Ocular neuroinflammation has moved beyond being regarded as a mere accompanying phenomenon and has emerged as a central paradigm for understanding the onset, progression, and outcome of a variety of blinding eye diseases. It serves as a common pathological thread that traverses etiologically diverse conditions, closely linking acute injury with chronic degeneration, autoimmunity with psychological stress, and vascular events with metabolic dysregulation. This review aims to construct a broader framework that not only deepens mechanistic understanding of neuroinflammation in classic ocular disorders, but also extends the perspective to a wider disease spectrum. Furthermore, cutting-edge advances from basic research to clinical translation were systematically summarized, thereby providing a panoramic view of the current landscape and future directions of ocular neuroinflammation research.