Abstract:Scleral lenses are large-diameter rigid gas permeable contact lenses specifically designed based on the morphology of the ocular surface. These lenses feature a larger diameter, higher sagittal height, and limited movement to provide superior stabilization and wearer comfort. Scleral lenses have been developed over several centuries, with breakthroughs achieved in material oxygen permeability, manufacturing processes, and fitting equipment, creating the necessary conditions for innovative designs. From the initial spherical design, scleral lenses have evolved into various design categories such as toric, quadrant, and notched designs, making them suitable for a wide range of ocular surface shapes. Currently, scleral lenses are widely used for irregular corneal astigmatism, high refractive errors, and ocular surface diseases, with their clinical efficacy and safety having been confirmed by clinical studies. This comprehensive review systematically examines recent developments in scleral lenses, encompassing lens design, production and quality inspection, fitting, clinical applications, as well as complications and their management strategies.
