Abstract:Diabetes causes a lot of abnormalities in the retina including up-regulation of intercellular adhesion moleDiabetes causes a lot of abnormalities in the retina including up-regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1(VCAM-1), and these changes suggest a role for inflammation in the development of diabetic retinopathy(DR). In this paper, we analyzed the important role of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on the damage of vascular endothelial cells and the inflammatory response in DR briefly.cule-1(ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1(VCAM-1), and these changes suggest a role for inflammation in the development of diabetic retinopathy(DR). In this paper, we analyzed the important role of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on the damage of vascular endothelial cells and the inflammatory response in DR briefly.

Abstract:AIM: To explore an experimental method for primary culture of retinal neurons of neonatal rat. METHODS: Retina of postnatal 1-3 days SD rats was dissected into cell suspension by using trypsin digestion and cultured in vitro with DMEM/F12. Immunocytochemical methods were used to identify the cultured neurons. RESULTS: All cultured cells underwent adherence and some possessed axons，of which some were connected with each other．Most cells were neuron specific enolase(NSE)-positive detected by immunohistochemistry． CONCLUSION: Successful culture of retinal neuron cells in vitro is helpful in the research of retinal diseases.

Abstract:AIM: To compare the intraocular pressure (IOP) measured by Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT), non-contact tonometer (NCT) and Schiotz tonometer (ST), and to evaluate the effect of central corneal thickness(CCT) on the readings. METHODS: IOP measurements were obtained in right eyes of all patients using GAT, NCT and ST. CCT was determinated by ultrasound pachymetry. All IOP and CCT measurements were performed by the same ophthalmologist. Percentile 25%(Q1) and percentile 75%(Q3) values of the CCT were calculated and by this way, the group was divided into thin, medium, and thick cornea subdivisions. Statistical analysis were performed with Statplus software. RESULTS: For the entire series of 144 eyes, the mean IOPs measured were 17.4±4.9mmHg with GAT, 16.0±58mmHg with NCT, 14.0±4.0 with ST (P<0.01 Friedman ANOVA). Correlation coefficient between IOP level and CCT was 0.787 (P<0.01) with NCT, 0.630 (P<0.01) with GAT, and 0.565 (P<0.01) with ST readings. Correlation between deviation from corrected IOP level and CCT was remarkably weaker in thick corneas with ST measurements (r=0.381, P=0.022). CONCLUSION: NCT is the most susceptible device to the effects of varying CCT. ST readings seem to be less affected than GAT and NCT readings. Particularly in thick corneas, ST can be defined as a more reliable instrument as compared to NCT and GAT. " "

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the management of common complications after ptosis operation. METHODS: Clinical experience of managing the common complications after ptosis operation in the past 5 years was summed. For the common complications such as under-correction or over-correction, exposure keratitis, conjunctival or lacrimal gland prolapse, corresponding countermeasure was treated as soon as which was detected. Then satisfactory clinical results were attained. RESULTS: In all 150 cases (180 eyes) with ptosis, 127 cases were corrected satisfied with bilateral symmetrical, no significant complications. Twelve cases (14 eyes) were under-correction, 4 cases (4 eyes) were over-correction mildly, conjunctival prolapse occurred in 3 cases(3 eyes), lacrimal gland prolapse occurred in 1 case(one eye), eyelid and eyeball separated mildly in 3 cases(3 eyes). These cases were adjusted in early stage and improved satisfiedly. No infection, hematoma occurred. CONCLUSION: Levator resection or frontal muscle flap suspension are applied to correct ptosis usually. Intraoperative accurate judgement and postoperative intensive care are necessary. Through close observation and early treatment of complications, good results can be attained. 

Abstract:To study the clinical effect of a new type of probe to treat congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction(NLDO) according to the characteristics of the infant, such as age, head not being easily fixed, tissue tenderness and not suitable for manipulation repeatedly. METHODS：All 2568 infants(2771 eyes) who have congenital NLDO received probing of lacrimal passages with the new type probing needle and were observed in the clinic service. RESULTS: All eyes could be probed successfully, especially 2722 eyes (98.23%) could be probed successfully one time and 49 eyes (1.77%) were two times. There were not any severe complications but gentle palpebral edema. CONCLUSION: New onetime probing needle which are reasonable designed are convenient, safe and practical to use. They have no hurt to lacrimal passage. At the same time, they can be packed and sterilized independently to avoid cross contamination. This new type, low price needle which is particularly suitable for infant has good therapeutic effect and deserves to be spread to use.

Abstract:"To compare the ultrasound biomicroscopy（UBM） parameters before and after laser iridotomy in eyes with primary angle closure(PAC). METHODS: A prospective clinical trial was carried out in 46 cases (74 eyes) with PAC included in the study. Mean age was 58.04±11.33 (range 24.0-82.0) years. Complete ophthalmic examination, gonioscopy A-scan biometry and UBM (Vu-max, Sonomed Inc., NY,USA) and Standard Achromatic Perimetry (SAP) using the 24-2 was performed (Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer-II i, Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc., Dublin, CA, USA) in all cases. Changes in mean values between baseline and follow-up were assessed using a paired Studentˊs t test. RESULTS: The mean anterior chamber angle increased from 8.02±4.61(0.10-19.60) degree to 17.66±6.39 (0.10-32.70) degree (P=0.000), angle opening distance 500(AOD 500) increased from 0.11±0.06 (0.01-0.30) to 0.23±0.07 (0.13-0.50) mm (P=0.000),mean iris thickness(IT) decreased from 0.58±0.11(0.33-0.99)mm to 0.52±0.10 (0.25-0.77)mm(P=0.000) after laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI). No statistically significant changes were found in trabecular-ciliary process distance (TCPD), iris-ciliary process distance (ICPD) and ciliary body thickness (CBT). CONCLUSION: AOD 500, iridolenticular distance (ILT)and anterior chamber angle (ACA) increases, IT and iridolenticular height (ILH) decreases after LPI in Caucasian eyes with PAC. It means that LPI relieves the pupillary block, deepens the anterior chamber, widens the ACA, decreases the anterior bowing and thickening of the iris."

Abstract:To observe the inhibitive effect of subconjunctival or intravitreal-injecting pigment epithelium-derived factor(PEDF) for retinal neovascularization(RNV) in oxygen-induced animal models. METHODS: Mouse models of oxygen-induced retinopathy of prematurity were established.48 newborn rats were randomly diveded into 6 groups（A：Air control group；B：High oxygen control guoup；C：High oxygen +intravitreal injection of 2μg PEDF group；D：High oxygen+subconjunctival injection of 2μg PEDF group；E：High oxygen+subconjunctival injection of 4μg PEDF group；F：High oxygen+subconjunctival injection of 8μg PEDF group）. When the rats were taken off the high oxygen，the phosphate buffer solution(PBS) and corresponding dosage of PEDF were intravitreally or subconjunctivally injected in group C，D，E and F respectively. ADP-ase stained retinal flat-mounts was used to evaluate the retinal vascular modality and development, eyeball pathological section was used to count the pre-retinal endothelial nucleus in retinal new vessel. Retinal PEDF expression were detected by Western blot. RESULTS: PEDF were achieved in retina after a periocular injection. Retinal flat-mounts: A group: The retina vessels of the normal had a fine radial branching pattern that extended from the optic nerve to the periphery; B group: There were more RNV compared with A group.The density and shape of RNV were disordered; Compared with B group, RNV decreased obviously in C group while-D, E, F group decreased mildly. HE staining: A group: Retinal internal limiting membrane was smooth, and occasionally the endothelial cells broke through the inner retina. B group was significantly more than A group (P<0.05). C group was significantly less than the B group (P<0.05), D, E, F group had significant difference with C group (all P<0.05). CONCLUSION: PEDF are able to penetrate the sclera into retina after a periocular injection，however，compared with intravitreal injection，the effect reduced significantly. How to reach the retina effectively requires further study by subconjunctival injection."" "

Abstract:To study the effects of huoxuelishui method (HXLSM)on EGFmRNAˊs expression on epiretinal membrane(ERM) of traumatic proliferative vitreo-retinopathy(tPVR）and its mechanism of curative and preventive effects on PVR. METHODS: Thirty-two rabbits were selected randomly from 40 healthy adult colored rabbits and induced to tPVR models, then divided into four groups: the first group was treated with sanxuemingmu tablet-huoxuelishui (HXLS) group,the second treated with zhixuequyu tablet-huoxuehuayu(HXHY) group,the third treated with zhulingsan-lishuimingmu(LSMM) group and the model group .The rest 8 formed the blank control group.After the rabbits had been fed and administrated for a month , the visibility of fundus, the degree of PVR and pathologic changes were observed,measured EGFmRNA expression in ERM was observed with immunohistochemistry technique. RESULTS:Compared with model group ,the positive level of EGFmRNA was decreased significantly in HXLS group (P<0.01). Compared with model group, the positive level of EGFmRNA decreased much in HXHY and LSMM group(P<0.05).And the level of EGFmRNA in HXLS group were lower than those in HXHY and LSMM group(P<0.05). The positive level of EGFmRNA in HXLS group was a little higher than those in blank group (P<0.01). The PVR in HXLS group was lighter than that in model group,HXHY and LSMM group. CONCLUSION: HXLSM is the coordination of HXHY method and LSMM method. It could inhibit and cure the formation and development of traumatic PVR by counteracting the expression of EGFmRNA on ECM so as to inhibiting proliferative cell’s hyperplasy.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the effects of siRNA for transforming growth factor β2(TGF-β²) on the expression of TGF-β² mRNA in human Tenon-s capsule fibroblasts. METHODS: Human Tenon- s fibroblasts were transferred by TGF-β² siRNAs vector after separated, cultured and passaged three in vitro. RT-PCR was performed to evaluate the levels of TGF-β² mRNA at 24, 48 and 72 hours after transferred in transferred cells, and untransferred cells were as the controls. RESULTS: Separated human Tenon-s fibroblasts attached in 4 hours and confluent monolayer cells formed in 36 hours. The adherent cells displayed fibroblast-like or spindle shape by microscope observation. The expression of TGF-β2 mRNA of transferred group was reduced significantly in comparison with the control group，expression inhibition rates were 17.40%, 52.80% and 79.20% respectively in 24, 48 and 72 hours after transferred,and this interference function was strengthened with the time extending. CONCLUSION:The vector of siRNA specific for TGF-β² is of potent interference ability for TGF-β² mRNA expression in human Tenon-s capsule fibroblasts.

Abstract:To explore the effect of hydrogen sulfide(H₂S) on cell apoptosis and expression of Bcl-2/Bax in rat retinal ischemia-reperfusioninjury(RIRI). METHODS:A total of 54 SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group,ischemia-reperfusion model group and sodium hydrosulfide(NaHS) treatment group,the last two groups were subdivided into group 6, 24, 48, 72 hours after reperfusion. The models of RIRI were made by elevating intraocular pressure.Apoptosis was assessed by the terminal deoxynucleoitidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling method,and the expression of Bcl-2/Bax was studied by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS:There was a significant number of TUNEL positive cells 6 hours after transient ischemia peaked at the 24 hours, followed by a decrease at the 48 hours. Compared with RIRI group, Bcl-2 protein expression was increased, Bax protein level were decreased in NaHS group (all P<0.05). CONCLUSION: H₂S can enhance the expression of Bcl-2,decrease the expression of Bax, increase the Bcl-2 /Bax ratio and decrease the apoptosis of ganglion cells. H₂S shows a significant protection for retinal ganglion cells with RIRI.

Abstract:To investigate the effects of intravitreal avastin combined with macular grid photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema(DME)． METHODS: Totally 21 DME cases (29 eyes) were treated with intravitreal 1.5mg avastin followed by macular grid photocoagulation a week later in this nonrandomized, interventional case series. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was measured and the optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings were examined before and after 1, 3, 6,12 months treatment. The follow-up time varied from 6 months to 12 months (average 7.5 months). RESULTS: The mean BCVA（logMAR）was 0.66±0.19 before treatment and 0.31±0.18 at the last visit (P<0.01). The BCVA improved more than two lines in 21 eyes (72%), improved one or two lines in 6 eyes (21%) and stabilized (no change) in 2 eyes (7%) and none decreased. Macular edema significantly improved in 25 eyes (accounting for 86%), reduced by 30% or more in 20 eyes (accounting for 69%), decreased by 29%-10% in 7 eyes (accounting for 24%), and decreased by 10%-0 in 2 eyes (accounting for 7%).The central macular thickness (CMT) on OCT images decreased from 450.72±74.22μm at baseline to 283.55±44.43μm after treatment(P<0.01). No complication occurred. CONCLUSlON: Combination treatment with intravitreal avastin and macular grid photocoagulation was well tolerated, with an significantly improvement in BCVA, and OCT. This suggests combination treatment with intravitreal avastin and macular grid photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema merits further investigation.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the relationship between visfatin, human serum amyloid A (SAA) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) without DR group comprised 35 individuals. Type 2 DM with nonproliferative DR group included 33 patients and type 2 DM with proliferative DR group was composed of 36 patients. The control group consisted of 40 healthy persons. ELISA was used to detect the contents of visfatin, SAA and TNF-α. RESULTS: The expressions of visfatin, SAA and TNF-α of patients from the 3 patients groups were significantly higher than those from the control group (P<0.01) and a significant difference existed between the patients groups and the control group (P<0.01). There was a positive correlation between these factors and the severity of disease. And the 3 factors were also positively correlated with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) while negatively correlated with insulin concentration. CONCLUSION: Visfatin level of serum from patients with type 2 DR could reflect the fundus vascular endothelial dysfunction and the disease course of arteriosclerosis, which suggests that content of serum visfatin may be closely related with the occurrence and development of ocular fundus arteriosclerosis. And SAA could activate the expression of tissue factor in endothelial cells and monocytes, therefore, the formation of thrombosis and the instability of plaque was accelerated. visfatin and SAA could promote secretion of TNF-α and play the roles of medium in inducing inflammatory reaction. The abnormal expression of the three factors could accelerate the remodeling of internal ophthalmic artery and the growth effect of new intima and promote the disease evolution of type 2 DR.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the expression and clinical significance of chemotactic factor receptor-5(CCR5) of dry eye syndrome patients conjunctival epithelium in Xinjiang Uygur nationality. METHODS: Thirty dry eye syndrome cases(60 eyes) in the outpatient of the first affiliated hospital of Xinjiang Medical University and thirty non-dry eye syndrome cases(60 eyes) were selected,and the conjunctival epithelial cells in dry eye syndrome and non-dry eye syndrome cases were obtained by impression cytology methods,and then immersed into the centrifugal tube with corresponding number respectively and the expression of CCR5 in conjunctival epithelium of dry eye syndrome and non-dry eye syndrome cases were detected by immunohistochemical method. RESULTS: Positive expression rate of CCR5 in dry eye syndrome cases was more obvious than that in non-dry eye syndrome cases(P＜0.05). Expression rate of CCR5 in dry eye syndrome cases was negatively correlated with Schirmer Ⅰ test and break-up time(BUT); however it was positively related with corneal fluorescence staining. CONCLUSION: CCR5 plays an inflammatory mediators role in dry eye syndrome mechanism and its expression level reflects the progress of dry eye syndrome.

Abstract:AIM: To determine the factors related to central corneal thickness (CCT) in patients with myopia. METHODS: A total of 307 patients (614 eyes) of myopia or myopia astigmatism subjects were examined. Refraction was measured by CANON RK-F1 automatic-refractor. CCT was measured by Pachymeter SP 3000. Axial Length was measured by A-mode ultrasound （OPTIKON 2000）.Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured by CANON TX-F non-contact tonometer. Corneal curvature was measured by Orbscan II（BAUSCH& LOMB）. Age was also analyzed. The relationships between CCT and other parameters were tested by Pearson-s correlation and linear regression analysis. RESULTS: The average CCT was 542.30±33.52μm. CCT was positively correlated with IOP (r=0.303,P=0.000),negatively correlated with average corneal curvature (r= -0.129,P=0.001). There were no significant correlations between the CCT and age(r=-0.050,P=0.213), refractive error (r=0.024,P=0.561), axial length (r=0.061,P=0.131) and anterior chamber depth（r=-0.031,P=0.445）. CONCLUSION: The CCT was correlated with IOP and average corneal curvature in patients of myopia. If the average CCT increases 100μm, the IOP would increase 24mmHg.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the early clinical efficacy of phacoemulsification combined with Bigbag, Sensar and PMMA intraocular lens(IOL) implantation in patients of high myopia complicated with cataract. METHODS: Totally 159 cases (202 eyes) patients received phacoemulsification combined with IOL implantation, in which implanted Bigbag, Sensar and PMMA IOL were 55, 71 and 76 eyes respectively. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) 1 month after surgery, the difference of distance between posterior capsule with retina 1 month after surgery and preoperative, the postoperative complications of three groups were observed. RESULTS: In 1 month postoperation, the number and percentage of eyes with BCVA≥0.6 were 9 eyes (16.4%) in Bigbag group, 17 eyes (23.9%) in Sensar group and 11 eyes (14.5%) in PMMA group, the difference between any two groups was not statistically significant (P＞0.05); the difference of distance between posterior capsule with retina 1 month after surgery and preoperative in Bigbag group was (1.52±0.11) mm, which was significantly smaller than Sensar group and PMMA group, the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05); the postoperative intraocular pressure(IOP) had no statistically difference among the three groups (P＞0.05). No serious postoperative complications occurred in three groups. CONCLUSION: Bigbag IOL has no obvious superiority to increase visual acuity than other IOL, but because of its special design, it can play a stabilizing role of supporting the postoperative posterior capsule and weaken the vitreous rush forth so as to reduce the influence of phacoemulsification combined with IOL implantation for posterior segment of eyeball.

Abstract:AIM: To check whether myopic laser in situ kerato- mileusis(LASIK) induces changes on the posterior corneal surface. METHODS: Orbscan-Ⅱz and Pentacam were used to measure preoperative and postoperative posterior corneal topography in 66 eyes (of 66 subjects) that had undergone standard myopic LASIK surgery. Changes in the posterior corneal elevation, and anterior chamber depth were compared using the paired sample t test. RESULTS: Measured with Orbscan-Ⅱz, significant forward shifting of the central posterior corneal surface was found after LASIK (P=0.000), while measured with Pentacam, no significant difference in posterior corneal displacement was found (P＞0.05). Preoperative refraction (r=-0.403,P=0.001), central corneal thickness (r=-0.349, P=0.004), ablation depth (r=0.411, P=0.001) were significantly correlated with the posterior corneal displacement measured with Orbscan-Ⅱz. CONCLUSION: No forward shifting of the central posterior corneal surface occurred after LASIK. Orbscan-Ⅱz was affected by the magnification effect of corneas after LASIK, when it was used to measure the posterior corneal surface.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the effective method for the treatment of older children with amblyopia (10-14 years old),through observing and comparing the efficacy of Zengshineng intelligent multi-dimensional training system (referred to as Zengshineng) with comprehensive treatment. METHODS: Zengshineng and comprehensive treatment methods were applied on 196 cases of 300 (150 each) eyes in older children with amblyopia. Zengshineng group was given different visual training programmes such as visual stimulation, fine visual training. Comprehensive treatment group was given treatments such as cover, fine visual training,CAM visual stimulation,lights flashing, ocular spectrum,light brush.The best-corrected visual acuity of two groups in the treatment of amblyopia after 1 year was compared.The older children with amblyopia without binocular visual function began to train their three-level visual function after the best-corrected visual acuity reaching 0.6，Zengshineng group by multidimensional three-level function training and comprehensive treatment group by Shi-Jia amblyopia therapy instrument 400 additional three-level function training，observing the binocular visual function changes after 6 months. RESULTS:Mild amblyopia efficiency of Zengshineng group and comprehensive treatment group was close and no statistically significant difference between the two groups(P＞0.05). Moderate amblyopia and severe amblyopia efficient difference between the two groups had statistically significant difference(P<0.05). Zengshineng group had significantly higher efficiency than comprehensive treatment group. Zengshineng group obtained near stereopsis with a higher efficiency than the comprehensive treatment group among the children with amblyopia when best-corrected visual acuity reached 0.6 and no binocular visual function after three-level visual function training for 6 months(P<0.05). CONCLUSION:Zengshineng intelligent multi-dimensional training system is an effective method to treat moderate and severe amblyopia for older children.

Abstract:AIM: To examine whether higher fruit and vegetable intake reduce the risk of age-related cataract (ARC) in middle-aged and elderly people. METHODS: Totally 360 cases aged 45-85 years old who were admitted to hospital for intraocular lens implantation for cataract suffered from lens opacity were investigated from September 2009 to March 2011, and controls (n=360) were patients who had been admitted to the same hospital for diseases not related with cataract. Cases and controls were matched with 1∶1. All subjects were interviewed using a structured interviewer-administrated questionnaire that included information on socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits and detailed medical history. Simultaneously, fruit and vegetable intake were assessed with the use of a validated, semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) of ARC were estimated using multiple logistic regression models. RESULTS: After adjusting for multiple potential confounders, intake of fruit, vegetable and total fruit and vegetables were inversely associated with ARC. Compared to controls in the lowest quartile, the risk of ARC for cases in the highest quartile of intake decreased for 19% (OR=0.81, 95%CI: 0.67-0.97), 19% (OR=0.81, 95%CI:0.69-0.94) and 29% (OR=0.71, 95%CI:0.60-0.93), respectively. The risk of ARC decreased with higher intake of fruit (P=0.014), vegetable(P<0.001) and total fruit and vegetables (P=0.023). A stratified analysis according to smoking and diabetes showed a significant inverse trend between fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of ARC among never smokers and non-diabetics. CONCLUSION: Increased consumption of fruit and vegetable may have a protective effect on ARC, and a healthy well-balanced diet may possibly be beneficial to ARC.

Abstract:Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the first irreversible blind eye disease in western countries. With China’s population aging growing, AMD patients in China are also increasing, but its pathogenesis remains unclear. It plays an very important role in AMD prevention, diagnosis and treatment in clinical application,by exploring the internal relations between apolipoprotein E gene and AMD.

Abstract:Graves- ophthalmopathy(GO) is thought to be a specific autoimmune disorder related to Graves-disease，but its pathogenesis is unclear. This article is to review the progress in pathogenesis of Graves- ophthalmopathy in different subjects, such as genetics, environment, immunology and pathology.

Abstract:βB2-crystallin is the most abundant β-crystallins and mainly expresses in the lens. Its regular structure and water-soluble ingredient point to an important role for lens high refractive index and transparency. Also, βB2-crystallin has been reported to express in some extralenticular tissues such as retina, brain, and testis, and has a certain influence on the related function of these tissues.

Abstract:With the increasingly improved treatment of cataract surgery, whether the patient can gain near vision is also important with they having good distant vision. Discussing the influence factors which adjust amplitude variation of artificial crystal eyes is extraordinary significance to improve the patientsˊ near vision, researching on pseudophakic accommodation is one of the hot topics in cataract disease of ophthalmoloy.This article combines with many scholarsˊ researches at home and abroad, and shapes a review according to the methods of measuring and the influential factors of the pseudophakic accommodation.

Abstract:Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress can cause pericytes apoptosis seen in diabetic retinopathy(DR). The six mammalian peroxiredoxins1-6 (PRDX1-6) are a new family of antioxidant proteins, which negatively regulate oxidative stress-induced apoptosis by controlling the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS).This paper reviewed the TAT-mediated PRDX5,6 protein transduction protects against high-glucose-induced cytotoxicity in retinal pericytes.

Abstract:Retinal vein occlusion (RVO)is a common vascular disease of the retina, yet its pathogenesis and treatment remain very controversial. In recent years, there have been some new understanding about the disease, for example, the classification and pathogenesis, and especially in the therapy of the intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide as well as anti-VEGFs. They can improve visual acuity and treat macular edema effectively. Consequently, they are probably becoming new options for the treatment of RVO.

Abstract:Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic, progressive eye disorder that mainly affects people over the age of 50, not only influences vision function of elder people, but also affects social function, emotion and mood. Quality of life is a comprehensive evaluation of disease and treatment on a patient’s physiology, psychology and social life. It is extremely important for a comprehensive understanding of AMD. This paper reviews the results of recent studies on the AMD on quality of life.

Abstract:Intermittent exotropia is a common clinical type of strabismus, because of its high incidence, unknown pathogenesis, and high recurrence rate after surgery, it has been the focus of clinical research. The research progress in cause of intermittent exotropia, classification, clinical features, binocular vision,treatment and binocular vision reconstruction after treatment are reviewed in the paper.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the effects of central corneal thickness (CCT) on 24-hour intraocular pressure (IOP) fluctuation. METHODS: Measurements of IOP were obtained by Goldmann applanation tonometer on 5am,7am,10am,2pm,6pm,and 10pm during a 24-hour period from 39 untreated glaucoma patients and 44 age-matched normal control subjects. CCT was measured in all subjects using ultrasound pachymetry. The association between IOP fluctuation (peak IOP-trough IOP) during the 24-hour period and the CCT was assessed in both glaucoma patients and healthy age-matched controls using Spearman correlation. RESULTS: The average 24-hour IOP, peak IOP, IOP fluctuation and CCT in glaucoma group and control group were 21.33±2.91mmHg and 16.19±2.33mmHg（t=12.615，P=0.000）, 24.67±2.72mmHg and 18.55±2.45mmHg（t=12.613，P=0.000）, 6.63±3.26 mmHg and 4.72±1.60mmHg（t=4.709，P=0.000）, 544.44±32.11μm and 537.16±27.66μm（t=1.569，P=0.119）, respectively. The average 24-hour IOP, peak IOP and IOP fluctuation were significantly different between normal and glaucomatous patients. The CCT, however, was not significantly different between the two groups. There was no statistically significant correlation between IOP fluctuation and CCT in glaucomatous (r=0.140，P=0.222) and normal subjects (r=0.050，P=0.642). There was no significant difference in average 24-hour IOP, peak IOP or IOP fluctuation between glaucomatous patients and normal subjects with thick(CCT≥545μm) and thin corneas(CCT＜545μm). CONCLUSION:Twenty-four-hour IOP fluctuations are not correlated with CCT measurements in glaucoma patients and normal subjects.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effect of various parameters on corneal endothelial cells in cataract surgery. METHODS:All 55 cases of cataract patients were randomly selected by lens nuclear grade. With cataract phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation, intraoperative ultrasound energy, time and the cumulative releases of energy (CDE) were recorded. Before and 1 week after surgery the central corneal endothelial cell density of the region, the proportion of hexagonal cells were measured. Stepwise regression analysis of the data using software SPSS 17.0 were processed. Affecting factors on the decline of corneal endothelial cell density and hexagonal cell proportion were analysed to identify factors that affect the corneal endothelial cell damage. RESULTS:Before and 1 week after surgery, corneal endothelial cell density was 2685.78±413.39/mm² and 2524.39±557.80/mm², hexagonal cells proportion was 53.04±9.68% and 49.82±9.39%. Compared with the preoperative,postoperative corneal endothelial cell density was significantly decreased and the proportion of hexagonal cells decreased. Statistics found that the strongest influence factor on the corneal endothelial cell was nuclear hardness (P=0.000), followed by the cumulative release of phaco-emulsification energy (P=0.041) and phacoemulsification time (P=0.046). According to statistical analysis they were statistically significant (P<0.05). CONCLUSION:The degree of lens nuclear grade, phacoemulsification ultrasound energy and the length of phacoemulsification time are major risk factors on the corneal endothelial cell damage. Therefore, improving surgical techniques, reducing intraoperative phaco-emulsification time, reducing the release of invalid ultrasonic energy can effectively reduce the corneal endothelial cell damage.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the effect of phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation under topical anesthesia on high myopia with cataract. METHODS:In a retrospective study, 60 cases (88 eyes ) of high myopia with cataract underwent phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation under topical anesthesia. Preoperatively, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) ranged from light perception to 0.04 in 40 eyes, from 0.05 to 0.25 in 39 eyes and from 0.3 to 0.4 in 9 eyes.The spherical equivalent ranged from -6.0D to -25D. The eye axial length ranged from 26.05 to 33.4 mm（<30mm，n=69； ≥30mm,n=19）. All cases were followed up for 1 to 3 months. RESULTS:All of the 88 eyes accepted folding IOL implantation，spherical IOL in 46 eyes,aspherical IOL in 39 eyes, and multifocal IOL in 3 eyes,their visual acuity improved in all cases. BCVA achieved 0.5 or better in 54 eyes（61%），0.3 or better in 73 eyes（83%）and 0.05 or better in 83 eyes（94%）. No severe complications were observed. CONCLUSION:Phacoemulsification and folding IOL implantation under topical anesthesia is effective and safe,it is an ideal proceduce for high myopia with cataract.

Abstract:AIM:To detect the incidence and mechanism of high intraocular pressure(IOP) at the early stage after small incision non-phacoemulsification cataract surgery. METHODS:Totally 116 patients (116 eyes) who had undergone small incision non-phacoemulsification cataract surgery in our hospital in the first half of 2011 were retrospectively analysed. RESULTS:Among the 116 eyes，postoperative IOP elevation occurred in 35 eyes (about 30.2%).The IOP reached the peak mostly 6 to 24 hours after the surgery, up to 56mmHg (1mmHg = 0.133kPa). 88.6% of high IOP occurred at the same time. And in this period the incidence of IOP elevation were significantly higher than in other periods (P<0.01). 62.9% of high IOP rose slightly, less than 30mmHg. CONCLUSION:The incidence of higy IOP at the early stage after small incision non-phacoemulsification cataract surgery is high, but most of the IOP rose slightly. The most common reason is that some substances blocked the trabecular meshwork. These substances were residual viscoelastic agent, residual cortex, denatured red blood cells, macrophages and pigment particle.These substances blocked the trabecular meshwork, and aqueous humor outflow was obstructed, and then the IOP rose. Other reasons also included IOL subluxation, endophthalmitis, etc.

Abstract:AIM:To isolate, culture and identify the nanobacteria (NB) from aqueous humor of patients with age-related cataract in our department. METHODS:Sample nanobacteria in aqueous humor of 30 patients with age-related cataract were collected for NB culture in this study. Immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to investigate the appearance and components of cultured NB. RESULTS:Twelve aqueous samples out of 30 (40%) showed growth of NB, 1 of 5 showed growth of NB in the saline control group, but none growth in the control group. TEM showed needle-like nanobacteria aggregates of different sizes. CONCLUSION:For the first time we isolated, cultured and identified nanobacteria in aqueous of patients with age-related cataract, indicating that nanobacteria infection is related with age-related cataract.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the main reason of the post operative pain of trans-scleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation and the clinical effects of combined treatment of trans-scleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation and ibuprofen oral on late neovascular glaucoma(NVG). METHODS:Totally 30 cases(30 eyes) of NVG accepted trans-scleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation and ibuprofen oral.All cases were followed up for more than 6 months about intraocular pressure (IOP) and early postoperative pain. RESULTS:The average preoperative IOP was 56.23±21.62mmHg, and the average IOP within 24 hours after the manipulation was 31.36±10.01mmHg (t=8.009,P=0.001).The pain of all cases were relieved obviously. There was mild pain in 3 eyes, heavy pain in 18 eyes and severe pain in 9 eyes before operation. There was no pain in 14 eyes,mild pain 9 eyes,heavy pain in 7 eyes within 24 hours after operation. There was no pain in 21 eyes, mild pain in 8 eyes, heavy pain in 1 eye within 72 hours after operation. CONCLUSION:Trans-scleral diode laser cyclophoto-coagulation and ibuprofen oral can alleviate the post-operative pain and lower IOP for late NVG effectively.

Abstract:AIM:To compare the efficacy of three different treatment methods for neovascular glaucoma (NVG). METHODS:Totally 51 NVG patients (54 eyes)were retrospectively observed and analyzed, according to the different surgical treatment the patients were divided into three groups.Group A, 27 patients (28 eyes)were treated with simple cyclophotocoagulation; Group B, 14 patients (14 eyes) with trabeculectomy and intraoperative mitomycin C (MMC) application 1 week after avastin intravitreal injection; Group C , 10 patients (12 eyes) with vitrectomy and drainage valve implantation 1 week after avastin intravitreal injection.In the treatment of both Group B and C, the whole course of panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) were completed as early as possible. RESULTS:The mean intraocular pressure(IOP) in patients discharged from hospital:Group A,25.75±1.44mmHg, surgical success rate was 21%;Group B was 12.86±1.37mmHg, surgical success rate was 86%;Group C was 16.58±1.85mmHg, surgical success rate was 83%. CONCLUSION:The three methods can all reduce IOP on different levels. But IOP in most patients within a week after cyclophotocoagulation is not in the normal range. Therefore, visualizable eye should not choose the simple cyclophotocoagulation.Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs combined with anti-glaucoma surgery can effectively control the IOP within a week.For the preservation of visual function in patients,it was better than simple cyclophotocoagulation.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss the operational timing choosing and the technical details of primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) in high intraocular pressure. METHODS:The curative effects of 57 cases (57 eyes) with PACG of our hospital in two years ( January 2009 to December 2010) were retrospectively analyzed, these cases were treated with surgical therapy in high intraocular pressure (>40 mmHg). RESULTS:There was no complication in these cases. Followed up for six months, the vision of 53 eyes (93%) were improved and 4 eyes (7%) were not improved; intraocular pressure of 48 eyes (84%) treated with surgery and 9 eyes (16%) treated with combinations of surgery and drug administration were controlled under 21mmHg. CONCLUSION:If the intraocular pressure can not lowered to normal level through regular drug administration for the acute onset of PACG, there is an emergent need for surgical measure to protect and recover the vision of patients.

Abstract:AIM:To compare the macular edema (ME) and visual outcome after cataract surgery in eyes with diabetic retinopathy with normal eyes. METHODS:Thirty-three patients with type-2 diabetes and 30 controls were enrolled. Visual acuity and fundus were examined preoperation, and at postoperative 7 days, 6 weeks and 6 months. Fluorescein fundus angiography(FFA) was performed preoperation and at postoperative 6 weeks. Postoperative ME and visual recovery in two groups were observed. RESULTS:There was no statistically significant difference in visual acuity between preoperative and postoperative 7 days or 6 months, but at 6 weeks there was a significant difference with lower VA in the diabetic group. 7% of control and 16% of diabetic eyes developed clinical cystoid macular edema (CME). Incidence of fluorescein angiography (FA) leakage was 21% in control and 75% in diabetic eyes. There was no significant difference in visual acuity at postoperative 6 months between two groups, and ME recovered. CONCLUSION:The final visual outcome in eyes with mild to moderate retinopathy is as good as in normal eyes, but an increased frequency of macular changes may protract recovery of full vision. For this kind of CME, generally no treatment is needed, they can recover by themselves.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the clinical effects of using nerve growth factor after retinal detachment surgery. METHODS:All 32 cases of retinal detachment surgery were randomly divided into treatment and control groups. The control group was given corticosteroids, Ginkgo biloba and methylcobalamin tablets, the treatment group was given intramuscular nerve growth factor on the above basis. The visual acuity, visual field and visual evoked potential of two groups were compared. RESULTS:The treatment groupˊs improvement of visual acuity, visual field and visual evoked potential were better than the control groupˊs. CONCLUSION:Nerve growth factor used after retinal detachment surgery improves visual function.

Abstract:AIM:To compare the curative effect on allergic conjunctivitis between azelastine hydrochloride eye drops and emedastine difumarate eye drops. METHODS:Two groups with allergic conjunctivitis were treated with azelastine hydrochloride eye drops and emedastine difumarate eye drops separately, twice a day, one drop per time,at interval of 12 hours, the treatment stopped after 14 days.The follow-up observations were done in 3 days, 7 days and 14 days during treatment as well as 7 days after finishing treatment. RESULTS:With 3 days treatment, the differences between these two groups on curative ratio(P<0.05) and effective ratio (P<0.01) were significant. But with 7 days and 14 days treatment as well as 7 days after treatment, the differences were not significant. CONCLUSION:On the treatment for allergic conjunctivitis, both of azelastine hydrochloride eye drops and emedastine difumarate eye drops have safe effect, but in the early stage, the effect of azelastine hydrochloride eye drops is better and more obvious.

Abstract:AIM:To study the advantages and complications of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide(TA) assisted pars plana virectomy(PPV) for the treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR). METHODS: The study included 36 case (48 eyes) who underwent PPV for the treatment of PDR with vitreous hemorrhage.They received an intravitreal injection of 01mL triamcinolone acetonide 5 to 7 days before operation.During the surgery, 0.3 to 0.5mL of TA was injected into the vitreous cavity to visualize the posterior hyaloid. RESULTS:Inflammatory reaction degree: 4 eyes(8%) had little exudation membrane in pupil postoperatively and absorbed at postoperative 5-7 days; 15 eyes (31%) had aqueous flare which disappleared at about postoperative 3-5 days. Intraocular inflammation was light and no retinal toxicity was found in any eye. The postoperative visual acuity was improved in 39 eyes.The difference of the mean intraocular pressure was not statistically significant after intravitreal TA. During one week after operation, the difference was statistically significant between the mean preoperative and postoperative intraocular pressure.But the difference was not statistically significant after 3 months. CONCLUSION: Intravitreal TA assisted PPV for the treatment of PDR was useful with no serious complications.

Abstract:"AIM:To study the role of indocyanine green angiography(ICGA) in differential diagnosis between nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) and optic neuritis. METHODS:Twenty-seven cases 27 eyes with detailed clinical data which were not easily diagnosed by optic disc edema on fundus photography were enrolled. All eyes received examination using the retinal and choroidal angiography(FFA and ICGA). The gender and age matched 20 cases 20 normal control eyes received FFA and ICGA over the same period, and continuous images of each group were analyzed. RESULTS:In 20 cases of control eyes,ICGA examination showed early peripapillary choroidal vascular fluorescence filling in normotension. The performance characteristics of early continuous ICGA pictures from the other 27 eyes showed that the optic disc edema can be clearly divided into ischemic and non-ischemic; ischemic images demonstrated a temporary disc ischemia area and the corresponding choroidal regional hypo-fluorescence, from which the scope and extent of ischemia can be directly determined and the 16 eyes were considered to have NAION; 11 eyes with images demonstrating immediately vascular fluorescence filling in normotension in showed the same as normal control and they were considered to have optic neuritis. CONCLUSION:Some of the optic disc edema is difficult to diagnosis accurately. Choroidal angiography showed that there is a disc choroidal regional fluorescein filling defect for NAION with characteristic changes. These changes contribute to the differential diagnosis and are worthy of attention.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effect of berberine on the morphology of orbital adipose tissue in thyroid associated ophthalmopathy(TAO). METHODS:Forty-eight patients with TAO were randomly assigned to no berberine therapy (group 1, TAO control) or berberine therapy for 4 weeks (group 2), 8 weeks (group 3), and 12 weeks (group 4) before undergoing orbital decompression. The orbital adipose tissue was obtained from the surgery, and undergone frozen section and HE staining. The morphology of adipocyte was investigated. RESULTS:The mean deviation sectional area of orbital adipocytes in normal control were 5909.4625±664.91 (pixel²), in group 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 46077.5357±11263.27, 19634.100±3512.43, 17529.69±4342.99, 27980.1304±6123.96 (pixel²) respectively. There were significantly difference in mean deviation sectional area of orbital adipocytes between normal control and TAO control, normal control and group 1. There were significantly difference in mean deviation sectional area of orbital adipocytes among TAO control and all experimental groups. The mean sectional area of orbital adipocytes in normal control were 13780.104±7542.28 (pixel²), in group 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 45210.250±25854.40, 45554.80±15544.69, 39163.94±12696.71, 27184.889±10703.85(pixel²) respectively. There were significant differences in mean sectional area of orbital adipocytes between normal control and all experimental groups, between group 1 and group 4. CONCLUSION: The mean sectional area of orbital adipocytes in patients with TAO was larger than that of normal control. The difference in sectional area of orbital adipocytes in TAO patients was larger than that of normal control. Taking berberine can decrease the difference of orbital adipocytes size in patients with TAO, and reduce the size of enlarged adipocytes to some extent.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the efficacy of deproteinized calfblood extract eye gel for dry eye by observing changes in the patientˊs subjective symptoms and laboratory test results of dry eye before and after treatment. METHODS:Totally 22 selected cases of 43 dry eyes were treated with deproteinized calfblood extract eye gel 3 times/d.Patients were observed with subjective symptoms: dryness, foreign body sensation, burning sensation, visual fatigue, redness, pain, photophobia, lacrimation; and dry eye laboratory tests: fluorescein staining, tear film break-up time(BUT), SchirmerⅠtest (SⅠt) on the day of treatment and 1 week,2 weeks,1 month after medication. RESULTS:One month after medication, the patient’s subjective symptoms gradings were significantly different with those before treatment (P<0.01), the 8 subjective symptoms were visibly relieved; after treatment, the patientˊs fluorescein staining, BUT and SⅠt values were significantly different with those before treatment (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Deproteinized calfblood extract eye gel is effective for treatment of dry eye.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss the clinical efficacy of integration of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine for Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome. METHODS:All 34 cases (68 eyes) with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome were treated with low-dose corticosteroids, immunosuppressive agents combined with treatment based on syndrome differentiation of traditional Chinese medicine. RESULTS:Totally 60 eyes cured, 4 eyes improved, the total effective rate was 94%. Visual acuity was better than 1.0 in 24 eyes, and better than 0.2 in 64 eyes. Visual acuity in 4 eyes was less than 0.2 because of cataract. CONCLUSION:Integration of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine for Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome can effectively control inflammation and reduce the dosage of corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the effect and safety of orthokeratology rectifying myopia and controlling the development of myopia. METHODS:The myopia of 423 cases (789 eyes) were corrected by orthokeratology, and the changes of corneal condition, vision, dioptre were observed.At the same time, patients under the age of 15,who had worn orthoklenses for over one year were studied. RESULTS:All patients were satisfied with the effect and safety of orthokeratology. CONCLUSION:Orthokeratology as a non-traumatic way rectifying myopia can reduce dioptre and control the development of myopia effectively.

Abstract:AIM:To detect the relationship of macular retinal ganglion cell thickness with the extent of amblyopia in the highly myopic amblyopia patients. METHODS:Totally 12 patients (20 eyes) with congenital high myopia and amblyopia were measured by the 10g/L atropine mydriasis. Patientsˊ age was 3.5 to 15 years old. Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) were used to measure the macular ganglion cell thickness and macular retinal thickness, and compare the correlation of the ganglion cell layer thickness ratio of the total retinal thickness with amblyopia and myopia degree of the patients. RESULTS:The study found that there was no significant correlation between myopia degree of the patients with high myopia and best-corrected visual acuity. There was a phenomenon that the higher the degree of myopia the thinner the thickness of the ganglion cell layer. CONCLUSION:Patients with congenital myopic amblyopia has the decreased proportion of ganglion cells layer in macular center thickness.

Abstract:AIM:To study the formation and treatment characteristics of amblyopia in children. METHODS:Retrospective analysis was done on the clinical data of treatment of 176 cases (291 eyes) of amblyopia in children. RESULTS:All 176 cases of amblyopia in children, mild amblyopia was in 19 cases, moderate 81 cases, severe 76 cases; refractive error accounted for 68.75%, strabismus accounted for 14.21%, anisometropia accounted for 11.93%, the form deprivation and congenital amblyopia accounted for 3.41% and 1.70%; total cure rate was 70.80%. CONCLUSION: Most amblyopia in children are functional, efficacy is closely related to children age, the type and degree of amblyopia.Comprehensive therapy focused on the gradual elimination of macular functional inhibition of amblyopia eye, which is the the best measurement for the treatment of amblyopia in children.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the status of the professional commitment and their related problems in the optometry students of Xiˊan Medical College to provide a scientific basis for the professional development and recommendations. METHODS:Cluster sampling and questionnaires on "professional commitment scale for students in university" were used to investigate 148 students grades 2008, 2009 and 2010 of optometry professional in Xiˊan Medical College. RESULTS:The average scales of professional commitment in students of grade 2009 were the highest among three grades in medical College of Xiˊan. The professional commitments were significantly different among students of three grades, and in the normative commitment between male and female students. The mean scales of the professional commitment in the adjusting students were lower than that of the volunteer students to apply the first, second and third specialty. CONCLUSION:The education for students on optometry is not only to ideological education, but also social groups through various methods to promote the professional characteristics of optometry and the professional development.

Abstract:AIM:To establish the cataract surgery management database according to the speciality of life-line express work flow for operation scheme, case, operation consumables management and investigation. METHODS:Based on the speciality of life-line express work flow,the physician designed the datasheet previously and established the cataract surgery database combined with operation consumables management system by Microsoft Access 2003，and tested it by network. RESULTS:The life-line express cataract surgery management database was established and successfully applied at Ledu station of Qinhai province and Xinxiang station of Henan province in 2011. CONCLUSION:Establishment of cataract surgery management database would benefit management of the cataract operation work flow, real time reveal of operation consumables and data analysis.It provides foundation for the life-line express work standardization.

Abstract:AIM:For rapid and exact examination of visual acuity, a computer-assisted automated vision testing system was designed. The examination results were compared with that of traditional visual charts to evaluate the possibility of clinical application of this system. METHODS:The vision testing software was designed and installed in the computer, the visual charts was displayed on the liquid crystal display (LCD). The directions of optotypes were inputted into computer by patients using wireless keyboard and examination results were displayed on screen and printed. Then the results by using this system were compared to that of traditional visual charts. The difference of the two examination methods was analyzed. RESULTS:This system is rapid and exact. The examination results by using this software can be repeated. The results by using this system have no difference compared to that of traditional visual charts. CONCLUSION:This system can be effectively used in clinic and also in school physical examination, especially in large scale visual acuity testing demands.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the clinical efficacy of the oral horse chestnut seed extract for treating macular edema. METHODS: Forty-seven cases (50 eyes) of macular edema patients (fifty eyes) were randomly divided into 2 groups. The conventional therapy (oral vitamin C, E and rutin tablets) was used in control group. The treatment group was treated with oral horse chestnut seed extract and conventional therapy. RESULTS:After 4 weeks observation, the absorption of macular edema in treatment group was better than the control group, the difference was significant (P<0.05), no adverse reactions was observed in treatment group. CONCLUSION: The horse chestnut seed extract is effective for macular edema with no adverse reactions.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the relationship between original hole and scleral buckling after surgery therapy for simple rhegmatogenous retinal detachment by two different observation modes. METHODS: Thirty-five eyes of 35 patients with simple retinal detachment were divided into two groups.Group A including 17 patients (17 eyes) were treated by external microsurgery to complete scleral buckling operation.Group B including 18 patients (18 eyes) were treated by indirect ophthalmoscope.The patients of both groups were treated with tobradex eyedrops and systemic antibiotic and corticosteroids for one week postoperatively.The patients were followed up for 1 week to 6 months。 RESULTS: In group A,the original hole of 15 eyes located on buckled sclera and the success rate was 88%.In group B, the original hole of 15 eyes located on buckled sclera and the success rate was 83%.There was no difference between the two groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: There is no significant difference in postoperative cases with original hole located on buckled sclera between patients after surgery therapy for simple rhegmatogenous retinal detachment by two different observation modes

Abstract:AIM:To discuss morphological character of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) under 3D-optical coherence tomography(OCT) and correlation with visual acuity. METHODS:Totally 46 patients(50 eyes)were checked with 3D-OCT, heights,ranges and volumes of nerve epithelial layer detachment in macular areas were measured,and correlation analysis of statistical software SPSS 13.0 was used to calculate correlation between the results above and visual acuity. RESULTS:There was a negative correlation between height of detachment in macular areas and visual acuity(r=-0.78,P=0.00),but no correlation between ranges,volumes and visual acuity (r=-0.39,P=0.26；r=-0.09,P=0.80). CONCLUSION:Heights of detachment in macular areas were the main factor that influenced visual acuity,high resolution 3D-OCT can get images approaching to histopathology of ophthalmology in CSC affected eyes,so as to get clinical implications in analyzing diagnosis,differential diagnosis,degrees of disease and was most valuable in supervision after the therapy.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the clinical effect of propranolol for ocular hemangioma. METHODS:Totally 52 cases of children of ocular hemangioma were divided into the treatment group of 31 cases and control group of 21 cases.The treatment group was treated with oral propranolol for eyelid hemangioma,the control group was treated with oral prednisone acetate. RESULTS:Improvement rate was 100% in treatment group, and 81% in control group.General-cure rate was 81% in treatment group,and 43% in control group.Cure rate was 26% in treatment group, and 10% in control group.The total effective rate was 100% in treatment group, and 81% in control group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION:Oral propranolol for ocular hemangioma treatment has remarkable curative effect.It is worth clinical application.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss the role of amniotic membrane transplantation combined with mitomycin C (MMC) in the treatment of recurrent pterygium. METHODS:Totally 42 cases (47 eyes)of recurrent pterygium were treated with amniotic membrane transplantation combined with MMC, postoperative follow-up was 5-24 months. RESULTS:All graft survived, corneal epithelial defect completely healed, 2 patients relapsed during follow-up,the implant had no complications at corneal limbus. CONCLUSION:Amniotic membrane transplantation combined with MMC is a safe and effective method for the treatment of recurrent pterygium.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the cosmetic results of autologous conjunctiva in pterygium surgery. METHODS:Of the 94 pterygium patients (102 eyes), patients with primary pterygium adopted pterygium excision and conjunctiva reservation surgery. For recurrent pterygium patients, all pathological tissues were removed with superior temporal conjunctival transplantation of the operated eye. RESULTS:Totally 83 eyes had normal appearance and no obvious signs of surgery to achieve beautiful results, accounting for 81.4%. CONCLUSION:Autologous conjunctival transplantation for pterygium can restore the natural appearance to meet the aesthetic requirements of the patients, which is the mainstream treatment of pterygium now.

Abstract:AIM:To observe clinical curative effect of esculin and digitalisglycosides eye drops in the treatment of visual display terminals(VDT) syndrome. METHODS:Totally 50 cases ( 100 eyes ) on the VDT syndrome were treated with esculin and digitalisglycosides eye drops for 30 days, 9 eyestrain symptoms scores were observed before and after treatment. RESULTS:Of the 50 cases ( 100 eyes), symptom mean total score before treatment was 12.64±6.56, after treatment was 3.56±4.80, the difference was statistically significant（t=8.7409，P＜0.01）.during the period of observation there was no treatment adverse reaction. CONCLUSION:Esculin and digitalisglycosides eye drops in the treatment of VDT syndrome is effective and safe to recently alleviate eyestrain symptoms.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the feasibility of endoscopic endonasal dacryocyst-nasal drainage combined with lacrimal passage reconstruction for the treatment of acute dacryocystitis. METHODS:All 156 patients with unilateral acute dacryocystitis, who were treated with endoscopic endonasal dacryocyst-nasal drainage combined with lacrimal passage reconstruction were retrospected. Preoperative and postoperative routine systemic antibiotics was used to control infection. RESULTS:The patients were followed up for 6-18 months, complete data were acquired from 147 patients. The acute inflammations were resolved within 2 days after operation in all patients, with no abnormal findings in the routine blood test before being discharged. The lacrimal passages were successfully reconstructed in 145 patients, failed in 2 patients. CONCLUSION:Endoscopic endonasal dacryocyst-nasal drainage combined with lacrimal passage reconstruction seems to be an effective and safe management for the primary treatment of acute dacryocystitis.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the curative effect of Ziyinrunmu pill, which is composed by medicine compatibility method of nourishing liver and kidney and promoting the secretion of saliva and moistening dryness on dry eye syndrome. METHODS:All 40 cases in treatment group were treated with oral Ziyinrunmu pill on the basis of routine western medicine ( tears Naturale eye drops and 3g/L tobramycin eye drops )treatment,40 cases in control group with routine western medicine (tears Naturale eye drops and 3g/L tobramycin eye drops). RESULTS:The total effective rate was 82% in treatment group and 45% in control group. CONCLUSION: Ziyinrunmu pill has good curative effect for the treatment of dry eye syndrome.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the speed diversity of lacrimal fluid clearance of fluorescein sodium in dry eye patient. METHODS:Totally 30 cases of dry eye patient were chosen, 6μL of 20g/L Fluress was dropped in their conjunctival sac. The extinction time of fluorescein sodium in it was observed unde slit-lamp and compared with that in 30 cases of normal people. RESULTS:The extinction time of fluorescein sodium in right eye of dry eye patient was 2229.18±488.37s and that in left eye was 2239.71±478.99s. The extinction time of fluorescein sodium in right eye of normal people was 1173.35±161.79s and that in left eye of was 1188.92±200.32s. There was statistical significant difference between the two groups by analysis using Origin 6.0 statistics software(P＜0.01). CONCLUSION: The extinction time of fluorescein sodium in dry eye patient was prolonged than that in normal people. The extension is a compensation mechanism which can benefit patients.

Abstract:AIM:To analyse the clinical efficacy of phakic posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation (ICL) for treatment of high myopia. METHODS:Totally 35 patients (70 eyes) (21 males and 14 females, both eyes) with phakic posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation were analysed from September 2007 to March 2011. Routine visual acuity, best-corrected visual acuity and various important examinations were performed preoperatively for phakic posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation. RESULTS:Postoperative visual acuity was 0.5 to 1.0. Postoperative complications had one case of cataract and one case of transient elevation of intraocular pressure, accounted for 2.9% of the total number of patients respectively. After phacoemulsification surgery, visual acuity of cataract recovered to 1.0.Glaucoma was under control after treatment, visual acuity reached 0.8. CONCLUSION:Phakic posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation for high myopia, especially super high myopia (myopia more than 1200) has exact results.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate and compare intraocular pressure value measured by the dynamic contour tonometer and Goldmann applanation tonometer after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) operation . METHODS:There were 34 myopic patients (68 eyes ) who received LASIK. Intraocular pressures were measured in the preoperation and postoperative 3 months using Pascal dynamic contour tonometer(PDCT ) and Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT).Values measured by two methods were compared. Multiple linear correlation analysis was used to find the correlation between GAT, PDCT measurement, corneal curvature and central corneal thickness ( CCT ). RESULTS: After LASIK operation GAT measurement value was lower than that before treatment, and postoperative and preoperative difference in PDCT value was not statistically significant. The curvature of the cornea, CCT and GAT readings showed a linear correlation, but PDCT reading unrelated. CONCLUSION:GAT measurement of the intraocular pressure is lower than the actual value. PDCT intraocular pressure measurement is not affected by the corneal curvature and CCT.

Abstract:AIM:To analyze the superiority of microscope strabismus surgery retrospectively. METHODS:Totally 387 cases with strabismus, male 224 cases, female 163 cases, aged 3 to 65 years, 296 cases were concomitant strabismus, 65 cases were paralytic strabismus, A-V syndrome in 19 cases, 7 cases of dissociated vertical deviation. All cases were performed strabismus surgery under microscope. The complex strabismus operation had anterior ciliary vessels separation and retention. RESULTS:All 23 cases were undercorrection, 8 cases overcorrection, strabismus correction rate reached 92.0%, and the efficaly rate reached 100%. No case of anterior segment ischemia occurred.The operation field was clear, operation accurate;post operative complications were minimal, local reactions mild, and recovery fast. CONCLUSION:Strabismus operation under microscope compared with the conventional naked eye strabismus operation, there are many advantages both in reducing operation trauma to improve operation accuracy and in reducing operation complication.

Abstract:AIM：To investigate the curative effect on young people and adults in two different ways of anesthesia after surgical treatment of strabismus and influence on mental health of the patient. METHODS：A retrospective analysis was made on 146 cases in our department from January 2004 to April 2008 who underwent strabismus surgery under local anesthesia alone and 90 cases from July 2008 to July 2011 who underwent strabismus surgery under local anesthesia joint nerve stability to compare the efficacy . RESULTS：After strabismus surgery under local anesthesia alone in 146 cases,correction of eye position was in 134 cases and undercorrection in 10 cases, secondary surgery in 2 cases, there was no case of overcorrection.After local anesthesia combined with nerve stability strabismus surgery in 90 cases, postoperative eye position correction was in 85 cases, undercorrection in 5 cases, there was no case of secondary surgery. CONCLUSION：Strabismus surgery under local anesthesia joint nerve stability may reduce the abnormal performance of eye position in patients caused by mental stress and pain, thereby reduce the probability of secondary surgery, significantly improve the cure rate.