RESULTS: Of the 2 358 adolescents involved in the questionnaire, 157 suffered dry eye syndrome, which covered 6.66% of the total, female(8.08%)and male 5.33%(65), χ²=6.762, P<0.05. There were statistical differences between female and male. Study showed that females were more likely to suffer the disease than males, especially the junior girl students, accounted for 7.64%(64)while junior boy students only 5.48%(51), χ²=3.016, P > 0.05. As for the high school students, statistical differences between high school girls and boys also existed. The rate for girls was 8.08%(28)while boys is 4.82%(14). The total was 7.12%, χ ² = 3.872, P<0.05. However, the comparison between junior boy students and high boy students is the same, χ ² = 0.081, P>0.05. Neither was the comparison between junior girl students and high girl students. Statistics showed long contact with screens, wearing contact lenses too long were the main factors that lead to the dry eyes of the in-school adolescents. Apart from these, there were some other factors, such as long closely reading, using eye drops frequently and systemic diseases related to history etc.

CONCLUSION: The rate of the in-school adolescents suffering dry-eye syndrome is 6.66%.The main factors that cause the in-school adolescents suffer dry-eye syndrome are long contact with screens, wearing contact lenses too long, long closely reading, using eye drops frequently and systemic diseases related to history etc.]]> Hai-Yun Lei 34true METHODS: A questionnaire on reasons for choosing laser corneal refractive surgery was completed by 3 000 myopic patients. Then all these patients underwent a routine preoperative examination. The reasons for these myopic patients choosing laser corneal refractive surgery and for who giving up finally were analyzed.

RESULTS: The reasons for the 3 000 myopic patients choosing laser corneal refractive surgery were as follows: in order to pass the entrance examination of enrollment or employment, accounted for 47.60%; for sports, appearance and comfort, accounted for 46.80%; inconvenient to wear glasses due to excessively high myopia or anisometropia, accounted for 4.40%. In the 3 000 patients, 349 patients gave up operation finally, accounted for 11.63%, due to psychological or social factors in 116 patients(33.24%)and all kinds of contraindication for laser corneal refractive surgery in 233 cases(66.76%).

CONCLUSION: Doctor can strengthen the doctor-patient communication according to the reasons for patients choosing laser corneal refractive surgery. Preoperative examination should be detailed and strict for indications and contraindications to ensure the operation safety. Doctors are responsible for publicizing knowledge of myopic prevention and treatment, so that patients can choose treatment method correctly.]]> Yan Lu,Yang Yang and Li-Kun Xia 33true METHODS: In 2012 we carried out a research on eye diseases for cadres in Chendu health check-up by the West China Hospital of Sichuan University and 767 cases of cadres undergoing preliminary ophthalmological checks. The checks included eye sight, slit-lamp microscope, intraocular pressure and direct ophthamloscopy check.

RESULTS:There were 565 cases confirmed with eye diseases, accounting for 73.7%, of which sufferers of cataract, ametropia, macular degeneration, glaucoma, retinopathy and pterygium constituted respectively 379 cases(49.4%), 209 cases(27.2%), 28 cases(3.7%), 10 cases( 1.3%), 7 cases(0.9%)and 5 cases(0.7%)of the population. We found 52 cases in this health check-up with cataract and 1 case with glaucoma, 5 cases with pterygium.

CONCLUSION: Detection rate of eye diseases is 73.7%, especially for cataract, refractive error and maculopathy. Through this health check-up there are 58 new-found cases of eye disease, regular medical is good for finding disease early, and referred to the specialist doctor in time.]]> 2013/4/7 15:27:42 Lu Gan,Li Tang,Fei Tang,You-Juan Wang,Chao-Kui Huo,Li Zhang,Wen-Wen Wu and Yi Liu 32true METHODS: Totally 233 subjects were chosen out of routine physical examining persons in our hospital from September 2011 to September 2012. There was no eye disease of anterior segment. It mainly included two parts-questionnaires and tear function tests. Questionnaire content included working environment, smoking status, occupation, the phosphor screen contact time, driving time, and air-conditioned room residence time. First, single-factor analysis was performed to identify the environmental factors associated with dry eye incidence, then the meaningful factors with multifactor comprehensive analysis was made to identify and determine the major risk factors leading to dry eye.

RESULTS:Univariate analysis showed that environmental factors associated with dry eye incidence were phosphor screen contact time, work environment, smoking status, driving time, and air-conditioned room residence time. Logistic regression analysis showed that the significant factors were the phosphor screen contact time, work environment, smoking status, driving time.

CONCLUSION:In terms of the factors included in this study, the main environmental factors impacting dry eye disease is phosphor screen contact time, the work environment, smoking status, driving time.]]> ]]> Zhi Yang and 31true METHODS: All students in the junior middle schools and primary schools of Changsha were enrolled for vision examination from March to June in 2009, 2010, and 2011. Data obtained from the investigation was analyzed.

RESULTS: The incidence and severity of low vision increased during the three years. The incidence of low vision was 50.12%, 52.59% and 55.91% in 2009, 2010, and 2011 respectively. Female pupils had a higher incidence of low vision than males.

CONCLUSION:Poor vision is severe among junior middle school and primary school students in Changsha, especially among junior middle school students and female students. Parents and school teachers should pay more attention to this problem.]]> Zhi-Gang Xiao,Zi-Feng Deng,Li-Jun Zhou,Jian-Bo Xiang and Jing Tang 30true METHODS: Clinical observation of 4 216 people of the following items:(1)Epiphora symptoms in the 60 lacrimal duct obstruction patients during sleeping period.(2)26 symptoms of epiphora in the 30 wakefulness closed eyes.(3)300 new birth baby's blink and epiphora.(4)observed more than 300 people's blink.(5)observed in vivo 360 eyes discharged tear effect after the lacrimal retrograde(6)observed the exposure keratitis patients' basal tear secretion.

RESULTS:(1)All causes of the different types of lacrimal duct obstruction patients stop epiphora symptoms.(2)Patients in coma and with the blepharophimosis dysraphism exposure keratitis, reflex arc did not appear.(3)26 cases with lacrimal duct obstruction meditatively without epiphora symptoms during their eyelid closing and 4 cases significantly reduced.(4)In neonates: the first crying tears was only 10%, most newborns crying tears happened 7 to 20 days after birth, all of the neonates had blink action after birth.(5)Observation in vivo the fluid levels in the lacrimal retrograde catheterization drainage tube, the level was down when eye opened, and the water liquid-level rise when eyes closed, the rate was about 2.0mm.(6)Random observed 300 normal people blink rate, rhythm and blink duration and self-restraint under the gaze of the slowest, the horizontal gaze center, and three upward gazes fastest. Downward gaze eye position to suppress the longest duration of the blink.

CONCLUSION: The clinical observations confirmed the hypothesis that “Blink is the power of discharge basal tear secretion”. But it needs further clinical and laboratory research to further verification.]]> Jing-Xian Zhang,Hong-Wei Deng and Ning Fan 29true METHODS: The data were collected by questionnaire survey from all ophthalmology institutions which were registered in Xinjiang region, then database was built up with Excel2003, and analyzed with SPSS 16.0.

RESULTS: There were 107 ophthalmology institutions in the Xinjiang region in 2010, and 43580 cases of eye surgeries, among them cataract surgery patients were 20230(46.59%), the average growth rate of Xinjiang cataract surgery rate was obviously higher than the national average.

CONCLUSION: Prevention of blindness in Xinjiang has achieved remarkable results, the number of cataract surgeries done per million population in 2010 reached 930.9, but with the "VISION 2020" action still lags far behind, especially cataract surgery rate is still low, the county-level medical institutions are not able to fully play a role; we should vigorously promote the economic practicality of cataract surgery to increase ophthalmic resources in primary health care sector.]]> Fulati·Abudureyimu,Gulinuer·Maimaiti,Li-Ming Liu,Lin Ding,Xiu-Rong Zhao and Maierdang·Ailimu 28true METHODS: Visual acuity, computer optometry, inserts, anterior segment and fundus were examined in eyes of 37 700 students from some schools in local county.

RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences in the subnormal vision rate among different age groups from 7 to 18 years old. There were statistically significant differences in the hyperopia and myopia incidence among different age groups from 7 to 18 years old.

CONCLUSION: With the increase of age, adolescents' refractive state is changing. The number of juvenile hyperopia decreases gradually, while the number of juvenile myopia increases gradually. The follow-up observation is needed to protect them from the change of vision and refractive state to make the proper treatment.]]> 2013/10/28 11:30:02 Xiao-Jing Liu,Huai-Zhi Lü,Jian-Jun Miao,Xue-Min Li,Zhen-Gang Wang and Qing-Xia Li 27true METHODS: We surveyed the status of cataract surgery containing equipments, surgeons and surgery conditions in 17 ophthalmology departments of general hospitals from Leshan including 6 counties, 1 county-level city and 4 districts during 2012. Cataract surgery methods, according to various surgery financial resources, surgical performances and surgical incision, were divided into phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation(Phaco+IOL), extracapsular cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation(ECCE+IOL), and each method contained 2 groups. We analyzed the outcomes following preoperative examination, surgeons, surgical methods, surgical equipments, types of IOL, surgical quantity, surgical results, and intraoperative complication.

RESULTS: In whole city there were 16 operating microscopes, 43 slit lamp microscopes, 12 non-contact tonometers, 1 intraocular lens Master, 8 optical A/B type ultrasonic examination systems, 4 YAG lasers and 12 phacoemulsification instruments. There 15 doctors could complete cataract surgery independently, and 5 of them were phacoemulsification surgeons. The total number of completed cataract surgeries reached 6 211 eyes, containing 3 564 eyes for Phaco+IOL(57%)(preoperative visual acuity ≥0.3 in Phaco+IOL1 were 1 520 eyes, 24%)and 2 647 eyes for ECCE+IOL(43%)(1 533 eyes in ECCE+IOL1, 25%). In various groups, off-blindness rate was 94.80%-100%, off-disability rate was 90.41%-100%, and 94.96%-100% received intraocular lens implantation, intraoperative complication rate was 1.00%-15.10%.

CONCLUSION: The distribution of surgeons and equipments in the whole city is unbalanced, and the utilization rate of phaco equipment is low. The levels are different in various hospitals on surgical technique, surgical quantity and surgical results. Phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation is considered as the main therapy for cataract, and as a transition to dioptric and personalized cataract surgery. The surgical condition of the city is good, but the proportion of cataract surgery for prevention of blindness in Leshan city is low, and the surgical technique remains to be further improved.]]> 2014/7/22 8:27:37 Yu Han,Jing Tang and Hong-Quan Ye 26true METHODS: A retrospective analysis in July 1995 to July 2010 the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University diagnosed CP 72 patients(72 eyes), clinical characteristics of all the patients were analyzed.

RESULTS: The incidence of corneal ulcer perforation rised year by year, the morbidity of male and female was 17:7, the onset age focused on 48 years old. Of 23 industrial workers(32%)with clear history of trauma, pathogeny identification results: top two: fungal infection and Acanthamoeba keratitis. A using history of glucocorticoid was found in 10 cases.

CONCLUSION: There are plenty of primary causes of CP such as traumas, fungal infection, Acanthamoeba keratitis, eroded keratitis, etc. CP happens in middle-aged males in Fujian province, most traumas are the causes, the main pathogenic bacteria is fungal infection.]]> 2014/7/22 8:27:37 Cheng-Huan Dong,Yan Xue,Xiao-Qian Zheng and Yan Huang 25true METHODS: We chose the zone on the basis of relative information. Provincial Office of Blindness Prevention carried out the survey in 3 counties including Tange Township of Wushan, Xiqu Township of Minqin and Hulinjia Township of Jishishan from October 14, 2013 to November 23, 2013. One hundred and fifty primary school students were selected, including 72 boys and 78 girls aging from 5a to 10a with the average age of 7.5y. The targeted students received the fast trachoma assessment by the adoption of simplified trachoma classification system which was recommended by the World Health Organization.

RESULTS: No case of active trachoma, trachomatous trichiasis and corneal disease were examined among 150 students.

CONCLUSION: The rate of trachoma is low in Gansu province. But we still cannot get the conclusion that there is no epidemic of trachoma in Gansu. And we need to further expand the survey scope to correctly assess the trachoma case and to provide reliable evidence for trachoma prevention and control.]]> 2014/7/22 8:27:37 Ya-Dong Wang,Wen-Fang Zhang,Duo-Sheng Xia,Zhuo Gu and Gang Du 24true METHODS: By reviewing the physical examination reports from 1 241 both serving and former college teachers in Chongqing Medical University, which including visual acuity, slit lamp examination, fundus examination, non-contact intraocular pressure and OCT. The results were analyzed by using statistical analysis software SPSS 19.0 and compared with the other occupational groups.

RESULTS: Totally 1119 cases(90.17%)in 1241 suffered from eye disease, including conjunctivitis(615 cases, 49.56%), conjunctival concretion(434 cases, 34.97%), cataract and post-cataract surgery(351 cases, 28.28%), fundus arteriosclerosis(326 cases, 26.27%), ametropia and post-refractive surgery(330 cases, 26.59%), maculopathy(160 cases, 12.89%).

CONCLUSION: High prevalence of eye diseases are observed in all age groups of college teachers, so that great importance should be attached to early detection and treatment.]]> 2014/2/27 9:12:38 Xiao-Yan Xue,Ping Zhang,Ming-Xia Ji and Yan Hu 23true METHODS:The data of visual disability population was analyzed, which was registered in federation of the disabled of Yuzhong district of Chongqing from January 21, 2009 to July 17, 2013, collected the information of their gender and age constituent ratio, visual disability level differences, and the differences of their disability pathogeny.

RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the total numbers of male and female visual disability, and before the age of 60, the number of male was more than female, but after 60, it was opposite. The grade four of visual disability accounted for the largest proportion, followed by a level of grade one, two, and three. The main causes of visual disability in proper order were: ametropia(high myopia), retina and pigment membrane disease, ocular trauma, optic nerve disease, glaucoma, corneal disease, congenital anomaly or eccyliosis, cataract, amblyopia, agnogenic, methysis, trachoma, and the others(hyperpyrexia).

CONCLUSION: The diagnosis and treatment of juvenile in Yuzhong district must be strengthened, also include retina and pigment membrane disease, to reduce the visual disability caused by these diseases.]]> 2015/1/30 15:09:37 Ji-Han Luo and Yi Kuang 22true METHODS: Random sampling analysis was performed in 10 252 individuals chosen as the sample aged ≥50 years in 5 districts and 12 counties of Guilin. The name, sex, age, ethnic, cultural level, economic status, history of illness, smoking, drinking were recorded. General information and eye testing results were registered into computer. The results were analyzed by SPSS 19.0 software.

RESULTS:A total of 10 252 people were surveyed, including 4 958 men(48.4%), and 5 294 women(51.6%), 9 218 Han nationality people(89.9%), 1 034 minority people(10.1%). The top three blinding eye diseases in Guilin were cataract(0.7%), macular lesion(0.2%), diabetic retinopathy(0.1%).

CONCLUSION: Cataract is stillthe leading cause of vision loss among adults aged ≥50y currently in Guilin. Vision loss and blindness caused by diseases such as hypertension, diabetes incidence has a certain growing degree. Strengthening basic health education, improving the medical resources are still the key point of preventing and treating blindness work in future.]]> 2016/8/22 9:57:58 Li-Hui Wen, Xiao Ling and Min-Ling Chen 21true METHODS: The World Health Organization(WHO)simplified trachoma grading system was used for the recognition and registration of cases of trachoma. Trachoma rapid assessment(TRA)was conducted and 30.3687 million people from Shaanxi province were screened. Eyelids, eyelashes, conjunctiva and cornea were examined. The prevalence of trachoma trichiasis(TT)in Shaanxi Province was estimated.

RESULTS: Totally 987 cases with TT were collected in Shaanxi province, in which 395 cases were male and 592 cases were female. The overall TT prevalence was 0.0325‰.The age of TT cases ranged from 25-86 years old, and concentrated in the 60-80 years old, only 58 cases were <50 years old. There were 12 cases of TT combined corneal opacity(CO)and the ratio was 1.2%. Sixty-four patients were cured by electrolysis trichiasis, the remaining 923 patients corrected by surgery interventions.

CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this study, trachoma blind is no longer estimated as a public health problem in Shaanxi province, as the detection rate of TT was less than 1‰ which is the goal of “elimination of trachoma” worldwide.]]> 2016/7/26 10:36:29 Chen-Jing Zhou, Yu-Hong Cheng, Qiang Ma, Jun Jia, Yuan He, Li-Ling Zhang and Bai-Chao Ren 20true METHODS: One-on-one interview and questionnaire were taken to investigate the compliance with hypotensive eye drops in 366 patients who had been diagnosed as glaucoma and received the therapy for at least 6mo in Wuhan and suburban district from July 2014 to June 2015 in Wuhan Aier Eye Hospital.

RESULTS: The proportion of compliance was 44.3%(162/366). Factors significantly influencing compliance included severity of the better eye, the severity of symptom when attacked, duration of medication and whether to administrate on the same time daily(OR=5.700,0.554,0.336,0.558,P<0.05).Age, gender, marital status, education level, economic status, domicile, knowledge of the disease, suffering from other diseases with medication, type of glaucoma, type of eye drop, frequency were not associated with a higher rate of non-compliance.

CONCLUSION: Compliance in patients with topical glaucoma therapy in Wuhan is poor.Regularly carrying out relevant health education and interventions is very important.]]> 2016/5/31 16:15:56 Zhong Sun and Min Zhao 19true METHODS:Two thousand seven hundred and seventy-eight commissioned civil aviators who received medical examination in Civil Aviation General Hospital from July 2014 to July 2015 were randomly divided into three groups: group A(1 311 aviators aged 22-39), group B(618 aviators age 40-49 ), group C(849 aviators age 50-59). Aviators over 40 years old, were divided into two groups: group with retinal atherosclerosis and group without retinal atherosclerosis according to the results of fundus examination. Medical examination data of the aviators were analyzed.

RESULTS: Of 2 778 aviators, 334(12.02%)were detected with retinal arteriosclerosis, among which 318 aviators were classified as gradeⅠ, and 16 aviators as grade Ⅱ. The retinal arteriosclerosis prevalence of group A, B, and C increased with age, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Biochemical tests showed that the prevalence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, high fasting blood glucose and overweight increased in group with retinal arteriosclerosis compared with that in group without retinal arteriosclerosis, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The prevalence of retinal arteriosclerosis in commissioned civil aviators was 12.02%,and most of the retinal arteriosclerosis was classified as grade Ⅰ. In aviators over 40 years old, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, high fasting blood glucose and overweight were important factors in the development of retinal arteriosclerosis.]]> 2016/5/31 16:15:56 Hai-Liang Zhang 18true METHODS: An epidemiological survey was carried out in Nanzheng County in 2013. Children aged 3～7 years were selected by a cluster sampling. Fifty elementary school children and 1 533 preschool children were selected for rapid assessment and extend screening of trachoma. All children were examined under magnifying glass by oculist. A simplified trachoma classification system which was recommended by the World Health Organization was adopted in the survey. Statistical significance was calculated using Chi-square tests.

RESULTS: For the 50 students aged 6～7 in rural area, there was no active trachoma cases in rapid assessment. In the extended screening in 1 533 children aged 3～6 in country town, no case of active trachoma, trachomatous trichiasis or corneal diseases were examined.

CONCLUSION: No active trachoma case was detected in Nanzheng county,which was far below the proportion of 5% in non endemic area according to the WHO criteria and is not a public health problem in Shaanxi province.]]> 2016/3/28 15:32:23 Lin Zhao,Bai-Chao Ren,Yu-Hong Cheng,Qiang Ma,Jun Jia,Yuan He and Li-Ling Zhang 17true METHODS: Visual acuity was examined in 11 286 students that were selected by multistage sampling. Influencing factors were investigated by questionnaire. Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the associations.

RESULTS: In the elementary and middle school students, the hypopsia rate was 47.50% in Chenzhou; hypopsia rate in the elementary school was 34.01%, the rate in junior school was 62.10%; the main type of hypopsia was myopia(70.01%); myopia rate in pupils was 22.57%, myopia rate in junior middle school students was 48.84%.The main risk factors for myopia were: age, grade, parents with myopia, long homework time, reading more than 1h continuously, long time watching videos and obesity. Protective factors were: recessing out of classrooms and outdoor activities.

CONCLUSION: Hypopsia in youth is the result of genetic and environmental factors. Early protections, forming good visual habits will help protect children's vision.]]> 2016/2/3 8:48:37 Yu-Lun Ou,Guo-Ping Kuang,Xiao-Ping Zhou,Liang-Bo He,Yan-Li Zhang and Ying-Fang Tang 16true METHODS:According to the WHO's criteria of blindness, the blindness level was decided through ophthalmic tests by associate chief or chief ophthalmologists who were trained especially for disability evaluation. The analysis of the the leading cause were taken too.

RESULTS:Totally 3 266 persons were blindness, in which 2 118 were first level blindness, 1 148 persons were second lever blindness, and 1 308 persons were male, 1 958 were female. The leading cause of blindness were retina and uveitis diseases(31.58%), genetic diseases(23.47%), cornea disease(14.49%).

CONCLUSION:The leading cause of blindness are retina and uveitis diseases, genetic diseases, cornea diseases in Haimen city of Jiangsu province. Early prevention and treatment should be strengthened to reduce the occurrence of blindness.]]> 2017/5/24 16:26:33 Dong-Bing Yuan,Shi-Chao Yuan,Yu-Hua Shen,Ming-Yu Yu and Zu-Qian Wu 15true METHODS: A total of 14 582 eyes of 7 291 children aged 3-7 years in urban area and urban area of Zhongshan city were randomly selected for refractive examination. Before examination, the concentration of 10g/L atropine ointment was used, to determine the corrected vision amblyopia. The ametropic amblyopia was measured by retinoscopy, and corneal mapping method was used to screen the strabismus. Then strabismus and amblyopia of preschool children in Zhongshan were analyzed.

RESULTS: Of the 7 291 preschool children, 687 had ametropia, with the rate of 9.42% and 236 amblyopia with the rate of 3.24%, 13 cases were strabismus, whit the rate of 0.18%. There were no significant differences on ametropia, amblyopia or strabismus between 3-<5 years old group and 5-7 years old group(P>0.05). Of the 236 children with amblyopia, 215 were ametropic amblyopia, account for 91.10%; 13 children with strabismic amblyopia, of which 8 concomitant esotropia, 5 concomitant exotropia; 8 children with deprivation amblyopia; the difference of children number between strabismic amblyopia and deprivation amblyopia was statistically significant(P<0.05). Of the 236 children, more 3-<5 aged children had mild amblyopia than those 5-7 aged ones(P<0.05); less 3-<5 aged children had severe amblyopia than those 5-7 aged ones(P<0.05)

CONCLUSION: The incidence of strabismus and amblyopia in preschool children in Zhongshan is relatively high. It should be screened early, and effective measures should be taken as early as possible to improve the children's vision.]]> 2017/4/25 17:20:04 Chun-Ling Zhang,Yong-Quan Huang,Li-Nong Shi,Jing-Li Liao,Wei-Ming Ye,Yong-Zhong Li,Mei Ni and Duan-Er Liang 14true METHODS:The clinical data of hospitalized patients with ocular trauma from September 2012 to September 2016 in 4 general hospitals of Qingyuan were analyzed statistically, including age, sex, the eye involved, occupation and education level.

RESULTS:Totally 953 patients(959 eyes)with ocular trauma were enrolled, in which 832 patients were males, 127 were females, aged 4-67 years old, with an average age of 34.6±10.3 years old. The highest incidence age was 20-50. The injury rate of the left and right eye is 0.92:1; 66.3% of the patients were graduated from junior high school or even lower. The occupations were mainly workers and farmers, accounting for 31.9% and 37.9%. Most of the patients were penetrating ocular injury, accounted for 51.2%. The main cause of injury was blunt injury, accounting for 31.9%, followed by the traffic accident and high speed foreignbody, sharp instrument injury. Patients were mainly treated by surgery alone and complications were traumatic cataract, accounting for 31.8%. After active treatment, the visual acuity was certainly improved.

CONCLUSION: People with high risk of ocular trauma need to take appropriate measures to prevent eye injury and clinics should pay attention to the occurrence of cataract.]]> 2017/3/27 10:17:07 Jia Liu and Chong-De Long 13true METHODS: Four suspected areas with high prevalence of trachoma including Kengzhen in Jiaxian Yulin, Luochuan of Yan'an, Nanzheng county of Hanzhong, Shangzhou distract in Shangluo, were selected by Blindness Prevention Office of Shaanxi Province. A random sample of 200 pupils aged 6 to 8 was examined by ophthalmic officers using the World Health Organization(WHO)simplified clinical grading system.

RESULTS: No infection of active trachoma was detected in 200 pupils.

CONCLUSION: No epidemic areas of active trachoma were found. Based on the data of this study,trachoma is no longer considered as a public health problem in Shaanxi Province.]]> 2017/3/27 10:17:07 Qiang Ma,Bai-Chao Ren,Yu-Hong Cheng,Yuan He and Jun Jia 12true METHODS:Totally 340 cases of vision impaired patients who were authenticated in our hospital in 2015 were analyzed in this research.

RESULTS: The leading causes of blindness and low vision were high myopia(24.7%), glaucoma(13.5%), diabetic retinopathy(11.8%), macular degeneration(9.7%)and keratopathy(5.3%).

CONCLUSION: The most important reasons of visual disability in Yanta district of Xi'an city were high myopia, glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. Since all the causes are avoidable, a planned prevention is highly recommended to decrease the prevalence of avoidable blindness.]]> 2017/3/27 10:17:07 Yuan-Yuan Yang,Wen-Jun Zhao and Yong-Kang Zhang 11true METHODS: From 2010 to 2015, a total of 236 203 school aged children in our hospital in Chengdu were examined with routine visual acuity. This study was performed by the professional eye doctor in our hospital using the international standard visual acuity chart and statistically analyzed.

RESULTS: There were 18.85%(44 516/236 203)of the subjects in the children with refractive errors, and the rate of amblyopia was 6.12%(14 453/236 203). In anisometropic amblyopia type the rate was 68.19%(9 856/14 453), significantly higher than the proportion of other types, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The composition ratio of mild amblyopia and medium amblyopiawas 53.69%(7 760/14 453)and 41.38%(5 980/14 453), which were significantly higher than that of severe amblyopia constitute 4.93%(713/14 453). Central monitor amblyopia proportion, 80.09%(11 575/14 453), was significantly higher than that of non center, and walk the proportion of amblyopia. The subjects were grouped according to their age. Amblyopia children who was <5 years old was 5.48%(6 254/114 213), higher than 5.33%(6 499/121 990)in ≥5 years old amblyopia children, but the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: School-age children with anisometropic amblyopia type constructed the main body of amblyopia children in our city. Mild to moderate amblyopia and the central vision amblyopia were large proportion of children with amblyopia. We should strengthen the visual inspection of school-age children in our city and do the work of prevention and early treatment of amblyopia.]]> 2017/1/20 11:21:32 Jiong He, Xiao-Yan Luo and Jiao Li 10true METHODS: A total of 801 primary school pupils from grade one to grade three of Beijing were selected according to the cluster stratified sampling method, and 801 questionnaires were collected from the scene, which accorded with 757 people aged 7-10 years old, and 757 valid questionnaires, the prevalence rate of this study was 24.4%. The baseline data of all the subjects were collected through questionnaires. The data of myopia were compared. The Logistic regression equation was used to calculate the factors causing myopia.

RESULTS: The main factors leading to myopia in primary school were reading time, electronic product use time, parents' myopia, outdoor activity time, and reading and writing postures. The above difference data was brought into the Logistic regression equation to confirm.

CONCLUSION: The myopia rate of primary school students in Beijing has reached a high level. There are many problems in family, daily life and students themselves. It is necessary to prevent and control the occurrence of myopia and promote the vision health of primary school students.]]> 2018/7/20 11:38:08 Xiang-Wen Zhang, Yan-Mei Qu and Lan-Ying Zhang 9true METHODS: A total of 103 diagnosed case of diabetic retinopathy from January 2017 to August 2017 in Daping Hospital of Chongqing were enrolled in this study. The questionnaire survey was conducted using Scale of Quality of Life in Patients with Visual Impairment(SQQL-VI)and social support revalued scale. The factors influencing their quality of life were also analyzed. The data were analyzed by SPSS 25.0 software. Proportions were compared by using the chi-square test and the means were compared by using the t-test. The factors of DR such as age, gender, education and social support were analyzed using stepwise multiple linear regression.

RESULTS: The scores in the patients with diabetic retinopathy included total quality of life 63.59±9.58, symptoms and visual function 53.13±8.51, body function 28.39±3.86, social activities 27.95±3.63, psychological aspects 27.78±3.85. The single factor analysis showed that there were significant differences in age, education level occupation, monthly income, the style of medical cost, course of disease, and social support(P<0.05). Multivariate linear regression indicated that age, education level, the style of medical cost, course of disease, and social support were statistically significantly associated with the quality of life(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: To improve the quality of life of DR patients, it is essential to reduce the financial burden and increase the social support.]]> 2018/6/27 10:52:33 Yan-Li Chen, Wen Tang, Shu-Xing Ji and Si-Jia Feng 8true METHODS: The students aged 7 to 18 were enrolled through the method of stratified random and cluster sampling by the unit of schools and were investigated in Longkou, Shandong Province in 2015. A total of 58 schools were selected and 61 036 students were effectively sampled. All the subjects were divided into three-tiers based on geographical location: urban, rural-urban continuum, and rural areas. All the subjects were examined with the visual acuity and non-cycloplegic objective fraction. Microsoft Excel worksheet was used to establish a database, and SPSS 21.0 software was used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS: The prevalence of total myopia in the sample population of students of Longkou in 2015 was 49.81% from 7 to 18 years old. The overall prevalence of myopia increased fastest from 11 to 12 years old. And the prevalence of mild myopia of students aged 13 was highest. The prevalence of total myopia were 46.41% for boys and 53.39% for girls, which showed the prevalence of girls was higher than the boys'. The prevalence of myopia in urban, rural-urban continuum, and rural areas were 55.18%, 49.75%, 44.47%, respectively, and the prevalence of myopia in urban areas was the higher than the rural-urban continuum and the rural areas. The prevalence of total myopia gradually increased with age(r_s=0.943, P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The results of the investigation showed a high prevalence of myopia among primary and middle school students in the city of Longkou, and gradually increased with age. The overall myopia prevalence for girls was higher than boys, and the prevalence was highest in urban areas.]]> 2018/6/27 10:52:33 Xiao-Wei Yang, Guang-Zhi Qu, Li-Mei Liu, Na Wang, Hui Li, Li Xing, Ti Zhang and Shao-Bin Zhang 7true METHODS: From October to November 2016, 1 347 pupils in two primary schools in Lanzhou, Gansu Province, were randomly selected as subjects. Every pupil was carried on the questionnaire of dry eye and eye inspection to confirm the diagnosis of dry eye. Besides, the prevalence and influencing factors of dry eye in pupils were analyzed by chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test and logistic regression model.

RESULTS: A total of 1 268 pupils took part in this study and the inclusion ratio was 94.14%; 271 individuals were diagnosed as dry eye, and the prevalence rate was 21.37%. Statistical analysis showed that the risk factors of dry eye were male, senior pupils, often using eye drops, poor reading habits, wearing contact lenses, video terminals last for a long time, learning pressure.

CONCLUSION: Dry eye has become one of the main diseases that plagued pupil's life and learning. It should cause wide attention. Considering the above factors, rational use of eye and improve lifestyle will help to reduce the damage to eye of pupils.]]> 2018/5/25 15:46:41 Cong-Cong Lu, Qin Liu, Hui-Ling Bai, Lin Xie and Mei-Ling Qian 6true METHODS: Totally 8 683 juvenile students who were 6-18 years old were extracted as respondent with stratified cluster sampling method. The eyesight, diopter and axial length were detected, and the gender, age, ethnicity, eye behavior were collected by self-made questionnaire.

RESULTS: The prevalence of myopia was 42.80%. The myopic rates of all ethnic groups were as follows: Tibetan Nationality: 59.05%, Han Nationality: 46.71%, Dongxiang Nationality: 46.36%, Tu Nationality: 45.24%, Sala Nationality: 41.30%, Baoan nationality: 40.61%, Hui Nationality: 31.97%. Myopia rate between each ethnic groups had statistical difference(χ²=44.08, P=0.007). Multivariate analyses revealed that outdoor activities during the break was the protect factor for myopia; age, using electronic products on weekends and holidays, using the same lighting in room while studying were risk factors for myopia.

CONCLUSION: The prevalence of myopia increase with age in Linxia. The prevalence in different ethnic groups is different. Education department and family should make joint efforts to increase the outdoor time, improve the environment for teenagers to reduce the occurrence and development of myopia.]]> 2018/5/25 15:46:41 Mei-Ling Qian, Zheng-Hong Li, Hui-Ling Bai, Bao-Huan Kong, Lin Xie and Qin Liu 5true METHODS: In the period of January to December 2015, random stratified sampling in the whole group was taken in 3 050 people over 65 years, in Situan and Fengcheng, two towns at the Eastern District of Fengxian Town. Ophthalmologic examination and questionnaire survey were given to those people, including slit lamp microscopy and visual acuity(LogMAR)and the conditions on cataract surgery.

RESULTS: Totally 1244 cases of cataract were found in 3050 subjects, the prevalence rate was 40.79%. The prevalence rates in the subjects of different ages were different, as the age increases, the prevalence rate was rising. The difference of prevalence rate in different age groups was statistically significant(χ²=558.6, P<0.001); the prevalence rate of male and female were 31.06% and 49.94%, the difference was statistically significant(χ²=112.4, P<0.001); the rate of illiterate and literate was 52.04% and 38.76% respectively with significantly difference(χ²=28.78, P<0.001). Cataract surgery was taken in 765 cases, surgical coverage rate was 61.25%; difference on age, gender was not statistically significant; the degree of education: the rate in literate was significantly far higher than in the illiterate, the difference was statistically significant(χ²=39.72, P<0.001). Postoperative corrected visual acuity ≥0.3 was considered as removing from disable and postoperative corrected visual acuity ≥0.05 as removing from the blind. The rate removing from disable was 71.50%, the rate removing from the blind was 95.29%. In 765 eyes receiving surgery, postoperative complications occurred in 29 eyes, 3.79% of the total eye receiving surgery.

CONCLUSION: Cataract is the common blind causing disease in the elderly, and the prevalence rate of cataract in eastern Fengxian of Shanghai is high. Although in recent years, the Restoring Vision Project has been developed, the surgical coverage has been improved, and the prevention and control of cataract is still the primary task of blind prevention.]]> 2018/1/19 9:47:44 Yuan Zhou, Xin-Rong Zou, Gui-Fang Zhang, Bei-Bei Wang and Lian-Hong Gu 4true METHODS: Totally 4 960 residents in Baoding were selected through cluster sampling between May 2017 and December of 2017 for glaucoma screening. The incidence of different types of glaucoma and the age and sex distribution were analyzed. The eye lesions of patients with diagnosed and newly diagnosed glaucoma were compared.

RESULTS: The prevalence of glaucoma was 2.72%(135/4960), among which the prevalence of primary angle-closure glaucoma(PACG), primary open angle glaucoma(POAG), congenital glaucoma(CG)and secondary glaucoma(SG)was respectively 51.85%, 20.00%, 17.04%, and 11.11%, and the ratio of male to female for which was 1:1.92, 3.50:1, 2.83:1, and 1:1.14 respectively. There was no significant difference in the ratio of males and females in glaucoma patients(P>0.05). The composing proportions of patients with PACG, POAG, SG and CG over 40 were 95.71%, 51.85%, 52.17% and 0 respectively, and the composing ratios of patients with PACG, POAG, SG, and CG in age brackets of ≤49 years, 50-69, and ≥70 years were 1:5.63:2.13, 4.5:1.25:1, 4.67:2:1 and 15:0:0 respectively, with statistically significant difference(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the changes of visual field and intraocular pressure >21mmHg in diagnosed and newly diagnosed glaucoma patients(P>0.05). The incidence of monocular low vision and monocular blindness in patients newly diagnosed with glaucoma was lower than that in patients diagnosed with glaucoma, and the incidence of optic nerve changes in the former was higher than that in the latter, with statistically significant difference(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The prevalence of glaucoma in Baoding is 2.72%, of which PACG has the highest prevalence rate, followed by POAG, SG, and CG, and its incidence is not correlated with gender. Except for CG, which occurs in certain populations, PACG has the highest incidence among those of 50-69 years old. The prevalence of POAG and SG reduces with age, and the incidence of blindness is relatively low in new diagnosis patients with glaucoma, but the progression of the disease is more serious.]]> 2018/9/14 16:29:48 Min Zhang, Li Qiu, Yan-Mei Song, Hu Zhang, Wei Feng, Zhi-Hui Yang and Qing Wang 3true METHODS: Totally 195 cases of diagnosed age-related cataract patients who have voluntarily received SIECCE+IOL cataract surgeries were recruited in this study by cluster random sampling. Quality of life before and half year after the surgeries were studied by eye health related QOL scale developed and modified by referring to the questionnaires from National Institute of Research of the United States and India Aravind Eye Hospital.

RESULTS: One hundred and ninety-three questionnaires are valid for the study(99.0%). Half of total score of each dimension is defined as an average level of quality of life. The scores of study patients are all lower comparing to average level from perspective of physical function, independence/self-care function, social role and social function, psychological health. And the scores of all the dimensions of quality of life of postoperative patients are lower than those before surgeries(all P<0.001). Increased binocular best corrected visual acuity after surgery and visual impairment time influences significantly on the quality of life of patients after cataract surgery.

CONCLUSION: Surgical intervention can significantly improve the quality of life in age related cataract patients. Visual impairment time before surgery and the increased binocular best corrected visual acuity after surgery are the main influencing factors of postoperative quality of life in age related cataract patients.]]> 2019/2/21 10:57:20 Ran Tao, Yue Sun, Lei-Lei Zhan, Lei Gao and Ping Xu 2true METHODS: By stratified random sampling, 3002 students were randomly selected from 14 grades of Baoshan from middle class in kindergarten to senior three in middle school. Chi-square analysis and Kruskal-Wallis H test were used to compare the difference of myopia rate, refractive error rate and visual impairment among students at different learning stages and gender.

RESULTS: With the increase of learning stage, the rate of poor eyesight increased from 18.52% to 87.12%. There were differences in the rate of poor eyesight among different learning stages(P<0.05). There were differences in the proportion of poor eyesight between boys and girls in junior and senior middle schools(P<0.05). There were differences in the rate of poor eyesight with different degrees(P<0.01). The proportion of myopia in different learning stages was different(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION:The rate of poor eyesight in students is high in Baoshan District. Attention should be paid to eye care of students.]]> 2018/12/17 9:54:37 Qiang-Qiang Li, Yue Wang, Kang-Jie Zheng and Xing-Tang Yang 1true