Abstract:AIM:To assess the longitudinal changes in ocular biometric parameters after intravitreal ranibizumab(IVR)injection for the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity(ROP)in premature infants during the first year of life.

METHODS:A longitudinal observational and comparative study was conducted on premature infants diagnosed with type 1 ROP, with a one-year follow-up. In treatment group, patients were administered with ranibizumab injection. The control group was set up without any intervention. All the patients were examined by A-scan ultrasound biometry at 0(40 gestational wk), 3, 6, and 12 mo of corrected gestational age(GA). Anterior chamber depth(ACD), lens thickness(LT), vitreous chamber depth(VCD), and axial length(AL)were measured. Anterior segment(AST)was calculated by summing up the ACD and LT.

RESULTS:A total of 60 premature infants(60 eyes)were enrolled in this study, with a mean postmenstrual age of 36.80±2.86 wk, including 30 cases(30 eyes)in the treatment group and 30 cases(30 eyes)in the control group. The mean birth weight was 1157.50±232.12 and 1327.00±432.92 g, and the mean GA was 28.46±1.70 and 30.25±2.12 wk in treatment and control groups, respectively. No significant differences were found in all parameters at baseline(P>0.05). However, after correcting GA by 3, 6, and 12 mo, ACD was significantly greater than that of the control group at the 3^rd, 6^th, and 12^th mo. LT was significantly thinner in the treatment group at the 3^rd and 6^thmo, but no statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups by the 12^th mo. Throughout the follow-up period, AST, VCD, and AL were no significant differences in two groups(all P>0.05).

CONCLUSION:Ranibizumab administered for the treatment of ROP only affected on ACD and LT. No significant effects are observed on AST, VCD, and AL during the first year of life.

Abstract:AIM: To identify clinical and fundoscopic predictors of visual outcomes in post-traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula(CCF)and report the relationship between diagnostic delay, angiographic closure rates, and functional prognosis.

METHODS: This retrospective case series reports patients with post-traumatic CCF confirmed by digital subtraction angiography between January 2024 and October 2025. Comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation included visual acuity, intraocular pressure(IOP), fundoscopy, relative afferent pupillary defect(RAPD), and color vision. Clinical presentation patterns, fundoscopic findings, and visual outcomes were systematically documented and analyzed descriptively.

RESULTS: Eight patients(5 males, 3 females, mean age 28.5±13.2 y)were included; 7 cases(88%)from motor vehicle accidents. Mean diagnostic delay was 2.6±1.6 mo; 7 cases(88%)presented beyond 6 wk. Secondary glaucoma developed in 5 cases(63%). Bilateral signs and symptoms occurred in 3 cases(38%)despite unilateral fistulas. Type A direct CCF predominated(7 cases, 88%). Fundoscopic examination revealed three presentations: normal disc(2 cases, 25%), optic disc edema(3 cases, 38%), and optic atrophy(3 cases, 38%). Despite complete angiographic closure in only 3 cases(38%), visual outcomes seemed more closely associated with baseline fundoscopic findings than closure rates. Patients with optic atrophy(n=3)demonstrated poor visual prognosis(final visual acuity ranging no light perception to 20/30), while those with normal fundus(n=2)achieved excellent recovery(final visual acuity 20/20-20/25). Patients with disc edema(n=3)showed variable outcomes depending on disease severity, ranging from complete recovery to persistent visual loss. One patient experienced contralateral visual decline(20/20 to 20/150)following partial embolization.

CONCLUSION: With 88% of patients presenting beyond the critical six-week therapeutic window, early recognition of post-traumatic CCF remains a major challenge in resource-limited settings. Visual outcomes corresponded with baseline fundoscopic findings rather than angiographic closure rates. Patients with established optic atrophy(38%)demonstrated minimal visual recovery regardless of treatment success, while those with preserved disc architecture achieved favorable outcomes. In settings where advanced imaging is unavailable, systematic neuro-ophthalmic examination—particularly RAPD testing and fundoscopy—enables both early diagnosis and prognostic assessment.

Abstract:AIM:To clarify the expression characteristics and regulatory role of the long non-coding RNA(lncRNA)metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1(MALAT1)in oxidative stress and apoptosis of H₂O₂-induced human lens epithelial cell line HLE-B3.

METHODS: HLE-B3 cells were divided into Control group and H₂O₂ group(cultured with 200 μmol/L H₂O₂ for 24 h). Levels of reactive oxygen species(ROS)and cell apoptosis rates were detected by flow cytometry. Activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and catalase(CAT)were measured using kits, MALAT1 expression was quantified by real-time quantitative PCR, and its cellular localization was determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization. After selecting the Si-MALAT1 sequence with the highest silencing efficiency, the groups were established as Control, H₂O₂, H₂O₂+Si-NC, and H₂O₂+Si-MALAT1. Immunofluorescence staining was employed to detect the apoptosis marker TUNEL and Nrf2 nuclear translocation.

RESULTS:Compared with the Control group, the H₂O₂group exhibited significantly elevated ROS levels, markedly decreased SOD and CAT activities(both P<0.001), and a significantly increased apoptosis rate(P<0.01). MALAT1 expression was upregulated(P<0.01)and localized in the nucleus. After silencing MALAT1, H₂O₂-induced cell apoptosis was significantly inhibited(P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress can increase the expression of MALAT1, and silencing MALAT1 reduces oxidative stress damage and apoptosis, providing a potential target for preventing and treating cataracts.

Abstract:AIM: To analyze the risk factors for pre-myopia among school-aged children, develop a nomogram model based on these factors, and explore the efficacy of plano defocus lenses on myopia prevention and control.

METHODS: A prospective randomized controlled clinical trial. School-aged children receiving physical examinations in the hospital between July 2024 and January 2025 were enrolled. All subjects were divided into the experimental group(children with pre-myopia)and the control group(children with normal refraction)according to the results of cycloplegic refraction and axial length measurement. Clinical data of the two groups were collected. Logistic regression analysis was adopted to identify the risk factors for pre-myopia, and a corresponding nomogram model was constructed. The children in the experimental group were further assigned to Group A(standard behavioral intervention+plano defocus lenses)and Group B(standard behavioral intervention alone)via the random number method. Ocular biological parameters and refractive indices before and after intervention were compared between groups.

RESULTS: A total of 236 school-aged children were enrolled in this study, including 80 children in the experimental group(40 cases in group A and 40 cases in group B)and 156 children in the control group. The age of children in the experimental group was 8.88±1.11 y, with 27 males and 53 females. The age of children in the control group was 8.92±1.05 y, with 91 males and 65 females. Group A had an average age of 8.79±1.22 y(14 males and 26 females), and group B had an average age of 8.91±1.07 y(13 males and 27 females). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis revealed that parental myopia history, pencil-grip posture and duration of electronic device use were risk factors for pre-myopia among school-aged children(all P<0.05); daily outdoor activity duration and daily sleep duration were protective factors(all P<0.05). The nomogram model yielded an AUC of 0.970(95%CI: 0.951-0.990), with a sensitivity of 0.900 and specificity of 0.942. The calibration curve indicated nearly perfect linear calibration and good fitting performance. Decision curve analysis demonstrated high clinical applicability. SHAP summary plots showed that daily outdoor activity duration was the most critical factor affecting the onset of pre-myopia in school-aged children. After intervention with plano defocus spectacles, the axial length elongation in group A was significantly lower than that in group B(P<0.05). Choroidal thickness and cycloplegic spherical refraction were significantly higher, and uncorrected distance visual acuity(LogMAR)was significantly lower in group A compared with group B(all P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Parental myopia history, pencil-grip posture, and duration of electronic device use are risk factors for pre-myopia in school-aged children, while daily outdoor activity duration and daily sleep duration are protective factors. The nomogram constructed based on the above factors exhibits favorable predictive accuracy and can be applied for early screening of high-risk children. Plano defocus spectacles can slow axial length progression, stabilize refractive status, and exert positive effects on myopia prevention in school-aged children with pre-myopia.

Abstract:AIM:To compare the clinical efficacy of defocus rigid gas permeable contact lenses(RGPCL)and highly aspherical lenslets(HAL)for myopia control in children and adolescents with moderate to high myopia.

METHODS:A retrospective study was conducted, enrolling patients aged 8-17 y with moderate to high myopia who presented to Sichuan Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital Group between January 2022 and January 2024. Subjects were divided into the RGPCL group and the HAL group according to myopia correction modalities. Refractive diopters, axial length, corneal curvature, and visual quality were examined at 6 and 12 mo after lens wear, and relevant data were statistically analyzed.

RESULTS:A total of 96 eyes from 96 cases were enrolled, with 48 cases(48 eyes, 8 males and 40 females)allocated to the RGPCL group with a median age of 12.00(11.50, 15.00)y, and 48 cases(48 eyes, 14 males and 34 females)to the HAL group with a median age of 13.00(12.00,14.00)y. At the 6-month follow-up, no significant changes in spherical diopters were observed in either group relative to baseline. Spherical diopters increased in both groups at the 12-month visit, with a significantly smaller increment in the RGPCL group(P<0.01). At the 6- and 12-month follow-up visits, the magnitude of changes in cylindrical refractive power was markedly larger in the RGPCL group relative to the HAL group(P<0.01). At the 6-and 12-month follow-up visits, axial length in both groups had increased relative to baseline, and no significant intergroup difference was detected in axial elongation(P>0.05). At 6 and 12 mo of lens wear, no significant difference in K1,K2 was found in the HAL group compared with baseline, while the K2 value decreased significantly in the RGPCL group(P<0.0167). The RGPCL group achieved substantially higher scores in four domains including visual clarity, image scaling, glare tolerance, visual field range and total at both follow-up time points(all P<0.001).

CONCLUSION:Defocus RGPCL yields superior performance in slowing the progression of spherical and cylindrical, as well as providing better overall visual experience, when compared with HAL.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the predictive role of exodrift amount on long-term postoperative eye position regression in children with intermittent exotropia.

METHODS:Prospective cohort study.Children with intermittent exotropia who underwent surgical treatment at the hospital between September 2023 and July 2025 were included. Based on the eye position regression status at 6 mo postoperatively, patients were divided into a regression group and a non-regression group. Clinical data of two groups were compared. The relationship between exodrift and visual function was analyzed. Multivariate linear regression was used to examine the association between exodrift and visual function. Logistic multivariable analysis identified factors influencing long-term postoperative eye position regression. A regression discontinuity design(RDD)was employed to evaluate the validity and robustness of the results. Interval likelihood ratios were analyzed to assess the relationship between exodrift and long-term postoperative eye position regression. Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves were used to evaluate the predictive value of exodrift for long-term postoperative eye position regression. Restricted cubic splines(RCS)were applied to analyze the dose-response relationship between exodrift and the risk of long-term postoperative eye position regression.

RESULTS:This study initially included 133 children with intermittent exotropia. Among them, 5 cases were lost to follow-up. Eventually, 128 cases completed the follow-up(43 cases in the regression group and 85 cases in the non-regression group). The age of the children with intermittent exotropia ranged from 2 to 15 y(mean 9.89±2.61 y), with 82 boys and 46 girls. The age of the regression group was 9.82±2.64 y(26 boys and 17 girls). The age of the non-regression group was 9.96±2.58 y(56 boys and 29 girls). The two groups showed significant differences in Titmus near stereopsis, strabismus type, postoperative day 1 eye position, and postoperative day 1 exodrift(all P<0.05). There was no significant correlation between the amount of exodrift 1 d after the surgery and visual function(all P>0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that there was no statistical significance between visual function and the amount of exodrift 1 d after surgery(all P>0.05). Titmus near stereopsis, convergence insufficiency type of strabismus, inward deviation(esophoria)at 1 d postoperatively, and an increased exodrift at 1 d postoperatively were identified as risk factors for postoperative eye position regression(all P<0.05). When exodrift after surgery was 9 PD at 1 d postoperatively, the risk of long-term eye position regression after surgery significantly decreased(P<0.001). When exodrift of the eye after surgery ≥14 PD at 1 d postoperatively, the probability of long-term eye position regression was relatively highest. When the cut-off value was 9 PD, the AUC of the predicted postoperative 1-day exodrift for predicting the long-term postoperative eye position regression was 0.809(95%CI: 0.749-0.869), indicating a relatively high predictive value. As the amount of exodrift increases 1 d after the surgery, the risk of long-term eye position regression also increases.

CONCLUSION:The amount of exodrift 1 d after surgery is arisk factor for the long-term eye position regression in children with intermittent exotropia. The two are in a dose-response relationship. When the amount of exodrift 1 d after surgery is ≥14 PD, the risk of regression is the highest. The optimal cut-off value of 9 PD has a high predictive value for long-term eye position regression. Clinically, the amount of exodrift 1 d after surgery can be monitored to assess the risk of regression 6 mo after surgery, providing a reference basis for the clinical formulation of individualized follow-up plans.

Abstract:Bruch's membrane opening(BMO)is the true anatomical border of the optic nerve head and provides higher anatomical accuracy, structural stability and measurement repeatability than traditional assessments based on the clinically visible optic disc margin. Optical coherence tomography(OCT)serves as a key technical tool for quantitative assessment of BMO-associated structural parameters. With the development of spectral-domain OCT(SD-OCT)and swept-source OCT(SS-OCT), parameters such as BMO-minimum rim width(BMO-MRW), BMO-minimum rim area(BMO-MRA), BMO area, offset, tilt, and torsion have emerged as important imaging biomarkers for evaluating optic nerve head morphology and for assisting in the diagnosis, staging, and longitudinal monitoring of glaucoma, myopia, and pathological myopia. Traditionally, the acquisition of these parameters has relied heavily on manual segmentation, which is limited by low efficiency, strong subjectivity, and considerable inter-observer variability. In recent years, artificial intelligence has been increasingly applied to OCT image segmentation, quality control, cross-device calibration, and automated quantitative analysis, thereby improving efficiency, objectivity, and reproducibility, particularly in eyes with complex optic disc morphology. This review summarizes recent advances in the BMO-related terminology standardization, imaging and quantitative methodologies, quality control,artificial intelligence-assisted analysis, as well as clinical evidence of its application in glaucoma, myopia and pathological myopia. Particular emphasis is placed on their potential value in the differential diagnosis and follow-up evaluation of highly myopic eyes with glaucoma, aiming to provide a reference for the standardized clinical application and future translational use of BMO-related parameters.

Abstract:Ocular surface inflammation constitutes a core pathological mechanism underlying prevalent ocular disorders, including dry eye disease, allergic conjunctivitis, and infectious keratitis. Its pathogenesis is intimately linked to the dysregulated activation of multiple intracellular signaling cascades. This review systematically delineates the pivotal functions of four core signaling pathways—nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK), Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription(JAK/STAT), and the NOD-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)inflammasome—in the ocular surface inflammation. Specifically, NF-κB functions as a master regulator driving the expression of pro-inflammatory factors; MAPK acts as a central signaling hub that integrates diverse stress stimuli and potentiates inflammatory amplification; JAK/STAT mediates cytokine-driven signal transduction and modulates immune cell differentiation; and NLRP3 senses danger signals and thereby promotes the maturation of inflammatory factors such as interleukin-1β(IL-1β). Notably, these pathways do not function independently but constitute a highly interconnected regulatory network via phosphorylation, and the assembly of transcription factor complexes, which results in limited efficacy of single-targeted therapies due to the reactivation of bypass pathways. Therefore, future treatment for ocular surface inflammation is expected to prioritize multi-target synergistic strategies and personalized precision medicine, thereby enabling more sustained and effective therapeutic options for clinical practice.

Abstract:The self-remodeling of scleral extracellular matrix(ECM)is a significant characteristic alterationin the development of myopia, and it also influences the progression of myopia. The mechanisms of scleral remodeling are intricate, with transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)and its associated signaling pathways playing a pivotal role. This review systematically summarizes the major metabolic changes in scleral ECM, the molecular mechanisms of the TGF-β signaling pathway, and its regulatory effects on scleral remodeling during myopic development, aiming to provide new insights and potential strategies for the treatment and prevention of myopia.

Abstract:Diabetic cataract is a prevalent and severe complication of diabetes mellitus. Its pathogenesis is complex and driven by multiple metabolic disorders. Conventional research methods are insufficient to fully clarify its complex pathophysiological processes. As a high-throughput and unbiased systems biology approach, metabolomics allows comprehensive profiling of small-molecule metabolites in biological systems, serving as a robust tool for exploring the metabolic signatures underlying this disease. This review systematically summarizes recent progress in the application of metabolomics to diabetic cataract research, with a focus on technological innovations in sample pretreatment, data acquisition, and bioinformatics analysis. This article elaborates on how these advances contribute to the identification of disease-specific biomarkers, the clarification of intrinsic molecular mechanisms, and the discovery of potential therapeutic targets, ultimately advancing the translational application of metabolomics in the early clinical diagnosis, prognostic assessment, and development of innovative therapeutic strategies for diabetic cataract.

Abstract:Degenerative retinoschisis(RS)is a common peripheral retinal degeneration that typically remains asymptomatic and follows a benign clinical course. However, its morphological resemblance to rhegmatogenous retinal detachment(RRD)presents a diagnostic challenge, as the two conditions demand fundamentally different management and carry distinct prognoses. Precise differentiation is therefore clinically imperative. Recent advances in multimodal imaging have substantially refined the diagnostic accuracy and differential assessment of degenerative RS, establishing spectral-domain optical coherence tomography(SD-OCT)as the definitive reference standard. When the disease progresses to progressive symptomatic schisis-related retinal detachment(PSSRD), prompt surgical intervention, including scleral buckling, pars plana vitrectomy, or a combined approach, is mandated to preserve visual function. Clinical decision-making must be individualized, with the surgical strategy carefully tailored to the specific characteristics of eachcase. This review provides a systematic synthesis of current evidence on the natural history, imaging hallmarks, and surgical management of degenerative RS and its complications, aiming to inform and optimize clinical practice.

Abstract:Retinal vein occlusion(RVO), the second most common retinal vascular disease, is primarily caused by thrombosis or mechanical compression from adjacent arteries, leading to partial or complete venous obstruction. Emerging evidence suggests that inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of RVO. Various systemic inflammatory markers, such as NLR, SII, and PLR, have gained increasing attention due to their close association with the occurrence and clinical outcomes of RVO and secondary macular edema. Given their accessibility, low cost, and high reproducibility, these markers can serve as valuable adjuncts to ophthalmic imaging in assessing systemic inflammatory status and disease progression. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in systemic inflammatory markers for RVO, highlighting their associations with the occurrence, prognosis, and treatment response of RVO and macular edema. Furthermore, the limitations of current evidence were evaluated and outline future research directions were discussed, aiming to provide hematological adjunctive evidence for early risk identification and treatment monitoring in RVO.

Abstract:Panretinal photocoagulation(PRP)is the first-line treatment for severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR).Its therapeutic efficacy varies due to multiple patient-specific systemic and ocular factors. Despite standardized PRP, some patients fail to show adequate regression of neovascularization and subsequently develop vitreous hemorrhage(VH). In such cases, pars plana vitrectomy(PPV)effectively clears the hemorrhage, restores transparency of the ocular media, supplement PRP, and delays the progression of PDR, thus becoming a critical intervention. With recent advances in surgical techniques, concepts, and equipment, early PPV intervention for VH following PRP has emerged as a growing research focus. Nevertheless, consensus remains lacking regarding its indications, optimal timing, and surgical protocols. This article systematically reviews relevant domestic and international studies, summarizing the surgical timing, approaches, and prognoses of PPV for VH in PDR patients after PRP, aiming to provide evidence-based reference for clinical decision-making and reduce the risk of PDR-related blindness.

Abstract:Diabetic retinopathy(DR)represents the most prevalent microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus(DM)and has emerged as the primary cause of blindness among working-age individuals. Timely screening and intervention are essential for preventing and treating vision loss. Recently, artificial intelligence(AI)technology has been increasingly integrated into ophthalmology, exhibiting considerable promise in the screening, diagnosis, prognosis prediction, and personalized management of DR, thus becoming a focal point of research and practice. This article systematically reviews the advancements in AI concerning the comprehensive management of DR. In the domains of screening and diagnosis, deep learning-based systems have achieved efficient and automated lesion detection and grading, demonstrating performance that is comparable to, or even exceeds, that of ophthalmologists. These systems can be deployed in grassroots and remote areas through various modalities. In the realm of prognosis prediction, AI can assess the risk of disease progression by analyzing fundus images and clinical data, thereby establishing a foundation for personalized follow-up. Regarding treatment and management, AI can aid in the development of laser treatment plans, forecast drug efficacy, and facilitate the creation of intelligent management platforms that integrate data from multiple sources. This article seeks to summarize the practical application models, key methodologies, and clinical validation of AI technology throughout the entire continuum of “screening-diagnosis-prediction-individualized management” of DR. Additionally, it examines the current technical, ethical, and promotional challenges while anticipating future developmental directions, with the aim of providing valuable insights for further research and application of AI in the prevention and treatment of DR.

Abstract:Historically,most vitreoretinal surgeons have considered the single operation anatomical reattachment rate of the retina following rhegmatogenous retinal detachment(RRD)repair as the primary outcome measure.Nevertheless,even with successful anatomical retinal reattachment,many patients still experience visual function defects such as metamorphopsia and aniseikonia.Retinal displacement is one of the primary contributing factors.Accumulating evidence suggests that postoperative visual function and vision related quality of life are of greater clinical importance to patients.PubMed and Web of Science database were searched for studies published before November 2025 on “retinal displacement”and“rhegmatogenous retinal detachment”.This paper systematically reviews the research advances in retinal displacement after RRD repair, as well as its detection modalities,pathogenesis,risk factors,and functional prognosis.

Abstract:The ocular surface must maintain homeostasis to withstand continuous environmental stimuli, while increased tear evaporation represents a critical initiating event in the progression of evaporative dry eye disease. The composition, distribution, and function of the tear film lipid layer determine its anti-evaporative capacity. Multiple factors, including meibomian gland dysfunction, abnormalities of the lipid layer, blinking disorders, mucin deficiency, and epithelial barrier impairment, collectively weaken the evaporative barrier, subsequently inducing hyperosmotic stress and ocular surface inflammation, activating neuro-immune pathways, and thereby establishing a self-perpetuating cycle and contributing to disease chronicity. The environmental characteristics of northwestern regions, including low humidity, limited rainfall,strong winds, frequent windblown dust, and high evaporation rates, may further exacerbate these processes. This review integrates modern ocular surface pathological mechanisms with the theory of “Northwest dryness syndrome” to summarize the pathogenesis of evaporative dry eye disease and the effects of dry environmental exposure, aiming to provide a reference for risk assessment and intervention strategies for dry eye in Northwest China.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the value of optical coherence tomography(OCT)imaging features in predicting the prognosis of intravitreal injection of conbercept in the treatment of diabetic macular edema(DME).

METHODS: A retrospective selection was made of patients with DME who underwent intravitreal injection of conbercept at the hospital from July 2021 to August 2024. All patients received intravitreal injection of conbercept once a month for a total of 3 mo. OCT and best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)examinations were conducted at 4 mo after the treatment. The change in BCVA at 4 mo post-treatment served as the primary efficacy evaluation metric, with patients achieving a 2-line or greater improvement classified into the favorable prognosis group, while those with less than a 2-line improvement were categorized into the unfavorable prognosis group. Clinical data and OCT-related imaging features of the two groups were collected, and the factors influencing the unfavorable prognosis of patients treated with conbercept for DME and the predictive value of OCT-related imaging features for treatment efficacy were analyzed.

RESULTS:A total of 115 DME patients(115 eyes)were included in this study \〖for patients with bilateral DME, only the eye with greater central macular thickness(CMT)was included\〗. After 4 mo of treatment, 78 cases(78 eyes)were in the good prognosis group, including 45 males and 33 females, with an average age of 60.57±7.46 y. There were 37 cases(37 eyes)in the poor prognosis group, including 24 males and 13 females, with an average age of 59.36±8.72 y. The poor prognosis rate was 32.2%. The BCVA and CMT before treatment in the poor prognosis group were higher than those in the good prognosis group(all P<0.05). The proportions of ELM integrity destruction, EZ integrity destruction, and retinal inner layer structure disorder in the poor prognosis group were all higher than those in the good prognosis group(all P<0.05). The factors influencing the prognosis of DME patients treated with conbercept were pre-treatment CMT(OR=1.030, P<0.001), ELM integrity destruction(OR=22.475, P=0.002), EZ integrity destruction(OR=23.584, P=0.001), and retinal inner layer structure disorder(OR=7.901, P=0.016). The AUC values for predicting poor prognosis of DME patients treated with conbercept by each of the indicators of ELM integrity destruction, EZ integrity destruction, and retinal inner layer structure disorder alone and in combination were 0.699, 0.653, 0.637, and 0.843, respectively.

CONCLUSION: Clinically, OCT examination should be emphasized in patients with DME. In the early stage, by identifying high-risk imaging features, the prognosis of DME patients can be evaluated, providing objective evidence for the formulation of individualized treatment plans.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the factors influencing the efficacy of diabetic macular edema(DME)with conbercept and to construct a nomogram prediction model.

METHODS:Retrospective analysis. Patients with DME admitted from January 2021 to October 2025 were selected. All patients received intravitreal conbercept injection once monthly for three consecutive months. Subjects were divided into a good response group and a poor response group according to the reduction in central macular thickness(CMT)at 3 mo after treatment. The clinical data of the patients were collected to analyze factors associated with poor response to conbercept therapy in patients with DME, and to construct a nomogram prediction model for identifying poor responders to conbercept treatment among DME patients.

RESULTS:A total of 400 DME patients(400 eyes)were included in this study. The response group consisted of 312 patients(312 eyes), with 200 males and 112 females, with an average age of 64.85±5.13 y. The non-response group consisted of 88 patients(88 eyes), with 54 males and 34 females, with an average age of 65.14±4.93 y. There were no differences between the two groups in terms of gender, age, alcohol consumption, smoking status, duration of diabetes, edema classification, disease classification, low-density lipoprotein, HRF, ELM and/or EZ continuity interruption, and SRF(all P>0.05). However, there were differences in DR disease duration, pre-treatment BCVA, high-density lipoprotein, glycated hemoglobin, DRIL, and VMIA(all P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that DR disease duration ≥1 y(OR=2.351, 95%CI: 1.360-4.065), poor pre-treatment BCVA(OR=3.432, 95%CI: 1.581-6.988), high glycated hemoglobin(OR=1.656, 95%CI: 1.346-2.038), presence of DRIL(OR=3.115, 95%CI: 1.532-6.333), and presence of VMIA(OR=2.526, 95%CI: 1.445-4.415)were all risk factors for poor response to conbercept treatment in DME patients, while elevated high-density lipoprotein(OR=0.025, 95%CI: 0.004-0.163)was a protective factor for poor response to conbercept treatment in DME patients(P<0.05). ROC analysis showed that the area under the curve(AUC)of the nomogram model for predicting poor response to conbercept treatment in DME patients was 0.817(95%CI: 0.776-0.854), with a sensitivity of 73.86% and a specificity of 78.21%. When the threshold probability was >3%, the nomogram model for predicting poor response to conbercept treatment in DME patients was more favorable for all patient treatment plans.

CONCLUSION:The nomogram prediction model constructed in this study is helpful for the clinical early identification of patients with DME who have a high risk of poor response to conbercept treatment, and can provide a reference for the early prevention of poor response to conbercept treatment.

Abstract:AIM:To compare the consistency of macular microvascular parameters measured by three devices: frequency-domain optical coherence tomography angiography(FD-OCTA)with split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography(SSADA), FD-OCTA with optical microangiography(OMAG), and swept-source OCTA(SS-OCTA), in patients with long-term hydroxychloroquine(HCQ)administration for rheumatoid arthritis(RA).

METHODS:This prospective study enrolled patients treated with HCQ for 5 y due to RA who visited the Department of Ophthalmology of the hospital from January 2022 to November 2025. All subjects underwent a 6 mm×6 mm macular scan with three OCTA devices in random order, with a 5-minute interval between examinations by different devices. Images of the superficial capillary plexus(SCP)and deep capillary plexus(DCP)were acquired. The following microvascular parameters were compared: foveal superficial capillary plexus vessel density(F-SCP VD), parafoveal superficial capillary plexus vessel density(PF-SCP VD), foveal deep capillary plexus vessel density(F-DCP VD), parafoveal deep capillary plexus vessel density(PF-DCP VD), and the area of the foveal avascular zone(FAZ).

RESULTS:A total of 34 female patients(68 eyes)treated with HCQ for 5 y due to RA were enrolled in this study, aged 38-58 y with a mean age of 49.3±5.05 y. Statistically significant differences were found in F-SCP VD, PF-SCP VD, F-DCP VD, PF-DCP VD, and FAZ area among measurements obtained by SS-OCTA, SSADA-based FD-OCTA, and OMAG-based FD-OCTA(all P<0.05). No statistically significant differences in all above parameters were observed between SSADA-based FD-OCTA and OMAG-based FD-OCTA(all P>0.05). FAZ areas measured by the three devices were highly positively correlated(|r|≥0.8, P<0.01). The F-SCP VD, PF-SCP VD, F-DCP VD, and PF-DCP VD values obtained by SSADA-based FD-OCTA and OMAG-based FD-OCTA were all highly positively correlated(|r|≥0.8, P<0.01). The PF-SCP VD and PF-DCP VD values measured by SS-OCTA versus SSADA-based FD-OCTA and OMAG-based FD-OCTA showed moderate positive correlations(0.5≤|r|<0.8, P<0.01). The F-SCP VD and F-DCP VD values measured by SS-OCTA versus SSADA-based FD-OCTA and OMAG-based FD-OCTA exhibited low positive correlations(0.3≤|r|<0.5, P<0.05). Bland-Altman plots demonstrated good agreement between SSADA-based FD-OCTA and OMAG-based FD-OCTA for the measurements of F-SCP VD, PF-SCP VD, F-DCP VD and PF-DCP VD. By contrast, poor agreement was observed when comparing SS-OCTA with SSADA-based FD-OCTA or OMAG-based FD-OCTA for measurements of F-SCP VD, PF-SCP VD, F-DCP VD and PF-DCP VD.Satisfactory agreement was found among the three OCTA devices for FAZ area measurements.

CONCLUSION:SSADA-based FD-OCTA and OMAG-based FD-OCTA show favorable correlation and agreement in measuring macular vessel density of patients receiving HCQ, which allows cautious interchangeable use during clinical follow-up. The vessel density parameters measured by SS-OCTA were markedly different from those obtained by SSADA-based FD-OCTA and OMAG-based FD-OCTA; therefore, these devices cannot be directly interchanged.FAZ area measurements exhibit favorable inter-device agreement among the three systems, and interchangeability should be considered in the context of clinical practice.

Abstract:AIM:To investigate the effects of modified Danggui Yinzi decoction combined with diclofenac sodium eye drops on tear film stability and tear protein levels in patients with allergic conjunctivitis.

METHODS:Prospective study. Patients with allergic conjunctivitis who attended Suzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine from March 2021 to August 2024 were enrolled as study subjects. They were divided into two groups based on their treatment regimen: a control group(treated with diclofenac sodium eye drops alone)and an observation group(treated with modified Danggui Yinzi decoction combined with diclofenac sodium eye drops). Propensity score matching was used to balance baseline characteristics between the two groups. Log-binomial regression was performed to estimate the risk of adverse reactions. Repeated-measures analysis of variance(ANOVA)was used to assess tear film stability indicators. A difference-in-differences(DID)model was employed to assess the net effect of the combined therapy on changes in tear protein levels.

RESULTS:After propensity score matching, a total of 172 patients(344 eyes)were finally enrolled, with 86 patients(172 eyes)in each of the control and observation groups. In the control group, there were 51 males and 35 females, with a mean age of 35.91±10.10 y; in the observation group, there were 49 males and 37 females, with a mean age of 37.87±8.09 y. After treatment, symptom scores decreased in both groups compared with baseline(all P<0.05). At 2 and 4 wk after treatment, symptom scores in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group(all P<0.05). The overall response rate was significantly higher in the observation group(89.5%)than in the control group(77.9%)(P<0.05), while the incidence of total adverse reactions was significantly lower in the observation group(7.0%)than in the control group(36.0%)(RR=0.133, P<0.001). Compared with baseline, both groups showed increases in BUT and SⅠt, and a decrease in FL score at 2 and 4 wk after treatment(P<0.017). At 2 and 4 wk after treatment, the BUT and SⅠt levels in the observation group were higher than those in the control group, and the FL score was significantly lower(all P<0.05). The DID model showed that the observation group had greater increases than the control group in lactoferrin(0.411 g/L), total protein(2.792 g/L), secretory immunoglobulin A(14.610 mg/L), and lysozyme(0.419 g/L), respectively(all P<0.05), and these differences remained significant after adjusting for covariates.

CONCLUSION:Modified Danggui Yinzi decoction combined with diclofenac sodium eye drops significantly improves tear film stability indicators and tear protein levels in patients with allergic conjunctivitis, and its therapeutic efficacy is superior to that of diclofenac sodium eye drops alone.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the changes in ocular surface-related indicators and tear matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9)levels in diabetic patients complicated with meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD), analyze the effects of diabetes mellitus on ocular surface status and tear MMP-9 levels in patients with MGD, and provide evidence for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

METHODS: Prospective observational study.Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with MGD who visited the Department of Ophthalmology of the hospital from June 2024 to December 2024 were enrolled(diabetes mellitus+MGD group), and patients diagnosed solely with MGD without a history of diabetes mellitus during the same period were recruited as the non-diabetic MGD group. Patients in the diabetes mellitus+MGD group were further subdivided into aglycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c)<7.5% subgroup and an HbA1c≥7.5% subgroup based on HbA1c levels, and into a diabetes duration<10 y subgroup and a diabetes duration ≥10 y subgroup according to the duration of diabetes mellitus. Multiple ocular surface parameters, including the Ocular Surface Disease Index(OSDI)score and eyelid margin alteration score, as well as tear MMP-9 concentration, were measured in all participants, followed by between-group comparative analyses.

RESULTS:Total of 101 patients(202 eyes)with type 2 diabetes mellitus combined with MGD were enrolled, including 56 males and 45 females with a mean age of 60.2±8.5 y. The non-diabetic MGD group consisted of 151 patients(302 eyes), with 82 males and 69 females and a mean age of 57.5±7.8 y.The HbA1c <7.5% group comprised 55 patients(110 eyes)aged 59.6±8.2 y; 31 males and 24 females. The HbA1c ≥7.5% group included 46 patients(92 eyes)aged 60.9±8.7 y; 25 males and 21 females.The subgroup with diabetes duration <10 y had 50 patients(100 eyes)aged 58.7±8.1 y; 28 males and 22 females, and the subgroup with duration ≥10 y consisted of 51 patients(102 eyes)aged 61.6±8.4 y; 27 males and 24 females. Patients in diabetes mellitus+MGD group exhibited higher OSDI scores, meibomian gland orifice scores, meibum expressibility scores, meibum quality scores, corneal fluorescein staining scores, and tear MMP-9 levels compared with non-diabetic MGD patients(all P<0.01), while tear film breakup time(BUT)and Schirmer test values were lower(all P<0.01).Among diabetic patients with MGD, the HbA1c≥7.5% subgroup had significantly higher OSDI score, meibomian gland orifice score, meibum expressibility scores, meibum quality scores, corneal fluorescein staining scores, and tear MMP-9 concentration than the HbA1c<7.5% subgroup(all P<0.05), accompanied by significantly shorter BUT and lower Schirmer I test results(all P<0.05). Similarly, the diabetes duration≥10 y subgroup showed significantly higher OSDI score, meibomian gland orifice score, meibum expressibility scores, meibum quality scores, corneal fluorescein staining scores, and tear MMP-9 concentration compared with the diabetes duration<10 y subgroup(all P<0.05), whereas BUT and Schirmer I values were significantly lower(all P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Diabetes mellitus may be associated with aggravated ocular surface damage in patients with MGD, accompanied by elevated tear MMP-9 levels. Poor glycemic control and longer disease duration are related to more severe ocular surface injury and higher tear MMP-9 levels. Tear MMP-9 may serve as a potential indicator for evaluating ocular surface inflammation and damage in diabetic patients with MGD, providing certain evidence for clinical treatment decision-making.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the prevalence of pterygium in the southeast coastal area, analyze associated risk factors, and develop a multimodal machine learning predictive model.

METHODS:A cross-sectional epidemiological study. A random sampling of the resident population of the Zhoushan Islands was performed. Data were collected through on-site ophthalmic examinations and epidemiological surveys. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors associated with pterygium. A multimodal artificial intelligence machine learning model was constructed to integrate and analyze both structured and unstructured data for predictive modeling.

RESULTS:A total of 1 842 participants were enrolled in this study, including 926 males(50.27%)and 916 females(49.73%), with a mean age of 48.62±10.35 y. A total of 644 patients(34.96%), including 323 males(50.15%)and 321 females(49.84%)were diagnosed with pterygium, including 502 cases(77.95%)were unilateral, and 142 cases(22.05%)were bilateral. There were 1 198 cases without pterygium, including 603 males(50.33%)and 595 females(49.67%). Occupation, daily outdoor sunlight exposure duration, meibomian gland orifice obstruction, age, smoking, and alcohol consumption were identified as significant risk factors for pterygium. Occupation and daily outdoor sunlight exposure duration were the most potent risk factors(OR=6.125, P<0.001; OR=5.348, P<0.001, respectively), followed by age >40 y(OR=5.295, P<0.001)and meibomian gland orifice obstruction(OR=5.248, P<0.001). The multimodal machine learning model demonstrated good predictive performance, as evidenced by the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve, precision-recall(PR)curve, and confusion matrix, all indicating high predictive value, AUC=0.86, AP=0.77.

CONCLUSION: Fishermen and farmers aged over 40 y with more than 4 h of daily sunlight exposure are at high risk for pterygium in the southeast coastal area. Meibomian gland dysfunction is correlated with corneal invasion of pterygium and may facilitate its progression; therefore, active health education and targeted intervention are recommended. The multimodal machine learning model provides accurate and reliable predictive capability for pterygium risk, which may facilitate risk stratification and early warning for pterygium in southeast coastal populations.

Abstract:AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Phorcides algorithm combined with Contoura Vision system in topography-guided myopic correction surgery, and compare its clinical outcomes with conventional wavefront-optimized(WFO)mode.

METHODS: A single-center open-label trial was conducted. Patients who underwent myopic correction surgery from June to December 2024 were enrolled and divided into two groups according to surgical protocols. The Phorcides algorithm combined with corneal topography-guided treatment constituted the Phorcides group, while conventional WFO treatment served as the WFO group. Both groups received surgery using the WaveLight EX500 excimer laser platform. In the Phorcides group, individualized ablation profiles were generated by the Phorcides software based on Topolyzer Vario topographic data. The WFO group underwent treatment with a standardized wavefront-optimized protocol.The primary outcome indicators included uncorrected distance visual acuity(UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity(CDVA), manifest residual spherical equivalent(MRSE), higher-order aberrations(HOAs, including spherical aberration C12, vertical coma C7, horizontal coma C8, trefoil aberration C6/C9)and incidence of postoperative complications at 3 mo after surgery.

RESULTS:This study enrolled 128 patients(256 eyes), including 64 patients(128 eyes)in the Phorcides group and 64 patients(128 eyes)in the conventional WFO group. The mean age was 28.1±5.3 y(34 males, 30 females)in the Phorcides group and 27.9±5.0 y(33 males, 31 females)in the WFO group.There were no significant inter-group differences in age, gender, preoperative MRSE and preoperative astigmatism and total higher-order aberrations(HOAs)between the two groups(all P>0.05). At 3 mo postoperatively, 1)visual acuity and refractive outcomes: the proportion of eyes achieving UDVA of 20/16 or better in the Phorcides group was 65.6%, which was obviously higher than 37.5% in the WFO group(χ²=22.18,P<0.001). MRSE in the Phorcides group was -0.07±0.14 D, significantly lower than -0.16±0.21 D in the WFO group(t=4.12, P<0.001), indicating closer alignment with the target refraction. The proportion of eyes with residual astigmatism ≤0.50 D reached 92.2% in the Phorcides group, which was 20.3% higher than 71.9% in the WFO group(χ²=16.35, P<0.001).Only one eye of one-line CDVA loss was observed in the WFO group, while no CDVA decline occurred in the Phorcides group; 2)higher-order aberrations: the total HOAs was 0.37±0.07 μm in the Phorcides group, markedly lower than 0.51±0.10 μm in the WFO group(t=12.84, P<0.001). Spherical aberration C12(0.21±0.05 μm), vertical coma C7(0.09±0.02 μm), and horizontal coma C8(0.08±0.02 μm)in the Phorcides group were all significantly lower than those in the WFO group(all P<0.001). No significant inter-group difference was found in postoperative trefoil aberration C6(P=0.056). Although there was a statistical difference in C9(P=0.022), its absolute difference was less than 0.06 μm with limited clinical significance. 3)complications: no severe adverse complications occurred in either group. Grade 1 diffuse lamellar keratitis(DLK)was found in 5 eyes(3.9%)in the Phorcides group and 7 eyes(5.5%)in the WFO group, with no significant difference in incidence between groups(χ²=0.42, P=0.517), and all of which were completely resolved after hormone therapy.

CONCLUSION:By integrating three-dimensional corneal topography data, the Phorcides algorithm can effectively improve the accuracy of myopia correction, reduce postoperative residual refractive error and accumulation of HOAs with reliable safety. It provides a superior individualized surgical strategy for patients with complex refractive errors.

Abstract:With the rapid advancement of large language models, both general-purpose and ophthalmology-specific variants have shown substantial potential for ophthalmic image analysis. However, their task-specific effectiveness and applicable boundaries in clinical practice remain to be fully clarified. This review outlines the technical evolution of large models in ophthalmology, including masked visual modeling, vision-language contrastive learning, and subsequent stages of knowledge integration and multimodal reasoning. The performance of general-purpose versus ophthalmology-specific models across common clinical scenarios, including disease screening and initial triage, disease grading and lesion segmentation, and medical report generation with multimodal reasoning were further compared. Results show that general-purpose models are well-suited for multi-disease screening and primary-care triage, whereas ophthalmology-specific models excel in fine-grained grading, subtle lesions detection, and rare disease diagnosis. Moreover, instruction-tuned domain-specific models produce medical reports with greater clinical consistency. These findings provide practical guidance for selecting appropriate model types and technical pathways tailored to specific ophthalmic tasks. Furthermore, the review identifies the current challenges facing these models, including reliability, generalizability, evaluation frameworks, and reproducibility, as well as the resulting limitations in clinical application.

Abstract:AIM: To observe the changes in macular thickness after phacoemulsification in cataract patients with asymptomatic epiretinal membrane.

METHODS: This was a prospective study. Clinical data of cataract patients with asymptomatic epiretinal membrane treated in the hospital from August 2023 to August 2025 were collected. Patients were followed up for 3 mo postoperatively. Best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), central foveal thickness(CFT), and macular thickness in the central 3 mm area were compared before and after surgery.

RESULTS:A total of 87 patients(90 eyes)with cataract and asymptomatic epiretinal membrane were enrolled. One patient(1 eye)was lost to follow-up at 1 mo postoperatively, with a loss rate of 1%. Among the 86 patients(89 eyes)who completed the follow-up, there were 38 males and 48 females, with a mean age of 76.51±5.23 y. The mean axial length was 23.32±0.27 mm. Eighty-five eyes(95.5%)had nuclear hardness of grade Ⅲ or above. Preoperative CFT was 344.56±54.13 μm, and preoperative macular thickness in the central 3 mm area was 351.25±32.32 μm. At 1 wk, 1 and 3 mo postoperatively, BCVA improved compared with preoperative values(all P<0.05), while CFT and macular thickness in the central 3 mm area increased significantly(all P<0.05). At 1 wk postoperatively, pseudocystoid macular edema(PCME)occurred in one eye. After treatment with prednisolone acetate eye drops 4 times daily and bromfenac sodium eye drops 2 times daily for 2 mo, edema fully resolved, visual acuity recovered to the average postoperative level, and no metamorphopsia was observed.

CONCLUSION: Phacoemulsification is safe and effective for cataract patients with asymptomatic epiretinal membrane.

Abstract:AIM:To observe the therapeutic efficacy of 0.05% cyclosporine combined with olopatadine hydrochlorideeye drops in the treatment of moderate-to-severe pediatric vernal keratoconjunctivitis.

METHODS:A prospective randomized controlled study was conducted. Patients with moderate-to-severe pediatric vernal keratoconjunctivitis admitted to the hospital from January to December 2023 were collected and divided into two groups according to the random number table method: the observation group was treated with olopatadine combined with 0.05% cyclosporine hydrochloride eye drops \〖1 drop per time of 0.05% cyclosporine eye drops(II), four times a day; 1 drop per time of olopatadine hydrochloric eye drops, twice a day\〗; the control group was treated with sodium hyaluronate combined with olopatadine hydrochloride eye drops(1 drop per time of sodium hyaluronate eye drops, four times a day; 1 drop per time of olopatadine hydrochloric eye drops, twice a day; ). The treatment lasted for 12 wk. The changes in symptom and sign scores of the two groups before treatment, and at 4, 8, and 12 wk after treatment were compared.

RESULTS:Totally 42 children(84 eyes)with moderate-to-severe vernal keratoconjunctivitis were enrolled. All patients returned for follow-up visits on time, with no lossto follow-up. The observation group consisted of 21 patients(42 eyes), with 15 males and 6 females, and the average age was 9.00±3.02 y. The control group consisted of 21 patients(42 eyes), with 18 males and 3 females, and the average age was 9.38±3.28 y(all P>0.05). At 4, 8, and 12 wk after treatment, the ocular symptom and sign scores of both groups decreased compared to those before treatment(all P<0.05), and the decrease in the observation group was more significant than that in the control group(P<0.05). During the treatment period, one patient in the observation group experienced a transient mild ocular irritation at the beginning of medication, which was not treated specially and relieved spontaneously after 3 d. No severe adverse reactions such as elevated intraocular pressure or corneal infection occurred in either group during the treatment period.

CONCLUSION:The combination of 0.05% cyclosporine and olopatadine hydrochlorideeye drops significantly alleviates the clinical symptoms and signs of moderate-to-severe vernal keratoconjunctivitis, showing favorable safety and efficacy in the treatment of moderate-to-severe pediatric vernal keratoconjunctivitis.

Abstract:AIM: To explore the application effect of eyelid margin incision combined with floating bridge technique in the treatment of ptosis patients, and to analyze its effects on the margin reflex distance 1(MRD1)and the aesthetic effect of the eyes.

METHODS:Prospective study. This study enrolled patients with blepharoptosis treated at the Department of Ophthalmology of the hospital between January 2023 and July 2025, who were assigned to either an observation group or a control group. The patients in the control group received levator aponeurosis shortening surgery through conventional double-eyelid incision, while the patients in the observation group underwent levator aponeurosis shortening surgery using the eyelid margin incision combined with floating bridge technique. Subsequently, the surgical-related indicators,the correction effect of ptosis, the aesthetic effect, the ocular function indicators, the postoperative complication occurrence rate, and recurrence rate were compared and analyzed between two groups.

RESULTS:A total of 100 patients(100 eyes)with blepharoptosis were enrolled in this study, with 50 patients(50 eyes)in the observation group and 50 patients(50 eyes)in the control group. The observation group had a mean age of 27.33±5.32 y, including 20 males and 30 females. The control group had a mean age of 27.64±4.66 y, including 24 males and 26 females. Compared with the control group, the operative time of the observation group was longer, the postoperative swelling resolution time and natural recovery time were shorter,and the correction rate was higher(P<0.05). Three months after the surgery, the VSS score and POSAS score of the observation group were lower than those of the control group, while the scores for eyelid curvature, symmetry of eyelid height, and the PFH, MRD1, palpebral fissure size, and upper eyelid levator muscle strength were all higher than those of the control group(all P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in postoperative complication occurrence rate and recurrence rate between two groups(all P>0.05).

CONCLUSION:The combined use of eyelid margin incision and floating bridge technique for treating ptosis results in slightly longer operation time, but it can shorten the postoperative recovery period, effectively ameliorate the MRD1 and ocular function of patients, and enhance the correction effect and aesthetic quality of the eyes. In addition, it has a low incidence of complications and guaranteed safety.

Abstract:AIM: To investigate the prevalence of dry eye symptoms among computer professionals in different climate zones and to identify the risk factors associated with dry eye disease.

METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted by distributing questionnaires from December 2023 to January 2024 to computer professionals in six prefecture-level cities located in three distinct climate zones. Mixed-effects logistic regression analysis was employed to explore the relationship between environmental factors and the severity of dry eye disease. Environmental factors, including meteorological parameters and air pollutant concentrations, were obtained from the National Meteorological Information Center and the China Air Quality Online Monitoring and Analysis Platform, respectively. The annual mean values of environmental parameters served as independent variables, while the participants' Ocular Surface Disease Index(OSDI)scores were used as the dependent variable in the regression analysis.

RESULTS:A total of 364 male participants aged 18-50 y were enrolled in this study. Among them, 80 participants presented with dry eye symptoms, corresponding to a detection rate of 22.0%.There was a significant difference in the detection rate of dry eye symptoms across different regions(P<0.05). Mixed-effects logistic regression analysis identified the following risk factors: daily eye use time(P<0.001, OR=1.669), relative humidity(P=0.047,OR=1.237), NO₂ concentration(P=0.042, OR=1.283), PM2.5 concentration(P=0.006,OR=1.485), and CO concentration(P=0.018, OR=1.388). Temperature was found to be a protective factor(P=0.003, OR=0.701).

CONCLUSION: Meteorological conditions and air quality significantly influence the occurrence of dry eye symptoms in male computer professionals. Prevention and treatment strategies for dry eye diseases should be tailored to the environmental characteristics of different regions to protect the ocular surface health of this occupational group.