining and matching degree of graft between group A and group B(P>0.05). Followed up for 6 months, 1 case(1 eye)recurrence was found in group A, while none in group B. No statistical difference was noted between two groups with recurrence.

CONCLUSION: Topical anesthesia is satisfied to be used in pterygium excision with autologous limbal stem cell transplantation. With the topical anesthesia, we can remove the pathological tissues clearly, match planting bed with graft better, make a shortened operative time and decrease operative blood loss.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate and compare the efficacy of bare sclera technique, corneal limbus stem cells conjunctival transplantation and corneal limbus stem cells conjunctival transplantation plus sealing the gap between the conjunctiva and Tenon's capsule in the treatment of pterygium.

METHODS: One hundred and thirty-eight eyes of 130 subjects were included in this study. Forty-eight eyes were excised with bare sclera technique(group A). Forty-five eyes were treated with corneal limbus stem cells conjunctival transplantation combined with excision(group B), and forty-five eyes were treated with corneal limbus stem cells conjunctival transplantation plus sealing the gap between the conjunctiva and Tenon's capsule(group C). All patients completed 12 months of follow-up.

RESULTS: The recurrence rates of pterygium for the three surgeries(group A, B, and C)were 27.1%, 8.9% and 4.4%, respectively. The significant differences were identified when comparing the recurrence rate between group A and group B and between group A and group C(P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between group B and group C(P>0.05). Granulomas appeared in group A(3 eyes)and group B(2 eyes). The appearance of lacrimal caruncles in group C was better than those in group A and B.

CONCLUSION: Corneal limbus stem cells conjunctival transplantation plus sealing the gap between the conjunctiva and Tenon's capsule with excision can significantly reduce pterygium recurrence and make for appearance of lacrimal caruncles. It can release postoperative inflammation and prevent granulomas. It is an ideal method of pterygium surgery.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the relationship between primary pterygium and dry eye.

METHODS: Totally 50 cases of primary pterygium from August 2011 to August 2012 in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Pterygium eyes composed the observing group and fellow eyes composed the control group. To compare the eye symptom score, Schirmer Ⅰ test, tear film break–up time(BUT)and oculo- surface fluorescent(FL)score of the two groups was evaluated.

RESULTS: There was nosignificant difference between observing and control group(P>0.5), but the tear film BUT of the observing group was obviously lower than the control group(P<0.05), the symptom and oculo- surface FL score were obviously higher of the observing group than the control group(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Patients who has primary pterygium may usually feel uncomfortable like eye drying, vision decreasing and foreign body sensation and so on. Primary pterygium may cut down the constancy of lacrimal film and cause the oculo- surface damage, but the causal relation between primary pterygium and dry eye is not clear at present.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the effects of the operation of bursting orbital fracture with amniotic composites of hydroxyapatite and discuss the importance of preventing adhesion of soft tissue injury.

METHODS: There were 32 cases of bursting orbital fracture in our hospital from October, 2008 to October, 2012. Using amnion to wrap composite of hydroxyapatite to repair fracture of orbital wall and correct diplopia and enophthalmos.

RESULTS: We succeeded with the correction rate of diplopia at 95% and the cure rate of enophthalmos at 91% and no implants rejection 6-12 months after the operation.

CONCLUSION: It is effective and safe to cure diplopia and enophthalmos by orbital fracture with the method of amniotic composites of hydroxyapatite. There is no adhesion and it takes the patients a short time to recover.

Abstract:AIM: To obtain information concerning the incidence of infants' ocular disease, and explore the applications of RetCam Ⅱ in the screening of infants' ocular disease.

METHODS: All infants examined with RetCam Ⅱ form September 1, 2011 to September 31, 2012 were enrolled in this study.

RESULTS: Among the 4 860 infants, retinopathy of prematurity(ROP)in 308 cases, retinal hemorrhage in 172 cases; 13 cases of congenital retinal folds; 11 cases of albinism fundus; 10 cases of congenital cataracts; 12 cases of retimoblastoma; persistent hyperplasia of primary vitreous in 9 cases; optic nerve disc dysplasia in 8 cases; congenital choroidal defect in 5 cases; primary pigmentary degeneration of the retina in 4 cases; morning glory syndrome in 4 cases; medullated nerve fibers of retina in 4 cases; congenital macular defect in 3 cases; external exudative retinopathy in 3 cases; familial exudative vitreoretinopathy in 3 cases; nevoid pigmentation of retina in 2 cases; congenital iris dysplasia in 6 cases; optic disc edema in 28 cases; optic atrophy in 15 cases.

CONCLUSION: The infant eye diseases can cause serious harm, and we should pay attention to the early screening, preterm children and term infants with risk factors should be a fundus screening focus groups. RetCam Ⅱ can not only be used in the screening of ROP, but also used in screening of ocular disease for infants and clinical follow-up. Early intervention is of great importance for the prevention and treatment of infants' ocular disease.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the clinical curative effects of the compound anisodine's temple injection combined with the eye muscle massages in the treatment of the acquired ophthalmoplegia.

METHODS: According to the sequence of seeking medical advice, 52 cases(52 eyes)of the acquired ophthalmoplegia were randomly divided into the treatment group(eye muscle massage combined with the compound anisodine temple injection)27 cases 17 eyes and the matched control(normal regulations western medicine treat)25 cases 25 eyes. The treatment group was treated with eye muscle massage as well as temple injection of 2mL compound anisodine, once a day, 14 days a course—the treatment was injected 4 times on end and the medicine was stopped gradually. The treatment of the completely recovered was terminated at any time. Matched control: cortex hormone, vascular dilator drug and big dosage B clan vitamin were adopted in the treatment for 14-60 days.

RESULTS:The total efficient rate in treatment group was 85%, in control group was 52%. The difference was obvious. The curative effect of the treatment group surpassed the matched control, with statistical significance(χ²=6.71, P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: The method of the compound anisodine's temple injection combined with the eye muscle massages in the treatment of the acquired ophthalmoplegia not only shortens the treatment time but also posses easy procedure and safely. Meanwhile it is also an effectively clinical treatment method.

Abstract:AIM: To study the timing of non-conservative and conservative treatment for neonatal dacryocystitis.

METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 107 eyes with neonatal dacryocystitis, which underwent lacrimal pressure washing or nasolacrimal duct probing was performed.

RESULTS: Non-conservative treatment, the successful rate within 3 months was 93.8%, 3-7 months was 92.9%, 7-12 months was 81.6%, 12-36 months was 54.6%. The difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The successful rate of 3-7 months was higher and complications were lower.

CONCLUSION: 3-7 months is the best time for the children to perform once lacrimal washing or probing.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the clinical effects of laser lacrimal plastic operation combined with silicone tube implantation in canalicular obstruction.

METHODS:There were 128 cases(148 eyes)with canalicular obstruction, all of them had a history of the tears, and were diagnosed by flushed lacrimal duct, and they underwent laser lacrimal plastic operation combined with silicone tube implantation, the silicone tube was kept in place for one year, after operation, the patients flushed lacrimal duct regularly and they were followed up for 24 months after extraction of the silicone tube, the recovery of function of lacrimal duct was observed.

RESULTS:Twenty-four months after extraction of the silicone tube,120 cases(81.08%)were cured, had no tears and with the complete unobstruction, 18 cases(12.16%)were improved, still had tears and lacrimal passage is passable. 10 cases(6.76%)were invalid, still had tears and with the obstruction, the total efficiency rate was 93.24%.

CONCLUSION: It is an effective method of laser lacrimal plastic operation combined with silicone tube implantation in canalicular obstruction.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the treatment effect of dilating lacrimal drainage tube implantation and dacryocystorhinotomy under nasal endoscope and improvement of lacrimal sac and nasal cavity anastomosis.

METHODS: The effect of operation treatment of 136 chronic dacryocystitis patients in recent 3 years was retrospectively analyzed. 66 patients underwent the treatment of dilating lacrimal drainage tube implantation and nasal cavity dacryocyst pore under nasal endoscope. 70 patients underwent the treatment of improvement of lacrimal sac and nasal cavity anastomosis. All of the patients were unilateral chronic dacryocystitis.

RESULTS: Dilating lacrimal drainage tube implantation and dacryocystorhinotomy under nasal endoscope: 60 patients were cured; 5 patients were improved; 1 patient was invalid. The cure rate was 90.9%, effective rate 98.5%. Improvement of lacrimal sac and nasal cavity anastomosis: 64 patients were cured, 4 patients were improved, 2 patients were invalid, the cure rate was 91.4%, and effective rate was 97.1%. By using Chi-square test, P>0.05, there were no significant differences between the two groups.

CONCLUSION: There are the treatment effects of proximity about dilating lacrimal drainage tube implantation and dacryocystorhinotomy under nasal endoscope and improvement of lacrimal sac and nasal cavity anastomosis. But the operation of dilating lacrimal drainage tube implantation and dacryocystorhinotomy under nasal endoscope have small wound, less bleeding, without skin incision, which is worthy of clinical application.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the biometry data of cataractous eyes of the African people and the Chinese.

METHODS: The ocular components of 60 African people(60 eyes)and 60 Chinese(60 eyes)were examined using keratometry(corneal curvature), ultrasonography(axial dimensions).

RESULTS: The average ages were 67.6±16.4 years(the African people)and 64.7±11.5 years(the Chinese). The averages of vertical corneal curvature were 43.03±0.63D(African)and 44.66±1.73D(Chinese). The averages of horizontal corneal curvature(±SD)were 42.70±0.8D(African)and 43.75±1.80D(Chinese). The average axial dimensions were 22.81±0.88mm(the African people)and 23.15±0.86mm(the Chinese). The average intraocular lens(IOL)powers were 22.88±1.84D(the African people)and 21.55±1.67D(the Chinese).

CONCLUSION: The corneal curvature,axial dimensions and IOL power of the African people and the Chinese has obvious difference.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the postoperative recovery of binocular vision after convergence insufficiency exotropia and regression of eye position.

METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed and analyzed the eye position and binocular vision of 83 routine monocular rectus shortened convergence insufficiency exotropia patients before and after surgery. The strabismus surgery was mainly monocular lateral rectus, medial rectus recession combined shorten-based design. The postoperative such as nndercorrection to binocular vision training until his eyes Ⅱ grade recovery of visual function the same as the machine further downstream. The postoperative follow-up time was 6-12 months, an average of eight months.

RESULTS: The preoperative averagefar outer slope was -35.6^△(-15^△ - 80^△)and the average outside near slope was -56.5^△(-30^△--95^△), postoperative average far outside slope was -6.5^△(+11^△--19^△), the near average outer slope was -13.2^△(+9^△--20^△), the difference between preoperative and postoperative hyperopia near strabismus was statistically significant(P= 0.000), preoperative and postoperative binocular vision binocular function was significantly different, the difference between long-term postoperative hyperopia near the outer slope significantly reduced, the average difference of the degree of strabismus reduced from 19^△ to 5.5^△(P=0.000).

CONCLUSION:Convergence insufficiency exotropia underwent monocular rectus recession combined with medial rectus muscle shortening; such as binocular function after further recovery postoperative long-term effect is better, the rollback rate is lower.

Abstract:AIM: To study refractive changes after horizontalrectus muscles surgery on children and determine time interval of the first mydriatic optometry after surgery.

METHODS: In a prospective interventional case series, 318 eyes of 178 patients aged of 3-8 years in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University from January, 2009 to December, 2010 were evaluated in 4 groups:(Ⅰ)48 patients(83 eyes)who underwent external rectus muscle(s)recession;(Ⅱ)43 patients(79 eyes)who underwent internal rectus muscle(s)recession;(Ⅲ)45 patients(81 eyes)who underwent internal rectus muscle(s)recession combined external rectus muscle(s)resection;(Ⅳ)42 patients(75 eyes)who underwent external rectus muscle(s)recession combined internal rectus muscle(s)resection. Full ophthalmic examination and mydriatic optometry was carried out 1 month before surgery, as well 1 week and 1 month, 2, 4, 8 months after surgery.

RESULTS: In groupⅢ and Ⅳ, compared with pre-operation, there were statistically significant changes in spherical equivalent at 1 week(P<0.05), and no significant changes happened in all 4 groups at 1 month. Significant decrease was found in all groups at month 8(P<0.05). In all groups, there were statistically significant changes in cylinder equivalent at 1 week(P<0.05). At month 1 post-operation, same result was detected in group Ⅲ and Ⅳ. No significant changes in cylinder equivalent happened in all 4 groups at month 2(P>0.05). Astigmatic axis shift was little in all groups at any time point(P>0.05), and rule of eyes astigmatism were kept coincidence with pre-operation very well(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: Refractive changes are assured in short-term after horizontalrectus muscle surgery, while generally speaking, refractive statues can recover to the level of pre-operation in a certain duration. No significant variation is found between different surgery methods. It does not seem necessary to perform cycloplegic refraction early than 2 months after surgery; however, considered about emmetropia proceeding in children, a precise refraction in all cases of strabismus should not be deferred later than 4 months.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the influencing factors of rebuilding binocular vision after surgery through comparison of preoperative and postoperative binocular vision in children with congenital superior oblique palsy.

METHODS: Totally 30 congenital superior oblique palsy children(34 eyes)accepted surgery were analyzed retrospectively. Before and after surgery, binocular vision in children was evaluated by synoptophore and stereoacuity was examined by Titmus.

RESULTS: Postoperative simultaneous perception, fusion, distance or near stereoacuity were better than preoperative. There was statistically significant difference(P<0.05). Comparing the groups with different visual acuity, the better stereoacuity recovery in the group with better visual acuity was found(P<0.05). The difference had statistically significance. The improvement of stereoacuity at high dimensionality group was worse than the low. Stereoacuity in group with compensatory head position was better. The difference had statistical significance(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Surgery is the reasonable choice for the children with congenital superior oblique palsy. Visual acuity and strabismus degrees and compensatory head position are influencing factors of rebuilding binocular vision.

Abstract:AIM: To find and determine the environmental factors causing the dry eye syndrome, and to provide the etiology basis for the prevention and treatment of dry eye.

METHODS: Totally 233 subjects were chosen out of routine physical examining persons in our hospital from September 2011 to September 2012. There was no eye disease of anterior segment. It mainly included two parts-questionnaires and tear function tests. Questionnaire content included working environment, smoking status, occupation, the phosphor screen contact time, driving time, and air-conditioned room residence time. First, single-factor analysis was performed to identify the environmental factors associated with dry eye incidence, then the meaningful factors with multifactor comprehensive analysis was made to identify and determine the major risk factors leading to dry eye.

RESULTS:Univariate analysis showed that environmental factors associated with dry eye incidence were phosphor screen contact time, work environment, smoking status, driving time, and air-conditioned room residence time. Logistic regression analysis showed that the significant factors were the phosphor screen contact time, work environment, smoking status, driving time.

CONCLUSION:In terms of the factors included in this study, the main environmental factors impacting dry eye disease is phosphor screen contact time, the work environment, smoking status, driving time.

Abstract:AIM: To assess prevalence of poor vision among junior middle school and primary school students in Changsha, China and establish the theoretical basis for visual protection.

METHODS: All students in the junior middle schools and primary schools of Changsha were enrolled for vision examination from March to June in 2009, 2010, and 2011. Data obtained from the investigation was analyzed.

RESULTS: The incidence and severity of low vision increased during the three years. The incidence of low vision was 50.12%, 52.59% and 55.91% in 2009, 2010, and 2011 respectively. Female pupils had a higher incidence of low vision than males.

CONCLUSION:Poor vision is severe among junior middle school and primary school students in Changsha, especially among junior middle school students and female students. Parents and school teachers should pay more attention to this problem.