RESULTS: In all 69 cases 125 eyes, 110 eyes with primary glaucoma and 15 eyes with secondary glaucoma accounted for 88.0% and 12.0% respectively. 56 eyes with primary angle-closure glaucoma(PACG)accounted for 44.8% and 54 eyes with primary open angle glaucoma(POAG)accounted for 43.2%. It's most common in ages from 61-70. The male accounted for 92.8%. The army division-level cadre patients accounted for 40.6% and the solider patients only accounted for 17.4%. 60 eyes with surgical treatment accounted for 48.0%. The binocular and monocular blindness rate was 11.6% and 16.0% respectively.

CONCLUSION: The military inpatients with POAG were close to inpatients with PACG. Most of the inpatients were the middle-aged and elderly patients. The treatment was individual and it had a high blindness rate. It may relate to military cultural conditions.]]> Na Li,Gui-Qin Wang and Xiu-Jun Peng 76true METHODS: Eyesight test was performed among 3 869 students(7 738 eyes)which were selected by multistage sampling. According to the diagnosis criterion of eyesight dysfunction, the students were classified as normal, slight, moderate, and severe group. The data were inputted into a database set up by EpiData 3.1 and analyzed by SPSS 18.0.

RESULTS: The rate of eyesight dysfunction among primary and secondary school students in the city of Xi'an was 54.9%,and most students were with severe eyesight dysfunction. The rate increased with the age and grade, the rate of girls was significantly higher than that of boys(χ²=63.19, P<0.01). The rate of students of urban was significantly higher than that of rural(χ²=547.53, P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: The prevalence of eyesight dysfunction is still apparent in primary and secondary school students in the city of Xi'an. Effective measures should be implemented to prevent and reduce the incidence of eyesight dysfunction.]]> Xiao Xiao,Jian-Ming Wang,Ge-Qiang Yang,Li-Rong Wang and Dong-Xia Cui 75true METHODS: Altogether, 90 TAO patients with intraocular pressure(TAO group)and 90 normal persons(control group)were involved in the investigation. With vision function(VF)questionnaire, their visual perception, peripheral vision, sensory adaptation and depth perception were assessed. With quality of life(QOL)questionnaire, their self-care ability, mobility, social and mental status were assessed. For each group, the total score of VF/QOL and scores of each scale were calculated.

RESULTS: The average total score of VF/QOL in the TAO group was(89.93±8.9, 92.89±5.91)points, which was significantly lower than that in control group(98.18±4.06, 99.21±1.87)points(P<0.01). Except peripheral vision(Z=-0.65, P=0.52), the scores of any other scales in VF in the TAO group were significantly lower than those in control group(P<0.01). Scores of all scales in QOL in the TAO group were remarkably lower than those in control group(P<0.05). In the multiple linear regression analysis, the VF scores were significantly correlated with “NO SPECS'' classification and psychological factors instead of ocular hypertension, age and course of disease, while the scores of QOL were correlated with education background.

CONCLUSION:The VF/QOL in patients with TAO and ocular hypertension is lower, the VF scores were significantly correlated with “NO SPECS” classification instead of ocular hypertension. Intraocular pressure does not affect the vision-related QOL of patients with TAO. The “NO SPECS” classification only affects the scores of VF rather than those of QOL.]]> 2013/8/26 15:29:08 Shi-Heng Lu,Yi Zhang,Xiao-Jing Huang,Jiao Lü,Lian-Yong Liu and Ming-Jun Gu 74true METHODS: By use of questionnaire, a survey was carried out in 1218 undergraduate students from 3 universities in Zhuhai to find out their VDT exposure time and their eye symptoms. VDT exposure time at different grades and ocular symptom scores in different exposure intensity crowd were compared, the relationship between VDT exposure time and ocular symptoms were investigated.

RESULTS: On average, VDT exposure time in all students of the three universities was 3.72±2.17h, the mean exposure time increased with grade. And the ocular symptoms scores increased with exposure time, VDT has a positive correlation with VDT exposure time.

CONCLUSION: Long-time exposure to VDT is harmful to visual health, eye health education should be strengthened to avoid or reduce the health damages caused by VDT exposure.]]> 2013/8/26 15:29:08 Xiao-Jing Zhao,Ai-Ming Chen,Guang-Ming Jin and Qin Li 73true METHODS: This research used Chinese Science Citation Database(CSCD)for statistical sources, and retrieved ophthalmic epidemiology and prevention of blindness literatures during 2001-2010. The data were analyzed by bibliometric statistical methods.

RESULTS: Within the CSCD statistics, there were 179 ophthalmic epidemiology and prevention of blindness literatures which had a linear upward trend. “Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology” and “International Eye Science” were the largest number of published journal literatures. Professor Zhao Jialiang has reported most literatures in all experts, whose publication “Prevalence of glaucoma and normal intraocular pressure among adults aged 50 years or above in Shunyi county of Beijing” in 2002 as the single most frequently cited paper, blindness and low vision study were in the most research, diabetic retinopathy in fundus study occupied a large proportion of epidemiological studies.

CONCLUSION:Ophthalmic epidemiology and prevention of blindness research has become a focus of eye scientific research.]]> 2013/8/26 15:29:08 Lei Liu,Jing-Yang Wu,Li-Min Liu and Lei Chen 72true METHODS: A total of 1 091 people were interviewed in the Health Screening Center of Peking University Shenzhen Hospital using a self-designed questionnaire. Chi-squared test and binary logistic regression were used to analyze the public awareness of glaucoma and the influencing factors and their extents.

RESULTS: Influencing factors of the awareness of glaucoma included level of education, monthly income, medical insurance, working experience in healthcare system and myopia(Chi-squared test, P<0.05). In contrast, we found no correlation between the awareness of glaucoma and age, gender and systemic disease(P>0.05). Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of the awareness of glaucoma and it was found that working experience in healthcare system and level of education had statistical significance(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: People who have working experience in the healthcare system, higher level of education, those who have medical insurance, higher monthly income and myopia have better recognition of the disease. Medical staffs should strengthened the glaucoma knowledge education for the public, especially for those who have lower monthly income, systemic disease, no medical insurance, and the people who have positive personal or family history of glaucoma.]]> 2013/7/1 11:07:57 Jin-Ying Li and Xiao Yang 71true METHODS: With random cluster sampling, 3 879 migrant laborers' children, aged(10.22±2.00)years old, from 7 schools in Shanghai, participated in the questionnaire survey, under parents' guidance.

RESULTS: Our survey achieved a 98.27% response rate and got a total of 3 812 valid questionnaires, 2 114 males and 1 698 females. Totally 288 cases of trachoma were found. Compared with students who were clinically diagnosed as trachoma, the other students got a high rate in using separate towels, not rubbing eyes, prefer vegetarian diet, asking parents for help when got an eye discomfort and asking for a doctor. Using separate towels would be the main relative factor of the prevalence of trachoma.

CONCLUSION: Good health habits could be protective factors to susceptible population.]]> 2013/7/1 11:07:57 Wen-Wen Xue,Li-Na Lu,Jian-Feng Zhu,Xian-Gui He and Hai-Dong Zou 70true METHODS: This study was a retrospective case study. We randomly selected sample from out-patient department register of cases and divided them into two main groups, ‘ten year before group'(TYBG)(1998/2000 year cases)and ‘ten years later group'(2008/2010 year cases)(TYLG). Each group was further subdivided into three sub-groups by age: under-six years old children group(CG), seven-twelve years old primary-school group(PSG)and thirteen-eighteen years old middle-school group(MSG). The optometric examination results were statistically analyzed.

RESULTS: The difference of the mean dioptre between the TYBG and TYLG was strongly statistically significant, also forward-lead trend of age when children suffered from myopia was found(P<0.01). There was a significant increase of dioptre among PSG and MSG in TYLG compared to TYBG(P<0.01). After analyzing the relationship between dioptre and age, this study showed an increase of the proportion of myopia patients from 35.2% to 50.0% in PSG in ten years interval. This proportion decreases in MSG and remains stable in CG. All cases had been divided into slight myopia, medium myopia and high myopia, depending on their own myopia dioptre. The biggest difference of myopia dioptre were seen in MSG where the proportion of medium myopia patients increased 11.4% and high myopia patients increased 7.9% in TYLG.

CONCLUSION: Our study shows that the age of getting myopia was forward lead, the dioptre increases by 1.00 degree and the prevalence of myopia is increasing gradually. This situation may due to the modern life style and changes of living standard of the population. Therefore, prevention of myopia should concentrate more on younger children at kindergarten and primary school stage students.]]> 2013/7/1 11:07:57 Hai-Yan Li,Zhi-Gang Yuan,Ke-Lan Liu,Lan Wang and Xiao-Ling Ning 69true METHODS: All the in-school students of Hetian Road primary school in Zhabei community of Shanghai were involved in the study. Four hundred and sixty pupils out of 465 pupils were investigated(The rate was 98.9%). There were 445 pupils with fully data collection. Uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA), age, height(H), weight(W), body mass index(BMI), diopter of spherical(S), diopter of cylinder(C), spherical equivalent(SE), axial length(AL)and corneal curvature(K)were examined. The refractive status was described and the influence of relative factors was analyzed. UCVA measurement uses the standard logarithmic visual acuity chart, recording by decimal number, then transform into LogMar vision for statistical analysis.

RESULTS: In total, the average age was 9.49±1.47 year, SE was -0.85±1.82D and UCVA was +0.09±0.28. The prevalence of myopia and astigmatism was 40.9% and 58.9%, respectively. With getting older, the prevalence of myopia increased with the average myopic SE developing significantly(P=0.000). UCVA and AL increased in the same time, SE decreased gradually(P<0.001). The results of analysis showed that UCVA was positively correlated with age, H, W, BMI and AL, and negatively correlated with S, C and SE(P<0.001).

CONCLUSION: The prevalence of myopia and astigmatism was high in Hetian Road primary school in Zhabei community of Shanghai. Visual acuity is closely related to AL and growth factors.]]> 2013/6/3 10:33:28 Wei Zhu,Yan Wu,Jing Yu,Xin-Yi Zheng,Jun Ba,Li Li,Chun Zhao and Yan-Hong Li 68true METHODS: The IOL-Master was used in the measurement of the AL, K1, K2, ACD and corneal diameter(white to white)in 1 059 college students(2 118 eyes)with myopia, and AL/CR was calculated. Their diopter was measured by computer refractor. They were divided into three groups according to different mean spherical equivalent diopters: group A of low myopia: < -3.00D(738 eyes), group B of middle myopia: -3.00--6.00D(989 eyes), C group of high myopia: >-6.00D(391 eyes). The SPSS 18.0 was used for the statistical analysis.

RESULTS: With the increase of diopter, the AL in myopia eyes was increased and the AL increased significantly in each myopia group(P<0.01); There were statistically significant differences for AL classified with refractive error(P<0.01). There was no significant difference between group A and group B in K1(P>0.05)and there were significant differences among three groups in K2(P<0.05), but there was only significant correlation between K1, K2 and refractive error in middle myopia(P<0.05). The AL was negatively correlated with K1 and K2 in three groups(P<0.01). There was no significant differences between group B and group C in ACD(P>0.05), but there was only significant correlation between ACD and refractive error in low myopia(P<0.01). There was no significant differences of corneal diameter among three groups(P>0.05)and also there was no significant correlation between corneal diameter and refractive error in three groups(P>0.05). AL/CR was 3.183±0.132, the AL/CR ratio was negatively correlated with diopter of myopia(r=-0.761,P=0.000).

CONCLUSION: The development of axial length is the main reason in myopia of college students. Middle myopia is induced by both axial length and refractive power. ACD has little effects on diopter of myopia, but corneal diameter has no effects on diopter of myopia.]]> 2013/5/6 14:25:13 Yuan-Yuan Du,Wen-Fang Zhang,Peng Lü,Wan-Na Ren,Yu-Ting Li,Wan-Peng Wang and Ran Zhou 67true METHODS:Totally 72 cases were enrolled in the investigation with 50 spectacle wearers and 22 contact lens wearers. The QOL of them were surveyed by Chinese QIRC before surgery and 3 months later after surgery.

RESULTS: 1. The QOL scores(42.29±4.90 in post-operation vs 39.30±5.16 in pre-operation)and satisfaction scores(86.51±9.14 in post-operation vs 71.58±13.24 in pre-operation)of spectacle wearers were higher after surgery more than before, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.01). The vision and physical functioning(P<0.05), driving and activity in night(P<0.01), living and working under sunlight without sunglasses(P<0.05), swimming(P<0.01), worrying about costs(P<0.01), self-feeling(P<0.05), confident(P<0.01)chiefly drove the differences before and after surgery. 2. There was no significant difference of the QOL score before(41.26±5.21)and after(42.32±5.95)surgery for contact lens wearers(P>0.05). But the satisfaction score(87.14±10.64 in post-operation vs 73.77±21.26 in pre-operation)was higher after surgery than before, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.01). The social activity(P<0.05), swimming(P<0.01), worrying about complications(P<0.05)chiefly drove the differences before and after surgery.

CONCLUSION: There was significant difference of QOL before and after surgery in spectacle wearers but no difference in contact lens wearers. But vision functioning, physical functioning and sports were scored significantly more after refractive surgery in spectacle wearers and sports, worrying about eye health and costs in contact lens wearers. Otherwise the satisfaction scores added much more in both two groups after refractive surgery than before.]]> 2013/5/6 14:25:13 Xi Chen,Hai-Ke Guo,Lu Yang,Teng Yu and Hong-Yan Jiang 66true METHODS: The census work of knowing school-age children's eyesight status was implemented through visual inspection, conventional ophthalmic examination, optometry checks, etc. The results were compared with other domestic epidemiological data.

RESULTS: Altogether 536 people with low vision were identified through survey and the rate was 21.12%. Among those people, the number of myopia patients accounted for 80.59% and the prevalence rate was 17.02%. Besides, the prevalence rate of presbyopia was 2.05%, amblyopia 2.76%, strabismus 1.02%, ocular trauma 0.95%, and congenital eye disease 0.71%.

CONCLUSION: The prevalence rate of low vision was related with several factors such as gender and nationality. The rate increases with age and the myopia is the primary element that causes low vision.]]> 2013/5/6 14:25:13 Le-Xin Yang,Wen-Fang Zhang,Jian-Hua Lu,Jing Tian,Xu-Dong Jiu,Bo-Lin Deng and Yuan-Yuan Du 65true METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. In May 2 012, two schools altogether 2 548 pupils of Zhouqu county were randomly selected as survey venues. Every participant completed symptoms of dry eye questionnaire, eye routine inspection, Schirmer Ⅰ test, tear-film break-up time, and fluorescein staining of the cornea, then confirmed the diagnosis. The SPSS 17.0 software was used to analyze the data.

RESULTS: Totally 2 548 subjects took part in this study, and the inclusion ratio was 90.61%. The prevalence rate of dry eye was 11.89%. Han-Tibetan ratio was 1.99:1(1 697:851). The prevalence of dry eye had no statistically significant difference among the Tibet nationality(12.22%)and Han nationality(11.73%)(χ²=0.132, P>0.05). The male-female ratio was 1.08:1(1 324:1 224); The prevalence of dry eye in the boy(13.22%)was higher than that of the girl(10.38%)(χ²=6.202, P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The prevalence of dry eye has no statistically significant difference among the Tibet nationality and Han nationality. The prevalence of dry eye in boy is higher than that in the girl. And the prevalence of dry eye increases along with the aging process. The most common adverse symptoms is increased secretion. Relative risk factors of dry eye are age, trichiasis conjunctivitis and refractive error.]]> 2013/4/7 15:27:40 Jing Tian,Wen-Fang Zhang,Jian-Hua Lu,Le-Xin Yang,Xu-Dong Jiu,Bo-Lin Deng and Yuan-Yuan Du 64true METHODS: Totally 1 027 preschool children were enrolled into this study in Jiangning block, Jing-An district, Shanghai. The association between refractive finding with HAR-800 handheld autorefractor and amblyopia status was studied. The received operator curve was depicted to evaluate the value of the means for screening amblyopia. The sensitivity(Sn), specificity(Sp), accuracy and kappa were calculated.

RESULTS: All 44 children were diagnosed with amblyopia. The area under ROCs of anisometropia, spherical refractive error and astigmatism was 0.92, 0.89, 0.21 respectively. Anisometropia and spherical refractive error can be used to screen amblyopia. When anisometropia >0.88D or spherical refractive error >2.5D were set as the index of amblyopia, the Sn was 77.3% and 72.7%; Sp was 99% and 98.8%; accuracy was 93.4% and 93.3%, respectively. Kappas were all >0.4.

CONCLUSION: HAR-800 hand held autorefractor can be used to screen amblyopia in preschool children.]]> Liang-Cheng Wu,Xiang-Ying Hu,Cheng-Hai Weng,Yu-Hui Xu and Shao-Lin Wang 63true METHODS: A total of 83 cases(83 eyes)of cataract were selected from those who underwent phacoemulsification combined with IOL implantation in our hospital. Data were collected for the correlation of preoperative examination with postoperative visual acuity and visual function index scale(VF-14).

RESULTS: Age, sex, eye axis, nuclear hardness, preoperative vision, cataract type, hypertension history, diabetes history, the contralateral vision and sicken time had correlation with postoperative VF-14 and vision; Regarding the VF-14, the predictive factors were the preoperative VF-14, diabetes history and the eye with the better vision. The predictive value was about 83.5%.

CONCLUSION: The postoperative visual acuity and visual function can be evaluated by basic data.]]> Wen-Lei Yang and Lin Zhang 62true METHODS: This survey study was performed as the standardized training and protocol. A total of 290 eyes of 145 individuals from Tibetan nationality and 272 eyes of 136 individuals in Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture received questionnaire survey and ophthalmological examination. The secretion of the inferior palpebral conjunctival sac was embrocated and inoculated on blood plate for 48-72 hours. The bacteria was separated and identified.

RESULTS: All the examinee finished the survey and examination with a good compliance. No significant difference was found in the demography between these two groups of population. The multiple bacterial positive rate in conjunctival sac was 50.7% in Tibetan nationality and that of Yi nationality was 69.9% with a considerably difference between them(P<0.05). The multiple bacterial species were simultaneously detected in 11.6% in Tibetan nationality population and 2.6% Yi nationality, showing evidently difference(P<0.05 ).The positive rate of corynbaccterium in conjunctival sac of Tibetan nationality was statistically lower than that of Yi nationality(P<0.05), but there was no statistical difference in the positive rate of staphylococcus epidemics between two groups(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: The bacteria positive rate in conjunctiva sac is considerably difference in the population between Tibetan nationality and Yi nationality. The simple bacterial species is found in majority people in two groups of subjects. The positive rate of multiple bacterial strains coexistence is more than the Yi nationality. The bacterial strains is different between Tibetan nationality and Yi nationality.]]> Guang-Jin Wang,Yue Zhang,Zhi-Rong Liu,Hong Zheng,Danba Jiachu,Gema Zewang and Yu-Chan Li 61true METHODS: A retrospective case-control study of all the cases(years 2009.09-2011.03)(n=360)and 360 matched controls. The main outcome measures were the odds ratios(OR)and corresponding 95% confidence intervals(CI)of ARC. All subjects were interviewed using a structured interviewer-administrated questionnaire.

RESULTS:No difference was found in age, occupation, residence. After adjustment for multiple potential confounders, the risks of ARC for cases in fasting glucose impaired and diabetes increased 62.4% and 69.8%, respectively(OR=1.624, 95% CI:1.068-2.553, P=0.007; OR =1.698, 95% CI:1.412-2.719, P=0.009). The risk of ARC in hypertension significantly increased(OR=1.431, 95% CI:1.098-1.997, P=0.007). Current smoking and drinking were risk factors of ARC(OR=1.712, 95% CI:1.312-2.344, P=0.010; OR=1.912, 95% CI:1.310-2.896, P=0.003).

CONCLUSION: Diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and drinking have higher risks of ARC, and eventually lead to the occurrence of ARC.]]> Shu-Na Zhai,Yan Li,Teng-Xuan Jiang and Zhi-Quan Lu 60true METHODS: Sixty POAG patients diagnosed in outpatient department in two hospitals from June 2009 to June 2011 were included. The personal data and case history were recorded and the patients underwent the glaucoma drug therapy. The life quality and anxiety and depression symptoms were evaluated by two instruments. Instruments applied included the Glaucoma Quality of Life-15(GQL-15)and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale(HADS).

RESULTS:The incidence of anxiety, depression, anxiety and depression in POAG was 33.3%,26.7%, 13.4%, respectively. Anxiety depression score and GQL-15 summary score was positively correlated with course, intraocular pressure, age, the species and price of drugs(P<0.05), and negatively correlated with income and vision(P<0.05). Compared with pre-therapy values, significant improvements were noted after hypotensive drug therapy in GQL-15 summary score, anxiety and depression scores(F_{anxiety scores} =9.54, F _{depression scores} =6.88, F_{GQL scores}=8.82; P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: There are lower life quality, higher positive anxiety and depression rates in POAG patients.The course, income, age and intraocular pressure, the species and price of drugs in POAG patients were affected in life quality, anxiety and depression and hypotensive drug interventions can improve life quality, anxiety and depression in POAG patients.]]> Gang Tan,Yi Shao and Er-Hua Liu 59true METHODS: Population-based cross-sectional study. 3 981 rural residents aged more than 50 years old from 18 towns 180 villages in Chicheng County of Zhangjiakou City were selected by cluster randomized sampling. All subjects were taken slit lamp, life vision, external ocular and funds photos, stages and grades of pterygium were made based on the examinations.

RESULTS: A total of 3 494 subjects participated in the survey with the response rate of 87.77%. The number of pterygium was 280 with the prevalence 8.01%; the prevalence in male(10.11%)was significantly higher than female(6.97%), the difference was statistically significant(χ²=10.335,P=0.001), the prevalence of pterygium was elevated as the increase of age under 80 years, the difference was statistically significant(χ²=15.949,P=0.001). Of the 280 cases 387 eyes, 297 eyes needed surgical treatment, accounted for 76.74%.

CONCLUSION: Pterygium is a common ocular disease in rural aged population in Chicheng County of Zhangjiakou City. Different gender and age groups have different prevalence rate of pterygium. The percentage of surgical treatment is high.]]> Li-Li Liu,Wen-Tian Wang,Feng Zhang,Jing-Hong Zhang,Qi-Ming Zhong,Hong Ma and Ran-Yang Guo 58true METHODS: Children were asked to read the standard logarithmic visual acuity chart at the distance of 5m. Then, children under 3 years old whose visual degree were less than 0.5, the children of 4-5 years old whose visual degree were less than 0.6, the children of 6-7 years old whose visual degree were less than 0.7, or the visual gap was greater than 2 lines were asked to make a return visit at hospital outpatient.

RESULTS: The detection rate of vision disorders in 3 211 children was 7.51%. The refractive state of vision disorder was hyperopia; mild amblyopia accounted the largest percentage in the refractive amblyopia, followed by moderate amblyopia. The prevalence of amblyopia was 3.68% in 6-year-old group, 3.76% in 5-year-old group, 7.93 in 4-year-old group, 16.48% in 3-year-old group. As the growth of the age, the vision in each group also increased. The vision distribution in each group: 0.5518±0.1910 in 3-year-old group, 0.6444±0.1584 in 4-year-old group, 0.6662±0.1544 in 5-year-old group and 0.7601±0.1119 in 6-year-old group. The rate of vision disorders had statistical difference among the 3-year-old group(P<0.05), and no significant difference for the 4-6 years old group(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: The development of children's vision is a dynamic process. Therefore, age factor should be taken into account in amblyopia diagnosis.]]> Hua-Zhang Jiang,Yin-Xi Li and Li Wang 57true METHODS:All the 6-12 years old in-school pupils in Hetian Road primary school of Shanghai Zhabei community were invited in the study. The participates were examined first-visit in May 2011 and second-visit in May 2012. All the 303 pupils(606 eyes)were investigated the age, height(H), weight(W), uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA), diopter of spherical(DS), diopter of cylinder(DC), spherical equivalent(SE), axial length(AL), and corneal curvature(K). The progression of refractive condition was described and the relevant factors were analyzed.

RESULTS:Among 606 eyes, the progression of average SE was -0.45±0.60D and the progression of average AL was 0.32±0.25mm. The progression of SE diopter was positively correlated with the progression of AL(r=0.409, P<0.01). Among all eyes, 473 eyes of them developed to myopia(the progression of SE was negative)with the prevalence of 78.1%. To analyze the relationship between the progression of AL and W, when the pupils with the weight increased among 4-6kg/a, their progression of AL was the slowest(0.28±0.20mm, P=0.004). The youngest pupils with 6-8 years old, had the fastest progression of AL(0.39±0.24mm, P<0.01). There was no significantly different between H growth and DS, DC or SE(P>0.05). The incidence of poor sight(UCVA<1.0)in 2012(47.0%)was higher than that in 2011(31.5%), while it was also higher in 10-year older group(52%)than that in 10-year younger group(10%).

CONCLUSION:Myopia is the main progression of refractive error in the pupils of Hetian Road primary school in Shanghai Zhabei community. AL and growth development is closely related to the progression of refractive errors.]]> 2013/11/25 11:01:54 Hui Shi,Yan-Hong Li,Li Li,Chun Zhao,Yan Wu,Wei Zhu,Jun Ba and Jing Yu 56true METHODS: Children from 4 to 6 years old in Nanjing attended the visual acuity examination, and filled in factors questionnaire. The results were analyzed.

RESULTS:Visual acuity at P₅ was 0.4 of 4 years, 0.5 of 5 years, and 0.6 of 6 years. Refraction, gestational age, birth weight, closely using eyes, daily watching television time, daily outdoor activity time, picky eaters situation, chewing situation, parents diopter, home lighting status were associated with vision disorders. Factors score at P₅ is 5.

CONCLUSION: The visual acuity less than P₅ at each ages was abnormal vision. Child whose factors score of less than 5 had high risk of abnormal vision, and need to pay close attention to visual conditions.]]> 2013/11/25 11:01:54 Guang-Qiang Wu,Mei-Ling Tong,Ning Wei,Xing-Xiang Wu and Zhong Li 55true METHODS: The value of AL, K1, K2, ACD and W-W of 813 school-age children(1626 eyes)aged 8.46±2.30 years old(5-12 years)were measured by IOL-Master, refractive error was measured by computer refractor. The eyes were divided into 5 groups according to different mean spherical equivalent(SE)diopter: high myopia, moderate myopia, low myopia, emmetropia and hyperopia. The correlation between diopter and different refractive parameters of different ages and different diopter groups were analyzed respectively, the SPSS 19.0 was used for the statistical analysis.

RESULTS: There were statistically significant difference(P<0.05)in uncorrected visual acuity and refractive state among the different groups of 5-12 years school-age children, the prevalence of myopia tended to increase with the age. There were statistically significant difference in AL and ACD among the different age groups(P<0.05), AL and ACD increased with the age. There were statistically significant difference in AL among three myopic groups(P<0.05). There were statistically significant difference in ACD between low myopia and moderate myopia, low myopia and high myopia(P<0.05). There were statistically significant difference in corneal refractive power and corneal diameter between low myopia and high myopia, moderate myopia and high myopia(P<0.05). SE was negatively correlated with AL(r=-0.764, P<0.01)and ACD(r=-0.498, P<0.01), but had week correlation with corneal refractive power or corneal diameter.

CONCLUSION: The increase of AL plays an important role in the changes of refractive among school-age children of 5-12 years, AL is the main morphological variable related to myopia. Meanwhile, refractive changes may be affected by corneal refractive power(K1, K2), ACD and corneal diameter(W-W). 7-8 years old can be regarded as the main phase from emmetropization to myopization of school-age children.]]> 2013/10/28 11:30:00 Wan-Peng Wang,Ran Zhou,Jing Zhang,Wan-Na Ren,Yu-Ting Li and Wen-Fang Zhang 54true METHODS: The common information, Hamilton Anxiety Scale, and Hamilton Depression Scale were investigated in 84 inpatients with ocular surface disease, and the causes of anxiety and depression were analyzed.

RESULTS: The morbidity of inpatients with anxiety was 50.0%, and with depression was 11.9%. Women were more anxious or depressed than men. Inpatients with ocular surface trauma were with a higher grade of anxiety scale; and in the sub group of cornea degeneration and dystrophy, patients were of a higher grade of anxiety and depression scale. Anxiety presented a positive and strong linear correlation with depression.

CONCLUSION: A certain degree of anxiety and depression is combining with inpatients with ocular surface diseases. We should pay attention to this state and give them positive treatment as well.]]> 2013/10/28 11:30:00 Jin-Xin Song,Zhao-Qin Hao,Xue-Mei Lin and Jie Wu 53true METHODS: A total of 16 843 students, selected from 12 junior high schools and 12 senior high schools in 6 districts in Changsha city with stratified-cluster sampling method, were brought into the eyesight screening. Light visual chart case was used to test eyesight. Database was established by Epidata 3.20 software and analyzed by SPSS 18.0 statistical software.

RESULTS: Poor sight relevance ratio in middle school students in Changsha city was 71.44%, and poor sight relevant ratio in female students(74.47%)was higher than that in male(68.20%), and the difference was statistically significant(χ²=80.79,P<0.01). In general, poor sight relevance ratio was increased with the growth of age. In the same age group, poor sight relevant ratio in female students was higher than that in male. The relevance ratio of mild poor sight, middle poor sight and severe poor sight was 8.64%, 22.35% and 40.44%, respectively. The poor sight relevance ratio in different age groups was discrepant, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: It is a social engineering to protect the middle school students' sight, so we should concentrate effort from family, school and social guidance together, and then come into comprehensive measures.]]> 2013/9/23 14:08:07 Ke-Wei Wang,Hong-Zhuan Tan,Jun Qiu and Xi-Lang Wang 52true METHODS: Four thousand eight hundred ninety-two cases(4 892 eyes)of cataract were treated by small incision non-phacoemulcification cataract extraction from March 2010 to November 2011 in our hospital(Fuming No.1 surgery car of Shaanxi Province)which were retrospectively analyzed. Visual acuity, intraoperative and postoperative complications, the recovery of postoperative inflammation were observed.

RESULTS: Visual acuity reached 0.3 or more in 4 521 eyes(92.42%)at 1d after the operation, at 3d after the operation in 4 571 eyes(93.44%), there were 4 887 eyes with IOL implantation, implantation rate was 99.90%. All the cases had lesser intraoperative and postoperative complications, and the postoperative inflammation recovered quickly.

CONCLUSION: Small incision extracapsular cataract extraction with IOL implantation is simple, effective, economical, safe and adapting for large-scale vision recovery action.]]> 2014/8/19 14:40:40 Juan Zhang,Wen-Jun Zhao,Yong-Kang Zhang,Yi Guo,Jing Li and Yang-Sheng Peng 51true METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 2 418 students from 4 middle and high schools in Shantou were surveyed through randomized cluster sampling. Ophthalmic examination and auto-refraction were performed for all subjects.

RESULTS: Among all 2 394 students examined. The myopia rates for students from middle and high school were 48.07% and 68.28%. In normal middle school, students from rural area had lower rate of myopia than students from the urban area(χ²=13.879, P<0.01). Students from key rural high schools had lower rate of myopia than students from key urban high school(χ²=175.231, P<0.01).

CONCLUSION:The prevalence of myopia in the middle school of urban area in Shantou was higher than rural area. The increasing rate of myopia in youngsters is correlated with study stress. In order to decrease the myopia rate, it is extremely important to improve study environment in students.]]> 2014/7/22 8:27:37 Geng Wang,Li Tan,Yu-Qiang Huang,Shi-Bin Lin,Bin Chen and Ming-Zhi Zhang 50true METHODS:The cluster sampling method was used to investigate the visual acuity and retinal vessel diseases of the native Tibetan among the aged 40 and above in Maqin county.

RESULTS:Totally 2 511 individuals were underwent the survey, among them, 29 cases(37 eyes)were of retinal vessel diseases, the prevalence was 1.15%, 21 cases(23 eyes)were retinal vein obstruction(0.84%), 5 cases(10 eyes)were diabetic retinopathy(0.20%), 3 cases(4 eyes)were retinal vasculitis(0.12%). The blindness and low vision of retinal vessels disease were 23 eyes(0.92%).

CONCLUSION:All the hypertension, hyperglycemia, erythrocytosis, high altitude and weight are the high risk factors of retinal vessel diseases which are the main eyes fundus disease could grow blind.]]> 2014/6/19 9:55:03 Peng-Cheng Wu,Wen-Fang Zhang,Peng Lü,Sheng-Ju Chen and Ming Tao 49true METHODS: Using the method of cluster random sampling, select 3 628 people aged 40 and above in four villages and one community for visual examination, intraocular pressure check, slit lamp examination and questionnaire.

RESULTS: The actual number of subjects was 3 393 people, and examination rate was 93.52%. We detected 843 patients with pterygium. The prevalence of pterygium was 24.85%.

CONCLUSION: There is high prevalence of pterygium in Dongguan area. The prevalence of pterygium is related with age and working environment, but has no relation with gender.]]> 2014/6/19 9:55:03 Zhong-Ling Luo,Li-Xin Zhang,Guo-Ping Zhu,Gan-Mei Xiang and Xiao-Fang Luo 48true METHODS: Totally 5 353 residents were selected and researched by randomized cluster sampling in the major Li Miao minority areas of Hainan province. Ocular examination and lachrymal duct flushing were carried out, and questionnaire survey on lachrymal duct obstruction was conducted. The ratio of lachrymal duct obstruction diseases and group distribution characteristics were analyzed based on above research.

RESULTS: The prevalence ratios of lachrymal duct obstruction was 4.47% in major Li Miao minority areas of Hainan province, with 2.62% in urban area, and 5.93% in rural area respectively. Prevalence ratios of men and women group were 1.69% and 6.39% correspondingly. Difference between the two groups was statistically significant(χ²=67.2821, P=0.0000). The highest prevalence ratio was 40-69 year-old group, second one was 70-79 year-old group, especially for women in these groups. The prevalence ratios of Ledong, Lingshui, Baisha and Changjiang county were higher than those of Baoting, Qiongzhong county and Wuzhishan city. No significant difference was found between both eyes.

CONCLUSION: In major Li Miao minority areas of Hainan province, lachrymal duct obstruction mainly occurs in 40-79 year-old patients, with specially higher ratio of women. Statistically, significant difference of the prevalence ratio between urban and rural areas exists. The higher prevalence ratio is attributed to age, gender, geographical location, climate condition, health environment and so on. The prevalence ratio is higher in the dry and windy areas than in the humid and less windy areas.]]> 2014/6/19 9:55:03 Hua-Li Zhou,Li-Ding Li and Peng Wang 47true METHODS: This survey was a cross-sectional design, the sample was selected in the first, third and sixth grade primary school and middle school students by stratified random cluster method. The survey team comprised of ophthalmologists, technicians, optometrists and administrative staff. The staff was trained about the design, method and quality control, etc. According to the research needs, questionnaires were designed. In person interview, pilot study, questionnaire,intraocular pressure,corneal curvature,refraction,axial length,corneal thickness, slit lamp microscopy and fundus examination were performed. A database was established using the Epi-data software by double entry method. All statistical analysis was completed by SPSS 17.0 software.

RESULTS:The survey covers 1 922 students in total, which account for 91.4% students of the whole four grades. The total prevalence of myopia was 39.2%. Multivariate analyses revealed that ethnic origin, age, gender, parents of short-sightedness, daily after-school reading and writing time and bad reading and writing habits were closely related to myopia(OR=0.149, 95%CI: 0.103-0.216, P=0.000; OR=1.372, 95%CI: 1.296-1.453, P=0.000; OR=1.517, 95%CI: 1.200-1.918, P=0.000; OR=0.695, 95%CI: 0.602-0.804, P=0.000; OR=1.310, 95%CI:1.086-1.581, P=0.005; OR=0.655, 95%CI:0.486-0.882, P=0.005).

CONCLUSION: Ethnic origin, age, gender, parents of short-sightedness, daily after-school reading and writing time and reading and writing habits were independent risk factors for myopia.]]> 2014/6/19 9:55:03 Han-Chun Wu and Ling-Ling Fu 46true METHODS: Using the cluster random sampling method, 823 students of two primary schools were selected in urban area of Lanzhou city, which were subsequently performed visual and optometry examination and were asked to fill in questionnaires.

RESULTS: The prevalence rate of myopia in urban area of Lanzhou city was 41.8%. Individual behavior, the time spent on near-work and outdoor activities were the main influencing factors.

CONCLUSION: Primary school should put emphasis on the education of eye caring, and parents should help children distribute the time to reading, entertainment and outdoor activities reasonably, to prevent and slow down the occurrence of myopia.]]> 2014/4/21 11:07:19 Ran Zhou,Wen-Fang Zhang,Yi Yang,Yu-Ting Li,Jing Zhang and Wan-Peng Wang 45true METHODS:From March 2011 to October 2012, 20 schools including 1 and 6 grade school children were randomly selected as survey venues by Cangzhou Eye Hosipital. Then, 3 150 people as the selected residents were enrolled, which was figured out through the random cluster sampling procedure. Every participant completed questionnaire, and a series of examination. SPSS 16.0 was used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS:Totally 3 150 residents finally took part in this study.(1)There were 2672 eyes suffered lower vision <0.9, and the rate was 42.42%. The prevalence rate of dry eye was 27.24%; The prevalence rate of eye lids margin and conjunctivitis was 22.59%; The prevalence rate of strabismus was 6.00%.(2)The prevalence rate of congenital cataract was 0.13%, The prevalence rate of congenital ptosis was 1.90%, The prevalence rate of Under the eyelid trichiasis was 1.41%; The prevalence rate of congenital inspects tit was 0.0635%。

CONCLUSION:The rate of low vision in school children is higher, among these the rate of myopia is the highest. All these result suggested: Family and community should pay sufficient attention to conduct children's eye health and prepare a balanced behaviour, to prevent the occurrence of ophthalmopathy.]]> 2014/4/21 11:07:19 Li-Dong Yang,Hua Zhao,Yun-Dong Yang,Xin Zhang,Hong-Qiang Jia,Si-Tuo Liang,Chang-Da Zhou,Wen-Zong Zhou,Ya-Nan Li and Shen Xu 44true METHODS: Totally 2 209 junior school students were extracted as respondent with stratified cluster sampling method. The gender, age, ethnicity, grade, eye behavior, physical activity and parental visual conditions were collected by self-made questionnaire, and the curvature of the cornea, anterior chamber depth and axial length were detected.

RESULTS: The prevalence of myopia was 48.02%, including the mild myopia, moderate myopia and high myopia were 40.74%, 35.31% and 23.96% respectively. Curvature of the cornea, anterior chamber depth and axial length had statistical difference between normal vision and different degrees of myopia(P<0.05). The prevalence of myopia had statistical difference in different gender, ethnicity, grade, visual near distance, sitting posture, eye exercises, outdoor activity time each week and the case of parents eyesight(P<0.05). Gender, ethnicity, grade, visual close range, sitting posture, eye exercises, outdoor activity time each week and the case of parents eyesight were the factors affecting the occurrence of myopia by using logistic regression analysis.

CONCLUSION: Incorrect sitting posture, parental myopia, visual near distance <20cm, incorrect eye exercises and less time for outdoor activities are the main reasons that cause myopia of junior students. The effective prevention and controlled measures should be taken for these factors.]]> 2014/4/21 11:07:20 Xia Han,Hai-Ling Miao and Dan Huang 43true METHODS: Totally 457 community residents with T2DM were selected in 2011. Ninety-two of these people accepted the reexamination in 2013. Besides, there were 312 residents with T2DM joined in the study in the same year. Basic condition and life style were investigated, and diabetic retinopathy screening were performed. Logistic multiple regression was used to analyze related risk factors.

RESULTS: The prevalence of DR were 15.8% and 41.2% in 2011 and 2013 respectively in the community. Compared with NDR group, age, family history of DM, duration of DM, fasting blood-glucose(FBG), 2h post-meal blood glucose(2hPG), hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c), total cholesterol(TC), serum creatinine(Scr), systolic blood pressure(SBP), high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C, LDL-C)were statistically significant(P<0.05). The result of logistic regression showed that age, duration of DM, HbA1c, SBP and HDL-C were independent risk factors of DR. There were 31 new sufferers in 92 reexamined patients(33.7%)in 2013 and the main aetiological agent was poor glycemic control.

CONCLUSION: The prevalence of DR in Fengyutan community was much higher than the other studies in northern China. It was primarily concerned with long duration of DM, poor glycemic control, inadequate concern with or even neglect of DM and the related oculopathy, hypertension and hyperlipidemia and so on.]]> 2014/3/24 14:01:51 Jing-Yang Wu,Lei Liu,Jin Geng,Li-Min Liu and Lei Chen 42true METHODS: In 2013 each villages and towns area of Miyi County had a total of 227 patients with above 60 years old, visual acuity less than 0.3. Concentrated routine physical examination and eye examination were checked. Qualified for the preoperative indexes, 42 cases(42 eyes)of other diseases caused by cataract and lens nucleus of grade IV were excluded, for monocular “extracapsular cataract extraction combined with intraocular lens implantation” were performed, and observing the vision of the first postoperative day and the situation of ophthalmology.

RESULTS: Miyi County in the elderly population with low vision in 2013, the prevalence rate of cataract was 81.06%, including senile cataract(69.60%), the complicated cataract(8.81%), metabolic cataract(3.52%), other causes low vision eye disease(15.06%). Selecting 42 cases(42 eyes)underwent surgical operation. After operation, the literacy rate is up to 100%.

CONCLUSION: Publicity in senile cataract and other eye disease should be strengthened continually. Strengthening the prevention and treatment knowledge, which can cause cataract and internal medicine disease, can improve the clinic diagnostic rate and change the cataract operation mode, so as to make the development of township of Miyi County in prevention of blindness much better.]]> 2014/2/27 9:12:37 Nan Yang and Qi-Feng Chen 41true METHODS: A sample of 2 848 children from 30 kindergartens were selected randomly. Refraction was performed using SureSight vision screening instrument, and to investigate the parents questionnaire survey of related factors. Date collection was analyzed statistically.

RESULTS:Totally 2848 preschool children were participated in the survey, 2 565 of them were qualified to complete the questionnaire, the completion rate was 90.06%. The overall refractive abnormality rate was 18.13%. The detection rate of abnormal refraction in four age groups was: 11.84%, 16.28%, 20.72%, 25.62%. χ² test for trend(χ²=47.085, P<0.01)showed that the abnormal refraction detection rate increased with age trend. Refractive abnormality rate of 21.83% in boys, 13.54% in girls, the difference was statistically significant(χ²=29.378, P<0.01). The non-conditional Logistic regression analysis, parents' educational level, maternal age, premature birth, birth asphyxia, birth weight, father diopter, eye using time, eat fruits and vegetables and other factors of OR value was respectively: 2.638, 2.380, 2.316, 5.891, 9.675, 3.146, 2.079, 1.241, 6.731.

CONCLUSION: Along with the growth of the age, refraction anomaly detection rate increasing tendency. The boy's refractive abnormality rate was significantly higher than that of girls. Parents with low education level, maternal age, birth asphyxia, premature, weighing less than 2 000g or higher than 4 000g, father ametropia, long time with eyes close, eating less fruits and vegetables are the risk factors for ametropia.]]> 2014/2/27 9:12:37 Xiao-Hua Ju and Bing Li 40true METHODS: The medical records of admission screening in preschoolers, cataract extraction project and medical outreach program in Zaozhuang were retrospective studied. A total of 12 685 people participated in the study, among those 7 962 were males, and 4 723 were females. 2 262 cases were in low age group(aged 2.5-15), 4 684 cases were in young age group(aged 15-50), and 5 739 cases were in elder age group(aged>50). The examination protocol included visual acuity testing, intraocular pressure, computer optometry, anterior segment examination using slit lamp biomicroscopy, and fundus examination. The family history, ocular trauma, surgery and drug treatment were also recorded.

RESULTS: The incidence of blindness and low vision in low age group(423 patients)was 3.33%. The leading causes were amblyopia, ametropia, ocular trauma, and retinopathy of the premature, etc. The incidence of blindness and low vision in young age group(239 patients)was 1.88%. The main causes were ocular trauma, high myopia, and retinal detachment, etc. The incidence of blindness and low vision in old age group(597 patients)was 4.71%. The primary causes were cataract, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration, etc. The incidence of blindness and low vision increased with the age, and it was higher in females.

CONCLUSION: The incidence of blindness and low vision in all groups, of which the leading causes are different, is higher than that of China. Early detection and treatment are important for low age patients, which can significantly increase the visual outcome. It's necessary for young patients to receive health education on common ocular diseases and labor protection. For elder patients, early cataract extraction surgery and treatment for ocular fundus disease are critical.]]> 2014/1/20 9:29:56 Wen Bo,Guang-Hua Sun,Mei-Ling Zhang,Zhi-Li Peng,Li Jiang and Yan-Xun Liu 39true METHODS: Visual acuity and refractive state in 10 593 graduates from 8 senior high schools from 2011 to 2013 were examined. The results were analyzed statistically.

RESULTS: The morbidity of myopia in graduated students in Tianxin district, Changsha was up to 88.76%, 88.40% in 2011, 88.91% in 2012 and 88.95% in 2013 respectively. There was no obvious differences(P>0.05). The prevalence of myopia in major schools was higher than that in ordinary schools, and the girls were higher than the boys. The differences were statistically significant(P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: The high morbidity of myopia in graduates should be paid attention, and the effective strategies should be taken to prevent the occurrence and development of myopia.]]> 2014/1/20 9:29:56 Wen Wen,Zhong-Chun Bin and Li Deng 38true METHODS: The physical examination of a total of 2644 freshmen of grade 2011 of Xinjiang Medical University in September, 2011. Visual rating criteria by the State Education Commission promulgated the "Undergraduate PE Qualification Standard", the vision binocular unequal to vision whichever was lower, and the naked eye visual acuity of less than 5 was low vision.

RESULTS: Among 2644 freshmen, a total of 885 people(33.5%)with poor vision. Poor eyesight of 250 people(24%)were found in 1041 boys; poor eyesight of 635 people(39.6%)were found in 1603 girls.

CONCLUSION: In order to reduce the occurence of students' poor eyesight, enhancing physical exercise is very important.]]> 2013/12/23 10:55:39 Hong Zhang,Hua-Lin You and Lin Xu 37true METHODS: The myopic teenagers(n=2 050)were followed up for 6 consecutive years. The common causes of myopia were compared and the statistics were processed using logistic regression analysis, then the factors more obvious in inducing myopia were selected.

RESULTS: In many factors causing adolescent myopia, operating coefficient of excessive homework and scintillating light source were respectively 1.132 and 1.254. Risk of the two factors were 3.590 and 3.681. Result of the stepwise regression model was(OR=2.054)for excessive homework and(OR=2.036)for scintilating light source.

CONCLUSION: The excessive homework and persistent flickering light source are the main influence factors causing adolescent myopia.]]> 2013/12/23 10:55:39 Xian Zhang,Xu Zhu,Xiao-Jing Guo,Yan Liang and Jun-Mei Wang 36true METHODS: The staff underwent physical examination in our examination center from September 2013 to June 2014 were preliminary screened, and those patients with symptoms of dry eye were investigated with questionnaires and diagnosed by basic lacrimal secretion test(Schirmer I), breakup time of tear film(BUT)test and fluorescein(FL)staining test.

RESULTS:There were 606 complaints of dry eye symptoms of the 1 000 premiers, distributed in random(60.6%), and 432 employees were diagnosed(43.2%). The positive rate of dry eye was 71.3%. The causes of xerophthalmia, besides of gender, age, also include a variety of factors such as air-conditioner, heating, video terminals, sleep time, etc.

CONCLUSION: Dry eye, an epidemic disease, has a variety of symptoms and complex etiology, the main causes of aerospace science and technology staff with dry eye is working environment and some local factors. We can give appropriate health guidance according to the different factors. Meanwhile the relevant series of dry eye screening should also be taken as a routine examination in ophthalmic examination.]]> 2014/12/2 9:06:32 Qian-Wen Li,Xiao-Lin Hao and Zhong-Chen Zhang 35true METHODS: In 456 college students(912 eyes)with myopia, cycloplegic retinoscopy optometry was used to measure the refractive error, corneal curvature, and axial length. The data were conducted and analyzed.

RESULTS: In 456 cases(912 eyes)with myopia, diopter of 524 eyes was less then -3.00DS, accounting for 57.5%, -3.25～-6.00DS was in 265 eyes(29.1%)and 123 eyes were more than -6.25DS, accounting for 13.5%. The mean axial length was significantly different between high myopia and low to moderate myopia(P<0.05). In two different diopter groups with different age, corneal diameter vertical lines, and horizontal diameter of curvature were significantly different(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Students with low myopia was for most, accounting for 57.5%. The incidence of myopia in girls was more than that in boys. This situation may be related to female puberty earlier than boys. There is no evidence that myopia in students of moderate or low myopia group is due to axial extension. It probably caused by unbalanced curvature of refraction elements and matching disorders. In the high myopia group, myopia mainly dues to axial myopia growth.]]> 2014/10/31 11:03:32 Li Wang,Yang Yang,Wen-Lan Liu,Jin Yan and Peng Li 34true METHODS: A total of 8 316 permanent residents, to carry out epidemiological survey of blindness and low vision. Carolina First T2DM patients were in the observation group, the other subjects admitted to the control group. Prevalence and etiology of blind and low vision were compared. Then the data only in the observation group were analyzed.

RESULTS:The rate of blindness and low vision appeared significantly higher, cataracts and retinopathy appeared significantly higher. With the increases of age, prevalence of blindness and low vision appeared significantly increased in the observation group. The rate of low vision was higher in women. Blind and low vision appeared significantly higher in junior high school educations. The above analysis was statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The prevalence of blindness and low vision of T2DM patients in our region were significantly higher than the unconsolidated. Blind and low vision in T2DM patients has a certain relationship with age, sex, education.]]> 2015/8/5 15:43:43 Jiang-Feng Yuan and Min Ming 33true METHODS: In this article, 475 Uygur college students(950 eyes)with different refractive status were enrolled. Measurements of axial length, anterior chamber depth, the corneal curvature(all by IOLMaster)and refraction. Nine eyes were excluded duo to an impact on refractive state of eye disease. The correlation between refraction and ocular components(axial length, anterior chamber depth, corneal curvature)were analyzed by statistical methods.

RESULTS: Uygur students in 941 eyes with refractive change, from -13.5～+8.00D, the axial length of the eyes was got short from long one, anterior chamber depth was becomed shallow from deep one, and the average corneal curvature changes were becomed flat from convex one. According to the different refractive state, they were divided into 7 groups, and there was significant difference for comparisons of axial length in each group(P<0.05). Anterior chamber depth and the average corneal curvature had no statistical difference between the refractive state of the situation(P>0.05). The correlation coefficient of spherical equivalent and ocular axial length, anterior chamber depth and the average corneal curvature were -0.834, -0.547, -0.208(P<0.01). The multivariate linear regression formula was D=83.229-2.150AL+2.171ACD-0.939K.

CONCLUSION: Changes in refractive factors between Uygur students determine the refractive state of the eyes, and provide the basis for the occurrence and development of Uygur refractive status.]]> 2015/6/1 16:06:25 Yan Wang,Ting-Yu Xie and Xue-Yi Chen 32true METHODS: We conducted an epidemiological survey of diabetes and diabetic retinopathy among residents aged 40 and above in Guangdong Province, Hengli Town, Dongguan City from 2011 to 2012. At the same time, according to World Health Organization(WHO), according to the daily life vision, 0.05≤visual ability <0.3, butabilitin the better eye, we screened a total of 707 cases of visual impairment. Analysis of the prevalence of visual impairment caused by refractive error, comparison of correction rate of visual impairment caused by refractive error, in different gender, age groups and different cultural level, analysis of the influence factors of vision correction were carried out.

RESULTS: The prevalence rate of visual impairment was 7.90%(707/8 952). The prevalence rate of visual impairment caused by refractive error was 5.57%(499/8 952), accounted for visual impairment of 70.58%(499/707). The prevalence rate of correction of refractive error among visual impairment was 5.36%(480/8 952), accounting for visual impairment of 67.89%(480/707). The prevalence rate of visual impairment uncorrected was 0.21%(19/8 952), accounting for visual impairment of 2.69%(19/707). By χ² test, with the increase of age, the rate of visual impairment caused by refractive error was significantly decreased(P<0.01). The visual impairment caused by refractive error were significant differences in the degree of culture(P<0.01), but no statistical significance in terms of gender(P>0.05). The rate of visual impairment can be corrected decreases with age, from 92.1% to 49.1%, there was a statistically significant difference(P<0.01). The rate of visual impairment can be corrected in more than primary school culture degree was higher than primary school and below education, there was a statistically significant difference(P<0.01). The rate of visual impairment can be corrected was no statistical difference in gender(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: Through the development of refractive error correction of positive, can make the daily life of visual impairment in about 2/3 of patients improve eyesight and improve the quality of life of residents.]]> 2015/6/1 16:06:26 Shu-Hui Chen,Qian-Li Meng,Min Zhang,Ying Cui,Hai-Ke Guo,Qing-Yang Liu,Li-Xin Zhang and Zhong-Ling Luo 31true METHODS: A cohort of 1 218 subjects were recruited randomly from grade 1～6 of two primary schools. Visual activity test, dioptroscopy and risk factor questionnaire were evaluated.

RESULTS: The prevalence of poor vision was 29.55%. The incidence of myopia increased with grade, and was significantly higher in girls than that in boys. The outdoor activity time of myopic pupil(7.25±5.35h/wk)was significantly lower than emmetropic pupil(11.86±6.65h/wk)(P<0.05). The usage of electronic product(TV, computater and cell phone)time of myopic pupil(13.36±8.35h/wk)was significantly higher than emmetropic pupil(7.75±5.83h/wk)(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The increase of myopia incidence is closely related with sparing outdoor activity and excess usage of electronic product.]]> 2015/4/8 9:56:58 Xin-Fu Wen,Jiao Zhang and Ying Zhao 30true METHODS: A total of 600 cases of primary school students of Leshan City, Jiajiang County were given vision, oblique incidence and ocular and other screening. The prevalence rate of poor eyesight of strabismus, amblyopia prevalence rate of different sexes, ages were compared, and the degree of amblyopia and strabismus of children with different types of amblyopia and whether or not had stereoscopic vision were counted.

RESULTS:The prevalence rate of amblyopia and strabismus prevalence rate were respectively 4.0% and 2.5%; With the growth of all age, low vision of students was significantly decreased, the difference of comparison of low vision rate of each age had statistical significance(P<0.05), but different ages, strabismus prevalence of different sexes, amblyopia prevalence were compared, the difference had no significant differences(P>0.05); Ametropic amblyopia was the main type, accounting for 55.6%, and the degree of amblyopia mainly was light, moderate; ametropic amblyopia, most of ametropic amblyopia and strabismus had stereo vision, but there were no stereopsis of most of the strabismic amblyopia and all esotropia.

CONCLUSION:Ametropic is mainly type of amblyopia, the prevalence of relationship between the incidence of strabismic amblyopia of primary school students and sexes is not obvious, but the oblique amblyopia treatment effect, such as the establishment of stereoscopic vision and the age, eye position has a close relationship, should be early discovered, early treatment.]]> 2015/4/8 9:56:59 Bu-Dan Hu,Hui-Bin Du,Dan Shui,Xue Li,Li Zeng and Geng-Sheng Hao 29true METHODS: In this prospective study, forty-five adults with a diagnosis of strabismus conform to the inclusion and exclusion standard were selected in our hospital from October 2013 to May 2014, as experimental group and 45 normal adults were enrolled as control group. A Chinese Adult Strabismus-20 questionnaire was used to evaluate the differences of quality of life between patients with strabismus and normal adults, and to evaluate the differences of quality of life in patients with strabismus preoperative and 6mo postoperative.

RESULTS: The scores of quality of life in adult patients with strabismus preoperative and 6mo postoperative were statistically significant lower than those of normal adults(P< 0.01). In 6mo postoperative, the scores of quality of life statistically significant increased than preoperative(P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: Strabismus can decrease the quality of life in psychosocial and visual functional for adults and the surgical treatment can improve quality of life in patients with strabismus.]]> 2015/4/8 9:56:59 Yuan-Xiang Zhou,Shi-Bei Luo and You-Guo Duan 28true METHODS: Bilateral low vision patients were recruited in 3 400 persons in twelve communities of Shayibake with the investigation of low vision and life quality by random sampling method. Then they were investigated with the questionnaire and eye examination.

RESULTS: The actual subjects were 3 091 cases, the diagnosis of low vision population wee 220 patients in which 200 cases completed the questionnaire(accounting for 6.47%). The main leading causes were cataract(92 patients, accounting for 46%), ocular fundus disease(37 patients, accounting for 18.5%), and glaucoma(28 patients, accounting for 14%). As the general health: the incidence of health patients(98 patients)was 49%, patients with hypertension(37 patients)was 18.5%, patients with diabetes(28 patients)was 14%, patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases(25 patients)was 12.5%. In this study, there were statistical significance between the health group, hypertension group, diabetes group, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases group and the other groups with variance analysis(F=4.15, P=0.003). But there were no statistical significance among the other groups. Furthermore it was shown that the value of QOL of patients with low vision were age(F=9.81, P=0.000)and degree of education(F=28.43, P=0.000)with statistical significance. But nation(t=0.12, P=0.901)and gender(t=1.64, P=0.102)with no statistical significance.

CONCLUSION:The value of QOL of patients with low vision is declined significantly with the effect of age and and degree of education. While there are no significant difference among the health group and hypertension group, diabetes group, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases group.]]> 2015/3/9 10:14:43 Yuan Qu,Hua Yao and Xue-Yi Chen 27true METHODS: The clinical information about the elderly patients with dry eye disease in Miaohang Community Shanghai Baoshan District from Nov. 2013 to Dec. 2014 with self-designed questionnaire were collected. General information, the eye conditions, the history of systemic disease, habits and customs were collected. All patients completed the ocular surface disease index(OSDI)questionnaire which assessed the severity of dry eye disease. The positive patients would have a comprehensive examination of the eye.

RESULTS: A total of 618 validated questionnaires were collected and included in analysis. There were 142 males(23.0%)and 476 females(77.0%). The most common symptoms, dry eye feeling, accounted for about 66.8%. Eighty point nine percent patients had more than three kinds of symptoms. The proportion with refractive errors(hyperopia or presbyopia), pterygium is higher in 50-60 age group than other groups. Visual display terminal(VDT)and driving for a long time had significant difference between the three groups(the proportion was 37.3% and 9.3% respectively, P=0.004, 0.001). The patients exposed to smoke environments, such as chess room, had higher proportion in the 61-70 age group than any other age group, the proportion was 20.6%(P<0.05). The proportion of conjunctivochalasis and cataract was higher in the 71-80 age group than other groups, with proportion of 28.6% and 78.9% respectively(P<0.05). Meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD), long-term use of eye drops especially in glaucoma patients had no difference in three groups(P>0.05). One hundred and fifty patients had surgery history, the common operations were cataract, pterygium and blephar. One hundred and eighty-one patients(29.3%)had positive corneal fluorescein staining, with higher proportion in the symptoms of foreign body sensation, photophobia, conjunctival congestion, frequent blinking and lacrimation.

CONCLUSION: The risk factors of dry eye disease's symptoms were various in different age groups. According to thus, we should take different measures with relevant education about the cause of disease and comprehensive treatment to improve quality of life in elderly people with dry eye disease.]]> 2016/8/22 9:57:58 Chun-Ling Hu, Li-Ping Wu, Yue Zhang, Zong-Jun Fang and Qing Chang 26true METHODS:The children(5-6 years old)were randomly selected from 6 kindergartens in Nanjing,3 in Yuhua District as the experimental group,and the other 3 in Jianye District as the control group.A one-year follow-up was conducted to evaluate the difference of visual development, including the rate of low vision, rate of referral caused by refractive abnormality, rate of astigmatism, the average of the equivalent spherical lens and the rate of lacking physiological hypermetropia, between the experimental group and the control group children.

RESULTS: One school year later,the rate of low vision, rate of referral caused by refractive abnormality and the rate of astigmatism, were significantly lower(P<0.05)in the experimental group under the mode of “combination of medicine and education”, which were also lower than those before experiment(P<0.05). The average of the equivalent spherical lens of experimental group increased and the rate of lacking physiological hypermetropia decreased significantly, compared with the control group(P<0.05)and with those before experiment(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION:Using “combination of medicine and education” eye health care model,is good for children's visual development,so as to reduce the rate of low vision and delay the occurrence of myopia.]]> 2016/7/26 10:36:29 Ning Wei, Mei-Ling Tong, Jing Wang, Guang-Qiang Wu, Xing-Xiang Wu, Yu-Tong Wang and Zi-Ying Xue 25true METHODS:Population-based cross-sectional study. A total number of 6 196 subjects aged 50 years or older in 35 villages in Mingshui District of Heilongjiang was studied, using cluster random sampling methods. The prevalence of pterygium, distribution patterns and risk factors in this population were studied.

RESULTS:There were 5 669 subjects(91.49%)actually received the examination and 246 patients(329 eyes)were found among the population aged 50 years or older. The prevalence of pterygium was 4.34%. The prevalence of pterygium was positively correlated with age(for every 10a of age, OR=1.616,95%CI:1.372-1.903,P<0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed:non-glasses vs wearing glasses when been outdoors(OR=5.045,95%CI :1.592-15.985,P=0.006); outdoor workers vs indoor workers(OR=3.896,95%CI:2.834-5.356,P<0.01). Pterygium was related to the age, glass-wearing and times working outdoors.

CONCLUSION:In the alpine, rural area of Honglongjiang, the prevalence of pterygium is decreased. Old age and outdoor work are the risk factors, while wearing glasses when going out is a protective factor.]]> 2016/5/3 15:55:06 Jun-Wei Wang,Yi Zhang,Xue-Dong Chen,Fei Leng,Hong-Yan Ge,Yan-Yan Zhang and Ping Liu 24true METHODS:Dry eye questionnaire and ocular examination were conducted to 8 145 common persons participating in social physical examinations in Dezhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention from February 2011 to November 2014.

RESULTS:In the target population, 1 803 persons were suffering dry eye, accounting for 22.14%,the prevalence in female was higher than that in male,there was significant difference between genders(χ²=45.12,P<0.01). The prevalence was on the rise along with the age, specifically in 5-20, 21-40, 41-60 and 61-72 years old groups,it was 9.61%(109/1 134), 22.84%(789/3 455), 23.06%(433/1 878)and 28.13%(472/1 678)respectively(χ²=95.76,P<0.01). The prevalence in female was significantly higher than that in male in the 5-20, 41-60 and 61-72 years old groups. The prevalence varied significantly in different occupational populations,and the retiree accouted for the largest proportion(27.48%)(χ²=59.80,P<0.01); the top 3 main complaints were eye dryness(30.40%), blurred vision or vision fluctuation(24.73%)and photophobia(14.53%)in sequence; in addition, the multivariable Logistic regression analysis showed that visual display terminal syndrome, wearing corneal contact lens, the abuse of eye drops and air pollution were the main risk factors for the dry eye symptoms.

CONCLUSION:Dry eye prevention and treatment are badly in need in Dezhou city; and the major clinical characteristics of the disease should be grasped to make a timely and accurate diagnosis and to conduct specific health education and behavior interventional measures to people with different occupations.]]> 2016/5/3 15:55:06 Jing Wang,Ling Liang and Hui-Hui Zou 23true METHODS:Patients suspected with LHON who went to Hebei Ophthalmic Hospital(formerly Xingtai Eye Hospital)from December 2001 to December 2014, were conducted mtDNA(mitochondrial DNA)screening. The patients whose origin were Xingtai, the sourth of North China, were screened out. The LHON families were given detailed follow-up, pedigree investigation and examinations of visual acuity, fundus, color vision, visual field and other clinical exam to diagnose the sick ones in the pedigrees. We took the resident population which date was from the sixth national census in 2010 in Xingtai area as the base, then conducted statistically analysis for those pedigrees to roughly estimate the incidence and molecular genetics characteristics of LHON in this area.

RESULTS:From December 2001 to December 2014, the 463 people from four generations in 33 LHON families were investigated, and 72 patients were diagnosed as LHON, 65 males and 7 females. One patient was found with mutation at T3866C,60 at G11778A,8 at T14484C,2 at G11696A+G11778A, and 1 at G3460A. In the sixth national census in 2010, the population aged 0～64 in Xingtai area was 6 592 466, and the prevalence of LHON was 1.092/100 000(95%CI:0.964～1.22/100 000), and the incidence of G11778A, which was the most common one, was 0.91/100 000(95%CI:0.79～1.03/100 000).

CONCLUSION:The incidence of LHON in Xingtai China is high, the lower limit of prevalence is about 1.092/100 000, and the ND4 is the hot spot region. The mutation at G11778A is the most common one. Male patients were significantly more than female patients.]]> 2016/3/28 15:32:23 Shi-Peng Xie,Hao Wang,Yong-Ye Chang,Hui-Jun Shi,Min-Xin Guan and Ming-Lian Zhang 22true METHODS:Cluster sampling method was used in 4 539 inhabitants aged 50 or older in urban and rural of Foshan city from January 2014 to June 2015.All individuals were received visual acuity and eye examination, including slit lamp examination, fundus examination, automatic optometry and intraocular pressure examination.

RESULTS:There were 641 patients with cataract among the 4 539 adults and the prevalence of cataract was 14.12%. The prevalence of cataract grew as the adults became older(P<0.05).The difference of prevalence between rural and urban people was statistically significant(P<0.05).But difference between male and female was not significant(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: Cataract is the most common eye disease that leads to blindness and severe visual impairment among adults aged 50 or older in the area.]]> 2016/2/3 8:48:37 Xiao-Peng Liu,Yan-Ru Li,Dong-Ling Liu and Shu-Ke Luo 21true METHODS:A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 3 295 students in Pudong district from September to October in 2014. These students had been given vision examination and finished a questionnaire survey. Data of the survey was analyzed with rank-sum test and ordinal logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS: Single factor analysis showed that there was statistical relation on degree of myopia with the grade, myopia in parents. Although there was no statistical difference between the genders, degree of myopia was different between boys and girls in different grades. There was no statistical relation on degree of myopia with time used on playing computer and mobile phone, outdoor activity time, establishment of refractive development file or monophagia. Ordinal regression analysis showed that there were statistical differences on grade, myopia in parents, establishment of refractive development file, time used on playing computer and mobile phone, frequence of wearing glasses and how to realize myopia.

CONCLUSION: Grade and myopia in parents were the risk factors for degree of myopia. Ophthalmologists should strengthen the health education on myopia, advise to establish refractive development file as early as possible, monitor regularly for focus groups and control myopia progression actively.]]> 2016/2/3 8:48:37 Dan-Feng Zhang 20true METHODS: Myopic patients treated with SMILE were enrolled from Jan. to Dec.2013 in Henan Eye Institute. The patients were divided into different myopia groups according to spherical equivalent, and were divided into low age group and high age group according to age. The satisfaction survey was performed 18-30mo after SMILE. The differences of response rate and satisfaction score among different myopia groups were performed by Chi-square test and One-way ANOVA, respectively. The differences of satisfaction score between different age groups were performed by sample t-test. The differences of satisfaction score between postoperative symptomatic group and asymptomatic group were performed by sample t-test.

RESULTS: A total of 239 eyes of 120 patients were enrolled. A total of 183 eyes of 92 patients replied, the response rate was 76.6%. The average age was(25.6±5.3)years, the mean preoperative spherical equivalent was(-4.87±1.37)D. The response rates were not statistically significant among different myopia groups(χ²=12.00, P>0.05). The percentage of patients that were very satisfied with surgery was 98.9%, and they would like to recommend the surgery to their families or friends. The satisfaction score of moderate myopia group was significantly higher than that of low myopia group and high myopia group(P<0.05). The satisfaction score of low age group was higher than that of high age group(t=2.95, P<0.05). The incidence of dry eyes, poor night vision, glare and eye discomfort was 15.3%, 9.8%, 7.7%, and 7.1% after operation. The satisfaction score of dry eye was lower than that of asymptomatic patients(P<0.05). There were no significant differences between asymptomatic patients and poor night vision, glare or eye discomfort patients(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: The satisfaction extent of myopic patients after SMILE is very high. The satisfaction score of moderate myopia group and low age group was high, and the postoperative satisfaction score of dry eye is low.]]> 2016/11/23 14:07:33 Sheng-Wei Ren, Chen-Jiu Pang, Zhi-Hong Meng, Li-Juan Dai and Chuan-Qin Lu 19true in situ keratomileusis(FS-LASIK)and laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK)for myopia.

METHODS: A retrospective case series. A total of 89 cases 178 eyes were chosen from Jan.2014 to Dec.2015. There were 46 cases(92 eyes)in FS-LASIK and 43 cases 86 eyes in LASIK. The visual acuity, refraction state, subjective visual quality score, high order aberration were measured at 6mo after surgery.

RESULTS: All patients underwent operation smoothly, and no complication was observed during and after surgery; there was no statistically significant difference between two groups at visual acuity(P>0.05). Postoperative diopter compared with preoperative expectations diopter difference is statistically significant between two groups(P<0.05). Subjective visual quality score was compared statistically significant postoperative 6mo in two groups(P<0.05). Six months after surgery in the two groups of patients with corneal aberration RMS values, spherical aberration and coma compared with preoperative increases, more than the expansion of the size of the FS-LASIK group low mechanical plate layer knife group, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Femtosecond laser corneal flap is more accurate and reliable and the discrete degree is smaller. It can make more thin corneal flap. Femtosecond laser disc of LASIK surgery compare with traditional mechanical plate layer knife following LASIK has better visual quality.]]> 2016/10/25 14:35:38 Juan Liu and En-Hai Hu 18true METHODS: Cross-sectional study. The vision of college students who reach the clinic with visual chart were tested; the keratorefractive power with an automatic refractor was tested; the eyes with slit lamp and ophthalmoscope were tested. The intraocular pressures of 405 cases(810 eyes in total)with an automatic non-contact tonometer were tested; The anterior chamber depths, lens thicknesses, vitreous cavity lengths and axial lengths with an A/B-type ultrasound diagnostic equipment were tested; The intraocular pressures and some biological parameters of the two races, two genders, same genders of different races, and the right and left eyes were compared.

RESULTS: The differences between Uyghur and Han college students in intraocular pressure, anterior depth, lens thickness, vitreous cavity length and axial length were statistically significant(P<0.05). The difference between Uyghur male college students and Uyghur female college students in anterior depth, axial length, keratorefractive power were statistically significant(P<0.05). The difference between Han male college students and Han female college students in axial length, keratorefractive power were statistically significant(P<0.05). The difference between the right and left eyes was statistically insignificant(P>0.05). The differences between Uyghur male college students and Han male college students in intraocular pressure, anterior depth, vitreous cavity length, axial length and lens thickness were statistically significant(P<0.05). The differences between Uyghur female college students and Han female college students in intraocular pressure, anterior depth and axial length were statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Compared with Uyghur college students, Han college students are higher in intraocular pressure, deeper in anterior depth, longer in vitreous cavity length and axial length, and thinner in lens thickness. Compared with female college students of same race, the male college students are longer in axial length and smaller in keratorefractive power. Moreover, Uyghur male college students are deeper than Uyghur female college students in anterior depth. Compared with Uyghur male college students, Han male college students are higher in intraocular pressure, deeper in anterior depth, longer in vitreous cavity length and axial length, and thinner in lens thickness. Compared with Uyghur female college students, Han female college students are higher in intraocular pressure, deeper in anterior depth, and longer in axial length. There is no difference between the right and left eyes.]]> 2016/9/19 17:26:50 Ping Ma, Ying Zhu and Feng Ying 17true METHODS: We used stratified cluster random sampling, extracted the urban-rural fringe elementary school and middle school, gave out self-made questionnaire survey to 3572 students, at the same time, underwent ophthalmology routine inspection and tear secretion test, rupture time measurement and corneal and conjunctival fluorescein staining.

RESULTS: The overall number of poor vision was 764 people(1447 eyes), the overall poor vision was 20.25% counted by eye amount, the rate of poor vision in primary school was 14.08%, in junior high school was 29.51%, in junior middle school was significantly higher than that in primary school(P<0.05). The number of subjects with dry eyes was 424 cases(848 eyes), the overall incidence of dry eyes was 11.87%, among them the occurring rate of dry eyes in primary school was 5.14%, in junior middle school was 21.96%, which was significantly higher than that in primary school(P<0.05). Ordered multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that junior high school, doing homework for 1-3h or >3h every day, eyes away from the book <30cm, lying down when reading books, watching TV or playing computer phone for 1-3h and >3h every day, dry eyes, and the nutritional status(fat or thin)were the risk factors of poor vision in primary and middle school students the(OR=3.862, 1.164, 1.210, 1.212, 1.315, 1.319, 3.040, 1.110, 1.057 and 1.141).

CONCLUSION: The risk factors of primary and middle school students vision is multifarious, dry eyes is a risk factor for poor vision of primary and middle school students in the urban-rural fringe of Guangzhou.]]> 2017/3/27 10:17:07 Xiao-Hong Qi,Min-Ying Li and Xiao-Xia Wei 16true METHODS: Totally 125 patients diagnosed with thyroid associated ophthalmopathy from January 2015 to January 2016 at Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine were included. Clinical data including gender, age, eyelid, conjunctival hyperemia and edema, lacrimal caruncle swelling, degree of proptosis, eyelid retraction volume, vision, diplopia were recorded. TAO-QOL questionnaire were investigated. The content was divided into two dimensions: visual function and appearance. Each dimension contains eight related questions. Final indicators for each dimension was the score. Independent t test, ANOVA and multiple regression analysis were performed using SPSS tactics 22.0 software.

RESULTS: Eighty-eight valid questionnaires were included. The average score of visual function was 72.6±28.3 and that of appearance was 66.8±26.0; 28 cases(28/88)were in active phase while 60 cases(60/88)were in inactive phase. Visual function and appearance scores were 59.4±28.8 and 56.1±26.0 in active group; 78.8±26.1 and 71.8±24.6 in inactive group. Active group has decreased score for both visual function sore and appearance score(P=0.002 and P=0.008). The score of patients with mild TAO(26/88 )was 86.2±17.1 and 82.1±17.8; 70.3±28.3 and 63.3±25.5 for moderate-severe patients(55/88), 41.1±34.6 and 37.6±22.7 for extremely severe patients(7/88). The score of both visual function and appearance in severe group were significantly lower than those in the moderate-severe group(P=0.006 and P=0.007).Compared to mild group, those of moderate-severe group were significantly lower(P=0.012, P=0.001).The visual function score of patients in constant diplopia group were significantly lower than the no diplopia group, horizontal or vertical gaze diplopia and inconstant diplopia group(P<0.001, <0.001, =0.002). By multivariate regression analysis, we found the factors that influence visual function score were visual acuity and diplopia(R²=0.470), and those correlated to appearance score were exophthalmos, retraction and diplopia(R²=0.375).

CONCLUSION: TAO-QoL can be used as a simple and effective tool to evaluate the quality of life in TAO patients. The QoL score is related to disease staging and grading. Thus, shortening the course of active phase, decreasing the degree of diplopia and improving visual acuity are critical ways to improve the quality of life in TAO patients.]]> 2017/1/20 11:21:32 Si-Si Zhong, Ze-Yang Liu, Xu-Sheng Wu, Wen-Qi Chen, Xing-Tong Liu, Yi-Dan Zhang and Hui-Fang Zhou 15true METHODS: Survey research. Random cluster sampling was used in selecting individuals aged ≥50 years in 30 clusters in Funing county. Proportions were compared by using the χ² test and the means compared by using the t-test. Logistic regression was used to detect possible factors of ARMD such as age and gender.

RESULTS: A total of 6 145 persons aged 50 years were enumerated and 5 947(96.78%)participants were received visual acuity test and eye examination. The prevalence of ARMD was 7.53%, with a total of 448 individuals(633 eyes). The prevalence of blindness and visual impairment for presenting visual acuity were 4.13% and 11.96%, respectively. The prevalence of blindness and visual impairment for presenting visual acuity were 4.45% and 7.79%, respectively. Older were significant risk factors of ARMD(OR=1.01, P=0.04).

CONCLUSION: The prevalence of ARMD was higher among people aged 50 years and above in Funing county, Jiangsu province. ARMD is one of the leading cause of visual impairment.]]> 2017/12/18 10:32:22 Yu Guan, Mei Yang, Li-Hua Kang, Guo-Wei Zhang and Huai-Jin Guan 14true METHODS: A cross-sectional study method, in a tertiary hospital in Fuzhou city elderly patients with low vision 200 cases were as the research object, USES the Chinese version of quality of life scale(CLVQOL), low vision care service demand questionnaire investigation were taken.

RESULTS: In elderly patients with low vision life quality score was 54.92±12.11, the nursing service demand score 30.34±8.93, medium and high demand was of 88%. Quality of life was negatively correlated with nursing service demand value(r=-0.266, P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: The quality of life of elderly patients with low vision was low, nursing service demand is high, especially on visual function recovery training of nursing service requirements. Aging brings important social problems in China, attaches great importance to the elderly care service demand, discussion with precise visual nursing care intervention in low vision group, it is necessary to improve the quality of life.]]> 2017/12/18 10:32:22 Hui-Lan Zheng, Xiu-Lan Lu, Xiao-Yan Zheng, Mo-Jun Cheng, Wen-Jing Jiang and Guo-Xing Xu 13true METHODS: A total of 20 hospitals with neonatal intensive care unit were selected from 13 prefecture level cities and 1 autonomous prefectures in Hunan Province by stratified random sampling method. The questionnaires for prevention and treatment of retinopathy of prematurity in hospital were distributed to the hospital officers in order to survey the condition of oxygen monitoring, ROP screening and treatment, ROP training in hospitals and the supervision of health administration departments and the restrictive factors for prevention and treatment of ROP.

RESULTS: Totally 20 questionnaires were collected. There were 20(100%)hospitals carried out oxygen monitoring, 12(60%)hospitals conducted ROP screening, 3(15%)hospitals conducted ROP treatment, 2(10%)hospitals conducted ROP screening and treatment, 5(25%)hospitals conducted special training for prevention and treatment of ROP and 4(20%)local health administration conducted supervision for prevention and control of ROP. The situation of treatment, special training and supervision for ROP in provincial Grade Ⅲ A hospitals were better than ministerial Grade Ⅲ A hospitals. The main restrictive factors of ROP were lack of professional and technical talents, equipment for prevention and treatment, standardized training and the great risk of treatment in children with severe disease.

CONCLUSION: The oxygen monitoring for newborns in Grade Ⅲ A hospitals were good, but the present situation of screening and treatment about ROP is not optimistic. The training of special skills and supervision for prevention and treatment of ROP should be strengthened to further improve the overall level of ROP prevention and control.]]> 2019/1/17 14:39:02 Lin Liu, Xuan-Chu Duan, Xu-Ying Li, Hua Zheng, Wei Song and Bin Wu 12true METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 7214 patients aged 6-15 years were conducted in Mengla County of Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province. The investigation included naked eye and best corrected visual acuity, diopter, eye position, anterior segment and fundus examination. The influencing factors were analyzed by Logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS:(1)The case rate of strabismus(exotropia)and amblyopia(refractive amblyopia)were 2.12%(85.62%)and 0.60%(74.42%)respectively;(2)The case rate of strabismus had no difference in sex, age and nationality(P>0.05), however, the case rate of exotropia was different in ethnic groups: the Lahu is more likely to have exotropia than the Han nationality(OR: 1.86, 95% CI: 1.12-3.09). Immediate family with strabismus or exotropia, myopia and hyperopia were all risk factors of strabismus(P<0.05 OR>1), and myopia was the risk factor of exotropia(OR: 2.13, 95% CI: 1.32-3.44). The OR value of exotropia increased with the diopter of myopia(P<0.05);(3)The case rate of amblyopia was not different in sex, age and nationality(P>0.05). Myopia and hyperopia were risk factors of amblyopia(P<0.05, OR>1).

CONCLUSION: There is a high risk of strabismus in the children whose immediate family has exotropia of Xishuangbanna ethnic minority, and there is a certain ethnic difference in strabismus; Both myopia and hyperopia are the main risk factors of strabismus and amblyopia. The disease risk of strabismus and exotropia increases with the increase of refractive diopter; Low local amblyopia was associated with a lower incidence of ametropia.]]> 2019/1/17 14:39:02 Jian-Hua Li, Qian Zhang and Yang Zhang 11true METHODS:Cluster random sampling was performed. 6 164 samples were randomly chosen to be tested for uncorrected visual acuity, corrected visual acuity and eye position, and among those whose uncorrected far visual acuity of either eyes below 5.0, refractive power of both eyes were further tested. Self-questionnaire was designed to understand the influencing factors of myopia.

RESULTS: Among 6 164 samples, the rate of presenting visual acuity below 5.0 is 40.3%(1 249/3 099)for male and 43.8%(1 343/3 065)for female respectively(P<0.01). The prevalence of myopia is 59.1% for male and 68.7% for female respectively(P<0.01). The prevalence of myopia is 44.1% for primary school students and 71.3% for secondary school students; the prevalence of hyperopia is 3% for primary school students and 1.7% for secondary school students. Multivariate regression analysis showed that, homework time(>2h), average sleeping time(≤8h)and myopic parents are independent risk factors(OR=1.48, 1.55, 1.26, 1.58, 2.13,all P<0.05)for myopia of primary and secondary school students.

CONCLUSION: The prevalence of visual impairment and myopia for primary and secondary school students in Xiangtan are high, which is influenced by many factors, by which should be intervened comprehensively.]]> 2020/6/22 14:51:56 Jian-Xiong Cao, Ying-Ping Zhang, Mei-Fen Xie, Jia-Sheng Yi, Wei Liu, Yan Liu and Yong Chen 10true METHODS: Cross-sectional study and cluster sampling were used. A total of 30 716 students aged 6 to 14 from 15 primary schools in Haicheng district, Beihai city, who had taken physical examination from October 2019 to January 2020, were selected for visual acuity and pupil diopter. SPSS17.0 statistical software was used for data analysis.

RESULTS: In the eyes of the 15 primary schools monitored in this study, 30 716 cases had mild myopia(29.62%), 0.50D < astigmatism < 2.00D(25.43%), metropia(21.05%)and mild hyperopia(15.85%). With the growth of age, the proportion of emmetropia and farsightedness declined as awhole. The proportion of myopia is on the rise. A total of 1 894 cases of wearing glasses 3 788 eyes. The rate of poor vision was 23.30%, and the rate of qualified correction of frame glasses was 64.57%. Compared with the left eye, the difference was statistically significant, and the P₅₀ of the right eye was more negative than that of the left eye. The equivalent spherical mirror was compared between boys and girls. The difference was statistically significant, and the P₅₀ of equivalent spherical mirror of girls was more negative than that of boys.

CONCLUSION: With the growth of age, the proportion of mild hyperopia and squarely eyes decreases year by year; The proportion of myopia increases year by year; Among the students with poor eyesight, the number of those who regularly wear glasses is small; However, after wearing glasses, there are still some students whose glasses are not up to standard. The refractive state of the right eye is more negative than that of the left eye; Female students tend to be more negative than male students in the refractive state.]]> 2020/6/22 14:51:56 Wei Wang, Hong-Xing Zhou and De-Feng Lai 9true METHODS:The data was from November 2018 to January 2019 in Gaoping, Shanxi Province. A multi-stage sampling method was used to select 181 big class children from kindergarten, 948 primary school students, 432 middle school students and 244 high school students. The questionnaires were distributed to those students, vision and diopter tests were conducted. Based on that information, the study analyzes the occurrence of myopia and its influencing factors in adolescent and children's cohort in this area.

RESULTLS: Totally 1805 students were selected in this study. The detection rate of poor eyesight was 78.28%(1413/1805). The prevalence of myopia was 64.38%(1162/1805), and the rate of wearing glasses was 51.46%(598/1162)in the myopic population. With the development of learning stage and age, the prevalence of myopia increased. The prevalence of myopia in girls(66.81%)was higher than that in boys(61.73%), and the prevalence of myopia in urban areas(66.54%)was higher than that in rural areas(61.52%). Regression analysis results show that learning distance is a protective factor for the occurrence of myopia, while daily learning time, sweet food, time of first vision decrease, and interval between time of first vision decrease and time of wearing glasses are risk factors for myopia.

CONCLUSION: The prevalence of myopia among adolescents and children in Gaoping, Shanxi Province is relatively high. Using eyes at close range for a long time, unreasonable diet, and lagging prevention and intervention measures are all factors that can cause myopia.]]> 2020/5/25 15:43:02 Qin Wang and Chun-Fang Wang 8true METHODS:Using the method of cluster random sampling, the subjects were selected from some communities in Xining City, with an average altitude of 2 100m. The subjects were ≥40 years old, and the investigation method was field investigation. Single factor and multi factor analysis were used to determine the risk factors of ARMD, and R software was used to draw Nomoto.

RESULTS: The actual number of subjects in this survey is 2 595. Age, cataract, living time at high altitude, smoking, drinking, high blood pressure and mobile phone use are risk factors of ARMD. Old age was the most risk factor for ARMD(OR: 53.078, 95% CI: 28.405-77.183, P<0.001), followed by long-term use of mobile phones(OR: 9.142, 95% CI: 1.906-43.846, P<0.001). The DCA decision curve showed that when the Nomo score existed, the probability of predicting ARMD was almost the same as that of actual ARMD.

CONCLUSION: The risk factors of ARMD are old age, high altitude living time, cataract, smoking, drinking, high blood pressure and mobile phone using time, especially the old people who live in high altitude for a long time. Nomo scoring system can accurately predict ARMD and provide theoretical basis for clinicians to intervene ARMD in high altitude areas.]]> 2020/11/19 16:34:49 Rui-Juan Guan, Ling Li, Xin Yan and Ya-Ping Wang 7true METHODS: From 2018-08 to 2019-08, diabetes patients with chronic disease management were selected for screening in the 45 community of Pudong New Area, stratified sampling by age and sex. The eye health data of long-distance screening were analyzed, and master the degree of satisfaction and participation willingness through the questionnaire survey.

RESULTS: The screening included 39 055 patients with DM, all of whom established eye health files for the first time. 15.870%(6 198/39 055)was made a definite diagnosis preliminarily of diabetic retinopathy, the prevalence of mild, moderate, severe NPDR and PDR were 3.974%, 9.904%, 1.746% and 0.246% respectively. The rate of needing referral was 44.325%(17 311/39 055); the rate of actual follow-up was 5.846%(1 012/17 311); the satisfaction of DR screening and willingness to participate were over 85%.

CONCLUSION: The service mode of comprehensive prevention and treatment for diabetic ophthalmopathy based on remote screening system was feasible for early detection, early diagnosis and early intervention of diabetic ophthalmopathy, but it needs further optimization and improvement in practice application.]]> 2020/10/22 16:19:28 Xiao-Hua Zhang, Wei Zhou, Cheng-Jun Liu, Bin Cao, Fang-Rong Chen, Li-Na Lu and You-Zi Li 6true METHODS: A cross-sectional study was designed. A total of 72 270 students, including 37 278 males(51.58%)and 34 992 females(48.42%), aged from 3 to 18 years old were screened in 38 schools in Qingyang District of Chengdu from October 2019 to January 2020, with an average age of(10.22±3.22)years old. The incidence of myopia, high myopia, anisometropia, refractive status and axial development were analyzed.

RESULTS: The incidence of myopia is 57.50%, high myopia 3.33%, moderate anisometropia 9.80%, and high anisometropia 4.24%. The age group between two adjacent two comparison: the myopia prevalence of 6-14 years old difference was statistically significant(all P<0.0033), high myopia incidence between 9-14 and 15-16 difference was statistically significant(all P<0.0033), the incidence of moderate anisometropia 7-11, 12 and 13 years old(all P<0.0033), high incidence of anisometropia, 5 and 6, and 8-12 years old(all P<0.0033). Axial length: the axial length of the right eye(23.658±1.258)mm, the left eye(23.611±1.246)mm, and the axial length of the left and right eyes between 5 and 18 years old showed statistical differences(all P<0.05), and the axial length of the right eye was longer than that of the left eye. The axial length of emmetropia and myopia of the eyes(take the right eye)in the same age group was statistically significant between the ages of 6 and 18(all P<0.01). The relationship between the refractive state and the axial length(right eye analysis): with the increase of age, the axial length increased, and the refractive index of the equivalent spherical mirror of hyperopia decreased gradually, and myopia increased gradually after emmetropia. The mean value of the equivalent spherical mirror(SE)was positive between 3-6 years old. From the age of 7, the mean value of SE turned to a negative value, presenting a myopic change, and the axial length was 22.923±0.759mm. Under different refractive conditions, the axial length was hyperopia as 22.489±0.853mm, and the emmetropia as 23.023±0.802mm, low myopia as 23.860±0.965mm, moderative myopia as 25.137±0.929mm, and high myopia as 26.252±1.040mm.

CONCLUSION: Compared with the past, the prevalence of myopia and the incidence of high myopia are on the rise. Prevention of myopia before the age of 7, and prevention of the development of high myopia should start at the age of 10. It is suggested that good eye hygiene habits should be formed before the age of 8 to prevent the occurrence and development of moderate and high refractive errors. Myopia changes at the age of 7, and myopia is more likely to occur in the right eye. We can predict the trend of myopia by axial length at different ages, and also assess the severity of myopia by axial length.]]> 2021/1/19 16:56:27 Li Li, Si-Lin Bian and Jiang Lin 5true METHODS: A total of 112 patients with accommodative asthenopia were admitted to the department of ophthalmology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and recruited online were investigated using the ASS questionnaire, and 48 subjects were randomly selected and retested 1wk later. A variety of reliability, validity and responsiveness indicators were used to evaluate the scale.

RESULTS: The overall Cronbach's α coefficients of the scale entries was 0.91; The split-half reliability coefficients was 0.86; Repeated measurement correlation coefficient of the scale total score was 0.74, there was no significant difference before and after(P>0.05); The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the absolute fit index of the three-factor structural model was χ²/df<2.0, RMSEA=0.08; The correlation coefficients of each dimension's total score and the scale's total score were 0.92, 0.90 and 0.83 respectively; The standard association validity analysis showed statistically significant differences between groups(P<0.01). Response analysis was statistically significant before and after treatment(P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: The ASS has high reliability, validity and responsiveness in the clinical evaluation of accommodative asthenopia, and it's an effective tool for clinical research and screening of asthenopia in this population.]]> 2022/6/28 10:46:47 Xiao-Li Lyu, Yu Shao, Ping-Ping Yu, Ying Yu, Hong Zou, Jin-Hua Tao and Wan-Hong Miao 4true METHODS: A cross-sectional cluster sampling study was designed. The total number of screened students was 63 488 in 70 schools from Xuzhou city in this study from September 2020 to December 2020. After excluding the unqualified data, 58 149 students aged 6-18 years were included to analyse. The prevalence of screening myopia, refractive correction and full correction with the aspect of different ages, genders, regions and degrees of myopia were described.

RESULTS: The overall rate of screening myopia and refractive correction were 49.26% and 31.11%, respectively and both showed an increasing trend with age(P<0.01). Additionally, the degree of myopia also gradually deepened with age. For the two rates, there appeared to be higher for girls than boys(53.70% vs 45.67% for screening myopia and 32.45% vs 29.84% for refractive correction, all P<0.01). However, girls showed a lower rate than boys for full refractive correction(56.60% vs 63.98%, P<0.01), which was 60.23% totally among all the myopic students with refractive correction. The corrective and full refractive correction rate of urban primary and secondary school students are higher than that of townships(46.50% vs 18.33%,62.20% vs 56.07%, all P<0.01).

CONCLUSION:The prevalence of screening myopia among primary and middle school students was not optimistic in Xuzhou city in 2020. The rates of refractive correction and full correction were relatively low among myopic students, possibly because of the progression of myopia.]]> 2022/3/24 15:57:53 Wen Zhou, Xian-Ming Feng, Hong-Yan Chen, Ya Liao, Wei Wang, Su-Yan Li, Ying Li and Xiao-Juan Wang 3true METHODS: A multi-stage cluster sampling method was used to select students in 7 schools(2 primary schools, 2 junior high schools, 2 high schools, and 1 vocational high school)in Mengzi city, Yunnan Province in October 2019. A total of 1 837 students were selected for questionnaire surveys, and examination of distance visual acuity and noncycloplegic autorefraction. There were 1 622 valid questionnaires were finally collected after checking the integrity and rationality of the questionnaires.

RESULTS: The prevalence of myopia among primary and secondary students in Mengzi city in 2019 was 61.34%. The prevalence of myopia in girls(71.36%)was higher than that in boys(50.45%), and the prevalence of myopia in Han nationality(70.19%)was higher than that in ethnic minorities(57.70%). With the grade growth, the prevalence of myopia showed an upward trend. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors of myopia were female(OR=2.308), Han nationality(OR=1.712), higher learning stage(junior high school: OR=1.579, high school: OR=5.538), the time of doing homework daily in the past 1wk(1-<2h: OR=1.456, 2-<3h: OR=1.514, ≥3h: OR=1.901), occasionally or never keep your eyes more than one foot away from a book while reading and writing(OR=1.741), insufficient sleep(OR=1.585), parental myopia(OR=2.191).

CONCLUSION:The prevalence of myopia among primary and middle school students in Mengzi city is at a relatively high level. Female, Han nationality, higher learning stage, the time of doing homework daily in the past 1wk≥1h, occasionally or never keep your eyes more than one foot away from a book while reading and writing, insufficient sleep and parental myopia are all risk factors that can cause myopia.]]> 2022/3/24 15:57:53 Xiang-Jie Tian, Jiang Li, Jing Zhang, Zheng-Chao Jing and Hong-Li Xue 2true METHODS: Cross-sectional study. This study took a purposive sampling survey of 41 schools in some areas of Xinjiang, including 20 primary schools and 21 middle schools, from May 2019 to December 2019. A total of 71 838 children and adolescents were included as the survey objects for relevant eye examinations.

RESULTS: Among 71 838 students, 35 888 were found to have astigmatism(column ≤ -0.50D), and the astigmatism detection rate was 49.96%. The differences of astigmatism detection rate among different ages, genders, education levels, regions and ethnic groups were statistically significant(all P<0.001). The detection rate of astigmatism increased with age from 7-16 years old, and reached the highest rate of 57.60% at 16 years old. The detection rate of astigmatism decreased from 16-19 years old, and the overall detection rate of astigmatism increased with age. With the increase of education level, the detection rate of astigmatism increases, and the detection rate of male astigmatism(51.25%)is higher than that of female astigmatism(48.62%). The detection rate of astigmatism in provincial capital cities(50.99%)is higher than that in non-provincial capital cities(48.05%); the detection rate of astigmatism in Han(53.41%)was higher than that in Uyghur(40.17%), Kazakhs(48.23%), Kyrgys(45.56%)and Hui(48.87%). The astigmatism type was mainly with-the-rule astigmatism(74.53%), and with the increase of age, the composition ratio of with-the-rule astigmatism decreased, while the composition ratio of against-the-rule astigmatism and oblique astigmatism increased. The final results of Logistic regression analysis showed that age, gender, nationality, region and education level were all influential factors of astigmatism.

CONCLUSION: The prevalence of astigmatism in children and adolescents aged 7-19 years in some areas of Xinjiang is 49.96%, and the astigmatism is mainly with-the-rule astigmatism(74.53%). Age, gender, nationality, region and education level are the influential factors of astigmatism.]]> 2022/1/27 16:19:53 Jing-Yu Mu, Yun-Xian Gao, Yan Wang, Yi-Ning Yang and Yong Zhao 1true