目的：探究四川地区早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)的发病现况并分析其危险因素，为建立和完善本地区ROP筛防治体系提供科学依据。

方法：回顾性研究。纳入2017年1月20日至2025年2月10日于四川省妇幼保健院眼科及新生儿科进行眼底筛查的早产儿病例资料，统计ROP发病率，根据是否发生ROP分为ROP组与非ROP组，比较ROP组与非ROP组患儿的临床特征，并应用多因素Logistic回归分析发生ROP的危险因素。

结果：本研究共纳入861例早产儿，男445例(51.7%)，女416例(48.3%)，发生ROP患儿166例，发病率为19.3%，非ROP组695例。ROP组与非ROP组早产儿出生孕周分别为30.24±2.20、33.06±1.90 wk(P<0.01)； 出生体质量分别为1438.94±389.66、1977.32±438.68 g(P<0.01)。通过对比两组早产儿临床资料，得出以下因素与ROP发生有关：孕周小、低出生体质量、吸氧史、呼吸窘迫综合征、颅内出血、新生儿贫血、支气管肺发育不良、动脉导管未闭、败血症(均P<0.01)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示：孕周(OR=0.685，95%CI： 0.592-0.792，P<0.01)、出生体质量(OR=0.999，95%CI：0.998-0.999，P<0.01)、呼吸窘迫综合征(OR=2.312，95%CI： 1.313-4.070，P<0.01)是早产儿发生ROP的影响因素，其中孕周对ROP的发生影响最大，出生孕周越小，ROP发生风险越高。

结论：四川地区早产儿ROP发病率高于国内多中心结果，其中孕周小、低出生体质量及合并呼吸窘迫综合征是发生ROP的重要危险因素。应结合本地区ROP发病情况并制定筛查标准，建立和完善ROP筛防治体系。

METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on premature infants who underwent fundus screening at the Departments of Ophthalmology and Neonatology of Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital from January 20, 2017 to February 10, 2025. The incidence of ROP was calculated. The patients were divided into ROP group and non-ROP group according to whether ROP occurred, and the clinical characteristics of the two groups were compared. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze risk factors for ROP.

RESULTS:This study included a total of 861 premature infants, with 445 males(51.7%)and 416 females(48.3%).ROP occurred in 166 cases, with an incidence rate of 19.3%, and the non-ROP group consisted of 695 cases. The mean gestational age of the ROP and non-ROP groups was 30.24±2.20 and 33.06±1.90 wk(P<0.01), while the mean birth weight was 1438.94±389.66 and 1977.32±438.68 g(P<0.01). By comparing the clinical data of the two groups of preterm infants, the following factors were found to be associated with the occurrence of ROP: younger gestational age, low birth weight, history of oxygen therapy, respiratory distress syndrome, intracranial hemorrhage, neonatal anemia, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, patent ductus arteriosus, and sepsis(all P<0.01). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis revealed that gestational age(OR=0.685,95%CI:0.592-0.792,P<0.01), birth weight(OR=0.999,95%CI:0.998-0.999,P<0.01), and respiratory distress syndrome(OR=2.312,95%CI:1.313-4.070,P<0.01)were risk factors for ROP. Gestational age had the greatest impact.The younger the gestational age at birth, the higher the risk of ROP.

CONCLUSION:The incidence of ROP in Sichuan Province is relatively high compared to multicenter results from China. Significant risk factors include younger gestational age, low birth weight, and respiratory distress syndrome. Screening criteria should be formulated based on the local incidence of ROP, and a screening, prevention, and treatment system for ROP should be established and improved.