In recent years, the incidence of myopia has been increasing annually, emerging as a significant public health issue, particularly among adolescents. Recombinant human growth hormone(rhGH), a primary treatment for short stature in children, has raised widespread concern due to its potential to promote myopia progression. Recent studies have revealed that growth hormone(GH)may contribute to the development of myopia by regulating scleral extracellular matrix metabolism and axial length through multiple mechanisms, including downstream signaling pathways\〖e.g., insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1)\〗, cellular signaling pathways(e.g., MMP/TIMP balance and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway), and epigenetic mechanisms(e.g., miR-29a and DNA methylation). Therefore, this article reviews recent research progress on the role of GH in the pathogenesis and progression of myopia, with the aim of providing insights into visual protection and myopia prevention strategies for children receiving GH therapy for short stature.