翼状胬肉是一种常见的眼表疾病，以结膜组织异常增生至角膜为特征，其主要治疗方式常需手术切除。尽管手术有效，但翼状胬肉术后常伴随一系列并发症，显著影响患者预后及生活质量。本综述系统分析了这些并发症的分类、潜在病理生理机制及相关风险因素，重点关注了较少被深入探讨的病变，如术后肉芽肿(PPG)、角膜凹陷及巩膜坏死，同时亦探讨了更常见的复发问题。按并发症出现的时间(早期、中期、晚期)分类，并深入分析其普遍性与特异性诱因，包括手术创伤、患者个体特征、手术技术及围手术期管理。此外，本综述综合了预防策略及治疗干预的最新进展，涵盖改良手术技术，如飞秒激光辅助翼状胬肉手术(FLAPS)、翼状胬肉广泛切除联合扩展结膜移植(P.E.R.F.E.C.T.)技术、组织折叠技术，辅助疗法的合理应用，如丝裂霉素C(MMC)、5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)、皮质类固醇、抗血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)药物，以及优化的术后护理方案。通过整合现有证据并明确未来研究方向，文章旨在为眼科医生提供有价值的理论基础，以指导个体化手术规划、动态术后管理，最终减少并发症并提升患者满意度。

Pterygium, a common ocular surface disorder characterized by the abnormal growth of conjunctival tissue onto the cornea, often necessitates surgical excision as its primary treatment. While effective, pterygium surgery is frequently associated with a spectrum of postoperative complications that significantly impact patient prognosis and quality of life. This comprehensive review systematically analyzes the classification, underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, and associated risk factors of these complications, with a particular focus on less commonly explored entities such as postoperative granuloma(PPG), corneal dellen, and scleral necrosis, alongside the more prevalent issue of recurrence. We delineate these complications based on their temporal presentation(early, intermediate, and late), and provide an in-depth analysis of general and specific contributing factors, including surgical trauma, individual patient characteristics, surgical technique, and perioperative management. Furthermore, this review synthesizes advancements in preventive strategies and therapeutic interventions, encompassing refined surgical techniques [e.g., femtosecond laser-assisted pterygium surgery(FLAPS), pterygium extended removal followed by extended conjunctival transplant(P.E.R.F.E.C.T.)technique, Tissue Tuck technique], judicious application of adjuvant therapies [e.g., mitomycin C(MMC), 5-fluorouracil(5-FU), corticosteroids, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)agents], and optimized postoperative care protocols. By consolidating current evidence and identifying future research priorities, this review aims to provide ophthalmologists with a valuable theoretical foundation to guide individualized surgical planning, dynamic postoperative management, and ultimately minimize complications and improve patient satisfaction.