Abstract:AIM:To study the effects of naringenin eye drops on NaIO3-induced retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) degeneration and laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in rat eyes.METHODS:The 35mg/kg NaIO3-induced RPE degeneration was prevented by 10g/L naringenin eye drops 3 times a day for 7 days in advance of NaIO3 injection,and then 2 to 4 weeks thereafter,RPE function was measured with C-wave of electroretinogram (ERG). The laser-induced CNV rats were treated with laser to break the Bruch’s membrane and the CNV formation was prevented by 10g/L naringenin eye drops instilled 3 times a day for 2 to 4 weeks. The CNV formation was measured with fluorescein angiography (FA) and flat mount. RESULTS:Two weeks after NaIO3 injection,the amplitude of ERG C-wave fell markedly in NaIO3 group to 53% of normal group (P<0.01). No apparent difference was observed in naringenin+ NaIO3 group. Four weeks later,the NaIO3 group fell to 37% of normal group (P<0.01),while the naringenin+ NaIO3 group fell to only 57% of normal group (P<0.01). There is a 52% reversal of the ERG C-wave by naringenin as compared to NaIO3 treated group (P<0.05). Two weeks and four weeks after laser treatment,naringenin reduced the CNV formation to 53% and 49% of control group (100%) measured by FA (P<0.01). Four weeks after laser treatment,naringenin reduced the CNV formation by 47% as compared to control group measured with flat mount (P<0.01).CONCLUSION:Naringenin significantly protected RPE from NaIO3 induced degeneration and can also prevent CNV formation.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the effect of Buddleia flavonoids drug-containing plasma and androgen receptor(AR) blocker on the expression of STAT1 phosphoprotein.METHODS:In vitro lacrimal gland epithelial cells were cultivated with H2O2 to establish the dry eye apoptosis state. Blank plasma group,Buddleia officinalis plasma total flavonoids interfere with drug-containing group,and the intervention group of testosterone propionate were set. The expressions of STAT1 phosphoprotein of each group were observed by Western blot and AR blocker flutamide was used to explore the intended androgen effect of Buddleia flavonoids.RESULTS:After the intervention of drug-containing plasma,the expression of STAT1 Phosphoprotein in Buddleja officinalis drug-containing plasma intervention group(0.353±0.494) and testosterone propionate intervention group(0.502±0.036) were enhanced and the differences between the two groups were significant (P<0.01). After using the AR blocker in all groups,the expression of STAT1 phosphoprotein in each group (0.268±0.061,0.283±0.106,0.213±0.071) had no difference.CONCLUSION:Buddleja officinalis drug-containing plasma total flavonoids can promote the expression of STAT1 phosphorylation. 

Abstract:AIM:To study the differences of basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF)gene expression in lens epithelial cells (LECs) between fetuses and cataract patients. METHODS:In situ hybridization was used to detect bFGF mRNA in the LECs that were cultured and in tissue sections from fetuses and in the LECs from the anterior capsule of cataract patients. Image analysis was used for the relative quantitative analysis of bFGF mRNA. RESULTS:bFGF gene existed in the LECs that were cultured and in tissue sections from fetuses and in the LECs from the anterior capsule of cataract patients. The integral absorbance for the fetal cultured cells,the fetal tissue sections and the capsule membrane cells of cataract patients were 627.1±268.7,131.5±42.8 and 79.2±26.3 respectively. The integral absorbance of fetal cultured LECs was significantly higher than that of fetal section LECs (P<0.01). The integral absorbance of cataract LECs was significantly lower than that of fetal LECs (P<0.01). CONCLUSION:The in vitro culture of LECs can improve bFGF gene expression. The bFGF gene expression in fetal LECs is significantly higher than that in cataract LECs.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the frequency and distribution of various types of post cataract surgery and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation posterior capsular opacity (PCO) in hospitals.METHODS:This cross sectional,observational and descriptive study included 200 patients,123 male and 77 female aged between 43 and 77(mean age 62.4) years,referring for cataract procedure from 2003 till 2007. The mean follow-up period of patients was 23 (range from 16 to 60) months. Data were gathered during follow-up time via a questionnaire and entered in a computer using SPSS software. Analysis was performed using ANOVA and Chi-Square tests. RESULTS:The various types of PCO included,fibrotic (63%),residual epithelial proliferative cells (15%) and mixed type (22%). The mean time period for development of postoperative decreased visual acuity due to PCO was 19.3(range from 3 to 48) months,younger patients had a significantly better vision post cataract surgery (P=0.0001),but the incidence of PCO was also more in them. In the older age group,fibrotic PCO was significantly more,while mixed type of opacities were the least prevalent (P=0.016). CONCLUSION:The present study did not determine any specific risk factors for development of PCO,and the most common type was fibrosis,all of the cases experienced both qualitative and quantitative decrease in vision and some of them required treatment with YAG Laser capsulotomy which is relatively expensive and has its own complications. 

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the postoperative changes of binocular visual function in patients with congenital superior oblique palsy.METHODS:Eye position and binocular visual function were examined in 28 patients with congenital superior oblique palsy pre-and post-operatively. The results were statistically analyzed.RESULTS:The normal eye position rate after operation was 89.3%. There were 9 patients who gained simultaneous perception after operation,while 13 patients gained fusion as many as that gained stereoacuity. There was statistically significant difference between postoperative and preoperative eyes (P<0.05). Near stereoacuity was improved after operation. Patients who had better visual acuity and low strabismus degrees as well as fusion had a better recovery.CONCLUSION:The operation could improve the eye position and rebuild the binocular visual function of the congenital superior oblique palsy. The recovery of binocular visual function was related to visual acuity and strabismus degrees of the patients and whether they had fusion function. 

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the alterations of tear film after sutureless large incision manual cataract extraction (SLIMCE). METHODS:Sixty-eight SLIMCE operation eyes were studied with slit-limp microscope,break-up time (BUT),SchirmmerⅠtest (SⅠt),and fluorescence(FL) to observe the alterations of tear film at different time points in postoperation. Impression cytology and microphoto-analyses technique were also applied to observe the goblet cells at different time points postoperation(7,14,30,60,90 days). RESULTS:Subjective complaint of dry eye within 90 days after the operations were significantly increased compare with preoperations(5-27,23,19,16,13; 2-16,14,8,6,3). The schirmmer Ⅰ test were greatly increased in 14 days postoperation(10.1±4.5;15.0±4.7,13.8±5.7),the mean scores of fluorescence increased (0-17,9,5;0-8,3,1) and the mean break-up time decreased in 30 days post-operation(10.3±2.2;5.5±2.3,7.0±2.4,7.9±2.2) (P<0.05). CONCLUSION:SLIMCE operation have effect on the stability of tear film.

Abstract:AIM:To assess the affect of ketamine and xylazine (ketamine/xylazine) to the transient lens opacity in mice.METHODS:Kimba mice (n=10) and wild-type mice (wt,n=8) were sedated with intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (60mg/kg for mice) and xylazine (10mg/kg) at 4,8,12 and 16 weeks old respectively. Pupils were dilated with tropicamide 25g/L alone to allow imaging lens status and retina using Spectralis HRA+OCT. RESULTS:All Kimba mice and wt presented extreme proptosis,suppression of the eye-blink reflex,corneal surface drying and lens opacities which occurred as early as 21±6 minutes after giving anesthesia and the lens opacities lasted up to 150±24 minutes.CONCLUSION:Ketamine/xylazine can cause transient lens opacity that may be related with the drugs’ side-effect.

Abstract:AIM:To analyze single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of primary open angle glaucoma-and metabolic syndrome-related genes in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG),in order to elucidate the roles of metabolic syndrome as a risk factor in POAG progress.METHODS:SNP genotypes and alleles of interleukin-6 (IL-6),IL-6 receptor (IL-6R),dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2),beta-fibrinogen (FGB),peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ2 (PPARG),transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1),E-selectin (E-Sel),apolipoprotein A-5 (APOA5),C-reactive protein (CRP),ectonueleotide pyrophosphatase/ phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1),hepatic lipase (LIPC),adiponectin (ADIPOQ),paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and serine protease inhibitor E (SERPINE1) genes in POAG (n= 37) and normal control (n=100) groups were measured with ABI Prism 7900HT Fluorescence Quantitative PCR and TaqMan SNP Genotyping fluorescence probe kit.RESULTS:Genotypes and allele frequencies of IL-6R,IL-6,FGB,CRP,ENPP1,LIPC,ADIPOQ,PON1,and SERPINE1 in total POAG group were significantly different compared to the control group. CONCLUSION:Metabolic syndrome as a risk factor for POAG may be associated with genotypes and allele frequencies of the related genes.The corresponding gene expression and function can affect POAG progress,including roles of SERPINE1 in extracellular matrix,ENPP1 in insulin inhibition,IL-6 in endogenous neuroprotection,IL-6,IL-6R and E-Sel in autoimmune response,LIPC and FGB in blood hyperviscosity syndrome,ADIPOQ in NOS/NO production,PON1 in vascular endothelial protection.

Abstract:AIM:To describe the prevalence and causes of low vision and blindness in a population within Sichuan province in southwestern China.METHODS:A stratified,multi-phased and cluster probability sampling design was employed to enumerate 125641 participants from 40351 households within 38 counties/cities. Participants underwent a comprehensive eye examination,including standardized visual acuity (VA) tests using logarithm of the minimum angle resolution charts. Prevalence was age-and gender-standardized to the 2000 China Census.RESULTS:Population-weighted prevalence of blindness was 0.77% (95% CI:0.72-0.82,n=966) and low vision was 1.22% (95% CI:1.14-1.27,n=1513). Overall,the prevalence of visual disability was 1.40% in the urban population,and 2.22% in the rural population (P<0.01). Cataract was the leading cause of visual disability (55.7%,n=1381),and was of similar frequency in both urban and rural populations. Retinal disease was the second leading cause (9.7%,n=236),but was more common in urban than rural participants (34.3% vs 2.7%,P<0.01). Corneal disease accounted for 6.5% (n=161) of cases of visual disability,and was more common in the rural population (7.2% vs 3.9%,P=0.006). CONCLUSION:We estimate that 1.72 million people suffer from visual disability within Sichuan province,of which 525000 are blind,the focus of blindness prevention should be in rural area.

Abstract:A fourteen years old Malay boy was involved in a motor vehicle accident and suffered multiple injuries. The patient was referred to ophthalmology for right periorbital haematoma,ocular examination was normal but proptosis of right eye was detected which was later associated with increase in the intraocular pressure (IOP). Direct carotid cavernous sinus fistula (CCF) was diagnosed by angiography and treated with embolization. 

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the effects of the extract of buddleja officinalis eye drops in basic tears secretory volume,tear film stability,expression of Bax and Bcl-2 in castrated rats with dry eye,and to investigate the therapeutic effects of extract of buddleja officinalis on dry eye caused by gonadal hormones level imbalance. METHODS:Forty-five Wister masculinity rats were divided randomly into 9 groups,including normal group(A1,A2 and A3),model group(B1,B2 and B3),therapy group with buddleja officinalis extract eye drops(C1,C2 and C3). The "1" stood for being fed for 1 mouth,and the "2" stood for being fed for 2 mouths,and the "3" stood for being fed for 3 mouths. The dry eye model was established with orchiectomy on group B,C. Group C were treated with buddleja officinalis extract eye drops. All rats were detected with SⅠt and BUT. Bax,Bcl-2 were checked on immunohistochemistry. RESULTS:The SⅠt value of group C was significantly higher than that of group B(P<0.01) and the BUT value of group C was significantly longer than that of group B(P< 0.01),which indicated the eye drop could significantly keep basic tears secretory volume and tear film stability. The quantity of expression of Bax in acinar epithelial cell and glandular tube cell of group C were significantly higher than that of group B(P<0.01) and the expression of Bcl-2 in acinar cell and glandular tube cell of group C were significantly higher than that of group B too (P<0.01). CONCLUSION:The main components of extract of buddleja officinalis is the flavonoids,which could significantly inhibit happening of dry eye of rat after androgen level lowered and lacrimal gland apoptosis and keep basic tears secretory volume and tear film stability

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the anti-proliferate effect of amniotic membrane,mitomycin C(MMC) and sodium hyaluronate(Healon) in glaucoma filtering surgery.METHODS:A total of 15 New Zealand white rabbits(30 eyes) underwent trabeculectomy were randomly divided into 3 groups:amniotic membrane group,MMC group and Healon group. All underwent trabeculectomy. After making the scleral flap,the amniotic membrane was placed under the sclera flap to preserve it in the amniotic membrane group. MMC group was placed 0.25g/L MMC 4 minutes under the scleral flap; Healon group was placed sodium hyaluronate under the scleral flap. Postoperative filtering bleb,corneal and the fundus were observed.RESULTS:At the 28th day,tissues around bleb were taken for pathological examination. The majority of the amniotic membrane group and MMC group formed functional filtering bleb,but the amniotic membrane group had no complications and no pathology of connective tissue collagen. CONCLUSION:The anti-proliferative effect of amniotic membrane in glaucoma filtering surgery seems to be better than that of MMC and Healon group,and there is no side effects,so it seems to be a safe and effective anti-proliferation method,and worth promoting.

Abstract:AIM:To understand the effect of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) on cultured A375 melanoma cell growth and glutathione peroxidase activity.METHODS:Using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) reduction to assay the inhibition effect of 1.5,3.0,6.0,12.0,24.0μmol/L As2O3 on A375 melanoma cells for 24,48,72 hours,respectively. To determine the glutathione peroxidase activity of the A375 melanoma cells co-cultivated with As2O3 for 24 hours. RESULTS:The growth of A375 tumor cells were inhibited by dose-depending As2O3 significantly. The higher As2O3 concentration was,the lower A375 cells proliferation was. 24 hours later,the glutathione peroxidase activity of the A375 cells was 2.23±0.81,2.87±0.70,4.08±0.81,2.63±0.84,1.40±0.41mU/mL respectively,and the 6.0μmol/L As2O3 had the highest activity. Below or above this concentration,the enzyme activity showed decreasing trend. After statistically independent samples t-tests analysis,the difference was statistically significant.CONCLUSION:As2O3 can inhibit the growth of A375 tumor cells in a dose-dependent manner and can reduce the A375 tumor cell glutathione peroxidase activity significantly.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the effect of dexamethasone (Dxm) on pathological changes of rabbit retina after vitreous hemorrhage. METHODS:Twenty-four white rabbits were randomly divided into normal saline control group(A),vitreous hemorrhage group(B) and Dxm treatment group(C),each with 8 rabbits. Group A was intravitreally injected 0.2mL physiological saline. Group B and group C were intravitreally injected 0.2mL autologous blood. Group A and B were given physiological saline 3mL/kg and group C was given Dxm 3mg/kg at 1st,24th and 48th hour after injection. Two rabbits (4 eyes) in each group were randomly killed on the 3rd,7th,14th and 21st day after animal model was established.RESULTS:Group A at all time points,group B on the 3rd,7th day and group C on the 3rd,7th and 14th day were retinal eumorphism. In group B,retinal ganglion cells and inner nuclear layer cell showed hydropic degeneration on 14th day and it was found that not only inner limiting membrane became thick and injury,but also retinal ganglion cells,inner nuclear layer,outer nuclear layer,inner and outer segments of photoceptor showed hydropic degeneration on 21st day. In group C,it was found retinal ganglion cells,inner nuclear layer showed hydropic degeneration on 21st day. CONCLUSION:Vitreous hemorrhage can cause hydropic degeneration of retina. Dxm can relieve the hydropic degeneration of retinal cells following vitreous hemorrhage.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the effects of qingguangan on retinal structure and apoptosis in rabbit eyes with acute ocluar hypertension.METHODS:Forty-nine rabbits were divided into 7 groups randomly,7 rabbits in each group. Group A1 and A2 belonged qing-guangan group.Group B1 and B2 belonged to eyesight-improving bolus of noble dendrobium group.C1 and C2 were model group.Group D was blank control group.After administrated qingguangan intragastrically for one week rabbits were filled normal saline into anterior chamber to make acute ocular hypertension model. Then after rabbits were administrated qingguangan intragastrically for one week and two weeks all were killed. Retinal ulstructure changes were observed in light microscope and transmission electron microscope,while apoptosis was observed in light microscope.RESULTS:Retinal structures were not different in one week and two weeks. Layers of the retina model group and eyesight-improving bolus of noble dendrobium group were disorder and cell numbers decreased. The number of apoptotic bodies of two groups were more than those of qingguangan group. Ganglion nuclear membrane of two groups were less clear. Most of mitochondria were swelling and there was condensation phenomenon,rough endoplasmic reticulum dilation.But changes above mentioned in qingguangan group were not obvious.CONCLUSION:Qingguangan has the effects of protecting retinal structure and reducing apoptosis.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effects of sanxuemingmu tablet(SXMMT) that can activate blood,relieve meridians,eliminate dampness and dissipate stagnation on the treatment of retinal vein occlusion(RVO) and the action mechanism of preventing the new blood vessel. METHODS:Forty-eight rabbits (96 eyes) were randomly divided into 4 groups,with 12 (24 eyes) in each one. Group A was normal group,group B was modeling group,group C was xueshuantong group and D was SXMMT group. RVO models were made by laser photocoagulation. Rabbits were killed in the 3rd,7th,14th and 21st day after the operation. Then eyeballs were taken,dehydrated and embedded in paraffin to observe the expression of VEGF and bFGF in the retina by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS:The RVO models of group B,C,D were successfully established. Compared with B group,the content of VEGF and bFGF of group D were obviously reduced,and had significant difference. CONCLUSION:SXMMT could promote absorbing blood after RVO,improve retina hypoxic-ischemic conditions,depress the excessive expression of VEGF and bFGF in retina surface after RVO,treat RVO and control new vessel,and then protect the retina. 

Abstract:AIM:To calculate and compare the degrees of surgery induced astigmatism (SIA) in phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation with 3.2mm clear corneal incision in different positions and to analyze the effect of incision on corneal curvature. METHODS:Eighty-eight cases 100 eyes were randomly divided into two groups:group A with incision at temporal (9∶00 or 3∶00) clear corneal,group B with incision at superior (12∶00) clear corneal. All patients underwent phacoemul-sification and foldable acrylic IOL implantation. Corneal curvature radius was obtained at preoperative and postoperative 3 months. The SIA degrees were analyzed by Jaffe/Clayman vector method. We compared SIA degrees between groups,corneal curvature at incision meridian and at another meridian between preoperative and postoperative. RESULTS:The mean SIA degrees between two groups showed no significant difference (P=0.483). There was significant difference(P=0.006) between preoperative and postoperative corneal curvature at incision meridian. There was no significant difference(P=0.084) between preoperative and postoperative corneal curvature at another meridian.CONCLUSION:SIA degree in phacoemulsification with 3.2mm clear corneal incision has no connection with incision positions. Corneal curvature at incision meridian will be released,but another meridian has no distinct effect. The SIA analyzed by Jaffe/Clayman vector method will provide an important reference for toric IOL implantation surgery.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the change of accommodation,anterior chamber depth,lens thickness,axial length in different stare angles. METHODS:Eighteen volunteers(36 eyes) aged 21 to 28 took measurements with different angles of stare,180°,90°,45° from gravity axis respectively,the accommodation was measured by push-up test,and anterior chamber depth,lens thickness,axial length were measured by A-ultrasonic.RESULTS:There were no significant difference in accommodation,anterior chamber depth,lens thickness,axial length in different stare angles. CONCLUSION:Different angles of stare can not influence the accommodation,anterior chamber depth,lens thickness and axial length in young people.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the feasibility of using anterior chamber maintainer in operation on vitreous. METHODS:Experimental group:20 eyeballs that had the penetrating injury,like traumatic cataract that combined with the eye-posterior trauma taken the cataract extraction associated the operation on vitreous. In this surgery the anterior chamber maintainer was used to infuse B.S.S; control group:there were 20 eyeballs that taken the the par plana vitrectomy. In this surgery the infusing ductus fixed in the incision of the sclera was used to infuse B.S.S.,and the cutter rate was setted to 540 times per min and the aspiration’s suction was setted to 150mmHg in vitreous cutter of every operation on vitreous. When the bottle height was 65cm and 70cm,the infusing rate under the state of aspiration or under the state of aspiration and excision of each eye were measured. The vitrectomy head and optical fiber were pulled out,closing the temples side with sclera nails,performing scleral incision above nose,measuring intraocular pressure in each eye when the infusion bottle height was 65cm or 70cm.RESULTS:When the infusion bottle height was 65cm,infusion rate was compared under the state of aspiration (P=0.36),and under the state of aspiration and excision(P= 0.31); when the infusion bottle height was 70cm,infusion rate was compared under the state of aspiration (P=0.13),and under the state of aspiration and excision(P=0.18);intraocular pressures between the two groups were compared when the infusion bottle height was 65cm(P=0.56),and when the infusion bottle height was 70cm(P=0.45).CONCLUSION:The use of the anterior chamber maintainer for infusing B.S.S in operation on vitreous is feasible. 

Abstract:AIM:To observe the change of inflammation agent production of the conjunctiva HLA-DR and intercellular adhesion molecule type 1 (ICAM-1) (CD54) in normal subjects and in soft contact lens (SCL) wear subjects. METHODS:Conjunctival impression cytology(CIC) were used to collect conjunctival epithelium,and the expression levels of HLA-DR and CD54 in normal subjects and in SCL wear subjects were determined by flow cytometry. The percentage of positive cells was calculated and compared between each group. RESULTS:A significant increase of inflammation markers (HLA-DR and ICAM-1) was observed in the long-term(>5a) and short-term(<5a) SCL group compared with the control group (PHLADR1<0.01,PICAM-1,1<0.01;PHLADR2<0.01,.PICAM-1,2<0.01). For the two SCL groups,ICAM-1 has significant change(P<0.01),but HLA-DR has no significant change(P>0.05 ).CONCLUSION:This study confirms the difference in expression of inflammation markers (HLA-DR and ICAM-1) in SCL and the healthy adult. It demonstrates a significant increase of subclinical conjunctival inflammation in SCL compared with the normal.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the therapeutic effect and clinical value of houttuynia cordata eyedrops combining with artificial tear in the treatment of dry eye.METHODS:One hundred and thirty patients (244 eyes) with dry eye were randomized into control and experimental group. Artifical tear and normal saline were used in control group,whereas houttuynia cordata eyedrops and artificial tear were prescribed in the experimental group. The subjective symptom and the results of tear break-up time (BUT) and Schirmer Ⅰ test (SⅠt) were analyzed. The improvement of ocular surface were examined by conjunctival impression cytology(CIC).RESULTS:The subjective symptom of the patients were improved at different degree in the two groups. Although the BUT prolonged (P<0.05),there were no significant improvement in the result of SⅠt and the Nelson grade of CIC post treatment in control group(P>0.05). However,the results of BUT,SⅠt and grade of CIC of the experimental group were all imroved significantly than that of pretherapy,and the degree of improvement were better than that of control group (P<0.01).CONCLUSION:Houttuynia cordata eyedrops combining with artificial tear is a simple and effective method for the treatment of dry eye and is beneficial to enhance the therapeutic compliance and effect.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the effects of Stulln Mono eye drops on asthenopia after laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK). METHODS:Eighty consecutive subjects (160 eyes) were divided into two groups randomly (40 in stullen group,and 40 in control group) matched for age and refraction. We analyzed changes in the AC/A,AMP and BUT of single eye. Symptoms were scored according to defined criteria. All patients were evaluated before and one week,four weeks after LASIK surgery. Side effects,if any,were noted during the study. RESULTS:By the repeated measurement,the differences in time interaction effects of AMP,BUT,and AC/A in the two groups were not significant. There was a sudden drop in AMP and BUT(P<0.05) a week after the surgery.Then,AMP and BUT recovered to the pre-operative level. The AC/A ratio of naked eyes was smaller than that of wearing glasses before surgery and 1 week postoperatively.There was no significant difference between the stulln group and the control. Scores of headaches,blurred vision of near work,eye pain,dry eye,glare and halo changed significantly after LASIK. There was no statistical difference between the stulln and the control group in all symptoms a week after LASIK. Scores for blurred vision of nearwork and dry eye reduced four weeks later in Stulln group compared with the control group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Stulln Mono eye drops could ameliorate patients’ blurred vision at near work and dry eye four weeks after treatment. 

Abstract:AIM:To study the relationship between the AC/A ratio and myopia in children. METHODS:All the subjects were divided into emmetropia group and myopia group which were divided into three groups(mild myopia,moderate myopia,high myopia) according to the degrees of myopia. The AC/A ratio was measured with a synoptophore,and the results were compared. The status of wearing glasses were followed up and divided into three groups:continued wearing glasses,non-wearing and discontinuous wearing,each with 30 cases.RESULTS:The AC/A ratio was higher in the myopic groups than in the control group. AC/A ratio of the high myopia group was higher than that of mild to moderate myopia group; AC/A ratio of continued wearing glass group was lower than that in non-wearing glass group and in discontinuous wearing glass group.CONCLUSION:The anomaly of AC/A ratio in children of uncorrected myopia seems to be an adaptatio to the incoordination of regulation and collection. And the increase of AC/A ratio can lead to an aggravation of myopia.The disharmonious relationship between converge and regulation can be readjusted. AC/A ratio decrease gradually.

Abstract:AIM:To study the relevant factors of the forward shift of posterior corneal surface (Diff value) in myopia after excimer laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). METHODS:120 myopic patients (240 eyes) who underwent LASIK were included in this study. Posterior Diff value were obtained in Orbscan-Ⅱcorneal topography before and 1,3,6,12 months after the surgery. Multiple regression analysis was used to assess the factors that affect the posterior Diff value. RESULTS:Factors relevant to the forward shift of the posterior corneal surfaces were ablation percentage and preoperative posterior Diff value,and intraocular tension was also the factor at 1 month after the surgery.CONCLUSION:Preoperative posterior Diff value,and the ablation percentage must be controlled in the condition the effect of the surgery could be guaranteed. At the same time monitoring the intraocular tension after LASIK is also important,and if necessary,reduce it to avoid some complications after LASIK.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the preoperative relative factors for night glare after LASIK for myopia. METHODS:A total of 665 cases(1257 eyes) with myopia were divided into 2 groups:group Ⅰ(low and moderate myopia) -1.00~-6.00D,group Ⅱ (high myopia) -6.25~ -14.25D. Pupil sizes during scotopic conditions were measured before surgery using ObscanⅡ. All cases underwent standard LASIK. The cases were observed postoperatively 3 months. The self-perceived night glare of each eye was investigated. The relative factors of night glare such as preoperative scotopic pupil sizes and attempted correction of spherical equivalent were analyzed. RESULTS:The scotopic pupil sizes in low,moderate myopia group were 6.81±0.50mm,and that in high myopia group was 6.98±0.57mm. There was significant difference in the scotopic pupil sizes between the two groups(P=0.001). The night glare in low,moderate myopia group was complained by 58 eyes (7.9%),and that in high myopia group was complained by 137 eyes (26.2%). There was significant difference in the night glare between the myopia of degrees(P=0.000). There were significant differences in pupil size and attempted correction of spherical equivalent betweens eyes with night glare and without night glare in high myopia group (P=0.001,0.002,respectively),and there were significant differences in pupil size,and there were no significant difference in attempted correction of spherical equivalent in low,moderate myopia group(P=0.000,0.104,respectively). CONCLUSION:The scotopic pupil sizes preoperatively are correlated with post-LASIK night glare during scotopic conditions,and the attempted correction of spherical equivalent is correlated with post-LASIK night glare in high myopia.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the clinical effect and safety of laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK) retreatment for correcting residual ametropia.METHODS:A retrospective study of 72 eyes of 44 cases who had a secondary LASIK procedure was carried out.After a mean follow-up of 13.32±12.06(3-58) months after the primary procedure,the mean myopic residual refraction was -2.56±1.56 diopters (D). The relation of age,center corenal thickness(CCT),corneal flap thickness and the residual stroma thickness of cornea with the residual ametropia were analyzed.RESULTS:The mean uncorrected visual acuity was 0.89± 0.19(0.5 to 1.2)μm,the mean spherical equivalent(SE) was 0.05±0.57D (P <0.05). The partner T test indicated that the CCT before the secondary LASIK,which was 502.69±31.54μm,was thicker than the theory residual CCT 456.08±26.04μm,and the difference was statistically sighificant(t=-0.785,P=0.000). Multivariate regression analysis indicated that the SE of preoperation and the depth of cut have prominence effect on the residual ametropia,the regression equation was residual ametropia =-0.317+0.588×SE+0.031×depth of cut.CONCLUSION:The SE and depth of cut seem to be the main factors for refractive regression. The corneal stroma proliferation is the main mechanism to refractive regression. Secondary LASIK is an effective and safe method to treat residual ametropia after primary LASIK for myopia.

Abstract:AIM:To validate the compliance and efficacy in hospital intensive training by comparing hospital intensive training and family training.METHODS:Outpatients,aging from 3 to 11,diagnosed and sorted according to the standards made by Chinese Medical Association Children Amplyopia and Strabismus Prevention and Cure Group received mydriatic optometry and were remedied refractive error as routine,then randomly united into hospital intensive training group and family training group. We compared the efficacy after fine eyesight training,circular activate machine(CAM) stimalator and pleoptics therapies. The patients were treated for 3-6 months,followed by 2 years. RESULTS:We chose 173 eyes from 100 cases for the hospital intensive training group,of which 136 eyes recovered,33 eyes improved,no efficacy for 7 eyes,the total effective rate was 97.7%. There were 90 eyes from 50 cases for the family training group,of which 35 eyes recovered,37 eyes improved,no efficacy for 18 eyes,the total effective rate was 80.0%. There was significant difference between the two group(P<0.01). (1) Relations between severity and efficacy:the efficacy between the mild and moderate amplyopic subjects of the two groups were both significantly different(P<0.01); The efficacy for the severe amplyopic subjects of the two groups had no significant difference. (2) Relations between different sorts of amplyopia and efficacy:The efficacy of the refractive amplyopia and strabismic amplyopia had significant difference for both groups(P<0.01); There was difference for the anisometropic amplyopia of the two groups(P<0.05),and hospital intensive training group was better. (3) Relations between age and efficacy:There was significant difference for the 3-6 years old subjects and 7-11 years old subjects of the two teams(P<0.05),hospital intensive training had more advantages.CONCLUSION:Given amplyopic severity,sorts and age,hospital intensive training is more effective than family training and has more advantages. It is helpful in improving compliance of amplyopia training.

Abstract:Cataract is one of the most common eye diseases causing blind,lens epithelial cell apoptosis is the cellular basis of all kinds of cataract except congenital cataract. Recent studies have shown that:a variety of regulatory genes involved in lens epithelial cell apoptosis. This article reviewed the recent advances in the researches on lens epithelial cell apoptosis and cataract.

Abstract:Keratoconus,characterized by corneal ectasia occurs bilaterally with unknown etiology. Contact lens is the most common way for the mild and modcrate keratoconus. However,epikeratophakia,deep lamellar keratoplasty,intrastromal corneal ring,corneal crosslinking,and penetrating keratoplasty are the surgical way for the keratocous that contact lens could not correct.

Abstract:Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) has been widely used in the optic nerve change of anatomy and function in glaucoma. MRI is a new and stable technology in assessing the injury of optic nerve.Now there are some kinds of method used widely:diffusion tensor imaging (DTI); functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI);manganese enhanced magnetic resonance imaging(MeMRI)and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). This artical reviewed about the applicatin of MRI in glaucoma.

Abstract:Glaucoma is an eye disease characterized by specific optic nerve lesion and defect of visual field,which seriously jeopardize patient’s visual acuity and quality of life and the protection of visual function has far-reaching significance for the prevention and treatment of blindness. This paper reviewed visual impairment and drug treatment of glaucoma.

Abstract:Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is one kind of alkaline protein that can inhibit the neurons from death. The research of BDNF has become one of the hot spots of the glaucoma’s optic neuro-protection.

Abstract:Acute retinal necrosis syndrome (ARNS ) is a disease caused by viral infection characterised by acute necroti-zing retinitis,vitreous inflammation,retinal arteritis,and accompanied by post-retinal detachment and other diseases,which is rare,critically ill,developing quickly,difficult to treat,and resulting in serious damage to visual function. So early correct diagnosis and treatment is of great significance,and this article reviews the diagnosis and treatment of ARNS. 

Abstract:Retinal artery occlusion( RAO) is an acute and severe disease in ophthalmology,which has worse vision prognosis and high rate of blind. Some studies showed that retina appeared nonreversible damage about 90 minutes after ischemic and hypoxia. Thereby,the key point of successfully rescuing vision is early visit,specifically diagnosis,reasonable treat and applying advanced treatment technic. With the study of clinical practice in domestic and overseas,there are some new treatment technics in recent years,which when combined with traditional method plays an important role in clinical treatment and retrieves patient’s vision. This article reviews new treatment technics of RAO and the application of them combined with traditional method.

Abstract:Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs),sHSPs are the subunit of heat shock protein(HSP),which will express increased rapidly with a variety of stress state and take part in the protection and injury of organization. The research of sHSPs has attracted extensive attention from scholars at home and abroad. sHSPs play an important role in chaperone,collaborative immunization,inhibiting apoptosis,antigen-presenting and steroid hormone receptor. To fully recognize the mechanism of sHSPs in eye diseases can help understand the pathogenesis of eye diseases further and provide a new basis of molecular biology for the treatment of eye diseases.

Abstract:Conjunctivochalasis is due to over loose of bulbar conjunctiva and/or high tension of the lower eyelid,which results in loose bulbar conjunctiva accumulating to form a wrinkled conjunctiva among the globe and the lower eyelid,the inner and the outer canthus of eye,causing ocular surface tear system abnormality,and with ocular discomfort and other symptoms,such as dry,foreign body sensation and epiphora. In recent years,domestic ophthalmologists have gradually deepened the understanding of this disease,whose treatment means have been increasingly recognized and applied. The treatment of conjunctivochalasis depends on its order of severity. These which have no noticeable symptoms needs no treatment. Those with severe ocular irritation can be given medical therapy. If the conservative treat-ment is not effective,or for severe cases in Grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ,surgeries will be considered. The surgical methods of conjunctivochalasis are various. However,for best thera-peutic effect,it is necessary to weigh their advantages and disadvantages,and to master their indications. This article is to make a brief overview of advantages,disadvantages and indications of these surgical methods,and research progress of the treatment of conjunctivochalasis in recent years as well.

Abstract:Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is correlated to thyroid disease. Its clinical features are the accumula-tion of glycosaminoglycan(GAG),exophthalmos,upper eyelid retraction and diplopia. TAO have active and inactive stage according to symptoms,signs and other assistant examinations,but all of the examinations have the influence of patients and doctors. In recent years,the researches of cytokine,adhesion molecule and GAG give extensive prospect in TAO. This paper reviewed the value of cytokine,adhesion molecule and GAG in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. 

Abstract:AIM:To study the ultrastructure of comeas preserved by long-term cryopreservation with improved glycerol and to study the lamellar keratoplasty.METHODS:The corneas coated with sodium hyaluro-nate were long-term preserved in -45 ℃ glycerol. After 1 year,15 cases accepted lamellar keratoplasty with the long-term preserved cornea,and the cornea taken trans-mission electron microscopy(TEM) examination. RESULTS:All surgeries were successful,and patients were followed up for 6 to 24 months. 13 grafts were transparent,1 graft was translucent,and 1 graft was neovascularization. TEM examination showed that the ultrastructure of cornea was well-preserved. CONCLUSION:The improved long-term cryopreserva-tion with glycerol could preserve some viability of cornea. It is a proper way of preservation that could be used for lamellar keratoplasty in clinic when there is no fresh corneas.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the change of corneal astigmatism after phacoemulsification associated with fold artiphakia lens embedded with hyaline corneal incision.METHODS:Seventy-nine eyes of 58 cases were enrolled. All cases underwent similar phacoemulsifica-tion combined with fold artiphakia lens implantation.The changes of corneal astigmatism before and 3 days,1 week,1 month after operation were compared as well as visual acuity.RESULTS:One month after operation,visual acuity elevated and became stabilization. Average corneal astigmatism were decreased obviously 1 month compared with 1 week after operation. There was significant difference.CONCLUSION:Phacoemulsification combined with fold artiphakia lens implantation with 3.2mm hyaline corneal incision may be a safe and effective method to treat cataract for smaller corneal astigmatism,quicker visual recovery and shortter stable time.

Abstract:AIM:To explore clinical effects of the non-phacoemulsification small incision extracapsular cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation in the treatment of senile cataract.METHODS:Forty eyes of 40 cases with senile cataract were treated with scleral tunnel incision extracapsular cataract extraction,and posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation. Postoperative visual acuity,astigmatism and complications were observed.RESULTS:With follow-up of 1-36 months,naked eye,or corrected vision was ﹤0.5 in 1 case (2.5%),0.6-1.0 in 18 cases (45.0%),1.2-1.5 in 21 cases (52.5%). 1 month and 3 months before and after operation,mean astigmatism was (0.90±0.81) D,(0.95±0.65) D and (0.93±0.60) D respectively and compared with the preoperative data,mean astigmatism 1 month and 3 months after operation had no significant difference (P>0.05). The major complications are corneal edema,anterior chamber inflammation. No nuclear expulsion difficulties,posterior capsule rupture,vitreous prolapse,intraocular lens implantation failure or complications such as iris damage occurred.CONCLUSION:Small incision non-phacoemulsification extracapsular cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation need simple equipment and operation is easy to master.With small incision,less trauma,good restored visual acuity,small corneal astigmatism and few complications,it’s effective,safe,reliable,affordable and suitable for primary hospital.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the methods of manual small incision extracapsular cataract extraction(ECCE) combined with intraocular lens(IOL) implantation in treating hyperma-ture cataract and their clinical effects.METHODS:The manual small incision ECCE combined with IOL implantation was performed in 94 cases(97 eyes). After the surgery,these patients were observed and followed up.RESULTS:The postoperative vision of all patients was markedly improved. The naked(or corrected) visual acuity of 73% patients(71 eyes) reached 0.5 or above at the first day after the operation,and 85% of patients(82 eyes) reached 0.5 or above and 98%(95 eyes) reached 0.3 or above at the second day after the operation.CONCLUSION:The manual small incision ECCE combined with IOL implantation in treating hyperma-ture cataract seems to be a safe,effective and practical surgery.

Abstract:AIM:To treat the patients with cararact and ceratonosus that need to be cured simultaneously with interlaced non-phacoemulsification cataract extraction,intraocular lens implantation and keratoplasty(triple procedure)and to observe and analyze the clinical effects of the triple procedure.METHODS:Twenty-one cases 21 eyes with cararact and ceratonosus were performed the triple procedure,and visual acuity,corneal grafts were observed. Follow-up period lasted for 4 months to 9 months postoperatively.RESULTS:The naked vision of 92% eyes were improved compared with that of the preoperative. In 9 cases (43%) visual acuity was over 0.5 after 2 weeks,and 10 cases (48%) over 0.3,2 cases (10%) were 0.1. All the corneal grafts were completely transparent 7 to 14 days after operation. Corneal grafts of 17 cases were completely transparent 4 to 9 months after operation,and corneal grafts of 3 cases were semitransparent. There was 1 case whose corneal graft was moderately turbid with neovessels.CONCLUSION:Interlaced non-phacoemulsification cataract extraction,keratoplasty and intraocular lens implantation can cure the patients’ refracting media turbidity of forepart eye and help them to get perception function at one time. Compared to the traditional thipe procedure,the interlaced tripe procedure can decrease trauma and post-operative complications with high safety.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the early stage of fresh amniotic membrane transplantation for treatment of severe ocular alkali burn. METHODS:Forty-eight cases of 67 eyes with severe alkali burns were divided into A,B groups according to visiting time,26 cases of 38 eyes burned for 0.5 hours -7 days (including 7 days) were treated for the A group; 22 cases of 29 eyes burned for 7-20 days (not including 7 days) were treated for the B group,both groups were transplanted with fresh amniotic membrane and wore soft contact lenses after operation. The ocular surface conditions and visual acuity were observated after 3 months. RESULTS:There were 28 eyes of full transparent cornea,5 eyes of semi-transparent,3 eyes of all muddy and 2 eyes of corneal leukoplakia,and 2 eyes of symblepharon,and 2 eyes of new blood vessels,and the visual acuity of 28 eyes was ≥0.4,10 eyes <0.4 in A group. There were 12 eyes of full transparent cornea,7 eyes of semi-transparent,6 eyes of all muddy and 4 eyes of corneal leukoplakia,and 7 eyes of symblepharon,and 15 eyes of new blood vessels,and the visual acuity of 11 eyes was ≥0.4,18 eyes <0.4 in B group. Comparison of the two groups were statistically significant (P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Early fresh amniotic membrane transplantation could be better for reconstruction of ocular surface and improving vision,it is the best therapeutic approach for the severe ocular alkali burns. 

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the antihypertensive effect and the impact of postoperative complications of different conjunctival flap size in the routine glaucoma trabeculec-tomy. METHODS:The eyes of 10 cases with chronic angle-closure glaucoma underwent conventional trabeculectomy + peripheral iris excision procedure,and the conjunctival fornix flap for the basement,without intraoperative antimetabolites. Equilateral triangle conjunctival flap with the bottom edge of 10mm long and 6mm high was performed in one eye,and the other eye was performed a long-10mm,high-6mm rectangular conjunctival flap (the actual size of the equivalent twice of the former),and the remaining operation steps were the same. From the second day after the operation,the daily measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) (non-contact tonometer),slit-lamp examination of anterior chamber were performed for seven days until suture removal.RESULTS:The eyes with expanded conjunctival flap in 10 cases all had the occurrence of postoperative shallow anterior chamber of which there were 5 cases with one-stage shallow anterior chamber,4 cases with two-stage shallow anterior chamber,1 case with three-stage shallow anterior chamber. Dyeing:one case of two-stage shallow anterior chamber eyes with conjunctival flap wound leakage; filtration bulb of conjunctival sac intumesce in the bottom of the three-stage shallow anterior chamber eyes. No cilio-choroidal detachment occurred. IOP mea-surement:all IOPs were lower than 4-8mmHg,and the difference between binoculus was less than 2mmHg. One stage and two stage shallow anterior chamber eyes underwent filtering pillow compression and bandaging,and three stage shallow anterior chamber eyes were dilated with Mydrin-P daily,pressuring with filtering pillow and bandaging,without using ocular hypotensive agents orally or intravenously. When removing the suture 7 days after operation,the anterior chambers were normal; binocular IOPs were 14 mmHg in 1 case,less than 10mmHg in 9 cases,the binocular difference was less than 2mmHg,and the sizes of binocular filter bleb were the same. There was no difference in binocular filter bleb and IOP during the half month,one month,and three month review.CONCLUSION:The expansion of the conjunctival flap can not reduce IOP and increase the volume of the filtering bleb effectively,but can increase the occurrence of complications caused by strong filtering,low eye pressure,and large filter bleb. 

Abstract:AIM:To analyze the reason of misdiagnosis and differential diagnosis of acute angle-closure glaucoma in acute episode time in 28 cases.METHODS:Three typical misdiagnosis examples were analyzed.RESULTS:Fifteen cases were misdiagnozed as hyperpie-sia,9 as intracranial hypertension,4 as acute gastroen-teritis,and counteract glaucoma operation was performed in 22 cases after final diagnosis,drug expectant treatment was performed in 6 cases. Vision exceeded 0.5 in 15 cases,hand movement in 2 cases.CONCLUSION:Deficient physician’s cognition to acute angle-closure glaucoma is the main reason for misdia-gnosis. The strengthening of diagnosis consciousness and attaching importance to examination of eyes are the key for avoiding misdiagnosis.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the relationship between duration silicone oil temponade and complication and the cause of silicone oil temponade.METHODS:Retrospective survey was done in 66 cases (70 eyes) of silicone oil temponade.RESULTS:The primary cause of silicone oil temponade was regular hole retinal detachment,the second was retinal detachment with macula hole,the third was proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The average time of silicone oil temponade was 10.5 months,the incident rate of silicone oil emulsification was 28.6%,the incident rate of ocular hypertension was 15.7%,corneal degeneration was 2.9%,severely cataract was 46%. The main complica-tion of silicone oil removal was recurrence retinal detach-ment.CONCLUSION:In the follow-up on a regular basis,we can appropriately extent the remaining time of intraocular silicone oil. When silicone oil is removed,to maintain the vitreous cavity infusion,and according to the retinal situation to choose retinal laser,intraocular gas filling or silicone oil tamponade can reduce the occurrence of postoperative complications.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the relation of the prognosis and hemodynamics change in indirect optic nerve injury. METHODS:The PSV,EDV,TAMX and RI in central retinal artery,posterior ciliary artery and ophthalmic artery were measured with CDFI in 102 patients with indirect optic nerve injury,the relation of eyesight,bloodstream change and prognosis were observed.RESULTS:The PSV of posterior ciliary artery and ophthalmic artery of 95 patients in 102 patients were significantly higher(P<0.05),the EDV of them were significantly lower(P<0.05),the TAMX of them were lower(P<0.05) and the RI of them were clearly highter (P<0.01),The blood flow parameters of central retinal artery in 102 patients showed no significant difference (P>0.05). The lower eyesight was,the clearer bloodstream change was and the worse prognosis was.CONCLUSION:The patients with indirect optic nerve injury have the high speed and high obstruction blood-stream changes of posterior ciliary artery and ophthalmic artery. The clearer bloodstream change was,the worse prognosis was.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the effect of multi-surgery for the treatment of severe traumatic hyphema and investigate surgical techniques.METHODS:Twenty-three cases (23 eyes) with severe traumatic hyphema underwent corneal incision and irriga-tionaspiration with ultrasound emulsification equipment or bimanual system to draw-off anterior chamber hyphema. During the operation,the viscoelastics was used to separate the blood clots and to stop bleeding. Anterior chamber,intraocular pressure and visual acuity were observed postoperatively.RESULTS:Twenty-one eyes succeeded in the first surgery,and the other 2 eyes failed. Visions less than 0.05 were in 5 eyes(22%),0.05~0.3 in 11 eyes(48%),and more than 0.3 in 7 eyes(30%).CONCLUSION:Multi-surgery in different hyphema may achieve better outcome.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effect of GX-Ⅲ-type multi-functional ion therapeutic machine under microscope for the treatment of lacrimal point stenosis or occlusion.METHODS:Twenty-six patients (28 eyes) with puncta stenosis or occlusion underwent puncta plasty,and the treatment effectiveness was evaluated.RESULTS:One day after operation,the drainage of lacrimal ductule was unobstructed in 28 eyes. All patients were followed up for 3 to 6 months,and the recovery rate was 93%.CONCLUSION:Puncta plasty performed by GX-Ⅲ-type multifunctional ion therapeutic machine under microscope is an effective and simple therapy for the treatment of lacrimal point stenosis or occlusion,with less damage and pains.

Abstract:AIM:To study the clinical effect of self-nasal septal cartilage with mucosa for the treatment of large coloboma of eyelid after resection of eyelid malignant tumor. METHODS:After upper eyelid malignant tumors were resected,eyelids were restored by self-nasal septal cartilage with mucosa on 7 eyes of 7 cases. RESULTS:Seven cases were followed up for 0.5 to 2 years,and the self-nasal setpal cartilage with mucosa grew well. The morphology and function of the recon-struction of eyelids were well. CONCLUSION:The self-nasal septal cartilage with mucosa for restoring blepharocoloboma after eyelid malignant tumor resection is a convenient and less lesion reconstruction operation of eyelid.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the operative effect of epiphora caused by plica semilunaris laxation.METHODS:Thirteen cases (18 eyes) underwent the chalasia plica semilunaris resection from June of 2007 to June of 2009. Postoperative symptoms were evaluated; the conjunctiva was observated by slit-lamp,so was tasting of chloramphenicol test. RESULTS:Symptoms disappeared or were improved in 15 eyes (83%) among 18 eyes 4 weeks after operation,and disappeared or were improved in 11 eyes among 13 eyes 12 weeks after operation,During the post-operative slitl-amp examination 4 weeks after operation,plica semil-unaris laxation was completely eliminated in 16 eyes (89%) with blockage of puncta relieved among 18 eyes,and 12 weeks after operation,plica semilunaris laxation was completely eliminated and the blockage of puncta were relieved in 12 eyes among 13 eyes (92%); chloramphenicol tasting tests returned to normal in 14 eyes (78%) of 18 eyes 4 weeks after operation,and 10 eyes (77%) of 13 eyes returned to normal 12 weeks after operation.CONCLUSION:The operation of plica semilunaris laxation resection is easy,safe and effective.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss the application of bFGF in endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy for the treatment of chronic dacryocystitis and for the prevention of long-term cicatri-cial adhesion of pore-forming rim after operation.METHODS:Thirty-seven cases (37 eyes) with chronic dacryocy-stitis were treated by endoscopic dacryocystor-hinostomy. The wound was coated with bFGF eye gel; the secretion,blood callus and granulation around the nasal lacrimal sac stoma were cleared during each follow-up; lacrimal passage was irrigated; after the epithelization of mucous membrane of the nasal lacrimal sac stoma,the tube was pulled out. RESULTS:After 6 months to 1 year,32 eyes were cured,4 eyes were improved and 1 eye was invalid. The effective rate was 97.3%,and there were no compli-cations. Invalid in 1 case was caused by proliferation and adhesions of granulation tissue around the nasal lacrimal sac stoma or nasal septum adhesion. After occlusion stoma was cleared under nasal endoscope and the patient was re-catheterized and got a better recovery.CONCLUSION:Endoscopic nasal surgery dacryocystor-hinotomy with application of bFGF has a good long-term effect,low recurrence rate,and seems to be a better method for the treatment of chronic suppurative dacryocystitis.

Abstract:AIM:To discuss the characteristic of cataract surgery with intraocular lens(IOL) implantation after corneal laser refractive surgery. METHODS:This retrospective study included 4 eyes of 4 cases who had previously undergone myopic corneal laser refractive surgery and subsequently phacoemulsifi-cation with implantation of IOL. Based on the data cases provided,clinical history method(CHM) or adjusted keratometry method were used to calculate the kerato-metry and IOL power. Corneal conditions,surgical com-plications,uncorrected visual acuity,best corrected visual acuity,postoperative refractive status,etc were observed during the follow-up.RESULTS:The best corrected visual acuity postopera-tively increased obviously. The error between postopera-tive refraction and predicted refraction preoperatively ranged from -1.00D to +1.25D. CONCLUSION:Cataract surgery with IOL implantation after corneal laser refractive surgery is feasible. The characteristics and calculation methods of IOL must be mastered.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effect of cyclopentolate hydrochloride on cycloplegia in children.METHODS:Sixty children (120 eyes) with refractive error ,aged from 6 to 12,were divided randomly into 3 groups:A,cyclopentolate hydrochloride eyedrop group;B,compound tropicamide group;C,10g/L atropine group. Before and after administration of these eyedrops,pupil size and objective refraction were checked on auto refractor,subjective refraction was checked in phoropter,and phoropter was used to check the accommodation response and residual accommodation respectively by "push-up"method. RESULTS:The time of maximum cycloplegia of cyclo-pentolate hydrochloride was 60 minutes. Under the ma-ximun cycloplegia,the residual accommodation in cyclopentolate hydrochloride eyedrop group and 10g/L atropine group had no significant difference. The residual accommodation in compound tropicamide eyedrop group was stronger than that of the other two goups (P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Cyclopentolate hydrochloride eyedrop is as effective as atropine for the measurement of refractive error in most healthy nonstrabismic children aged from 6 to 12.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the importance of preoperative exa-mination of LASIK or LASEK for preventing and reducing the surgery complications and improving the success rate. METHODS:Data of 1000 cases (2000 eyes) treated by excimer laser were analyzed retrospectively.RESULTS:Posterior corneal surface Diff≥ 50μm were in 25 cases,pathological changes of optical fundus were in 46 cases,the average central corneal refractive more than 47.50D was in 17 cases. Thin cornea (central thickness <450μm) was in 13 cases,and there were 4 cases with glaucoma and 2 cases with keratitis.CONCLUSION:Detailed and thorough preoperative examina-tion is an important guarantee for success of the operation.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the feasibility of mitomycin C (MMC) in preventing haze in LASEK surgery of high myopia.METHODS:Twenty-four high myopia patients(48 eyes) were randomly divided into two groups,one group included 11 patients(22 eyes) which operated LASEK surgery as usual and the other group(26 eyes) received 0.2g/L MMC sponge in the operation,and the time lasted for 12 seconds. After operation and the cornea was covered with gas-permeable soft contact lens. All of the patients were followed up,including vision and haze etc. for half a year. RESULTS:There was no difference of the haze between the two groups 6 weeks after the operation. 3 months,6 months after operation the haze in MMC group was lighter than that of the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION:MMC seems to be effective to prevent the haze in the surgery of LASEK of high myopia.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the operative methods and post-operative effects of V-pattern exotropia. METHODS:The operative methods and postoperative effects of 27 cases with V-pattern exotropia treated in our department during January 2004 to December 2008 were analyzed. Operative methods were chosen on the basis of their cause. 18 cases with inferior oblique hyperfunction were treated with inferior oblique reduction and exotropia correction. 9 cases without inferior oblique hyperfunction were treated with inferior oblique reduction and horizontal rectus vertical transporting. Follow-up time after surgey was two months to forty-one months.RESULTS:Twenty-five cases got V sign corrected,24 cases returned to the normal at primary position of eye,2 cases had undercorrection,1 case had overcorrection. 15 cases got different degrees of binocular vision,2 cases got stereoscopic vision. CONCLUSION:Inferior oblique hyperfunction is the main cause of V-pattern exotropia. Inferior oblique reduction and exotropia correction are effective methods. Patients without inferior oblique hyperfunction can be treated effectively with inferior oblique reduction and horizontal rectus vertical transporting.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the key for the prevention and treatment of preschool children with low vision. METHODS:A total of 6500 preschool eye health screenings were conducted,and the individuals of amblyopia were given a systematic treatment. RESULTS:Amblyopia prevalence was 4.38%; ametropia amblyopia 356 eyes(76.1%),strabismus amblyopia 47 eyes (10.0%),anisometropic amblyopia 65 eyes(13.9%). Amblyopia total cure rate was 98.1%,of which mild amblyopia efficiency was 100%,moderate amblyopia efficiency 96.6%,severe amblyopia efficiency 80.8%. CONCLUSION:Amblyopia in preschool children is mainly mild or moderate. The lighter the amblyopia and the earlier the treatment are,the better the therapeutic effect is.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluated the key factors of the treatment for strabismus and amblyopic in preschool lhildred.METHODS:The children aged 3-7 of eighteen kinder-gartens in Yinchuan city were examined,including:sight inspection; ocular inspection; refractive inspection; diagnostic criteria. RESULTS:There were fifty-two children 78 cases whose sights were less than 0.9 in 1531 children 3062 eyes. They were amblyopic. Amblyopic prevalence rate was 3.4%. There were 27 male and 25 female. Amblyopic had no significant difference between genders. According to the National Children’s strabismus amblyopic treatment group stan-dard,amblyopic was divided into five categories; accor-ding to the degree,it was divided into slight,normal and severe degree. CONCLUSION:Amblyopic is a developmental disorder,often accompanied by strabismus,anisometropia or high refractive errors. Amblyopic and strabismus are the dangers of not only poor eyesight,but also the lack of complete three-dimensional vision,namely,the lack of the highest level necessary visual function. The efficacy of treatment of amblyopic and strabismus are closely related to the age. The younger,the better after the treatment; adults are hopeless.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the curative effect of removal of the lens,retaining the anterior capsule and intraocular lens implantation in vitrectomy.METHODS:Forty-six cases (46 eyes) with vitreoretino-pathy accompanied by lens opacity underwent removal of the lens through ciliary body pars plana incision,retaining anterior capsule,parallel vitrectomy,the first stage intraocular lens implantation. RESULTS:Visions of all the patients were improved at varying degrees. In some patients the anterior lens capsule showed turbidity at different degrees during the review and YAG laser incision was performed.CONCLUSION:Removal of the lens capsule,retaining the anterior lens capsule and intraocular lens implantation in stage Ⅰin vitrectomy can keep the normal eye an-atomic structure,decrease the complications before and after the operation,and the visual acuities get good recovery.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluated the application of capsular tension ring (CTR) implantation during phacoemulsification for sublu-sated lens with cataract.METHODS:Fifteen eyes of lens subluxation with cataract was implanted CTR after continues curvillinear capsulorhexis (CCC),phacoemulsi-fication and posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) implantation.RESULTS:The IOLs in fifteen eyes were in the normal position without tilting or decentration. Ten to twelve months postoperatively,the corrected visual acuity was satisfaction. There were no special complications.CONCLUSION:The CTR implantation during phacoemul-sification is a safe and effective method for subluxated lens with cataract. It can prevent the IOL decentration and decrease the complications.

Abstract:AIM:To evaluate the safety and efficacy of vitreous aspiration in continuous high-tension glaucoma cataract surgery. METHODS:Twenty-eight cases (28 eyes) with continu-ous high-tension glaucoma and cataract underwent vitreous aspiration first,and then triple-line glaucoma cataract surgery. RESULTS:Postoperative complications included shallow anterior chamber,malignant glaucoma,poorly controlled intraocular pressure,hyphema,iritis,vitreous hemorrh-age,posterior capsular opacity,etc.; after 1 week,and 6-12 months,respectively,the average IOPs were (17.20±5.11)mmHg and (14.57±7.33)mmHg,the difference compared with that of the preoperative was statistically significant (t=17.40,P<0.05;t=16.06,P<0.05); Visual acuity was improved two lines or more,1 line,0 line in 12,8,8 eyes and 12,10,6 eyes respectively,and compared with that of the preoperative,the difference was statistically significant (F=5.24,P<0.05;F=5.78,P<0.05). CONCLUSION:Vitreous aspiration in advance can quickly reduce the intraocular pressure,reconstruct anterior chamber,and is safe and effective for the treat-ment of continuous high-tension glaucoma cataract.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the effect of panretinal photocoa-gulation(PRP) combined with hexuemingmu for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy(DR). METHODS:PRP and hexuemingmu tablet were used in treating 53 cases(100 eyes) who had been diagnosed with DR.The follow-up period was 3 months. The pre-and postoperative results of visual acuity(VA),vision field (VF),fundus photograh and fundus fluoresceine angiography(FFA) were compared.RESULTS:VA was improved in 65 eyes(65%),remained unchanged in 25 eyes(25%) and decreased in 10 eyes(10%); VF was improved in 51 eyes(51%),remained unchanged in 34 eyes(34%) and decreased in 15 eyes(15%); fundus photograh and FFA was improved in 80 eyes(80%),remained unchanged in 10 eyes(10%) and decreased in 10 eyes(10%). CONCLUSION:PRP combined with hexuemingmu tablet is an effective method for DR. It can keep disease process stable and improve VA in a short period.

Abstract:AIM:To observe and discuss the contributory factors of ocular hypertension,the clinical signs for follow up and the development of it. METHODS:Thirty-two cases with ocular hypertension were observed for intraocular pressure,vision field,optic disk and fibre of optic nerve. These cases were followed up for 2 to 10 years (mean 5 years). RESULTS:During the term of follow-up ,the intraocular pressure of the 29 cases did not change,The intraocular pressure in 2 cases went down,1 case increased,the vision field of 5 cases changed.CONCLUSION:Many factors may contribute to ocular hypertension,the patients must be observed frequently,In case of suspected glaucoma changes,anti-glaucoma treatment should be actively pursued.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effect of the tattoo on eyelid margin on the onset of dry eye.METHODS:One hundred and twenty-seven patients suffering from dry eye were chosen. 46 of them were tattooed,and the other 81 were not. The tear break-up time(BUT),the Shirmer test,conjunctival impression cytology(CIC),the age of the onset of dry eye were compared between the patients with and without tattoo,and the interval between the tattoo and the onset of dry eye was recorded. RESULTS:The latent period was 13.4 years. The patients with tattoo were younger than those without tattoo. The other results had no obvious difference between the patients with and without tattoo. CONCLUSION:The tattoo doesn’t affect the extent of dry eye,but can advance the onset time. The effects of tattoo on the course of dry eye and the treatment should be further discussed.

Abstract:AIM:To survey the effect of sublingual immunotherapy in allergic conjunctivitis. METHODS:Eighty patients of seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis were divided into two groups,one group was prescribed cetirizine and vitamin C for them to take orally,sodium cromoglicate or dexamethasone/chloromycetin gutta ad hibeo,meanwhile the other group was treated respectively with sublingual immunotherapy. Record the symptom pre & post immunotherapy and side-effects,and run statistical analysis to the results. RESULTS:The total effective rate in experimental group was 92.5%,while in control group was 72.5%,There were significant differences between pre & post therapy in both the two groups(P<0.05). There was no systemic adverse reactions.CONCLUSION:The sublingual immunotherapy had obvious cure effect to the seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis.

Abstract:AIM:To explore the clinical feature and therapeutic method of acute acquired extraocular muscles paralysis.METHODS:The detailed medical record,system and ophthalmology medical examination were performed in 21 cases of acute acquired extraocular muscles paralysis and then dexamethasone and 654-2 were injected behind or beside the eyeball,and the xuesaitong or complex salviae parenteral solution and energy mixture were dripped in vein. RESULTS:There were 15 cases (71%) induced by surgical trauma (neurogenic paralysis),and 6 cases(29%) by the blood vessel pathological changes (muscular paralysis). All cases saw doctor firstly because of ambiopia. 17 cases fully recovered from the illness and 4 cases excellently recovered from the illness. CONCLUSION:The significant effect can be gained by early and positive drug treatment.

Abstract:AIM:To summarise the nursing experience of retro-grade catheterization in 48 cases with chronic dacryo-cystitis diseases.METHODS:All the 48 cases were carried out the operation of retrograde catheterization. During the whole process,they received meticulous care. RESULTS:All the lacrimal passages of 48 cases became patency after the operation. Two cases’ silicone tube slipped off three months later,however,their lacrimal passages were still patency. Three cases’ lacrimal passages became restenosis two years later,two cases became recanalization through the same operation.CONCLUSION:Retrograde catheterization is an effective treatment for chronic dacryocystitis diseases,and meticulous care is an important guarantee for this operation.

Abstract:AIM:To study the effective method of traumatic lacrimal canaliculus anastomosis. METHODS:Seventy-three eyes with lacrimal canaliculus disease caused by trauma were analyzed retrospectively,and its surgical methods and clinical characteristics were summarized. And then the patients were followed up. Surgical methods included direct searching method,curved needle method and lacrimal sac incision.RESULTS:In 73 cases,56 cases underwent direct searching method,15 cases adopted curve needle method and 2 cases underwent incision of lacrimal sac. The operation was successfully performed in 63 cases,improved in 9 cases and ineffective in 1 case. CONCLUSION:Nasal stump of most of the fresh canalicular lacerations can be found directly,a few could be found by curved needle,stump in individual patients with anatomical abnormalities or old canalicular laceration need to be found with lacrimal sac incision.

Abstract:AIM:To study the effect of ring silicone tube implanta-tion combined with mitomycin C for the treatment of upper lacrimal duct obstruction.METHODS:Eighty-nine cases (116 eyes) with upper lacrimal duct obstruction underwent the procedure of intubation in outpatient clinic:tears points obstruction(14 eyes),lacrimal duct obstruction (38 eyes),tears explorer obstruction (64 eyes). The patients were randomly divided into 2 groups. Group A consisted of 44 cases(58 eyes):tears points obstruction(6 eyes),lacrimal duct obstruction(20 eyes),nasolacrimal duct obstruction(32 eyes). Group B consisted of 45 cases(58 eyes):tears points obstruction(8 eyes),lacrimal duct obstruction(18 eyes),nasolacrimal duct obstruction (32 eyes). The materials were silicone tube,duct expansion wire which was made by myself. Two-canalicular-nasolacri-mal duct were installed ring silicone tube. The time of extubation was after 3-6 months. If the patients were also with nasolacrimal duct obstruction,inverse ball silicone tube implantation in nasolacrimal canal should be performed immediately after the extubation of the ring silicone tube. What group B distinguished from group A was indwelling duct expansion wire which is immersed in 0.25mg/mL mitomycin C for 3-5 minutes; lacrimal duct was washed regularly after extubation of ring silicone tube,and the patients were followed up for 2 years.RESULTS:The cure rate of group A was 72.4%,the cure rate of group B was 93.1%. There were significant differences in recovery rate between the two groups(P<0.01).CONCLUSION:The method of installing ring silicone tube under mitomycin C can improve the success rate of surgery and can be a better way to cure upper lacrimal duct obstruction.

Abstract:AIM:To observe efficacy of outpatient treatment of children with amblyopia.METHODS:One hundred and twenty-two eyes of 87 patients with amblyopia in children in outpatient were treated with retinoscopy glasses,routine cover treatment,fine exercise,amblyopia therapeutic apparatus. Efficacy of amblyopia was followed up for 1-8 years.RESULTS:The lighter the degree of amblyopia,the better the efficacy. Efficacy of ametropic amblyopia and strabismus amblyopia was better than that of anisometropic amblyopia,and the small age group was significantly better than the large age in efficacy.CONCLUSION:The sooner the treatment of amblyopia in children,the better the efficacy For older children with low vision,we can not easily give up treatment. Conven-tional optical and cover treatment is classic treatment of children with amblyopia,when coupled with sophisticated exercise and therapeutic equipment,amblyopia cure rate could be up to 83%.