International Journal of Ophthalmology Press -->调研论著

Prevalence of age-related maculopathy in community of Xi Chang’an street of Beijing

Xin Zhao,Bi-Qi Tian,Yun-He Hao,Xin-Lei Zhang,Yan He and Hong-Liang Dou

AIM:To evaluate the prevalence of age-related macular degeneration(AMD) in elderly population in urban area of Beijing.METHODS:Epidemiology survey.Citizens of more than 50 years old in the community of Xi Chang’an street of Beijing were recruited.The targeted subjects were picked up by door-to-door and a questionnaire about healthy state,medicine,life habits et al was answered.The comprehensive ophthalmic examinations,including visual acuity,pinhole visual acuity,non-contact intraocular pressure test,slit-lamp,ophthalmoscopy and non-mydriatic fundus photography were performed.Colorful fundus photography was taken by a trained ophthalmologist.AMD was graded on fundus photography following Clinic Age-Related Maculopathy System.RESULTS:A total of 2833 citizens of more than 50 years old had dwelled in the community and 2410 participated in the investigation,meaning a response rate of 85.07%.Early AMD was present in 70(2.98%) of 2348 subjects,late AMD in 7(0.30%) of 2348 subjects,and exudative AMD in 4(0.17%) of 2348 subjects.Monocular blindness caused by late AMD accounted for 6.49%(5/77 subjects) and binocular blindness 2.60%(2/77 subjects) of the study population.The prevalence of AMD increased with age.CONCLUSION:The prevalence of AMD in the community of Beijing is similar to reports of most studies both international and domestic,early AMD is majority of pathology,which is one of major tasks of blindness prevention in the community.

Investigation about the refractive status of teenagers and children with abnormal visual acuity in Beihai

Hong-Xing Zhou,Li-Ping Chen,Hong-Xia Zhang,Xiao-Qin Ning and Su-Ling Zou

AIM:To understand the refractive status of teenagers and children with abnormal visual acuity aged 3-15 in Beihai.METHODS:The 3-15 years old teenagers and children generally surveyed amounted to 19032 ones,including 10503 boys,accounting for 55.2% of the total number,8529 girls,accounting for 44.8% of the total number.RESULTS:Students whose naked vision was over 1.0,contained 6650 boys,63.3% of the total number of boys,and 4575 girls,53.6% of the total number of girls.Those who had poor eyesight included 3,853 boys,36.7% of the total number of boys,and 3,954 girls,46.4% of the total number of girls.The incidence of abnormal visual acuity:young children groupboys,and the incidence of abnormal visual acuity often revealed an increasing tendency with age.There was a significant growth from primary school to junior middle school.The refractive status of abnormal visual acuity:hypermetropia was seen more often among 3-6 years old children,then myopia became major from the age of 7.The incidence of mild myopia reduced year by year from the age of 10,but that of middle and severe myopia increased year by year.Abnormal visual acuity of kid-group was mainly resulted by hyperopia,which of primary and junior middle school group were mainly resulted by myopia,and the incidence of myopia in the group of junior middle school was higher than primary school.Refractive type of amblyopia was primarily hyperopia astigmatism.CONCLUSION:General survey of visual acuity to the children in the period of growth was an important way to find out and prevent ametropia.Screening the refractive status,remedying ametropia,the early proper treatment and correct scientific guidance were all effective methods to prevent and delay the disease development.They were also ways of preventing and curing amblyopia.We ought to adopt positive and effective comprehensive measures of prevention and treatment to the 3-15 years old students with abnormal visual acuity.

Investigation of teenager eyesight status and its influence factors

Wei Gao,Jian-Sen Sun and Ling Guo

AIM:To learn the current situation of teenagers’ eyesight and discuss the influence factors of vision loss so as so promote the work of better visual acuity protection and myopia prevention in teenagers.METHODS:An investigation on the eyesight,myopia and related factors of 2480 teenagers was conducted in Lianyungang city from May to August in 2009.Different grade student vision changes were analyzed,and family history,reading and surfing harmful habits with grouping antitheses were compared.RESULTS:The grade of the students was negatively correlated with the vision(r=-0.98),while positively correlated with myopia rate(r=0.985).On the aspect of history,reading and surfing harmful habit,the proportion of number in the myopia group was higher than that in the emmetropia group.CONCLUSION:The eyesight of teenagers declines as their grades become higher,while the myopia rate rises.History,reading and surfing harmful habit may be parts of the reasons for visual acuity declining;The unstability of tear films possibly correlates with the myopia rate.Correlation between gender and eyesight was unseen in the survey.Among those influencing factors,surfing harmful habit has ranked the first.

Investigation and analysis of distribution of RGPCL wearing crowd and their compliance

Dan Jiang,Teng Ye,Yu-Sen Dai,Di Hu and Jun Jiang

AIM:To study the wearing crowd distribution and the compliance of lens wearing·METHODS: Retrospective case investigated research.Clinical data of 454 patients with optometry of rigid gas permeable contact lens(RGPCL) from February,2008 to December,2008 were investigated.Patients with RGPCL were reviewed to study age,gender,refractive state,wearing purpose as well as the compliance of lens wearing for the first time·RESULTS: Of the 454 RGPCL wearers,the proportion of male to female was 1∶2.66;Respondents,according to age,were divided into 10-12 years group with 45 casses(9.9%),13-18 years group 243 cases(53.5%)and >18 years group 166 cases(36.6%),in which 13-18 years had the highest proportion;57.5% of patients wearing RGPCL aimed to control myopia development,51.5% of patients for correcting high myopia or hyperopia,41.2% of patients for wearing convenience;The average review time was less than 3 months in 68 cases(15.0%),3-6 months(including 6 months)in 98 cases(21.6%),7-9 months in 26 cases(5.7%),more than 9 months in 50 cases(11.0%),never to check in 212 cases(46.7%)·CONCLUSION: 13-18 age is the main stage of wearing RGP lens,to control the progress of myopia is the main purpose of the wearers.The compliance of wearing RGPCL is effected by reasons of uncomfortable wear,tedious wearing process.Wearers of all ages have no significant difference in compliance,education needs to be further strengthened.Women patients wearing propotion is more than men patients,compliance is also significantly higher than male.The survey also show that education of patients have no significant influence on fitting rate and the compliance.

Epidemiological survey on trachoma prevalence in Ningxia region of China

Run-Qing Ma,Hui-Ping Li,Qing-Xia Liu,Guang-Hui Yan,Li Ma and Xun-Lun Sheng

AIM:To determine the prevalence of trachoma in Ningxia and assess associated risk factors to provide the basis for the prevention and treatment of trachoma·METHODS:Study setting was Jinfeng district(city) and Hongsipu town(rural area)in Ningxia.Three thousand residents were selected by cluster randomized sampling.Ocular examination and questionnaire survey were conducted.The diagnosis was performed according to the World Health Organization(WHO) protocol.The prevalence of trachoma was determined and the related the risk factor was analyzed·RESULTS:Prevalence of trachoma was 5.50%(165/3000),2.79%(36/1290) in City and 7.54%(129/1710) in rural area.The difference of the prevalence between city and rural area was significant(χ2=31.96,P<0.05).Trachoma was diagnosed in 5.58%(36/1417) of male cases and 5.43%(86/1583) of female cases.No significant difference was found between male and female(χ2=0.03,P=0.86)·CONCLUSION: The prevalence of rural area is higher than that in urban residents in Ningxia and it may be related to environmental factors,health care and economic condition.It is important to take some interventions to reduce the trachoma prevalence.

Relation between dietary carbohydrate and fat intake and the risk of age-related cataract

AIM:To examine relation between dietary carbohydrate and fat intake and the risk of age-related cataract(ARC) in middle-aged and elderly men.METHODS:A hospital-based case control study was conducted.Cases(n=360) were patients with cataract 45-85 years old,and controls(n=360) were patients who had been admitted to the same hospital for diseases not related with cataract.Cases and controls were matched with 1:1.All subjects were interviewed using a structured interviewer-administrated questionnaire that included information on socio-demographic characteristics,lifestyle habits and detailed medical history,simultaneously,the dietary intakes of nutrients were collected via a valid semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire(FFQ).The odds ratios(OR) and 95% confidence intervals(CI) of ARC were estimated using multiple logistic regression models.RESULTS:After adjusting for multiple potential confounders,higher dietary intake of carbohydrate was associated with an increased risk of ARC.Compared to controls in the lowest quartile,the OR for cases in the highest quartile of intake was 2.161(95% CI:1.107-5.016,P<0.001).Similarly,there was a positive association between intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids and ARC.Participants in the highest quartile of polyunsaturated fatty acids intake had approximately three times the risk of ARC as did those in the lowest quartile(OR=2.989,95% CI:1.764-5.062,P <0.001).Dietary total fat intake was not associated with ARC(P=0.778).CONCLUSION:High carbohydrate and polyunsaturated fatty acid intake may increase the odds of ARC,and a healthy well-balanced diet can be used to protect ARC.

Survey of refraction and binocular vision among 1352 preschool children in Nanjing

Hong Liu,Jing Wang and Qiao Li

To survey the refraction and binocular vision of preschool children in Jiangning-s Baijiahu district of Nanjing,and to analyze the distribution of refraction,the condition of ametropia and binocular vision. METHODS: Totally 1352 preschool children who had natural pupil in 7 kindergartens of Jiangnings Baijiahu district of Nanjing-were examined in the half-dark room by retinoscopy and-binocular vision instrument (type:TSJ-IV), including 728 boys and 624 girls. Refraction and binocular vision were statistically analyzed in different age groups.- RESULTS: The ratio of refraction error was 13.35%,which was the highest in 5-year-old group.There was no significant difference in those groups（P=0.408）. The proportion of astigmatism and hyperopia was significant difference in-3- year-old group,4- year-old group,5 -year-old group（P=0.003）,the ratio of astigmatism in 4-year-old group was significantly greater than that in other groups.162 children had binocular vision disorder,and the ratio of which was 12.01%,including 156 children (96.30%） with (range +6～+13°, ＞＋5°),and 6 children (3.70%） with exotropia(range -6～-12°,＞-5°)。There were significant difference in the ratio of binocular vision disorder in-three-groups,and the greatest in 3-year-age-group,mainly of esotropia（P=0.001）.-Among these 162 children with binocular vision disorder, there were 81.48%（132/162）cases with emmetropia. The ratio of refraction-error were no significant difference in-children with normal binocular vision and abnormal binocular vision（P=0.125）. CONCLUSION: Among preschool children in Jiangnings Baijiahu district of Nanjing, the main type of refraction error is astigmatism and hyperopia. Esotropia could be found in most abnormal binocular vision children. It is an useful method by retinoscopy and-binocular vision instrument with natural pupil in the half-dark room to survey refraction and primary binocular vision function of preschool children."

Relationship of hypertension, diabetes with age-related cataract in middle-aged and elderly men

Teng-Xuan Jiang,Jia Yan,Shu-Na Zhai,Yan Li,Wen-Hui Sun,Di Zhang and Zhi-Quan Lu

AIM: To investigate the association between hypertension, diabetes and the risk of age-related cataract (ARC) in middle-aged and elderly men. METHODS: A hospital-based case control study was conducted. Cases (n=360) were patients with cataract 45-85 years old, and controls (n=360) were patients who had been admitted to the same hospital for diseases not related with cataract. Cases and controls were matched with 1∶1. All subjects were interviewed using a structured interviewer-administrated questionnaire that included information on socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits and detailed medical history. Blood pressure and blood glucose of study population were measured. Multiple logistic regression model was used to derive odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between hypertension and diabetes, and ARC. RESULTS: After adjusted for age and gender, hypertension was significant positively related with ARC (OR=1.573, P=0.005). Compared with normal systolic blood pressure,systolic blood pressure ≥180mmHg increased the risk of onset (OR=2.812, 95%CI: 1.450-5.455, P=0002). The duration of hypertension was associated with an increased risk of ARC, especially those men for 10 to 20 years (OR=1.867, 95%CI: 1.053-3.307, P=0.033). Similarly, there was a positive association between diabetic patients and ARC (OR=2.151, 95%CI: 1.470-3149, P<0.001). The risk of ARC in diabetes duration <10 years and 10 to 19 years significantly increased (OR =2.374; 95%CI: 1.502-3.752, P<0.001 and OR =2.683; 95%CI: 1.267-5.683, P=0.010 respectively). CONCLUSION: Hypertension and diabetes may increase the prevalence rate of ARC. Interventions to modify these risk factors, especially in populations in which they are highly prevalent, may have implications to control visual loss from cataract, which is the first cause of blindness worldwide.

Influence of fruit and vegetable intake on age-related cataract

Zhi-Quan Lu,Jia Yan,Wen-Hui Sun,Teng-Xuan Jiang,Di Zhang,Shu-Na Zhai and Yan Li

AIM: To examine whether higher fruit and vegetable intake reduce the risk of age-related cataract (ARC) in middle-aged and elderly people. METHODS: Totally 360 cases aged 45-85 years old who were admitted to hospital for intraocular lens implantation for cataract suffered from lens opacity were investigated from September 2009 to March 2011, and controls (n=360) were patients who had been admitted to the same hospital for diseases not related with cataract. Cases and controls were matched with 1∶1. All subjects were interviewed using a structured interviewer-administrated questionnaire that included information on socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits and detailed medical history. Simultaneously, fruit and vegetable intake were assessed with the use of a validated, semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) of ARC were estimated using multiple logistic regression models. RESULTS: After adjusting for multiple potential confounders, intake of fruit, vegetable and total fruit and vegetables were inversely associated with ARC. Compared to controls in the lowest quartile, the risk of ARC for cases in the highest quartile of intake decreased for 19% (OR=0.81, 95%CI: 0.67-0.97), 19% (OR=0.81, 95%CI:0.69-0.94) and 29% (OR=0.71, 95%CI:0.60-0.93), respectively. The risk of ARC decreased with higher intake of fruit (P=0.014), vegetable(P<0.001) and total fruit and vegetables (P=0.023). A stratified analysis according to smoking and diabetes showed a significant inverse trend between fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of ARC among never smokers and non-diabetics. CONCLUSION: Increased consumption of fruit and vegetable may have a protective effect on ARC, and a healthy well-balanced diet may possibly be beneficial to ARC.