Abstract:·AIM:We compared polymerase chain reaction(PCR)to cell culture isolation for the laboratory diagnosis of ocular herpes simplex virus(HSV)disease.·METHODS:Laboratory and medical records of consecutive patients were reviewed for results of(1)HSV PCR testing,(2)HSV cell culture isolation,and(3)clinical diagnosis.PCR results were statistically compared to cell culture isolation and patients initially diagnosed for ocular HSV infection.·RESULTS:Of 581 cases submitted for laboratory testing,520 were PCR negative,cell culture negative(89.6%);0 was PCR negative,cell culture positive(0%);27 were PCR positive,cell culture negative(4.6%);and 34 were PCR positive,cell culture positive(5.8%).PCR tested more positive than cell culture isolation(McNemar’s,P=0.0001).Of 47 HSV PCR positive cases with complete medical records,19 were cell culture negative for HSV and 28 were cell culture positive for HSV.Fourteen of 19 cell culture negative cases(74%)(Without PCR,5 cases of HSV would be missed)and 25 of the 28 cell culture positive cases(89%)(Laboratory testing was necessary for diagnosing 3 cases)were clinically diagnosed with HSV at the initial examination.·CONCLUSION:PCR was a more definitive test for diagnosing HSV ocular infection than cell culture isolation.Cell culture isolation alone can miss an atypical presentation of HSV ocular infection.·

Abstract:·AIM:To determine the causes,associated ocular findings and visual acuity on presentation,complications and visual outcome following treatment in patients of hyphema due to blunt injury·METHODS:A retrospective study was performed in 118 patients with hyphema due to blunt injury admitted in University of Malaya Medical Centre,Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia.The gender,age,race,cause of blunt injury resulting in hyphema,eye involved,vision at admission,other associated ophthalmological findings,complications and visual outcome were noted from the case records of patients.The data were analyzed using SPSS programme.·RESULTS:Males were more predominantly affected(93.2%).Over two-thirds of patients(67.8%)were aged below 30 years.Sports related injury(38.1%)was the most common cause for hyphema.Hyphema disappeared within 5 days in 66.9% of patients.Iris injuries were very commonly associated in the form of mydriasis,sphincter tear and iridodialysis.Associated vitreous haemorrhage was noted in 11.9% of patients.During the hospital stay,secondary haemorrhage was observed in 3.4% of patients.The best corrected vision of 6/18 or better was noted in 85.4% of patients at the last follow-up.The follow-up of these subjects was very poor and thus the incidence of secondary glaucoma could not be established.Moderate blood staining of cornea occurred in 0.8% of patients.·CONCLUSION:Sports related injury is the most common cause of hyphema in Malaysia.Good visual recovery,without serious complications,is possible with appropriate and in-time treatment in hyphema patients due to blunt injury.·

Abstract:·AIM:To report a successful intrastromal injection of amphotericin B 5mg/L in a refractory fungal keratitis.·METHODS:An interventional case report·RESULTS:A 48-year-old lady presented with history of redness of the right eye for one week duration followed by decrease in vision and corneal opacity for two days.There was no history of trauma or foreign body.Examination revealed visual acuity of 6/18 with pinhole of 6/12 of the right eye.The conjunctiva was injected with minimal eye discharge.There was a full thickness stromal abscess at the paracentral area of the cornea.It was irregular,feathery margin with few satellite lesions.There was no epithelial defect noted.Hypopyon level was also seen.The left eye was normal.A presumptive diagnosis of fungal keratitis was entertained.Despite three weeks of intensive treatment with topical amphotericin B every 2 hours and natamycin every 4 hours and antibiotic cover,the lesion showed no sign of resolution.It grew larger and a new focal lesion of stromal abscess appeared at the 12 o’clock position.We decided to proceed with an intrastromal injection of amphotericin B 5mg/L in lieu of therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty.The size of the ulcer was substantially reduced with total disappearance of hypopyon.There was no ocular toxicity observed following the intervention.Patient regained her normal visual acuity of 6/6 after 2 months of intervention.·CONCLUSION:An intrastromal injection of amphotericin B 5mg/L provides an alternative method of treating refractory fungal keratitis.It is also shown to be an effective and safe procedure with promising results.·

Abstract:·AIM:To report the treatment of macular oedema secondary to idiopathic retinitis,vasculitis,aneurysms,and neuroretinitis(IRVAN)with intravitreal triamcinolone.·METHODS:Case report.·RESULTS:A patient diagnosed with IRVAN with visual loss secondary to macular oedema.The macular oedema and her visual acuity was improved dramatically with the administration of intravitreal triamcinolone.·CONCLUSION:Previous reports recommend treatment of IRVAN with panretinal photocoagulation,vitrectomy,systemic and periocular steroids.Our case shows that intravitreal triamcinolone appears to be a safe and effective treatment for macular oedema and vasculitis secondary to IRVAN.·

Abstract:·A 60 years old female with a 4 years history of recovered non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma(NHL)complained about vision loss on her right eye.There were floating cells in the anterior chamber and the vitreous cavity;and choroidal infiltration was detected on her right eye as a relapse of lymphoma.Some weeks later a magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed also an intracranial tumor and systemic chemotherapy started.Intraocular infiltration is an extremely rare form of relapse of NHL.·

Abstract:·AIM:To present a case of Horner’s syndrome which developped after neck surgery.·METHODS:The patient was admitted to our clinic with the complaint of droop of right eye’s upper lid which appeared after having a neck surgery for cervical radiculopathy.Full ophthalmologic examination was done,including pharmachological tests to confirm the diagnosis.·RESULTS:The right upper eyelid was 1.5mm ptotic.Right pupil was miotic.There was a lag of dilation in the right pupil in the dark.Facial anhidrosis was present at the right side of the face.Right pupil dilated and upper eyelid ptosis improved with apraclonidine 5g/L application.·CONCLUSION:Sympathetic denervation of the eye(Horner’s syndrome(HS))usually presents as a triad of ptosis of upper eyelid,miosis and facial anhydrosis.We present a case of HS after anterior cervical discectomy operation which is an unusual and rare cause of persistant HS.·

Abstract:·AIM:To assess the protective effect of Erigeron breviscapus extraction on retinal ganglion cells under high intraocular pressure.·METHODS:Totally 40 cats were randomly divided into four groups,control,model,Erigeron breviscapus and cranial nerve growthine group,10 cats in each group.All of cats were injected 20g/L Methyl cellulose into anterior chamber to make cat model with acute high intraocular pressure,then,forelimb vein medicine administration was started respectively according to every experimental group from the first day after model completed,once a day,9 days continuously.At the end,the changes of multifocal electroretinogram(mfERG)were observed before and after treatment.·RESULTS:The first order reaction of mfERG had significant changes in cats with high intraocular pressure,mainly as follows:the total reaction density of wave P1 decreased and the P1 reflect density of each ring in concentric rings were less than that of preoperative,and the peak latency of the third ring prolonged.All above of mfERG showed high intraocular pressure damaged to the visual function.After treatment with Erigeron breviscapus extraction for 9 days,the mfERG was obviously improved.·CONCLUSION:It be manifested as:the wave N1 amplitude density of the second and third ring increased compared with model group and pre-medication,the wave P1 amplitude density of total ring and the first,second,third and fourth of concentric rings increased significantly,the wave P1 peak latency of the third concentric ring shorted obviously.Conclusion:Erigeron breviscapus extraction could improve wave N1 and P1 amplitude density and shorten wave P1 peak latency in the first order reaction.It illustrates that the extraction of breviscapus can protect and improve the ocular function under high intraocular pressure.·

Abstract:·AIM:To evaluate the effect of recombinant human erythropoietin(rhEPO)to the retinal ganglion cell(RGC)in retina ischemia reperfusion injury(RIR)in rats.·METHODS:The RIR model was modeled by retinal artery’s 30 minutes occlusion in 20 female SD rats.6μL/10U rhEPO was injected in left eyes and physiological saline was injected in right eyes as vehicle controls at 1 hour before modeling.20 rats were divided into four groups(1 day,4,7,14 days)by the time of drawing the optic bulb after modeling.The survival RGCs was observed.The fluorogold(FG)tracing technique was used at 4 days before drawing the optic bulb in both eyes.·RESULTS:The quantity of the RGCs in eyes treated with the rhEPO were significantly higher than those in control group.·CONCLUSION:The rhEPO has protective effect on the RGCs in RIR in rats.·

Abstract:·AIM:To evaluate the erythropoietin(EPO)expression in the eye of murine model of oxygen-induced retinopathy(OIR).·METHODS:Totally 20 neonates of C57BL/6 mouse were randomly divided into experiment group(n=10)and control group(n=10),for establishing the OIR model,the pups in the experiment group were exposed to 75±5mL/L oxygen since their postnatal day 7(P7)for 5 days and then to room air(pO2=20±1mL/L)with their nursing dams.The neonates in the control group were kept in the room air condition.All of the pups were sacrificed at P17,their right eyes were made into pathological sections for observing and counting the number of vascular cell nuclei on the vitreal side of the internal limiting membrane.And radioimmunoassay was used to compare the EPO content of the retina tissue in the left eye of the pups in the experiment group and the control group.·RESULTS:The histopathological sections of retina showed the retinal neovascularization(RNV)endothelial nuclei were 80.0±6.2 in the neonates after induced by oxygen and 1.0±0.9 in the neonates growing up in normal air.There was significant difference between those two groups(P<0.01).EPO radioimmunoassay indicated that the EPO content in experiment group was 80.8±20.7U/L,but 14.4±6.8U/L in the control group,it showed significant difference(P<0.01).A significant correlation between EPO content and neovascular endothelial nuclei was noted in the experiment group and control group(r=0.58,P<0.01).·CONCLUSION:The RNV can be successfully established by the murine model of OIR.RNV was associated with the EPO high expression of the eye.·

Abstract:·AIM:To investigate the accuracy of intraocular pressure(IOP)by noncontact tonometer(NCT),and the correlation between the actual IOP and the NCT value in New Zealand white rabbit eyes in high IOP state.·METHODS:The actual IOP was regulated by the height of the saline column through a 22G intravenous catheter needle punctured into vitreous cavity in rabbit eyes,under general anesthesia.The actual IOP was measured with liquid pressure transducer through a 24G needle inserted into the anterior chamber.The NCT value were taken by NCT.The height of the saline column was adjusted,the actual IOP readings in the pressure transducer was varied from 15 to 45mmHg in steps of 5mmHg.At each pressure level the IOP was measured simultaneously with NCT.The NCT error(actual IOP minus NCT value)was calculated.Readings of the two techniques were compared with t-test.The relationship between the actual IOP and NCT value was analyzed with Pearson correlation,and liner regression analysis was performed in the two variables.·RESULTS:NCT values were all obviously lower than actual ones,and the mean NCT error was 13.65±2.25mmHg.The readings of two measurements were of statistically significant differences(P<0.01).But there was also a significant correlation between two measu-rements(r=0.985,P<0.01),and there was a regression equation for actual IOP,Y=10.875+1.170X(F=2691.389,P<0.01),each 0.855mmHg increase in actual IOP(Y)caused 1mmHg increase in NCT values(X).·CONCLUSION:NCT value underestimate the actual IOP in rabbit eyes,NCT error increases as actual IOP increases.There is a significant correlation between two measurements.It is also necessary that the regression equation be used to calibrate NCT value to get a more accurate one.Measuring IOP with NCT is feasible in rabbit eyes in high IOP state.·

Abstract:·AIM:To investigate the effects of suramin combined with dexamethasone on proliferation of cultured pig retinal pigment epithelial(RPE)cells.·METHODS:Cultured RPE cells were treated with different concentrations of suramin(0.05,0.1,0.2,0.4g/L)lonely and combined with 0.2g/L dexamethasone for 4 days.The inhibition ratio of RPE cells was measured by tetrazolium(MTT)colorimetric assay.0.2g/L suramin and 0.2g/L dexamethasone were added to RPE cells respectively,flow cytometry(FCM)analysis was used to examine RPE cells cycles.The ultrastructure of cells treated whit 0.2g/L suramin,0.2g/L suramin combined with 0.2g/L dexamethasone and 0.4g/L suramin were observed by transmission electronic microscopy(TEM).·RESULTS:Suramin could inhibit the proliferation of RPE cells in a dose-dependent manner.The inhibition ratios of RPE cells treated with suramin combined with 0.2g/L dexamethasone(42.3%,52.1%,65.6%,78.8%)were much higher than those treated with suramin(16.0%,27.3%,40.5%,64.1%).FCM revealed that the cells were blocked in G2/M phase in their cell cycle by suramin(P<0.01)and blocked in G2/M phase by dexamethasone(P<0.01).The ultrastructure of cells were well at the concentrations of 0.2g/L suramin and 0.2g/L suramin combined with 0.2g/L dexamethasone,but at the concentration of 0.4g/L,significant reduction of microvilli and crenulation of cell nucleus were observed.CONCLUSION:Suramin combined with dexamethasone can effectively inhibit RPE cells growth in vitro

Abstract:·AIM:To discuss the clinical curative effects of artificial tears and Recombinant human epidermal growth factor(rhEGF)on dry eye after extracapsular cataract extraction.·METHODS:All 62 cases 62 eyes with dry eye smptom after the excision of extracapsular cataract were chosen and randomly divided into two groups,the treatment group and control group.In the treatment group,the patients were treated by artificial tears and rhEGF eyedrops.In the control group,the patients were treated by artificial tears.The subjective dry eye symptoms,fluorescein staining(FL),the time of tear secretion(Schirmers Ⅰ test)and tear break-up time(BUT)were observed by the slit lamp before treatment,the second and the fourth week after treatment.·RESULTS:There was no statistical difference between the groups before treatment(P>0.05).After tratment,the subjective dry eye symptoms,FL,Schirmers Ⅰ test and BUT were significantly different(P<0.01).·CONCLUSION:Artificial tears combined with rhEGF eyedrops can be effective to relieve the dry eye symptoms after extracapsular cataract excision.·

Abstract:·AIM:To elucidate the relationship between human the-laziasis and canine infection with Thelazia callipaeda in Wuhe county.·METHODS:The were insect vector of Thelazia callipaeda and epidemiological information on the thelaziasis before and after dog-raising control investigated.·RESULTS:The fruit fly Amiota okadai was confirmed to be the transmission vector of this disease in 1989;seventeen human cases(all are infants and young children)were reported during 1985-2008 in this county and the prevalence of canine Thelazia callipaeda infection was found to be 86.9% during this period.31 dogs were examined in September 1998 and no animals were found to be infected with this nematode.·CONCLUSION:Infective resources are controled due to the dog-raising control and human thelaziasis are eradicated in this rural area.·

Abstract:·AIM:To study the effect of operation and laser and application of IOLmaster and OLM(opacity lensmeter)on patients with cataract and shallow anterior chamber.·METHODS:Totally 106 patients 128 eyes with cataract and shallow anterior chamber were divided into mild and severe groups by anterior chamber depth,mild,moderate and severe groups by lens density.Some patients received phacoemulsification or laser treatment.They were observed and analyzed for 2 years.·RESULTS:No operation group:The conditions of anterior chamber and intraocular pressure(IOP)are more serious than before in mild and severe anterior chamber groups during 2 years(P<0.05);With the worsening of lens density,the conditions of anterior chamber and IOP in severe lens density group were more serious than that in other two groups during 2 years(P<0.05).Operation group:After 2 years the high IOP rate of patients with operation was lower than that without surgery treatment(P<0.05);The conditions of anterior chamber and IOP of patients with operation was better than before and that without surgery treatment(P<0.05);The best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)of all patients is improved after surgery than before(P<0.05),while the BCVA of patients in severe anterior chamber group after operation was lower than that in mild anterior chamber(P<0.05).Laser treatment group:1 years later,IOP of patients with laser treatment in mild anterior chamber group was not significantly improved than before(P>0.05),while IOP of patients with laser treatment in severe anterior chamber group was more worse than before(P<0.05)though laser treated successfully.·CONCLUSION:IOLmaster and OLM can offer the assessing of progression of the patients with cataract and shallow anterior chamber.Earlier surgery of cataract is more effective than laser treatment though with a little difficuty.·

Abstract:·AIM:To find the best surgical way to treat patients who had proliferative retinopathy combined with cataract by different surgical methods and observe the long-term effect during the process of vitrectomy.·METHODS:Fifty PDR cases 50 eyes coexisted with cataracts who underwent two different combined surgeries from Jun.2006 to Aug.2009 were reviewed.These cases were randomly divided into two groups.Group A included 25 cases 25 eyes who were treated with phacoemulsification combined with vitrectomy,IOLs were implanted into the capsular bag via the clear corneal incision at the end of the surgeries.While group B included another 25 cases 25 eyes who were treated with the technique of lensectomy via the pars plana combined with vitrectomy,the anterior capsule was preserved and the cortex and nucleus were aspirated,IOL was implanted via the cornea-scleral incision on the anterior capsule at the end of the surgeries.Standard pars plana vitrectomy was performed,many relative key technologies such as membrane dissections and membranectomy were adopted.Implantations of silicon oil were adapted to some eyes at the end of the surgeries.The clinical data,such as vision,anterior chamber reaction,iris neovascularization,IOP,capsular opacification and the location of IOL were observed postoperatively.·RESULTS:All posterior or anterior capsular membranes were preserved without damage.Implantations of silicon oil were adapted to 15 cases 15 eyes in both groups respectively.IOL implantations were performed in 15 eyes in group A,while 18 eyes in group B.The average follow-up time was from 3 months to 22 months.There was no significant difference in postoperative best-corrected vision between the 2 groups(P>0.05),while there were more capsular opacification and more dislocation of IOL in group B than in group A(P<0.05).·CONCLUSION:Phacoemulsification and intracapsular IOL implantation combined with vitrectomy in the treatment of proliferative retinopathy and cataract is safer and more effective than pars plana lensectomy combined with vitrectomy.The design of IOL is in accordance with the physiological and anatomical structure of the eyeball which can lower the incidence of capsular opacification,dislocation of IOL and postoperative inflammation.·

Abstract:·AIM:To observe the application value of fundus pre-set lens examination in preoperative fundus examination and predicting postoperative best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)of cataract.·METHODS:A total of 671 patients 874 eyes with cataract were observed and all the eyes were divided into 3 groups according to lens opacities degree:group A:grade 3 or lower;group B:grade 4;group C:grade 5.Before phacoemulsification,ocular fundus was observed respectively by direct ophthalmoscope and fundus pre-set lens(+90D).We tried to forecast the postoperative BCVA by fundus examination combining lens opacities degree and preoperative BCVA analysis.Ocular fundus and BCVA were reexamined in two weeks after phacoemulsification.Compare the detection rate of preoperative ocular fundus diseases and coincidence rate of predictive postoperative BCVA by direct ophthalmoscope and fundus pre-set lens.Pearson’s chi-square test was used in the data statistics.·RESULTS:The detection rate of preoperative ocular fundus diseases by direct ophthalmoscope:group A:96.8%(30/31);group B:69.5%(66/95);group C:35.3%(18/51),coincidence rate of predictive postoperative BCVA by direct ophthalmoscope:group A:94.8%(163/172);group B:87.4%(416/476);group C:60.6%(137/226).The detection rate of preoperative ocular fundus diseases by fundus pre-set lens:group A:100%(31/31);group B:93.7%(89/95);group C:84.3%(43/51),coincidence rate of predictive postoperative BCVA by fundus pre-set lens:group A:95.9%(165/172);group B:92.0%(438/476);group C:76.1%(172/226).The detection rate of preoperative ocular fundus diseases and coincidence rate of predictive postoperative BCVA by fundus pre-set lens were significantly higher than by direct ophthalmoscope in group B and group C.The total detection rate of preoperative ocular fundus diseases by fundus pre-set lens was 92.1% while the coincidence rate of predictive postoperative BCVA was 88.7%.·CONCLUSION:The detection rate of preoperative ocular fundus diseases by fundus pre-set lens examination in preoperative examination of cataract is higher than by direct ophthalmoscope.Combined with lens opacities degree and preoperative BCVA analysis,fundus pre-set lens examination can roughly predict post-operative BCVA in patients with cataract in immature stage.·

Abstract:·AIM:To evaluate the application of the lens hooks chopping technique in extracapsular cataract extraction(ECCE)and intraocular lens(IOL)implantation surgery with small scleral incision.·METHODS:Totally 1206 patients of the Disabled Persons’ Federation in Shuangliu County underwent the small scleral incision ECCE and IOL implantation surgery.During the operation,lens hooks were used in chopping lens nucleus.Intraoperative and postoperative complications were observed,and the visual acuity was also contrasted.·RESULTS:The sclerotic tunnel incision was less than 5mm.The corrected visual acuity >0.5 were in 795 eyes(65.92%)in postoperative day 3 and 980 eyes(81.26%)in postoperative month 1.Few complication were found in this groups.·CONCLUSION:Using the lens hooks in chopping lens nucleus during the small scleral incision ECCE and IOL implantation surgery is simple,safe,effective and with less complications,suitable for promotion in basic hospitals and blindness prevention.·

Abstract:·AIM:To investigate the etiology,classification and management of post-penetrating keratoplasty glaucoma(PPKG).·METHODS:Totally 52 cases 52 eyes with secondary glaucoma after penetrating keratoplasty(PK)(197 cases,206 eyes)were retrospectively analyzed of etiology,correlated factors and treatment methods.·RESULTS:The intraocular pressure(IOP)of 34 cases became normal after drug treatment.18 cases received operation or laser therapy,in which all cases had normal IOP.·CONCLUSION:Accurate perioperative management can decrease the incidence of PPKG.The majority of secondary glaucoma can be controlled by different therapies according to different causes.·

Abstract:·AIM:To quantitatively assess the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness(RNFLT)in Chinese subjects whose ages ranged from 5 to 40 years old with optical coherence tomography(OCT)and to analyze the characteristics of the variation of the RNFLT parameters.·METHODS:We chose 242 eyes of 121 normal subjects whose ages ranged from 5 to 40 years.After being inquired of medical history and proceeding the routine examination of ophthalmology,which include vision,slit-lamp,ophthalmoscope,intraocular pressure,and optometry,we examined the eyes of the volunteers who met the standards of being examined by OCT.The peripapillary RNFL of all participants was imaged on Stratus OCTTM 3000.RNFLT around the disc was determined with 3.4 mm diameter circling scan,and it was measured and analyzed with the RNFLT average analysis program.The data were analyzed with SPSS 13.0 commercial statistical software.·RESULTS:The RNFLT(μm)of the normal subjects whose ages ranged from 5 to 40 years old in clock type(1-12)were 130.6±24.9,87.3±20.6,58.5±11.9,75.9±15.6,119.6±21.3,155.4±25.5,158.1±21.7,85.8±17.1,65.3±10.5,96.9±15.9,148.4±18.7,143.3±25.9,respectively.The average RNFLT(μm)of those in the superior(S),nasal(N),inferior(I)and temporal(T)quadrant were 140.8±16.6,73.9±13.1,144.3±16.3,and 82.7±12.5,respectively,and Avg.Thick was 110.4±9.3μm.The normative values of Smax,Imax,Smax/Imax,Smax/Tavg,Imax/Tavg,Smax/Navg,Max-Min were 174.9±19.7,184.6±20.3,0.96±0.14,2.16±0.37,2.27±0.34,2.44±0.52,143.1±19.4μm,respectively.The coefficient of variation(%)of the RNFLT parameters of clock type(1-12)of normal subjects whose ages ranged from 5 to 40 years old were 19.06,23.56,20.33,20.52,17.80,16.39,13.72,19.93,16.01,16.42,12.63,and 18.06,respectively.Those in the superior,nasal,inferior,temporal quadrant and the mean of whole circle were 11.84,17.71,11.26,15.15,and 8.43,respectively.Some RNFLT parameters including 2,3,7,10,N,T,and Smax/Tavg had statistically significant differences(t=2.257-3.344,P=0.025-0.001,P<0.05),and the differences among the other 17 parameters were not statistically significant between different gender in the normal subjects whose ages ranged from 5 to 40 years old.Some RNFLT parameters including 4,5,6,7,9 o’clock,I,Smax,Imax,Smax/Imax,and Max-Min did not have statistically significant differences(t=1.706-0.030,P=0.091-0.976,P>0.05).The differences among the other 14 parameters were statistically significant(t=2.242-4.478,P=0.027-0.000,P<0.05)between right eyes and left eyes of the normal subjects whose ages ranged from 5 to 40 years old.Some RNFLT parameters including 1,4,9,N,Imax,and Imax/Tavg had statistically significant differences(P<0.05),and the differences among the other 18 parameters were not statistically significant(P>0.05),between different groups according to age in the normal subjects whose ages ranged from 5 to 40 years old.The variation of the RNFLT parameters in the normal subjects was unequal.Among the 24 parameters,the variation of the Avg.Thickness is the least.Among the 12 clocks,the variation of 7 and 9 o’clock was the least.The variation of S and I was less than N in different quadrant,and the variation of Smax/Navg was greater than others in the remaining parameters.·CONCLUSION:Some RNFLT parameters have statistically significant differences in the following factors:different gender,right or left eyes,groups according to age of the normal subjects whose ages ranged from 5 to 40 years old.·

Abstract:·AIM:To investigate the changes of homocysteine(Hcy),cystatin C and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein(hs-CRP)in patients with type 2 diabetic retinopathy(DR)and determine if any correlations exist among these factors.·METHODS:Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM)without DR group included 45 individuals.Type 2 DM with nonproliferative DR group consisted of 42 patients and type 2 DM with proliferative DR group was composed of 46 patients.The control group comprised 40 healthy human beings.ELISA was utilized to assay the contents of Hcy and cystatin C while hs-CRP was detected by immune turbidimetry.Linear correlation analysis was used in bivariate correlation analysis.·RESULTS:The contents of Hcy,cystatin C and hs-CRP of patients from the 3 groups were significantly higher than of those from the control group(P<0.01).There were significant differences among all the groups(P<0.01).And the contents of the three factors increased significantly with the severity of disease(P<0.01).Hcy and cystatin C contents showed an increasing trend,and positive correlation between the two factors was observed(patients with type 2 DM without DR group:r=0.675;type 2 DM with nonproliferative DR group:r=0.823;type 2 DM with proliferative DR group:r=0.756,P<0.01).·CONCLUSION:The blood plasma contents of Hcy,cystatin C and hs-CRP in patients with type 2 DR are far higher than control,which suggests that detecting of the three factors possesses clinical significance for early diagnosis and therapy in type 2 DR.Associated assay may contribute to speculate the disease severity and therefore get an all-around judgment.Our study provides theoretical basis to the clinical intervention of blood Hcy,cystatin C.·

Abstract:·AIM:To assess the clinical setting of heavy silicone oil tamponade(Densiron-68)for retinal detachment after silicone oil tamponade.·METHODS:Nine eyes of 9 patients with retinal detachment after silicone oil tamponade were recruited between January 2008 and June 2009.Densiron-68 was used in all cases.Among these cases there were 6 men and 3 women.The youngest was 23 years old,the oldest was 45 years old,the mean age was 33.78±6.89.Among these cases there were 6 cases of perforating injury of eyeball,3 cases of rhegmatogenous detachment of retina.9 cases have secondary proliferative vitreoretinopathy.Surgical techniques included silicone oil removal,membrane peeling,heavy water application,air-fluid exchange,endophotocoagulation,cryocoagulation,Densiron-68 endotamponade et al ·RESULTS:The rate of retinal attachment one week after Densiron-68 endotamponade was 100%.While recurrent retinal detachment appeared in 4 cases during the follow-up time.The earliest re-detachment occurred 1.5 months after the operation,the latest occurred 3 months after the operation.2 cases occurred in eyes with Densiron-68 endotamponade and 2 cases occurred after Densiron-68 removal.Visual acuity was improved in 5 patients by the last follow-up,the improvement rate was 56%;7 cases had increased IOP compared with the preoperation,and could be controled by medicine;the anterior chamber reaction was found in all case.Heavy silicone oil emulsification occurred in all case,the shortest time of emulsification was two weeks,the longest was 3 months,with an average of 2.08±0.58 months.·CONCLUSION:The desirable attitude about heavy silicone oil in complicated retinal detachment is to control indications strictly,observe closely.·

Abstract:·AIM:To observe the effect of laser-Doppler retinal blood flowmeter and oscillatory potentials(OPs)OS2 of the electroretinogram in diabetic retinopathy(DR).·METHODS:The average blood flow volume(VOL),the blood flow velocity(FLW)and the erythrocyte flow velocity of the vesse(VEL)in the temporal and nasal juxtapapillary retina and the avascular area of temporal and nasal retina were measured with the non-invasive Heidelberg retinal flowmeter(HRF),and OPs OS2 were measured with the ROLAND RETIport electroretinogram in 104 patients 208 eyes with diabetes and 21 patients 42 eyes in normal control group.The patients with diabetes were divided into non-diabetic retinopathy(NDR)group(22 patients,44 eyes)and non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR)group(82 patients,164 eyes).NPDR group were svbdivided into 3 groups:phase I,II,III group.The data in each group were statistically analyzed.·RESULTS:The parameter of retinal blood flow of temporal and nasal juxtapapillary retina and the avascular area of temporal and nasal retina in NDR and NPDR group was significantly lower than that in the normal control group(P<0.05).The VOL and FLW of temporal and nasal juxtapapillary retina and the avascular area of temporal and nasal retina in NPDR phase II group was obviously higher than that in the other groups(P<0.05).The VEL of temporal and nasal juxtapapillary retina and the avascular area of temporal and nasal retina in NPDR phase II group were significantly higher than that in NPDR phase I and NDR group(P<0.05).The FLW and the VEL of nasal and temporal juxtapapillary retina and the avascular area of temporal and nasal retina in NPDR phase III group were obviously higher than that in NDR group(P<0.05).Hemoglobin Alc value was positively correlated with degree of diabetic retinopathy(r=0.433,P=0.000).The OPs OS2 in NDR and NPDR group was significantly lower than that in the normal control group(P<0.05),the OPs OS2 of the NPDR phase III and phase II group were significantly lower than that in NPDR phase I and NDR group(P<0.05).·CONCLUSION:As a non-invasive method for mea-surement of retinal blood flow,HRF and OPs OS2 has important value in revealing the mechanism and degree of pathological changes and choice of treatment for DR.·

Abstract:·AIM:To investigate the clinical effect and safety of the non-spherical rigid gas-permeable contact lens(RGPCL)for special ametropia.·METHODS:Totally 53 patients 99 eyes with special ametropia from March to December,2009 were divided into six groups:(1)high myopia group 6 eyes;(2)high astigmatism 8 eyes;(3)anisometropia group 15 eyes;(4)high astigmatism+high myopia group(myopia:≥6.00D or astigmatism:≥2.00D,10 eyes);(5)high astigmatism+high myopia+anisometropia group 8 eyes;(6)keratoconus group 48 eyes;(7)mixed astigmatism 2 eyes;(8)special refractive error group(after corneal refractive surgery,2 eyes).The corrected visual acuity between the fitting RGPCL and the frame glass were compared.The corrected visual acuity,fitting lens and wearing situation were recorded.·RESULTS:In patients of wearing mirror frame,the degree of equivalent sphere was(-8.10±5.38)D whereas the degree of RGP was(-6.50±4.13)D.There were statistically significant difference(t=-7.499,P<0.01).Correctted visual acuity of non-spherical RGP lenses(LOGMAR)was(0.02±0.09),lower than that of spectacle lenses(0.14±0.20),and there was statistically significant improvement(t=7.03,P<0.01).After wearing glasses 3 to 6 months,corneal epithelial abrasion occurred in 10 eyes and glasses lost in 3 eyes.·CONCLUSION:The application of non-spherical RGP can correct high myopia astigmatism,keratoconus andthe various high refractive,and has a higher comfort and safety.Patients can adapt to lenses and they are superior to spectacles.No severe complications are observed.·

Abstract:·AIM:To investigate the feasibility of examining methods for pediatric fundus.·METHODS:The direct or indirect ophthalmoscope and RetcanⅡ were used to check pediatric fundus.All children(including 1314 prematurity 82.43%,280 infants 17.57%;female/male:825/769)with the average age 2.1 month(from 28-days to 3-years old)were checked with RetcanⅡ Wide-Field Digital Retinal Imaging System after mydriasis.·RESULTS:Among 1594 cases,339 children(25.03%)have the abnormal fundus,of which 200 cases were retinopathy of prematuraty,accounting for 12.55%,retinableeding in 88 cases,cataract in 3 cases,morning glory syndrome in 5 cases,retinoblastoma in 5 cases,retinal exudative changes in 64 cases and optic atrophy in 8 cases.·CONCLUSION:Retcan Ⅱ is characterized with a wide view,real-time imaging,and easy to preserve the clear picture,which was a safe and effective method for pediatric fundus screening especially for retinopathy of prematurity.We should pay attention to early screening in order to intervention and treatment.·

Abstract:·AIM:To investigate the influences of wavefront guided techniques on the higher-order aberrations after laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy(LASEK)surgery.·METHODS:Totally 40 patients 80 eyes,whose root mean square(RMS)values were over 0.3,not for LASIK,were randomly divided into two groups.One group 20 patients 40 eyes were applied conventional LASEK with Planoscan,the other 20 patients 40 eyes were applied wavefront guided LASEK with Zyoptix.Total corneal,coma and spherical aberration values were measured by Zywave aberrometer preoperatively and 1 month and 3 months postoperatively for all eyes.·RESULTS:There was no significant difference in higher-order aberrations,trefoil aberrations and spherical aberrations before surgery(P>0.05).RMS value of high order aberrations with 6mm pupil increased compared with that before surgery.There was significant difference in higher-order aberrations,trefoil aberrations and spherical aberrations between two groups(P<0.05).In postoperative month 3,two groups had lower RMS values of coma and trefoil aberrations than in month 1,whereas Zyoptix LASEK had lower higher-order aberrations than Planoscan LASEK.·CONCLUSION:Wavefront guided LASEK had better results than LASEK with Planoscan in higher-order aberration changes.·

Abstract:·AIM:To evaluate the effect of comprehensive treatment for old children and juvenile with serious anisometropia amblyopia.·METHODS:Fifty-six old children and juvenile with serious anisometropia amblyopia were divided into two groups.Group A(30 patients)wore rigid gas permeable(RCP)lenses and group B patients wore eyeglass frames.Both groups received same amblyopia therapy with a patch,visual stimulation therapy,antisuppression therapy.Anisometropia amblyopia old children and juvenile were added binocularity therapy and stereopsis therapy while their corrected acuity ≥4.7.The effects of the treatment methods were compared.·RESULTS:The effective rate of both groups with serious anisometropia amblyopia were 100%.After 24 months,group A had cure rate of 33%,while group B only had cure rate of 8%.The cure rate differed significantly between two groups.Antisuppress rate of group A was 37%,antisuppress rate of group B was 4%,The cure rate differed significantly between two groups.The rate of group A which had stereo vision acuity ≤100" was 30%,the rate of group B was 4%.No conditions such as corneal abrasion or conjunctival congestion occurred,and there were none of the problems that occurred with spectacle lenses treatment.·CONCLUSION:The effective rate of both groups with serious anisometropia amblyopia are 100%.After 24 months,group A is better than group B in cure rate,antisuppress rate and stereo vision acuity.The result differed significantly between two groups.·

Abstract:·AIM:To explore the relation between retinal edema and Syndrome differentiation of TCM.·METHODS:Patients suffering CSC,CEC,MDM,AMD,RVO and DR had been chosen as study subjects.All cases were found retinal edema by FFA and OCT examination.Differentiate and sort general symptoms,zangfu location,pattern,the relation between retinal edema and Syndrome differentiation of TCM on the basis of complaint,tongue and pulse interpretation from patients.·RESULTS:Among 207 patients with retinal edema symptoms with frequency of occurrence above 20% were hypodynamia,anypnia,morbid forgetfulness,dizziness and loose stool.In the cases with found retinal edema pattern constituent:106 cases(51.2%)belong to spleen-QI deficiency;79 cases(38.2%)kidney-YIN deficiency;62 cases(30.0%)heart-blood deficiency;35 cases(16.9%)kidney-YANG deficiency;6 cases(2.9%)stagnation of Blood;12 cases(5.8%)Damp Heat and 20 cases(9.7%)no pattern.Deficiency was shown in 175 among 207 patients with retinal edema.·CONCLUSION:According to clinical manifestation and symptom,differentiation of neovascular had some regularity:spleen-QI deficiency pattern is the most,the second is kidney-YIN deficiency,the third is heart-blood deficiency.There were resemblance of appearance between internal medicine and retinal edema but pattern of syndrome had evident difference.Blood and YIN deficiency can result in retinal edema.Accoding to regional signs retinal edema shows the appearance of excess syndrome but its origin was deficiency of QI,Blood and YIN.By essence it was deficiency syndrome transforming into excess or simultaneous deficiency and excess.·

Abstract:·Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs)are increasingly employed in cataract surgery to reduce miosis and inflammation,prevent and treat cystoid macular edema associated with cataract surgery.We provide an updated review on the current uses of NSAIDs in these fields mentioned above.·

Abstract:·Glaucoma is one kind of blinding ophthalmopathy caused by increased intraocular pressure(IOP),and its pathologic basis is the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)and its axons.In the past,a great number of studies have focused on reducing IOP.Now optic nerve protection is accepted generally as a new strategy for treating glaucoma by preventing the death of RGCs.This review summarizes the findings of experimental research on neuroprotection for glaucoma.·

Abstract:Diabetic retinopathy(DR) is a severe ocular complication of patients with diabetes, and the diabetic macular edema(DME) is the leading cause of vision loss in diabetic patients. The main treatment methods of DME are including drug therapy, laser photocoagulation and surgical treatment. In this paper we review the research status and development trends of DME treatment methods which were mentioned above.

Abstract:·Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is one of important eye diseases that may cause blindness.Its occurrence and development is related to blood glucose level,duration of diabetes,environment and genetics.Nitric oxide(NO)is an important vasoactive substance which correlate with capillary occlusion,microcirculation disturbance,endothelial cell proliferation in DR.Nitric oxide synthase(NOS)is now accepted as a key enzyme of NO synthesis.The functions of NO and NOS on genetic polymorphism to DR are summarized in this review.·

Abstract:·AIM:Toxic anterior segment syndrome is aseptic inflammatory reaction from the response to anterior segment intraocular surgery,and has become an important complication of cataract surgery.Various non-infectious agents with operation of the anterior chamber may result in the occurrence of the syndrome,mainly as diffuse corneal edema,ciliary congestion,anterior chamber fibrin exudation.Most of patients can be cured with glucocorticoid and some patients can affect vision by permanent eye injury.Early diagnosis and treatment for those disease are important.This paper reviewed this syndrome to arouse the concern of clinical ophthalmologists.·

Abstract:·AIM:To obtain the prevalence and incidence of myopia at primary school in Zhongshan City.·METHODS:According to the myopia criteria of Eye Encyclopedia of China,we used cluster sampling to make the study sample.Ocular vision,corneal curvance,anterior chamber length,lens lengths and vitreous length were conducted with ARK-30/AR-20 automatic refractive instrument/corneal curvance and STRONG 6000AB portable ocular A/B ultrasonic on these samples.The refractive status were reconducted on these samples one year later.·RESULTS:The prevalence of myopia at primary school in Zhongshan City was 51.7% and 11.3±1.86 students newly developed myopia per hundred.·CONCLUSION:The myopia deepened with age.·

Abstract:·AIM:To investigate the poor vision prevalence and myopia status among students aged 6-14 years old.·METHODS:Cluster random sampling method was taken to choose 11 schools in the Baoshan district of Shanghai.The visual acuity were examined in children aged 6-14 years.The poor vision students were examined with the computer optometry after cycloplegia.The relationship of vision and refraction status were analysed.·RESULTS:The prevalence rate of poor vision and myopia among students aged 6-14 had a tendency of increase with age.20.10% of students aged 6 were poor vision and 6.20% of them were myopia.78.50% of students aged 13-14 were poor vision and 73.72% of them were myopia,whereas only 41.43% of students aged 12.There were no significant differences between boys aged 6-8 and girls with respect to the prevalence rate of poor vision and myopia,while in girls over 9 years were obviously higher than that of boys.The prevalence rate of moderate,high and severe myopia in girls were all obviously higher than boys.·CONCLUSION:There is a gradual upward trend of the prevalence rate of poor vision and myopia among students aged 6-14 years.The prevalence of myopia in girls was serious than boys.·

Abstract:·AIM:To investigate the spectacle consumption behavior of myopia college students.·METHODS:Questionnaire survey was conducted among 300 students in Xi’an Medical College.291 valid questionnaires were received and statistically analyzed.·RESULTS:Most students wore spectacles when they needed and purchased the low-price,frame glasses in the spectacles shop.Most students replaced the glasses in a long period.·CONCLUSION:Great attention should be paid to the myopia students and scientific guidance should be given.·

Abstract:·AIM:To investigate the myopia prevalence of pupils in suburb of Shanghai and to study the variation in myopia prevalence to determine whether these variations are related to differences in area,gender and grade.·METHODS:Totally 3 elementary schools were selected by randomized cluster sampling,and 3517 pupils were enrolled in this study.We defined myopia as spherical equivalent >-0.50D after dilating the pupils with tropicamide.All statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package(SAS 6.12).·RESULTS:Qingpu district had a prevalence of myopia(14.53%)and pupils living in the town had higher rates compared with those living in the rural areas.Girls shared a higher rate than boys and higher prevalence of myopia was observed with increasing grades.·CONCLUSION:There is a high prevalence of myopia in Qingpu district.Prevalence of myopia is associated with area,gender and grade.·

Abstract:·The ophthalmological doctor-postgraduates are turned into the high-grade,special,talented man.The omnibearing cultivation,including medical science,scientific research and teaching,is very important to them,which can enhance their comprehension capability.At present,the clinical practice and scientific research with new ideas were emphasized and the teaching was ignored in the process of the doctor-postgraduate cultivation.Our doctor-postgraduates were given the opportunity of clinical practice teaching.Their teaching achievement was analyzed in order to investigate the cultivating methods about the teaching capability of ophthalmological doctor-postgraduate.·

Abstract:·AIM:To evaluate the clinical efficiency of autos lamellar corneal translocation in treating bullous keratopathy(BK).·METHODS:A total of 15 cases(15 eyes),including 8 cases after cataract surgery,4 cases after cataract surgery followed with glaucoma surgery,3 cases after glaucoma surgery complicated with cararact,were treated by autos lamellar corneal translocation.·RESULTS:After operation,all the patients were relieved from the distress of irration and corneal epithelium was integrity;After following up for 3 to 24 months,there was no recurrence of bullous keratopathy and complications.·CONCLUSION:Autos lamellar corneal translocation is an effective method to relieve clinical symptoms of bullous keratopathy,especically for those with poor visual function.·

Abstract:·AIM:To analyze cutting thickness on TOSCA treatment of complex refractive errors.·METHODS:Totally 42 eyes 23 patients who received TOSCA were selected in our hospital,they were complex refractive errors.The spherical equivalent degree was-2.50--13.50D with an average of-7.51±2.23D.Then the cutting thickness in TOSCA and LASIK/LASEK mode was compared.·RESULTS:The preoperative average UCVA was 0.11±0.19 and BCVA was 0.98±0.16,and at 6 months postoperatively the average UCVA was 1.03±0.30,it was significantly improved and statisticaly different compared with the preoperative UCVA(P<0.05),and it was not significantly different compared with the preoperative BSCVA(P>0.05).The preoperative average spherical equivalent was-7.51±2.23D,and at 6 months postoperatively the average spherical equivalent was-0.42± 0.67D,controlled within±0.50D to achieve the purpose of correction of myopia.The preoperative average cutting thickness and the remaining thickness respectively were 92.43±21.28μm and 409.17±25.47μm in TOSCA mode,and 123.26±28.73μm,378.69±32.65μm in LASIK/LASEK,it was statistically different(P<0.05).·CONCLUSION:TOSCA can save corneal thickness significantly on treatment of complex refractive compared with LASIK,and improve the safety of operation theoretically.·

Abstract:·AIM:To observe the clinical effectiveness of two-hand phacoemulsification cataract surgery for age-related cataract.·METHODS:Totally 42 patients 42 eyes with age-related cataract underwent two-hand phacoemulsification cataract surgery using the Legacy 20000(Alcon Inc.U.S.)by the same surgeon.Vision before and after surgery,intraocular pressure(IOP),corneal astigmatism and the change of corneal endothelial cell,and postoperative complications were observed.·RESULTS:The best-corrected visual acuity was 0.67±0.11,0.81±0.14,0.83±0.12 in postoperative day 1,week 1,month 3,respectively,and they were significantly increased compared with baseline(P<0.01);The average IOP were 12.44±4.70mmHg,13.56±3.20mmHg,12.90±2.00mmHg in postoperative day 1,week 1,month 3,and there were no statistical differences compared with preoperative(P>0.05);The average corneal astigmatism were 1.23±0.62D,0.97±0.53D,(P<0.01,P<0.05)in postoperative day 1 and week 1 and they were significantly increased compared with baseline(P<0.01),whereas there were no statistically differences in postoperative month 3(0.65±0.47D,P=0.24).In postoperative month 3 corneal endothelial density was 2235.06±418.43/mm2,and the loss rate of corneal endothelial cell was(11.90±7.32)%.All patients were without serious complications postoperatively.·CONCLUSION:Two-hand micro-incision for age-related cataract is a safe and effective method.·

Abstract:·AIM:To investigate the effect of phacoemulification on unique eye cataract.·METHODS:Forty-four patients with unique eye cataract underwent phacoemulsification.The preoperative visual acuity(VA)and postoperative VA were recorded.Intraoperative and postoperative complications were observed.Following up time was form 3 to 12 months.·RESULTS:Postoperative VA raised at different degrees:corrected VA<0.1 in 2 eye(4.5%),0.1-0.25 in 8 eyes(18.2%),0.3-0.5 in 18 eyes(40.9%)and 0.6-1.0 in 16 eyes(36.4%).The best-corrected VA better than 0.3 accounted for 77.3%,and the rate of VA larger than 0.05 was 95.5%.After operation,corneal endothelial edema were in 5 eyes(11.4%),and after cataract in 2 eyes(4.5%)·CONCLUSION:Eye condition of unique eye cataract patients is changeable.Individual operation plan should be settled according to specific circumstance.Phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation is safe and effective for unique eye cataract.·

Abstract:·AIM:To evaluate the surgical results and indicators of health economics(including length of stay,hospital costs)in patients with small incision phacoemulsification cataract surgery by clinical pathway,and to develop the system management and methods of cataract surgery project for primary hospital.·METHODS:The clinical pathway table of of senile cataract were developed and implemented,after that,96 patients with senile cataract were randomly divided into two groups:without small incision phacoemulsification cataract surgery(group A)and with phacoemulsification than surgery(group B),and the vision,complications,hospitalization days and total cost in the postoperative day 1 of the both groups were observed.·RESULTS:Both groups were significantly improved in visual acuity in the postoperative day 1(P <0.01),but there were no significant differences(P> 0.05)compared both groups;group A had the lower incidence of corneal edema than B group,the difference was statistically significant(P <0.05),but there were no significant difference in the incidence of complications and hospitalization days(P> 0.05);but,the average cost of hospitalization of the A group was lower than that of B group(P <0.01).·CONCLUSION:The small incision phacoemulsification cataract surgery by the clinical pathway have the better visual acuity,fewer complications,shorter hospitalization days,fewer financial burden,and in line with the fundamental purpose of health economics,which is worth promoting in the primary hospital.·

Abstract:·AIM:To discuss the applied value of the methods of the direct examination of the glass(DEG),the colored photograph of the fundus(CPF)and the fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA)in diagnosing the diabetic macular edema(DME).·METHODS:After distributing pupils,50 cases 100 eyes were checked with the methods of DEG,CPF and FFA.FFA was taken as the golden standard,and the results of DEG and CPF were compared with that of FFA.·RESULTS:Totally 45 eyes(45%)of 100 eyes(50 cases)were found with DME by FFA.However,10 eyes(10%)were found by DEG and 35 eyes(35%)found by CPF.The result of DEG was quite different from that of FFA(kappa=0.239,P=0.00),while the result of CPF was similar to that of FFA(kappa=0.794,P=0.00)and had significantly statistical difference.·CONCLUSION:These three methods can be used in diagnosing diabetic macular edema in some extent.CPF and FFA have the higher similarity.Therefore,the method of CPF is more suitable for those hospitals without FFA examination.·

Abstract:·AIM:To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the exudative age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)treated with intravitreal injections of bevacizumab(avastin).·METHODS:Totally 22 patients(22 eyes)with exudative ARMD were treated with intravitreal injections of bevacizumab(1.25mg),and reinjected at 6-week intervals.The patients who had macular edema or leakage(according to the results of the examination on the 12th week)were given another injection.After 6-month-follow-up,the changes of the average visual acuity and central macular thickness(CMT)were analyzed through the results of the optical coherence tomography(OCT)(1st week,1st month,3rd month and 6th month after the operation)and fundus fluorescence angiography(FFA)(3rd month and 6th month after the operation).·RESULTS:After 6-month-follow-up,the average visual acuity was improved,the average CMT was reduced by 92.59μm,and both data were significant to the treatment efficacy,macular edema and leakage were disappeared or obviously alleviated through FFA.No other adverse effects were observed except four cases of subconjunctival hemorrhage.·CONCLUSION:Intravitreal injections of bevacizumab can improve the visual acuity of exudative ARMD patients and alleviate macular edema.Repeating injection can improve the efficacy and reduce the rate of recurrence.Long-term efficacy and safety of this treatment need to be evaluated with more cases and further follow-up.·

Abstract:·AIM:To evaluate the effect of 532nm frequency-doubled laser in treating retinal holes.·METHODS:Totally 52 patients 62 eyes with retinal holes were treated with 532nm frequency-doubled laser.Whether retinal holes be sealed were observed.·RESULTS:After 6-24 months,50 patients 60 eyes with retinal holes were sealed(96%),2 patients 2 eyes occurred retinal detached and were treated with cryoretinopexy and sclera buckling.·CONCLUSION:Sealing retinal holes with 532nm frequency-doubled laser is an effective,safe,convenient and economical way.·

Abstract:·AIM:To evaluate the effect of the preventive retinal laser photocoagulation on the following eye in patients with peripheral retinal degeneration or associated with dry holes after retinal detachment operation.·METHODS:Patients who met the above conditions were evaluated for the presence of vitreoretinal changes using Goldman three-mirror contact len or indirect ophthalmoscopy.192 cases in contralateral eyes with peripheral retinal degeneration(lattice degeneration,snail track degeneration,cystic degeneration,etc.)or associated with dry holes received the preventive retinal laser photocoagulation.·RESULTS:The areas of peripheral retinal degeneration or dry holes in the following eyes of 192 patients who received the preventive retinal laser photocoagulation were closed well,and the pigment spots were sharp.All cases who had been treated by laser photocoagulation were followed up for 6-18 months.No retinal detachment was found.·CONCLUSION:The preventive retinal laser photocoagulation on peripheral retinal degeneration or associated with dry holes is effective to prevent the occurrence of retinal detachment.·

Abstract:·AIM:To investigate the surgical method of inferior orbital wall fracture by three-dimensional CT image,and to reproduct the virtual anatomical structure,design and pre-operative surgical simulation by computer imaging technology and data for orbital wall reconstruction.·METHODS:After sieving,computer navigation and three-dimensional reconstruction,the diagnosis and surgical planning in 30 patients with orbital wall fracture were analyzed.·RESULTS:By the computer navigation,all patients of inferior orbital wall fracture had a satisfactory operative outcome.·CONCLUSION:The inferior orbital wall fracture prothesis with the three-dimensional reconstruction by computer navigation have good effects.·

Abstract:·AIM:To investigate the clinical effect of epipolis laser in situ keratomileusis(Epi-LASIK)without flap by mechanical method for correction of high myopia.·METHODS:Totally 86 patients 169 eyes with high myopia were performed Epi-LASIK without flap.Patients were followed up for 6 months.Postoperative irritation,corneal epithelial healing time,visual acuity,refraction,degree of corneal haze were observed.·RESULTS:All patients presented only with a mild to moderate foreign body sensation,photophobia,tearing.Corneal epithelial healing time was 3-4 days.After 6 months,postoperative spherical equivalent in all patients were within 1.00D,and no decline in best-corrected visual acuity,Best-corrected visual acuity improved 1 line or more in 23 eyes(13.6%).Corneal haze grade 0 in 142 eyes(84.0%),corneal haze 0.5 in 27 eyes(16.0%)1 month after surgery;after 3 months,corneal haze grade 3 in 2 cases 4 eyes with unknown causes;6 months after surgery,all corneal haze present 0.·CONCLUSION:Epi-LASIK flap for high myopia is a safe and effective method,with good predictability and stability.The further study should continue on the unexplained postoperative haze of individual patients.·

Abstract:·AIM:To analyze the relationship between visual fatigue and range of fusion after laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK)in myopia patients,and with fusion function training by synoptophore to improve visual fatigue after LASIK surgery.·METHODS:Totally 60 myopia cases 120 eyes,whose diopters were from-1.50D to-8.00D,were determined the fusion range by synoptophore and visual fatigue questionnaire survey was conducted before LASIK.After LASIK patients were divided randomly into two groups:Group A with 30 days fusion function training by synoptophore;group B with out fusion function training,respectively,after 1 week and 1 month the fusion range was determined and visual fatigue questionnaire survey was conducted,statistical analysis was performed.·RESULTS:Group A and group B were with reduced scopes of fusion range postoperatively,which were statistically significant.1 week after operation,the scopes of fusion range in the two groups were 18.58±8.91 and 13.45±8.87,which were statistically significant(P < 0.05),1 month after operation,the scopes of fusion in the two groups were 20.55±7.23 and 18.12±6.10,which weren’t statistically significant.1 week postoperatively,visual fatigue of group A scored 3.92±1.65,group B scored 5.16±2.34 the difference of which was statistically significant(P<0.05),1month postoperatively,the scores were 1.28±0.96 and 1.45±0.99,the difference wasn’t statistically significant.·CONCLUSION:Decreased fusion function after LASIK surgery is an important factor of visual fatigue.Early postoperative functional training of fusion can effectively improve visual fatigue symptoms.·

Abstract:·AIM:To observe the clinical effects of Augentropfen Stulln Mono eye-drops for asthenopia after laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK).·METHODS:Totally 200 patients 400 eyes with earlier period asthenopia after LASIK were divided into treatment and control groups,in addition to conventional postoperative medication:the treatment group were added with Augentropfen Stulln Mono eye-drops(n=100),the control groups were added with Celluvisc eye-drops(n=100).On postoperative week 1,2,4,signs and symptoms of asthenopia were evaluated and drug adverse reaction were observed.·RESULTS:Asthenopia of all the patients were released gradually with the extension of operative time.One week and two weeks after surgery,the treatment groups’ asthenopia score was lower than the control groups’,and there were significant differences(P<0.05);four week after surgery the asthenopia score of two groups were 1.06±0.65 and 1.21±0.83,the difference was not significant(P>0.05).·CONCLUSION:Augentropfen Stulln Mono eye-drops are effective and safe for earlier period asthenopia after LASIK.·

Abstract:·AIM:To discuss and analyze the operative results,skills and postoperative complications of 1520 eyes in the poverty alleviation action in Qiqihaer area of Heilongjiang province.·METHODS:The effect and complication of the cataract surgeries on 1520 cases were analyzed.The cataract surgeries were free to the poverty patients and finished by the doctors of the First Hospital of Qiqihaer.·RESULTS:Of the 1520 eyes 913 eyes(60.07%)improved their visions above 0.5 one week after the surgeries;1219 eyes(80.20%)improved their visions above 0.5 one month after the surgeries;815 eyes(53.62%)improved their visions above 0.8 after the surgeries;52 eyes’(3.42%)visions were below 0.25 after the surgeries.The complications:121 eyes(7.96%)were complicated with posterior-capsule rupture;58 eyes(3.82%)were complicated with iris damage ;1 eye(0.07%)was complicated with fulminating choroidal hemorrhage;15 eyes(0.99%)were complicated with hyphema;230 eyes(15.13%)were complicated with corneal edema;58 eyes(3.82%)were complicated with temporary intraocular hypertension ;2 eyes(0.13%)were complicated with tardive endophthalmitis.·CONCLUSION:The"Cataract Extraction Project"implemented in Qiqihaer area obtained the prospective objectives and satisfying effects.Phacoemulsification combined with implantation of IOL is also suitable for"Cataract Extraction Project" in the poverty area.·

Abstract:·AIM:To investigate the significance of small incision extracapsular cataract extraction(ECCE)and intraocular lens implantation for patients with cataract in the primary hospital.·METHODS:Totally 247 patients with hard nuclear cataract underwent ECCE and intraocular lens implantation surgery.·RESULTS:On postoperative day 1,7 and 14,patients with visual acuity above 0.5 accounted for 72.9%,89.9%,98.4%.·CONCLUSION:There are some advantages in this surgery,including small incision,quicker recovery,small astigmatism,ideal postoperative vision,short operation time,and affordable under inadequate facilities in the primary hospital.·

Abstract:·AIM:To observe the effect of phase II intraocular lens(IOL)implantation for aphakia.·METHODS:Totally 20 patients with aphakia underwent the suspended fixation of ciliary sulcus and phase II IOL implantation.After follow-up of 3-12 months,visual acuity,intraocular pressure(IOP),IOL position,and intraoperative and postoperative complications were observed.·RESULTS:After the operation,patients visual acuity was 0.1-0.3 in 1 case,0.4-0.5 in 6 cases,0.6-0.8 in 12 cases.The average IOP was 18-20mmHg.After treatment of tobramycin and sodium chloride eye dropping(one week),corneal edema(1 case)and corneal incision edema(5 cases)were absorped.Subconjunctival hemorrhage were in 5 cases,which was absorpted in 5-10 days.After follow-up of 3-12 months,no obvious lens deflected and serious complications(glaucoma,retinal detachment)appeared.IOL implantation in patients with aphakia after senile cataract surgery have the better visual acuity.·CONCLUSION:Suspended fixation of ciliary sulcus and phaseⅡ IOL implantation for patients with aphakia have a good visual acuity and corrected visual acuity and less complications.·

Abstract:·AIM:To explore the occurrence,therapy,prognosis of secondary glaucoma associated with ocular trauma.·METHODS:Totally 305 patients with ocular trauma were collected and followed up.Cause of disease,ocular trauma position and the type of ocular trauma were analyzed.Incidence of secondary glaucoma associated with ocular trauma was analyzed.After treatment with drug and operation,the prognosis of secondary glaucoma associated with ocular trauma was observed.·RESULTS:Ocular trauma position and the type of ocular trauma of patient diversed from each other.Common cause of this diseased was foreign bodies wound.Common type was cornea and sclera perforating injury.The eyesight improved in various degree after treatment.The incident of secondary glaucoma associated with ocular trauma was high(10.82%).After treatment with drug and operation,intraocular pressure of patient with secondary glaucoma associated with ocular trauma decreased in various degree.·CONCLUSION:Cause of disease and type of ocular trauma present diversity.The protection of the eyes is important in the career with easy cause of ocular trauma.The incidence of secondary glaucoma associated with ocular trauma was high(10.82%).The examination and therapy may decrease the damage of eyesight in future.·

Abstract:·AIM:To evaluate effect of fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA)on diagnosis,stage,treatment of diabetic retinopathy(DR).·METHODS:The changes of images of FFA of 88 patients 176 eyes diagnosed with DR during serious stages were observed and analyzed.New stages were made from the results.·RESULTS:Eleven eyes without DR under funduscope were found microaneurysm by FFA.15 eyes with DR stage Ⅰ to Ⅱ under funduscope were found much more microaneurysm by FFA.11 eyes with DR stage Ⅲ under funduscope were found neovessels.·CONCLUSION:FFA is the gold criteria to type stage of DR.It is helpful in directing laser treatment and evaluating its curative effect.·

Abstract:·AIM:To analyze the characteristics,risk factors and prognosis of the chronic ocular ischemic syndrome,and to provide the basis on early diagnosis and prevention therapy of this disease.·METHODS:Detailted clinical data of 12 patients with chronic ocular ischemic syndrome were analysed retrospectively,including gender,age,medical history,routine eye examination,color Doppler ultrasound and head MRI.The results of treatment and examination of visual function were analyzed.·RESULTS:Totally 12 patients(mean age 69 years,male/female ratio of 2∶1)systemic complications,including hypertension,cardiovascular disease,high cholesterol,high blood sugar,tobacco and alcohol addiction were analyzed.The time of Vision decreased(from no light perception to 0.12)was from a month to three years,of which 6 cases decreased vision with black pot history in the first half year.Iris neovascularization in 5 cases,high intraocular pressure in 4 cases,fundus characteristic:some small arteries without blood,veins expansion with different degrees and without tortuous,retinal hemorrhage and small pieces cotton wool spots,depending on peripapillary neovascularization and altypical macular cherry red.Color Doppler examination showed the formation of carotid artery plaque,stenosis;ophthalmic artery,central retinal artery present slow blood flow,no blood or speeded up blood flow ;FFA of 8 cases presented arterial forward phenomenon,time extension in arm retinal circulation and long retinal circulation time.The head MRI examination in 9 cases,of which the lacunar infarcts,change of white matter ischemic and old cerebral malacia were found in 7 cases.12 patients underwent dilation of blood vessels and the microcirculation therapy treatment withnot obvious efficacy.·CONCLUSION:Early diagnosis of ocular ischemic syndrome should rely on the FFA and Doppler ultrasound;and advanced cases should be combined with the original treatment of heart,neurology,as the treatment of pure vasodilators and lived blood circulation have poor effect.·

Abstract:·AIM:To explore application value of pattern visual evoked potential in patients(PVEP)with optic nerve contusion following ocular damage.·METHODS:PVEP detection was performed in 49 patients with optic nerve contusion diagnosed clinically,and the results were compared with the contralateral healthy eyes.·RESULTS:There was extremely significant differece in amplitudes of P100 among the damaged eyes and the contralteral healthy eyes(P<0.01).There was a significant differece in amplitudes of P100among the damaged eyes and the contralteral healthy eyes(P<0.01).·CONCLUSION:PVEP has certain clinical value in the diagnosis of optic nerve contusion.·

Abstract:·AIM:To discuss the reformative operation for implanting the hydroxyapatite artificial eye.·METHODS:Totally 21 patients underwent the hydroxyapatite orbital implant operation with the extraocular muscle and sclera.·RESULTS:No complications such as exposure or emersion occurred,and the motility of artificial eye ball was excellent.·CONCLUSION:The reformative operation is a safe,reliable and effective method for plastic operation of orbital cavity.·

Abstract:·AIM:To discuss interruption time point,surgical method and the functional effect of injury-caused lacrimal canaliculus break after stage I reconnection surgery.·METHODS:Totally 17 patients with broken lacrimal canaliculi from March 2006 to June 2007 were connected by holding AS-E plastic duct(inner dianmeter 0.5mm),and the surgical procedure and side-effects were analyzed.·RESULTS:Following-up 4-16 months,8 cases(47%)with the lacrimal canaliculi reopened,5 cases(29.5%)developed lacrimal canaliculi narrow,but 4 cases(23.5%)occurred the closed lacrimal canaliculi.·CONCLUSION:With the aid of AS-E plastic duct,the stage I lacrimal canaliculum reconnection surgery is effective for the lacrimal passage reopenning.·

Abstract:·AIM:To observe the clinical effect of probing of lacrimal passage for neonatal dacryocystitis.·METHODS:Totally 1856 patients(2217 eyes)of neonatal dacryocystitis without syphilis of lacrimal passages underwent the probing of lacrimal passage,syphilis of lacrimal passages of 2 days with 1 time/d postoperative.Tobramycin gutta of 1 week with 3 time/d postoperative.The following time was 6-12 months.·RESULTS:Totally 2143 eyes were probed for 1 time,62 eyes were probed for 2 times,12 eyes were probed for 3 times.The cure rate was 99.59%(2208/2217).·CONCLUSION:The probing of lacrimal passage is safe,reliable and has good effect for neonatal dacryocystitis.2-6 months was the best probing time.·

Abstract:·AIM:To discuss the treatment procedure and system symptom of ocular chemical injury by acute mixed toxic gas poisoning,and to analyse its clinical experience.·METHODS:All patients with ocular chemical injury as the main clinical manifestations,underwent integrated treatment focused with acute ocular injury.·RESULTS:Totally 22 patient were corneal transparency and visual acuity from 0.8 to 1.2 were in 11 patients.Sense of smell and taste loss were in 6 patients.Toxic brain injury and aplastic anemia were in 1 patient.·CONCLUSION:The mixture of toxic gas can cause acute ocular chemical burns,especial in the ocular surface damage.Anti-infective and repairment of ocular surface treatment were important and systemic treatment can not be ignored.No obvious damage was in visual function.·

Abstract:·AIM:To evaluate the influence of binocular vision training on surgical effect of concomitant extropia.·METHODS:Totally 90 patients with concomitant extropia were divided into two groups.One group with binocular vision training and the other group without binocular vision training.All of patients were followed up from 6 months to one year,including the function of binocular vision and the position of eye.·RESULTS:The recovery rate of binocular vision of patients in training group was higher than that of patients in control group.Recession rate of eye position of patients in training group was lower than that of patients in control group.·CONCLUSION:Binocular vision training for patients over seven years old with concomitant extropia after surgery is helpful for recovery of binocular vision.Recession rate of eye position is low.·

Abstract:·AIM:To discuss the method and effect of comp reherisive therapy for amblyopia children.·METHODS:Totally 148 amblyopia children 176 eyes were involved,and all the children had optometry and concocting glasses after being expended the pupils with atropine oculentum,then gave them training with cover or optometry and concocting glasses.When their eyesight reached more than 0.6,we trained them with synoptophore.·RESULTS:With training for 3-4 years,in 148 cases(176 eyes),there were 112 eyes(63.6%)recovered and 55 eyes(31.3%)improved,but there were 9 eyes(5.1%)without effect.·CONCLUSION:Expend the pupils by atropine oculentum and give them training with cover or optometry and concocting glasses or synoptophore,the amblyopia children get satisfied cure effect.·

Abstract:·AIM:To investigate the effect of nursing intervention on the compliance of amblyopia therapy in children with congenital cataract,and the effect of compliance on therapeutic efficacy.·METHODS:Children with congenital cataract were randomly divided into two groups.Control group was given regular nursing care while intervention group was treated with nursing intervention therapy.The difference of compliance and efficacy between the two groups were compare and the correlation between nursing intervention and compliance and between compliance and therapeutic efficacy were analyzed.·RESULTS:Compared with control group,nursing intervention could significantly improve the compliance(P<0.05),and compliance was significantly correlated with therapeutic efficacy(P<0.01).·CONCLUSION:Nursing intervention can significantly improve the compliance of amblyopia therapy in children with congenital cataract,thus improve the therapeutic efficacy and the living quality of these children.·

Abstract:·AIM:To investigate the clinical effect of Nursing intervention of preoperative anxiety in another-eye operation of 30 patients with single-blind eye.·METHODS:Nursing intervention were performed in 30 patients with single-blind.Self-Rating Anxiety Scale(SAS)were used to evaluate anxiety of the patients,both at 1 day and 30 minutes before the operation.The patients with the same disease and the same operation were regarded as a control group,which the another eye was healthy.·RESULTS:Before nursing intervention,the anxious degree of the experiment group was obviously heavy than that of control group,two groups were obviously heavy than that of normal group(≤0.01),and after intervention,both groups of sufferers anxious degree were decreased than that of them while hospitalizing just(≤0.01),the test group decreased heavy than that of control group(≤0.01).·CONCLUSION:Nursing intervention is an effective way to reduce the anxiety level in pre-ophthalmectomy patients with single-blind and improve the patients compliance.·