Abstract:Objective:To investigate the comorbidity status of myopia and depressive symptoms among middle school students, identify key influencing factors, and establish a prediction model, thereby providing empirical evidence for the comprehensive intervention of these two conditions.Methods: A total of 2,476 students from 3 middle schools in Feidong County were recruited between 2022 and 2024. Myopia was defined as uncorrected visual acuity ≤ 5.0 with spherical equivalent refraction < -0.50 diopters (D). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), with a score ≥ 16 indicating the presence of depressive symptoms. A database was established and data were entered using EpiData software. Pearson's chi-square test, multivariate Logistic regression analysis were performed to identify influencing factors and screen variables with R statistical software (version 4.5.2). Finally, a Stacking ensemble prediction model was constructed using Python 3.13 software. A Stacking ensemble learning prediction model was constructed based on the aforementioned analytical results.Results: The overall detection rate of myopia-depressive symptom comorbidity among the studied students was 14.54%. Univariate analysis showed that 26 variables were significantly associated with the comorbidity (all P < 0.05), including family structure, grade level, sugar-sweetened beverage intake, exercise frequency, school bullying, and parental physical or verbal abuse. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified the following risk factors: higher grade levels (8th grade: OR = 1.9143, 95%CI: 1.1096–3.3024; 9th grade: OR = 1.7884, 95%CI: 1.0506–3.0444; 11th grade: OR = 2.1847, 95%CI: 1.198–3.984; 12th grade: OR = 3.4606, 95%CI: 1.825–6.5621), daily consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages more than once (OR = 3.1383, 95%CI: 1.7112–5.756), low frequency of moderate-to-vigorous exercise on weekends and holidays (mostly achievable: OR = 3.3115, 95%CI: 1.009–10.8685), alcohol consumption (OR = 4.4021, 95%CI: 2.7383–7.0766), daily sedentary time exceeding 10 hours (OR = 1.8594, 95%CI: 1.2141–2.8476), lack of puberty education (OR = 3.0098, 95%CI: 2.0659–4.3848), and exposure to parental physical or verbal abuse (OR = 2.405, 95%CI: 1.1484–5.0364). Protective factors included no experience of school bullying (OR = 0.0055, 95%CI: 0.0002–0.1602), no history of severe injury (OR = 0.3118, 95%CI: 0.1823–0.5332), outdoor activities during class breaks (OR = 0.1672, 95%CI: 0.0752–0.3719), and moderate after-school homework duration (2–3 hours per day: OR = 0.4802, 95%CI: 0.262–0.8801). The constructed Stacking prediction model demonstrated good discriminative ability, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.855, a sensitivity of 81.5%, and a specificity of 74.0%. Key predictive factors included alcohol consumption status, location of recess activities, unhealthy lifestyle composite index (interaction term between sedentary duration and sugar-sweetened beverage intake frequency), academic stress index (interaction term between sedentary duration and homework duration), and after-school homework duration.Conclusion: The comorbidity of myopia and depression among middle school students is jointly influenced by multiple factors such as lifestyle, academic pressure, and family/campus environment. It is advocated to implement a three-level intervention system that includes restricting the sale of sugar-sweetened beverages, conducting psychological screening for sedentary students, and carrying out family-school-medical collaborative management of drinking behaviors. This model can be applied to school health screening and the early identification of high-risk groups in community adolescent health management. It is suitable for middle school students in regions with similar economic levels, but not applicable to students receiving special education or those with severe organic diseases.
