纳米给药系统在眼底疾病治疗中的研究进展

Research progress of nano-drug delivery system for the treatment of ocular fundus diseases

摘要:

眼底疾病是全球导致患者视力严重受损甚至丧失的最主要原因，由于各种生理屏障使治疗药物难以进入眼底，严重影响了眼底疾病的治疗。纳米给药系统具有纳米级尺寸、表面积/体积比值大的特点，可以负载不同理化性质的治疗药物，同时可以修饰各种表面活性物质，能够提高药物的溶解度以及生理屏障的穿透性、保护生物药物不被降解而提高药物安全性与生物利用度、并将治疗药物递送到特定的眼部靶点，具有巨大的治疗潜力。目前越来越多围绕利用纳米材料的优势治疗眼底疾病的研究已经展开并引起广泛关注，包括神经退行性病变、眼底新生血管、眼内炎及眼底肿瘤等。本综述通过分析不同给药途径在眼底疾病治疗中面临的挑战及障碍，对近年开展的相关研究中常见纳米药物递送系统的理化性质、在常见眼底疾病治疗研究的进展、优势、局限性及未来发展方向进行了总结。

Abstract:

Diseases of ocular fundus are the leading causes of severe vision impairment or even blindness in patients worldwide, and the medical treatments are seriously limited by the difficulty of therapeutic drugs entering the fundus due to the various physiological barriers. Nano-drug delivery systems, with their nanoscale size and large surface area, can be loaded with therapeutic drugs of different physicochemical properties and modified with various surface active substances, which can not only improve the solubility and penetration of the drugs, but also protect biologic drugs from degradation and improve the biological safety and bioavailability, as well as deliver therapeutic drugs to specific ocular targets. All of these make the therapeutic potential enormous. Currently, more and more studies have been carried out to take advantage of nanomaterials for the treatment of different fundus diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, fundus neovascularization, endophthalmitis and fundus tumors. This review analyzes the challenges and barriers faced by different routes of drug administration in the treatment of fundus diseases, the physicochemical properties of common nano-drug delivery systems that have been studied in related fields, and further summarizes the progress, advantages, limitations, and future directions of the application of various nano-drug delivery systems for the treatment of ocular fundus diseases in recent years.