International Journal of Ophthalmology Press -->文献综述

Recent advancement and clinical application of corneal collagen cross-linking

Jing Li,Li Jiang and Zheng-Wei Shen

Corneal collagen cross-linking( CCL) is the latest corneal shape technology in clinical application in 21 century. Riboflavin,a photosensitizer,can be applied to local irradiation of the cornea by 370nm ultraviolet and it can stimulate collagen cross-linking,and increase corneal rigidity. The technology is expected to become more familiar with the corneal molding techniques such as conductive keratoplasty and corneal ring implantation for secondary treatment in clinic. These corneal molding surgeries are expected to open up a new field,and treated with new corneal disease. Ophthalmologists can reshape the corneal structure without penetrating keratoplasty or lamellar keratoplasty and other invasive techniques by CCL. Instead of corneal ring implantation,it can improve significantly treatment effect of keratoconus. Technical methods with CCL has been improved,and the treatment range has also increased. Besides progressive kera-toconus,the refractory corneal ulcer,corneal degenera-tion,corneal expansion diseases were all applied.

Cells and immunotolerance of keratoplasty

Yu-Mei Diao and Bing Li

Keratoplasty rejection is the main failure factor of keratoplasty. Immunotolerance is antigen-specific immune non-response. Inducing receptors of the immunotolerance against the graft was the fundamental method to completely overcome the transplant rejection. Kerato-plasty rejection is a complex process. All kinds of immunocytes play a critical role in suppressing rejection and inducing immunotolerance.

Research of ocular surface changes after incisions of cataract surgery

Si Zhang and Yi-Zhuang Li

A part of patients have discomfort symptoms of eyes after cataract surgery,such as reduction of cornea sensation,sensation of dryness,foreign body sensation,burning sensation,and the effect of cataract surgery incision to tear film. We analyzed the pathogenesis and mechanism systematically,and the analysis would be helpful to the choice of the appropriate method to do the operation and the reduction of complications after cataract surgery.

Research advancement of heavy silicone oil application in vitreoretinal surgery

Xin Zhang,Hua Zhao,Si-Tuo Liang,Hong-Qiang Jia and Shen Xu

The treatment effect was not satisfactory for patient wiht the complexity detached retina using traditional silicone oil in the operation. So the heavy silicone oil was produced. We introduce the physicochemical property of the heavy silicone oil,the advantage and disadvantage,and the clinical application advances and complications,and we prospect that the heavy silicone oil couble be extensivly used in the future.

Advances in treatment of diabetic retinopathy with VEGF inhibitors

You-Yi Zhang and Jin-Hui Wu

Many clinical studies have implicated the importance of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy(DR). VEGF inhibitors were combined with VEGF molecules to counteract its function. There are achievements in the therapy for treating neovascularization and vascular leak-age of DR. This article makes a review in the classification,mechanism of function,safety as well as applied development of VEGF inhibitors for DR.

Research advancement on the eye pressure elevated by local applied hormone

Xiu-Lin Xiao and Jian-Zhong Ye

The hormone has good functions about anti-inflamma-tion,anti-allergy and immunosuppression,improvement of metabolism. Recently reports indicated that any admini-stration route may cause eye pressure increase,especially by the way of eye dropping. Some patients presented the hormone glaucoma such as glaucoma optic nerve harm,the field of vision damage and the vision decrease. In this review,we research and summary the status about intraocular pressure elevation related with local hormone.

Tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand and eye tumors therapy

Jiang-Cheng Shan,Bo-Lin Xie and Dan-Yang Yu

Tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a new member of TNF superfamily. TRAIL preferentially induces apoptosis in tumor cells,trans-formed or virus-infected cells,but not in normal cells,thus it has greatly spurred our attention. Eye tumor therapy has always been the challenge to ophthalmo-logists. This review introduces TRAIL and its receptors’ structures and functions,the mechanism of inducing apoptosis and the applications in eye tumors therapy.

Therapy advancement for amblyopia in older children

Xi-Ying Zhang and Chun-Guang Jiang

Amblyopia is a developmental disorder that occurs during a period of neural plasticity early in life. The sensitive period of visual development is a critical period for amblyopia. It is generally considered untreatable for older children who fall outside the period of cortical plas-ticity. However,there are numerous reports of therapy for amblyopia in older children recent years. This review updates the treatment advances for amblyopia in older children.

Therapy progress in the macular edema of central retinal vein occlusion

Bao Guo and Xue-Yi Chen

·Central retinal vein occlusion(CRVO)is a common retinal vascular disease,macular edema is the major complication and main reason for decreased vision of CRVO.Currently,the most widely used and researched focuses in clinic are laser coagulation,intravitreal injection:triamcinolone acetonide(TA),vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)antibody;surgery:radial optic neurotomy,etc.·

Research advancement on promoting factor of choroidal neovascluarization

Xiu-Zhen Lu,Hong-Sheng Bi and Yan Cui

·Choroidal neovascularization(CNV)is the important reason for a series of fundus oculi diseases which usually lead to vision loss.The forthing and developing of the CNV are regulated and controlled mainly by vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)and angiopoietin-1/2.So we summarize the advance of research on the causation and the effect of the two factors.·

Current research and progress of excimer laser assisted corneal refractive surgery in children

Peng-Fei Liu and Lin Xiao

·In recent years,several studies of corneal refractive surgery——laser assisted surgery in children have shown some specific advantages.However,the indications,safety,efficacy,stability and predictability of laser assist-ed refractive surgery remain considerable controversies.This article reviewed current related literatures to sum-marize and discuss some challenges on the application of pediatric refractive surgery,make clear the application perspective so as to provide certain inspirations.·

Recent advances in treatment of retinitis pigmentosa

Ming Ai,Ming Sun and Dai Li

Retinitis pigmentosa(RP) is a group of inherited retinal disorders characterized by the progressive photoreceptor and pigment epithelial cells dysfunction.It is the common cause of blindness in the whole worldwide.Until now it is not clear about its exact pathogenesis and etiology,so effective treatments are still little.This paper looks back on lots of the recent domestic and abroad related documents,eapecially abroad,and then reviews research advances in treatment of RP.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and retinitis pigmentosa

Ying-Yu Zhang,Peng-Fen Gao and Li-Xia Yang

The development of molecular biology has thrown new light on the treatment of retinitis pigmentosa.We reviewed the progress of brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) and iris pigment epithelial(IPE) cells in the treatment of retinal pigment degeneration.Combination of neurotrophic factors,transgene and transplantation technology is a promising way to treat retinitis pigmentosa.

Current progress in proteomics and its application in proliferative vitreoretinopathy

Jun-Fang Wang and Li-Xin Mei

Proteomics is the study of total expressed proteins and the dynamic change in certain cell,tissue or organ.It can study the organism dynamic and integrity at the protein level.Proteomics has been widely used in the current life sciences fields.However,its ophthalmic research is still initial,not fully developed.Now,the proteomics advance-ment in proliferative vitreoretinopathy is reviewed.

Progress in surgical treatment of pterygium

Ji Li,Lan-Ping Sun,Gui-Fen Liu,Wei Lü,Ya-Juan Zhang,Yan-Jun Ren and Jun-Hua Hao

Pterygium is one of the common ocular surface diseases found only in human.The pathogenesis of the disease has different interpretations,the clinical treatment effect is unsatisfactory,relapse rates are high.For decades foreign scholars has done a lot of research in the surgical treatment of the disease in order to achieve smaller surgical injury and lower relapse rate.The traditional surgical method has great damage and high relapse rate.The injury of laser treatment with surgery is small,and this treatment has high security advantages,but its long-term efficacy,the relapse rate and the effects of combin-ing therapy with other methods,such as mitomycin C,amniotic membrane remain to be studied.

Application fibrinogen tissue adhesive in ophthalmology

Yu-Mei Hu and Yan-Ming Tian

The hemostatic biological glue (fibrin sealant) is biological adhesive with a human blood or animal blood fibrinogen as materials,which can stop bleeding by the simulation of human clotting process with the organi-zation hemostatic effect.Biological glue have many advantages such as natural closed,quick and good healing and quickly absorption.Till now,it has been widely applied in the eye surgery area,Comparative study showed that the comfort,convenience and safety of biological adhesive are better than suture surgery,this paper was a literature review.about biological glue in ocular application.

Application of Monovision in refractive error

Hai-Rong Huang and Shu-Xi He

Monovision was used to correct pre-presbyopia and presbyopia,one eye corrected for distance vision and the other eye for near vision.The mechanism that enables Monovision to succeed is interocular blur suppresion.Monovision is also used for correcting myopia of middle-age in past years.Mechanism,way of application and the effects on the visual function of Monovision are discussed in this review.

Research on genetics of pathological myopia

Jun-Lin Yang and Jin-Hui Wu

Myopia is generally considered to be resulted from both environmental and genetic factors.Moreover,the genesis of pathological myopia is highly relevant to genetic factors.The purpose of this paper is to summarize the results of its gene-related research.

Application of high order aberrations and contrast sensitivity function in LASIK

Hua-Zhang Feng and Jian-Hua Zhang

High order aberrations have been a hot issue in the study of vision quality with the application of aberraions theory in LASIK.People want to correct high order aberrations partly through custommed surgery to improve vision quality.At the same time,assessment of contrast sensitivity as an aspect of postoperative vision quality has been widely used.We reviewed the application of high order aberrations and contrast sensitivity function in LASIK.

Different routes of drug administration in treatment of posterior capsule opacification

Jian-Nan Xiang,Guo-Hua Wang,Hai-Jiang Zhang and Ming Huo

Posterior capsule opacification(PCO) is a subsequent complication after the implantation of the artificial lens from the extracapsular cataract extraction. The lens epithelial cells after the operation play the key factors. The most important way to treat PCO is to avoid the growth and transposition of the lens epithelial cells,which is similar to the treatment of the tumor. So, the difficulty in the study is how to choose the best method of drug administration which can keep the effective concentration of the drug and reduce its side effect. This thesis summarizes the routes of drug administration in the treatment of PCO.

Survey of diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma in the middle-aged and aged population in China

Yun-He Hao and Xin Zhao

Glaucoma is an important cause of irreversible visual impairment and blindness, especially in the middle-aged and aged population, national epidemiological survey revealed the incidence of glaucoma in China. In this paper, based on the results of these surveys, the types of primary glaucoma, prevalence, blindness rate, the damage of visual function, rate of fail to diagnosis, treatment, high-risk groups, risk factors and screening methods were summarized.

Application of anterior segment optical coherence tomography in glaucoma

Jin-Xia Jing,Shao-Ping Ha and Wen-Yan Fan

Anterior segment optical coherence tomography(OCT) is widely applied in ophthalmology because of the advantages of fast, non-contact and high resolution. It’s valuable on eye anterior segment morphology including corneal thickness, anterior chamber angle structure and iris shape. We reviewed the applications of OCT in glaucoma study.

Study progress of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment associated with choroidal detachment

Xiao-Li Huang and Zhi-Feng Wu

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) associated with choroidal detachment (CD) is a serious and unusual type of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Without prompt management, the prognosis could be worse due to rapid massive vitreous and periretinal proliferation. At present, the underlying etiology, pathogenesis and treatment are poorly elucidated, and studies both at home and abroad are mainly concentrated on its treatment. This article will review its etiology, pathogenesis and treatment in order to further understand RRD associated with CD, and provide valuable theory basis for the clinical oculists.

Interleukin-8 and diabetic retinopathy

Xiao-Xi Chen and Xue-Dong Zhang

Diabetic retinopathy(DR) is one of the frequent chronic microvascular complications associated with diabetes mellitus, and it is a leading cause of blindness, but the specific mechanism of DR is not very clear. Now inflammatory reaction as one of the pathogeneses of DR has become the main concern for a growing number of scholars. In the following sections, we will review the function of IL-8 as a inflammatory factor in DR.

Change of visual edectrophysiology in glaucoma

Ou Hai,Jie An and Zuo-Ming Zhang

Intraocular hypertension is a frequent problem in the ophthalmology clinic. It usually develops as glaucoma and causes irreversible damage to vision. Though the test of visual field is the gold standard in glaucoma,but it is often affected by the subjective factors. The visual electrophysiological examination offers a new method for early diagnosis of glaucoma.

Progress in technique for lacrimal system intubation

Jin-Mao Chen

Lacrimal diseases are a series of common diseases in ophthalmology. Technique for lacrimal system intubation has been broadly applied in treating all kinds of lacrimal diseases, especially for lacrimal duct obstruction diseases. The instruments and equipments, backstop materials, combination treatment, complications and sequelae were reviewed in this paper.

Current situation of intraocular refractive surgery in treatment of extremely high myopia

Hua-Ping Zhao and Lin-De Lu

The exact cause of extremely high myopia is unknown by now. There were disadvantages of visual field becoming smaller and distortion of image to correct extremely high myopia by wearing spectacles, furthermore, the cornea is too thin to be accepted for excimer laser surgery. In recent years, we had gained satisfactory effects by using intraocular lens related refractive surgeries to treat extremely high myopia, so the good qualities and shortages of those intraocular refractive surgeries were reviewed in this paper.

Recent advances in the pathophysiology of acanthamoeba keratitis

Ping Wang and Xue-Jun Zhu

·Acanthamoeba keratitis is a sight-threatening infection,which is characterized by ring-like stromal infiltration and keratonueuritis.The pathophysiology cascade of this infection begins when the trophozoites bind to the corneal epithelium.Following processes include trophozoite-mediated cytopathic effects and the productions of several pathogenic proteases that degrade collagenous stroma.Because of the predilection of acanthamoeba for respond-ing chemotactically to nural cell,it can produce what appears to be keratoneuritis.However the pathophysio-logy of acanthamoeba keratitis is still unclear,targeting pathophysiology could lead to the development of the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.·

Diagnostic value of optical coherence tomo-graphy in macular lesions

Ming-Xia Ji and Hui Peng

·Optical coherence tomography(OCT)has been widely used in recent years in the diagnosis of many ocular disorders.Especially,OCT plays an unparallel role in assessing the foveal structure of various macular lesions.We reviewed OCT appearance in idiopathic macular hole,macular epiretinal membrane,central serous chorioretino-pathy,ocular edema,and age-related macular degene-ration.·

Recent progress of proteomics in diabetic retinopathy

Guo-Hai Chen,Qin-Xiang Zheng and Wen-Sheng Li

·Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is a diabetic microvascular disease affecting the eyes,which is a leading cause of blindness in adults under 75 years old.In recent years,regular screening for DR,blood glucose,blood pressure and blood lipid has contributed to lower incidence of blindness due to retinopathy.But still the pathogenesis of DR is unclear.At present,proteomics and related technologies provide a powerful tool to study the intrinsic pathophysiological mechanisms of DR at the molecular level.This technology can study an abundance of proteins at a time and identify the different expressed proteins.Comparative proteomics show that the DR is not activated by a single protein,but by a variety of proteins.At present,the functions of the identified proteins are not very clear,and there is a complex network between the various proteins.This article briefly reviews the recent progress of proteomics in DR.·

Application of fundus observation system for treatment of retinal detachment

Ke Yang and Min Li

·Retinal detachment is one of the important blinding diseases.The contact lens or noncontact lens were used in the vitreous surgery.Different fundus observation systems are reviewed in this article.·

New progress on the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity

Jun-Xia Tan and Dan Zhu

·Retinopathy of prematurity(ROP)is retinal vascular proliferative lesion occurred in prematurity and low birth weight infants.With the rising of the survival rate of premature children in recent years,the incidence of ROP has increased significantly.ROP treatment in the threshold or late threshold period is mainly the retinal laser and surgical treatment,while giving the body systemic hormone drugs.Due to the late timing of treatment,high surgical risks and many complications,the treatment effect is not ideal.To explore a simple,safe and effective treatment method has become the consensus of researchers in the early lesions stage.We reviewed the new progress on the current treatment of ROP.·

Recent advance of the study on the antineovascular drugs for fundus diseases

Yan-Hong Yao,Qiong Zhang and Ling Wang

·Retina and choroid neovascularization(NV)may induce vitreous hemorrhage,subretinal hemorrhage and tractional retinal detachment and usually result in poor vision.It is often seen in the eyes with age-related macular degeneration(AMD),diabetic retinopathy(DR),retinal vein occlusions(RVO)and retinopathy of prematurity(ROP).At present,drugs of NV mainly target the different phases of the angiogenesis and suppress its growth.We discusse the present anti-neovascular drugs which are used on clinic or under the clinicaltrial.·

Effect of manganese as image intensifier on the function of nervous system

Jun Zhang,Yun-Tao Hu and Xun-Lun Sheng

·As the manganese has been applied continually in the imaging studies and experimental researches,its toxic injury has been a hotspot.Many studies have demon-strated that the damage of large accumulation of mangan-ese,as a body trace element,is expressed mainly in the nervous system.This article will summarize the papers concerned with the delivery method,body injury and neurotoxic mechanism of manganese,while man-ganese was applied as an image intensifier.·

Mechanism and treatment of traumatic optic neuropathy

Shi-Ying Sun,Yu-Ping Zhao,Jian-Jun Niu,Shun-Li Li and Bing-Heng Chen

·Advances in research about traumatic optic neuropathy are reviewed from the following aspects:pathogenic mechanism of traumatic optic neuropathy;surgical treatment;non-surgical treatment.·

Ocular surface change of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Lin Ning and Ming-Hong Gao

·The literature data of recent years were collected,summarized,analyzed,and also the ocular surface change of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were reviewed.This review provides some theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of type 2 diabetes.·

Study progress of multifocal visual electrophysiology in amblyopia

Jie An and Ou Hai

·Electrophysiological examination of amblyopia is a new technique in the study of amblyopia in recent years,which includes electroretinogram(ERG)and visual evoked potential(VEP).Clinical application of multifocal visual electrophysiology has an important clinical significance in the visual cortex,visual transduction and retinal function of amblyopia.Its development and application provide a new and strong basis for the early diagnosis and treatment of amblyopia.The comprehen-sive overview was reviewed.·

Advances in glutamate receptor and it’s relationship with amblyopia

Zong-Qing Wang,Xiang-Ling Liu and Ya-Lin Mu

·Glutamate receptor can be divided into metabotropic receptor(mGluR)and ionotropic receptor(iGluR).The iGluR includes NMDA receptor and non-NMDA receptor.mGluR includes mGluR1 to mGluR8.They are mainly distributed in the central nervous system(CNS).They have an important role in synaptic plasticity,exitotoxicity of glutamate,protection and damage of neuron,long-term potentiation(LTP)and long-term depression(LTD),study and memory.The NMDA receptor is studied considerably in amblyopia.There are significant differences in quantity and activity between contrast group and amblyopia group.·

Research progress of ophthalmic immunology

Qin Zhou,Ying Yan and Yan Zhang

·For pointing out the relevant research progress and scientific research direction of disease about ophthalmic immunology at the present stage,improving the direction of clinical treatment and scientific research,based on the latest research of ophthalmic immunology of the world,this paper analyzed the clinical manifestations,pathogenic factors,treatment methods and reaserch progress of uveitis,corneal,ocular surface diseases and Graves ophthalmopathy clearly.In view of a series of major achievements of ophthalmic immunology driven by cell culture techniques,DNA recombinant technology,molecular biology techniques,protein biochemistry technology,this paper pointed out that the approach to promote the development of ophthalmic immunology is using multi-center study ways to increase basic research and improve experimental methods.·

Research progresses of inflammatory cytokines associated with diabetic retinopathy

Hong-Qin Ren,Hong Zhu and Cai-Hong Shi

With the new vision that diabetic retinopathy(DR) is an inflammatory disease was proposed, many researches have proved that inflammatory cytokines expressed abnormally in DR, and have close associations with the breakdown of blood-retinal barrier(BRB) and neovascularization of DR. Now we review the research progresses of inflammatory cytokines associated with DR.

Study on RNA interference technology in fundus diseases

Bo Meng and Ning-Yu Lei

The discovery of RNA interference(RNAi)has changed people’s traditional concepts of the gene.This technique posseses advantages and potentials that traditional therapies can not compare especially in terms of its specificity and efficiency,and it is drawing more and more attentions from ophthalmologists all over the world these year. Although there are still a lot of problems in clinical use at present,various kinds of related experimental results make us firmly believe that RNAi will surely bring a new epoch for curing diseases in ophthalmology.This article provides an overview on some of the latest advances in fundus.

Review and progress of retinoblastoma pathogenesis in molecular biology

Yan Li and Jun-Jun Zhang

Retinoblastoma is a common pediatric eye malignant tumor, it not only seriously affects children’s eyesight, but also endangers their lives. With the rapid development of biological technology, some breakthroughs have been made in retinoblastoma biological research. It has an important clinical significance to explore the pathogenesis of retinoblastoma in order to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis and improve the survival rate of children. Now the pathogenesis of retinoblastoma research is summarized.

Current research of Avastin in the treatment of corneal neovascularization

Li-Ming Zeng,Shao-Zhen Zhao and Rui-Hua Wei

Bevacizumab (Avastin) is a recombinant humanized monoclonal IgG antibody. Combined with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Avastin can inhibit neovascularization, it is used to treat carcinoma of rectum initially. Nowadays it used to treat the ocular neovascular disease. In this review, we introduced the basic and clinical study of Avastin in the treatment of corneal neovascularization.

Research summary of idiopathic parafoveal telangiectasis

Jun Zhang and Yun-Tao Hu

Idiopathic parafoveal telangiectasis (IPT) is a rare eye disease. The most characteristic manifestations are decrease of retinal transparency and retinal vascular anomalies. As it can cause blind and we know nothing about its etiological factors and treatment, so to explore its disease etiology, pathogenesis, detection methods and treatment options have become a common concern.

Recent findings on neural system’s pathological changes in diabetic visual pathway

Yu He and Jian Ding

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease which can cause serious ocular complications. Recent findings indicated that in the early stage of diabetes, before the appearance of retinal capillary pathological changes, abnormal changes in neuronal structure and function in visual pathway have occurred. So the diabetic visual malfunction not only result from retinal capillary pathological changes,but also be related with the malfunction of neurons in many parts of visual pathway. This review will give latest findings about pathological changes of neurons in diabetic visual pathway from the aspects of clinic observation, visual function examine and histomorphology researches.

New progress in the medication treatment of optic neuritis

Ying-Chun Li and Ying-Chuan Fan

Optic neuritis(ON) is a kind of optic neuropathy which can obstruct the conduction of optic nerve and result in a series of changes in visual functions. The main treatment of the ON is the medication,especially, the application of glucocorticosteroid in a combined therapy. The present paper summarized the recent advance of medicines which had been used in ophthalmologic clinic, including glucocorticosteroid, antiviral drugs and other medicines.

Surgical approach of hydroxyapatite orbital implant

Jian-Nan Xiang,Guo-Hua Wang,Hai-Jiang Zhang and Ming Huo

Hydroxyapatite (HA) orbital implant has widely used in evisceration .It becomes the main surgical methods. HA orbital implant have some complications, such as conjunctival dehiscence, infection, implant exposure, implant exclusion, so the choice of implant, surgical approach and postoperative treatment are essential. We summarize the surgical approach in this thesis.

Research advances on post-traumatic angle recession

Xue-Li Yang and Shan-Bi Zhou

Post-traumatic angle recession is a common finding after contusional eye injuries, it has larger rate in clinical case .The literature on this subject was reviewed and analyzed in order to synthesize the causation, types, pathogenesis, the relationship with the intraocular pressure, main points of diagnosis and the treatment of post-traumatic angle recession.

Application of endoscopy in lacrimal duct obstruction disease

Dong Han,Jin-Hui Wu and Fei-Hu Yan

Lacrimal duct obstruction disease is a common disease in Ophthalmology, it’s incidence increases these years, it’s main symptom is epiphora, and it can cause acute or chronic dacryocystitis, and become a potential source of infection in eye, so the treatment of this disease is a hot issue in Ophthalmology. Previous treatment methods were based on traditional external approach surgeries, but in recent years, with the improvement of medical standards and patient aesthetic demand, a series of new therapies gradually replaced the traditional surgeries. This article will do a review on one of them -endoscopic surgery, from the perspective of its history, application status, advantages and disadvantages.

Cause analysis and prevention of operation derived dry eye

Min-Jie Wan and Ming Huo

Dry eyes are common ocular surface disease, among them dry eye correlated with operation is very special. After many eye surgery, quality and quantity of tear are unusual or abnormal, which can cause dynamic tear film unstable and ocular surface is damaged, resulting in operation derived eye dry. Oculists should pay more attention to understanding their causes and characteristics, and take preventive measures. Surgery had to maintain the normal structure of the tear film and reduce mechanical injury to cornea and conjunctiva.In postoperative, we should pay attention to drugs’ standardization and rationality, so that patients can get better surgical results and quality of life.

Application of photodynamic therapy in eye diseases

Ling Xu and Xiao-Mei Wu

Photodynamic therapy(PDT) is a new technology which uses the photodynamic effect in disease diagnosis and treatment. It is based on photodynamic effect, which is dynamic reaction process, in which oxygen molecules participated with the biological effects happened. At first, PDT was invented to treat various cancers,but with the development of second generation of photosensitizer, PDT has been increasingly used in the treatment of eye diseases, and the efficacy is outstanding. This paper will give an overview on the application of PDT in eye diseases.

Research progress in retinoblastoma gene therapy

Min-Ming Zheng and Xi-Yuan Zhou

·Gene therapy of retinoblastoma(RB)is a new type of treatment in recent years.In this paper,We make a review about gene therapy status,progress and problems of RB from three aspects of suicide genes,tumor suppressor genes,anti-angiogenic genes.·

Surgery progress of phacoemulsification in high myopia with cataract

Ya-Hong Yan and Xiu-Rong Huang

In this article, through the analysis of high myopia with cataract and related surgical treatments of the disease, researches on the progress in phacoemulsification surgery of the disease are summarized

Application of anti-cicatricial drugs in glaucoma filtration surgery

Jing Chi,Xiao-Hua Ma and Hong-Sheng Bi

·Glaucoma is a common clinical blinding eye disease,currently surgery is the principal way,but the recurrence rate after surgery is still high,the main reason is fibroblasts in the operation area,which lead to scar forma-tion blocking filtration road.To improve the success rate of surgery,a number of anti-cicatricial drugs are increasingly being applied in glaucoma filtration surgery in experimental and clinical studies,but these drugs also have certain complications and side effects.As medical technology advances,people are looking for some safer and more effective drug delivery methods and new drugs that inhibit scar formation.·

Clinical research progress in diabetic macular edema

Hui-Feng Ma and Shu-Jing Zhang

Diabetic macular edema (DME) is caused by diabetes, featured by retinal thickening or hard exudates at macular center within 1D. It is one of the main reasons for decreased vision of diabetic retinopathy(DR). Its pathogenesis is speculated to be the damage of retinal inteernal and external barrier, as well as the role of cytokines. There are many checks that can make the diagnosis of macular edema, including fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA), heidelberg retina tomography (HRT), optical coherence tomography (OCT) and so on. Laser treatment is still the most widely used method of treatment. DEMs more effective treatment methods have always been being clinically explored.Applications such as intravitreal injection of corticosteroid drugs, as well as co-vitrectomy retinal internal limiting membrane peeling surgery and other treatments in combination, have now achieved a good result. Despite that the treatment of DME is in great progress, it apparently still needs more effective treatment measures of less side effects.

Current applications and research progression of the retinal nerve fibre layer in multiple sclerosis using optical coherence tomography

Ji-Wen Zhang and Xue-Yi Chen

·Axonal and neuronal degeneration seem to be concomitant features of multiple sclerosis(MS)and are probably the pathological processes responsible for permanent disability in this disease.The retina is unique within the central nervous system(CNS)in that it contains axons and glia but no myelin,and it is,therefore,an ideal structure within which to visualize the processes of neurodegeneration,neuroprotection,and potentially even neurorestoration.In particular,the retina enables us to investigate a specific compartment of the CNS which is targeted by the disease process.Optical coherence tomography(OCT)as a kind of optical diagnosis technique has been used for clinical ophthalmology since the middle of 1990s.OCT can provide high-resolution reconstructions of retinal anatomy in a rapid and reproducible fashion and,we believe,is ideal for precisely modeling the disease process in MS.In this review,we presents the current applications and research progression of the retinal nerve fibre layer in MS using OCT.·

PEDF and choroidal neovascular diseases

Yuan-Hui Han,Bo-Lin Xie,Jian-Yu Yang and Lei Jiang

·Pigment epithelium-derived factor(PEDF)is a relative molecular weight 50 000 secreting protein and a member of the serp in super-family.Recent studies demonstrated that PEDF has multiple biological functions,including antiangiogenic,neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties.It has recently been shown that PEDF is the most potential endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis in eyes.PEDF has a wide prospect for treatment of human neovascular diseases and retinal degenerative diseases.Finding of PEDF brings new hope for treatment of neovascular diseases.Research progresses in PEDF and the relations between PEDF and choroidal neovascular diseases are reviewed.·

Study progress in the treatment of acute optic neuritis with glucocorticosteroid

Lu Wang and Xue-Yi Chen

·The treatment of acute optic neuritis with glucocortico-steroid is always controversial,so academician from many countries make a series of clinical trial.We make a review about the history of using glucocorticosteroid to treat acute optic neuritis,the treatment method,side effecs and the influence factors of prognosis to evaluate its effects.·

Research progress of estrogen and neuroprotection

Ya-Qiong Song and Ping Zhao

·The study of recent years showed that estrogen is an important signaling molecule in the nervous system.It plays an important role in the process of promoting nerve growth and development,plasticity,neurotransmitter synthesis and even the survival of neurons,myelin and axon regeneration.It causes for concern particularly that how estrogen plays in the stroke,senile dementia,Parkinson’s disease and other degenerative diseases of central nervous system and spinal cord,sciatic nerve injury,acute cerebral hemorrhage,cerebral ischemia,neural trauma,etc.However,it is rarely reported about the role of estrogen in neural stem cells transplantation and optic nerve disease.This article made a brief summary on the effect of estrogen on the protective effects of nerve.·

Torsional coordination of binocular eye movements

Xue-Han Qian

·The torsional coordination of binocular eye movements is a complex task since misalignment produces retinal disparities which result in diplopia and decrease of stereopsis.In clinic,many special strabismus cases have torsional alignment problem.This review concerns research in torsional coordination of binocular eye movements.·

Influence of light-pollution on visual quality

Xiao Chen and Shu-Xi He

·Light is one of the most important environmental factors on which all living beings in nature rely to survive.With the changes in the environment,the light-pollution is worsening and its influence on the visual quality of the human eyes is deepening.The influence of light-pollution on human eyes damage and visual quality was summarized in this paper.·

Modern medicine and traditional medicine research on cataract and thinking

Wei-Hua Li and Ze-Feng Kang

Through literature research,ophthalmologists summarize and analyze the study on pathogenesis of cataract,posterior capsule opacification mechanisms,drug prevention and surgical treatment and propose problems in cataract research and possible further research directions.With the development and penetration of modern medicine and traditional medicine,cataract research in our country has made some progress,and accumulated abundant research data,but there are still many problems which need to further explore and solve.

Gene regulation of lens epithelial cell apoptosis

Si-Yuan Liu and Gang-Jin Kang

Lens epithelial cell apoptosis is the cytological foundation of all kinds of cataract except congenital cataract.Accordingly,it is the key point to prevent and cure cataract.To study the gene regulation of apoptosis is an important method to know the mechanism of lens epithelial cell apoptosis.We summarize the research progress about gene regulation of lens epithelial cell apoptosis in this article.

Traumatic macular hole

Yuan Jing and Chong-De Long

Traumatic macular hole is very common at clinical level as patients frequently complain about failing vision,photopsia,and so on.However great progress and development have been made in its diagnosis as well as treatment recently.And the process of spontaneous closure of macular hole has received wide acceptance and been emphasized through various studies.Nowadays,numerous new methods and treatments have been adopted,including follow-up survey,drugs,surgery etc.Generally,it is recommended that on the basis of perfecting interrelated tests(OCT and etc.),patients should be treated by surgery as the major choice according to individual condition.

Recent advances on treatment of meibomian gland carcinoma

Ling Xu and Xiao-Mei Wu

Meibomian gland carcinoma is a malignant tumor that arises from meibomian glands.It is also the fourth most common malignant neoplasm of the eyelid.Historically,this neoplasm was notorious for masquerading as other benign and less malignant lesions,resulting in delays in diagnosis and treatment.Because these tumors can behave in an aggressive manner,local recurrence and regional lymph node metastasis are common.These factors create difficulties for the early detection and diagnosis.Although based on surgery,cryotherapy,radiation therapy,supplemented by a comprehensive treatment of meibomian gland carcinoma is still the first choice,but with improvements in surgery and radiotherapy methods,meibomian gland carcinoma-related gene discovery,local use of chemotherapy drugs have become possible,as well as the emergence of photodynamic therapy and so on for the treatment of meibomian gland carcinoma has created endless possibilities.This article makes a brief overview of the recent advances on treatment of meibomian gland carcinoma.

Review of myopic etiology

Ya Mo,MingFang Wang and LüLü Zhou

Myopia is the most common visual problem in the world,especially in younger patients,which may associate with various adverse effects even cause legal blindness.Due to these reasons,it is necessary to study and review the complex myopic etiology which is useful to prevent formation and progress of myopia.

Epidemiology survey of visual loss

Mehriban·Yusup and Xue-Yi Chen

Visual loss causes different degrees of pain and loss to patients,and also gives a heavy load to family and society,so it is important to prevent visual loss.The prevention of visual loss is not only a part of public health undertaking,but also an important component of Ophthalmology.Generally speaking,vision rehabilitation is the main job for all the ophthalmologists.Epidemiology survey of visual loss mainly includes the research of the cause and the prevention method of diseases which cause visual loss,and to arrange and implement the prevention and cure of the vision loss.Now,the prevention of visual loss has become the main public healthy task in our country and in the world.

Research of controlling genes of lens epithelial cell apoptosis and cataract

Wei-Hua Li,Ze-Feng Kang,Ling Li and Yin-Hua Tian

Cataract is one of the most common eye diseases causing blind,lens epithelial cell apoptosis is the cellular basis of all kinds of cataract except congenital cataract. Recent studies have shown that:a variety of regulatory genes involved in lens epithelial cell apoptosis. This article reviewed the recent advances in the researches on lens epithelial cell apoptosis and cataract.

Progress in therapy of keratoconus

Ji-Feng Yu and Yi-Fei Huang

Keratoconus,characterized by corneal ectasia occurs bilaterally with unknown etiology. Contact lens is the most common way for the mild and modcrate keratoconus. However,epikeratophakia,deep lamellar keratoplasty,intrastromal corneal ring,corneal crosslinking,and penetrating keratoplasty are the surgical way for the keratocous that contact lens could not correct.

Current research advance of MRI changes in visual pathway of glaucoma

Li-Ru Wang and Xiang Ma

Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) has been widely used in the optic nerve change of anatomy and function in glaucoma. MRI is a new and stable technology in assessing the injury of optic nerve.Now there are some kinds of method used widely:diffusion tensor imaging (DTI); functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI);manganese enhanced magnetic resonance imaging(MeMRI)and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). This artical reviewed about the applicatin of MRI in glaucoma.

Research advances of visual impairment and drug treatment of glaucoma

Xiao-Xia Wen and De-Wen Tan

Glaucoma is an eye disease characterized by specific optic nerve lesion and defect of visual field,which seriously jeopardize patient’s visual acuity and quality of life and the protection of visual function has far-reaching significance for the prevention and treatment of blindness. This paper reviewed visual impairment and drug treatment of glaucoma.

Advances of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on optic neuroprotection of glaucoma

Zhao Xie and Xiang Li

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is one kind of alkaline protein that can inhibit the neurons from death. The research of BDNF has become one of the hot spots of the glaucoma’s optic neuro-protection.

Diagnosis and treatment of acute retinal necrosis syndrome

Ying Su,Xue-Yi Chen and Yu-Ping Zhao

Acute retinal necrosis syndrome (ARNS ) is a disease caused by viral infection characterised by acute necroti-zing retinitis,vitreous inflammation,retinal arteritis,and accompanied by post-retinal detachment and other diseases,which is rare,critically ill,developing quickly,difficult to treat,and resulting in serious damage to visual function. So early correct diagnosis and treatment is of great significance,and this article reviews the diagnosis and treatment of ARNS. 

Status of the traditional and new treatment of retinal artery occlusion

Min Wang,Sheng Wang,Shu-Yun Xu,Xiao-Jin Chen and Wen-Ting Ma

Retinal artery occlusion( RAO) is an acute and severe disease in ophthalmology,which has worse vision prognosis and high rate of blind. Some studies showed that retina appeared nonreversible damage about 90 minutes after ischemic and hypoxia. Thereby,the key point of successfully rescuing vision is early visit,specifically diagnosis,reasonable treat and applying advanced treatment technic. With the study of clinical practice in domestic and overseas,there are some new treatment technics in recent years,which when combined with traditional method plays an important role in clinical treatment and retrieves patient’s vision. This article reviews new treatment technics of RAO and the application of them combined with traditional method.

Expression of small heat shock protein in eye diseases and its influencing factors

Han-Min Wang and Xing-Ru Zhang

Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs),sHSPs are the subunit of heat shock protein(HSP),which will express increased rapidly with a variety of stress state and take part in the protection and injury of organization. The research of sHSPs has attracted extensive attention from scholars at home and abroad. sHSPs play an important role in chaperone,collaborative immunization,inhibiting apoptosis,antigen-presenting and steroid hormone receptor. To fully recognize the mechanism of sHSPs in eye diseases can help understand the pathogenesis of eye diseases further and provide a new basis of molecular biology for the treatment of eye diseases.

Progress of the treatment of conjunctivochalasis

Xu Chen and Shan-Bi Zhou

Conjunctivochalasis is due to over loose of bulbar conjunctiva and/or high tension of the lower eyelid,which results in loose bulbar conjunctiva accumulating to form a wrinkled conjunctiva among the globe and the lower eyelid,the inner and the outer canthus of eye,causing ocular surface tear system abnormality,and with ocular discomfort and other symptoms,such as dry,foreign body sensation and epiphora. In recent years,domestic ophthalmologists have gradually deepened the understanding of this disease,whose treatment means have been increasingly recognized and applied. The treatment of conjunctivochalasis depends on its order of severity. These which have no noticeable symptoms needs no treatment. Those with severe ocular irritation can be given medical therapy. If the conservative treat-ment is not effective,or for severe cases in Grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ,surgeries will be considered. The surgical methods of conjunctivochalasis are various. However,for best thera-peutic effect,it is necessary to weigh their advantages and disadvantages,and to master their indications. This article is to make a brief overview of advantages,disadvantages and indications of these surgical methods,and research progress of the treatment of conjunctivochalasis in recent years as well.

Active indices of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy:cytokine,adhesion molecule and glycosaminoglycan

Dong-Mei Qi and Wei-Min He

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is correlated to thyroid disease. Its clinical features are the accumula-tion of glycosaminoglycan(GAG),exophthalmos,upper eyelid retraction and diplopia. TAO have active and inactive stage according to symptoms,signs and other assistant examinations,but all of the examinations have the influence of patients and doctors. In recent years,the researches of cytokine,adhesion molecule and GAG give extensive prospect in TAO. This paper reviewed the value of cytokine,adhesion molecule and GAG in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. 

Research progress of central nervous system injury

Xiao-Lei Yin,Rong-Di Yuan and Jian Ye

It has long been focused on repair of central nervous system after injury in area of biomedicine. However,most of these studies are in limited research institutions. In this review,we summarize recent progress of these institutions

Advancement of correlative changes of trabecular cells in primary angle-closure glaucoma

Xu-Dong Huang,Ya-Qin Jiang and Ji-Bing Wang

In primary angle-closure glaucoma,the iris is pushed or pulled up against the trabecular meshwork at the angle of the ocular anterior chamber. Aqueous humor is blocked and cannot drain out,thereby increasing the IOP. After the angle closes,changes will happen to the trabecular cells morphologically and physiologically. Studies show that IOP will decrease for some degree after phacoemulsification plus intraocular lens implantation and combined with goniosynechialysis for primary angle-closure glaucoma.It is suggested that the function of trabecular cells can restore partially when the angle reopened. However its specific mechanism need further research and discussion.

Early diagnosis of primary open angle glaucoma

Dong-Li Li and Yuan-Sheng Yuan

Glaucoma is a leading cause of adult blindness. Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is one kind of glaucoma with quite slow development and without apparent symptom. It is difficult to find and diagnose POAG earlier,and so many patients have had serious disability in vision when they go to see a doctor. Recently,the incidence of POAG has increased to a certain degree. Early diagnosis of POAG is critical to postpone or prevent progressive injuries of visual function. On the basis of the recent studies,there is a review about early diagnosis of POAG.

Research advancement on integrin α5β1 for choroidal neovascularization

Wen-Qiu Wang and Xiao-Dong Sun

Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is the major cause of blindness in retinal diseases worldwide. Integrin α5β1 plays an important role in CNV pathogenesis. This article presents a review in the structure,mechanism of function,expression of retinal cells as well as the application of integrin α5β1 inhibitors in CNV treatment.

Clinical application of intraocular lens in ocular refractive surgery

Xiang-Hua Yuan and Bo-Lin Xie

Treatment of refractive errors by surgery is a hot topic. People do not know whether ocular refractive surgery have long-term safety. Recently,with the improvement of surgical techniques and intraocular lens materials,intraocular refractive surgery for high myopia have made great progress,which has been as an alternative treatment for correcting ametropia. Clinical studies have shown that intraocular refractive surgery have a bright future. Intraocular lens plays a very important role in the treatment of intraocular refractive surgery. This paper reviewed the surgical indications and complications of recent intraocular refractive surgeries.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cataract surgery

Jie Gao,Jiang-Yue Zhao,Li-Wei Ma,Xiao-Yan Li and Jin-Song Zhang

·Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs)are increasingly employed in cataract surgery to reduce miosis and inflammation,prevent and treat cystoid macular edema associated with cataract surgery.We provide an updated review on the current uses of NSAIDs in these fields mentioned above.·

Research advances of optic nerve protection of glaucoma

Bing Liu and Xiao-Hua Ma

·Glaucoma is one kind of blinding ophthalmopathy caused by increased intraocular pressure(IOP),and its pathologic basis is the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)and its axons.In the past,a great number of studies have focused on reducing IOP.Now optic nerve protection is accepted generally as a new strategy for treating glaucoma by preventing the death of RGCs.This review summarizes the findings of experimental research on neuroprotection for glaucoma.·

Treatment progress of diabetic macular edema

Lan-Jun Wu,Xue-Yi Chen and Bing-Heng Chen

Diabetic retinopathy(DR) is a severe ocular complication of patients with diabetes, and the diabetic macular edema(DME) is the leading cause of vision loss in diabetic patients. The main treatment methods of DME are including drug therapy, laser photocoagulation and surgical treatment. In this paper we review the research status and development trends of DME treatment methods which were mentioned above.

NO and NOS on genetic polymorphisms of diabetic retinopathy

Juan Dong,Ping Lang and Chang-Fan Wu

·Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is one of important eye diseases that may cause blindness.Its occurrence and development is related to blood glucose level,duration of diabetes,environment and genetics.Nitric oxide(NO)is an important vasoactive substance which correlate with capillary occlusion,microcirculation disturbance,endothelial cell proliferation in DR.Nitric oxide synthase(NOS)is now accepted as a key enzyme of NO synthesis.The functions of NO and NOS on genetic polymorphism to DR are summarized in this review.·

Toxic anterior segment syndrome

Hai-Yan Nie and Yan-Feng Zhou

·AIM:Toxic anterior segment syndrome is aseptic inflammatory reaction from the response to anterior segment intraocular surgery,and has become an important complication of cataract surgery.Various non-infectious agents with operation of the anterior chamber may result in the occurrence of the syndrome,mainly as diffuse corneal edema,ciliary congestion,anterior chamber fibrin exudation.Most of patients can be cured with glucocorticoid and some patients can affect vision by permanent eye injury.Early diagnosis and treatment for those disease are important.This paper reviewed this syndrome to arouse the concern of clinical ophthalmologists.·

Application and complication of intravitreous injection with triamcinolone acetonide for diabetes retinopathy

Zhi-Cheng Zeng,Hai-Hong Yin and Qing-Hua Peng

Intravitreous injection with triamcinolone acetonide has been increasingly applied to diabetic retinopathy,such as diabetic macular edema,proliferative diabetic retinopathy, neovascular glaucoma due to proliferative diabetic retinopathy and persistent ocular hypotony complication after operation of diabetes retinopathy.At the same time, the complications also should not be ignored following widespread application of intravitreous injection with triamcinolone acetonide,such as high intraocular pres- sure,eye infection and so on.The articles summarize and introduce the application and complication of intravitreous injection with triamcinolone acetonide for diabetes retinopathy.

Clinical research on visual performance of accommodating intraocular lens in cataract surgery

Ting-Ting Guo and Ping-Hua Li

The traditional monofocal intraocular lens can’t simultaneously offer short,intermediate and distance vision,while accommodating intraocular lens can not only solve accommodation but also elevate visual performance in cataract surgery.We summarize it from the perspectives of accommodation,visual performance et al.

Advances in researches for the relationship between proliferative retinopathies and angiogenesis

Hai-Hong Wang,Wei Shen and Zhi Wang

Proliferative retinopathies such as proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR) and retinopathy of prematurity(ROP), are the leading causes of blindness.These pathologies are characterized by excessive pre-retinal blood vessel growth that can ultimately lead to a fibrous scar formation and culminate in retinal detachment.This abnormal and disproportionate hyper-vascularization is a compensatory mechanism to overcome an earlier phase of microvessel degeneration and reinstate metabolic equilibrium to the hypoxic retina.To date,the treatment modalities to counter these diseases largely rely on invasive surgical interventions.In this review,tightly around the angiogenesis, we discuss the current views on mechanisms and available treatments and present future strategies to tackle these diseases.

Advance in treatment of retinal vein occlusion

Yun Ouyang,Shu-Xia Cao and Jian Zhang

The article illustrates the advancement of retinal vein occlusion treated with medicine,lasers and surgical treatment. The prospects in the future were also mentioned in the article.

Therapy progress on congenital nystagmus

Liang-Liang Li,Min Hu and Chun-Guang Jiang

The congenital idiopathic nystagmus is a eye disease, which is not frequently encountered disease.,These disease can find in infants or young children,especially in less than six months children,.The disease have some features such as onset time early or not determined,eye sustained jump or swing involuntarily,Akira sensation in few patients,varying degrees of visual impairment,and some vision reduced and can not be corrected,the phenomenon of lateral view or compensatory head,and some head shaking,as well as the performance of compensatory behavior such as frequent blinking.The main treatment for this disease is surgery.Many effective factors:age of onset,nystagmus intensity,compensatory head,resting eye position,vision,operation type.This paper present the recent therapy development of this disease.

Recent advances on epidemiology of the dry eye

Yong-Ming Yang and Lin-Kun Ma

Dry eye is a multifactorial disease of the tears and ocular surface that results in symptoms of discomfort,visual disturbance,and tear film instability with potential damage to the ocular surface.Common subjective complaints included ocular dryness,redness,itching of eye,foreign body sensation,etc.In recent years,with increasing morbility of the dry eye,people has paid more and more attention to the dry eye.This article reviews diagnosis,categorization,etiology and epidemiology of the dry eye

Research progress in age-related macular degeneration etiology

Wen-Juan Li and Qing-Hua Peng

Age-related macular degeneration(AMD) is the main reason for blindness in the elderly in developed countries.China’s AMD is also increasing,but its pathogenesis is uncertain.In recent years,AMD’s pathogenesis has also gained concerns of a growing number of scholars.This article described the development of AMD synthetically from the perspective of the etiology of AMD.

Treatment advances of vernal keratoconjunctivitis

Gen-Jiu Xie,Qi-Guang Liu and Jian Zhang

The article illustrates the recent advances in treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis from drug therapy,surgical treatment,specific immunotherapy,subconjunctival injection,cryotherapy and many other aspects and forsees the future treatment.

Advances on p38 signal transduction pathway and corneal neovascularization

Hai-Feng Zhang,Yan-Yan Zhong and Xiao-He Lu

Inflammation can promote the growth of corneal neovascularization.p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway may play an important role in the progress of inflammation by controlling the expressions of IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α and so on.p38 inhibitors not only suppress the expressions of inflammatory mediators,but also block their activities.p38 inhibitors greatly curb the progress of inflammations.It is a new strategy to explore the developing mechanism of corneal neovascularization through the pathway of p38 signal transduction.

Research progress of posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens implantation in treatment of high myopia

Si-Ying Liang and Li-Na Huang

Posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens implantation is an effective treatment for high myopia.It possess good effectiveness,safety and stability.In this paper,research progress of this method was reviewed.

Research advance on dry eye syndrome treatment by traditional Chinese medicine

Zhu-Mei Han and Xing-Ru Zhang

Dry eye syndrome is one of the most common ocular surface disease.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) has been making progress towards this disease.From the aspects of syndrome differentiation and treatment,specific prescription and medication,local therapy,and acupuncture treatment,this article reviews the advances of treatment in dry eye syndrome.

Matrix metalloproteinase and its tissue inhibitor in after cataract

Wei-Ying Xie and Guo-Xing Xu

Matrix metalloproteinses(MMPs)are a pivotal family of metal enzymes responsible for degradation of the extracellular matrix(ECM)components during celI migration,tissue remodeling and repairing processes,et al.The potent proteolytic activities of MMPs are mainly regulated by the balance with specific tissue inhibitors of MMPs(TIMPs).MMPs and TIMPs keep on relative balance and mutual influence in tissue,which decides whether the extracellular matrix(ECM) is degradation or aggregation.ECM not only supports the growth and proliferation of lens epithelial cells(LECs),but also promotes LECs proliferation,migration and adhesion and finally leads to posterior capsule opacification and fibrosis.

Clinical meaning of corneal thickness and progress of corneal pachymetry

Yan-Jun Hua,Jin-Hai Huang and Qin-Mei Wang

Corneal thickness was more and more valued by ophthalmologists in the preoperative examination of corneal refractive surgery.Currently,there are many instruments used to measure corneal thickness,and most of them can be roughly divided into two categories.One is based on the principle of ultrasound,including the traditional ultrasonic corneal pachymetry and ultrasound biomicroscope(UBM),and the other is based on the optical principle,such as Orbscan,Pentacam,Optical Coherence Tomography(OCT,including time domain-OCT and fourier domain-OCT),corneal endothelium microscope,Lenstar and so on.Among these instruments above,each has its advantages and its disadvantages.However,the measurement of corneal thickness trends is in the development of noncontact,high repeatability and good accuracy.This paper describes the clinical significance of corneal thickness and the progress of the measurements,and all the measurement methods mentioned are analyzed and summarized for ophthalmologists in the clinical reference.

Changes in the posterior corneal surface curvature after laser in situ keratomileusis

Meng-Jun Fu,Hao-Run Zhang,Rui Wang,Ling Wang and Tao Liu

Corneal interlayer reaction is lighter after laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK).It does not form scar tissue between corneal flap and posterior stromal bed.Corneal healing may keep clear visual area,but corneal structure has changed which is the main reason for the cornea intensity change.Forward shift of the posterior corneal surface curvature after LASIK is common.It correlates with the central corneal thickness,the residual corneal bed thickness,the corrective dioptre,preoperative IOP,corneal flap thickness,the ablation ratio per total corneal thickness,the ablation diameter,age and so on.Our study is to evaluate the forward shift of the posterior corneal surface curvature after LASIK and the correlative factors.

Basic analysis of the pathogenesis of retinal vein occlusion

Yi-Qin Duan,Xiao-Hua Zhu and Qi-Chang Wang

Retinal vein occlusion(RVO) is caused by the combined action of a series of multi-reasons and factors involved,and its pathogenic mechanisms are not yet clearly understood.We summarized research on the pathogenesis of RVO home and abroad in recent years as below.

Research status of functional vision in cataract patients

Cheng Peng,Jiang-Yue Zhao,Li-Wei Ma,Bo Qu and Jin-Song Zhang

Functional vision examination comprises of continuous functional visual acuity,intraocular straylight,wavefront aberration,point spread function,modulation transfer function,contrast sensitivity,glare sensitivity,binocular visual function,etc.Functional vision examination is a comprehensive and useful tool,which is widely used in evaluating cataract patients whose visual acuity is good at early stage but objective quality of vision is bad,also in evaluating whether the patients could not only see but also see clearly and comfortably after refractive and presbyopia-correcting cataract surgery.

Research progress of TGF-β/Smads signaling pathway on posterior capsule opacification

Yu Qiao,Ling Yu and Xi-Bo Zhang

The posterior capsule opacification(PCO)is one of the most mainly common complications after modern cataract surgery. Smad proteins family are important factors of intracellular TGF (transforming growth factor)-β signaling transduction. TGF-β/Smads signalling pathway is very important for PCO, especially all kinds of Smads are being close relationship with PCO in induction of TGF-β2.This article reviewed the relationship between TGF-β/Smads and PCO.

Advances in studies on effects of osmotic pressure in occurrence of cataract

Jian-Ping Liu and Jin-Song Zhang

Cataract is one of the main causes of blindness in the current world, pathological basis of cataract is abnormal metabolism of lens as well as lenticular opacification. So far,it has been found that changes of osmotic pressure play an important role in the phase of lens’ metabolism, which influence polyol pathway, aquaporin, and gap junction proteins in the lens epithelial cell. Eventually these changes can affect lens’ metabolism and lead to the formation of cataract. This study makes statesment in the mechanism of function and effectiveness of osmotic pressure on lens’ metabolism.

Research advance of retinopathy of prematurity

Yu Di,Yan Lu,Ai-Yuan Wang,Yang Yang,Hong-Wei Yang and Xiao-Long Chen

Retinopathy of prematurity(ROP) is a ambi-eyes disease of abnormal retina blood capillary growth that happens at premature and especially at low weight premature infants. It manifests as retinal ischemia, retinal neovascularization and proliferative retinopathy, seriously it can cause retinal detachment and lead to permanent blindness. In recent years, with the perinatology level improving, the livability of premature is also increasing,while the rate of ROP is also increasing. Because its consequence is serious and it causes tremendous harm to sick children and families, people pay attention to ROP increasingly. At present, true pathogenesis of ROP is still not distinct and genuine pathogenesis of ROP is not clear and it is short of efficient preventive measurement. This article makes a review in etiological factor, pathogenesis, intervention as well as recent studies for ROP.

Research progress in model of retinopathy of prematurity

Xian-Ming Bai and Dan Zhu

Currently, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) has become a worldwide important cause of blindness in children, accounting for 6% to 18% of causes of blindness in children. It has become a global concern to improve the quality of life in preterm infants by controlling ROP. Therefore, the establishment of an appropriate animal model of retinal neovascularization has become an important means of discussing the pathogenesis of retinal neovascularization and assessing the effect of drug treatment. In this paper, a variety of models to simulate the process of ROP were reviewed.

Research progress of age-related changes in vitreous ultrastructure

Yan Zhao and Hong Yang

Vitreous liquefaction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many eye diseases, but its exact mechanism is unclear. To recognize the relationship of age-related changes in vitreous ultrastructure may be useful in understanding the disease pathogenesis, and subsequently provide some clues for finding a better treatment. This review will discuss the normal vitreous ultrastructure and how it is altered with age.

Recent advances of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in treatment of dry eye

Huan He and Qi-Guo Xiao

Dry eye is multifactorial disease of tear film and ocular surface. It is accompanied by increased osmolarity of the tear film and inflammation of the ocular surface. Anti-inflammatory therapy has been one of the key components in the treatment of dry eye. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are being introduced into the treatment of dry eye, with evident anti-inflammatory action and less side-effect. In this review, we summarize recent data regarding the application of NSAIDs in the treatment of dry eye.

Research progress in matrix metalloproteinases and eye diseases

Jing-Jing Yang and Xiang-Zhen He

Matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs), which play the most important role in the degradation of extracellular matrix(ECM), belong to the family of Ca2+ and Zn2+ dependent endoproteinases. MMPs participate in the pathological processes of various eye diseases. It’s a new way for us to prevent and control the generating and development of kinds of eye diseases from the research of MMPs. If we know more about the MMPs’ activation and inhibition, as well as how to express highly, we’ll know better about eye diseases. In this review, we mainly focus on the recent research of MMPs.

Research progress in T lymphocyte factor and herpes simplex keratitis

Rui-Juan Guan,Ze-Feng Kang and Ling Li

Herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) is a delayed allergy caused by viral antigens and T lymphocytes mediated.The detailed mechanism how T lymphocytes mediated HSK immune response is still unknown, but from the present research it can be summarized that the promote inflammatory factor of T lymphocyte cell factors such as IL-2, IL-10, IL-17,IFN-γ play an important role in the recurrence processing of herpes simplex keratitis. This paper will be briefly reviewed the progress about the research of T-lymphocytes and its cytokines with herpes simplex keratitis.

Clinical characteristic of reticular pseudodrusen

Fu-Bin Wang

Reticular pseudodrusen(RPD) is different from typical drusen and has close relation with macular diseases. RPD may be a high-risk factor for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) development including geographic atrophy (GA) and choroidal neovascularization (CNV). So we must pay close attention to elderly. RPD has different images when different image methods are used, autofluorescent (AF) and infrared (IR) possess special value.

Progress in IFN-α treatment of uveitis caused by Behcet’s disease

Wei Gao,Li Cai and Dan Hu

Behcet’s disease (BD) is a chronic, recrudescent, systemic disease which involves multi-system and multi-organ. Uveitis caused by BD is a common type of uveitis inducing blindness in China. There is no radical cure for this kind of uveitis at present. IFN-α is a kind of cytokine which has multiple biological effects. It has a dual immunomodulatory activity, and has been applied to a variety of immune diseases in recent years. In-depth study of IFN-α will bring new hope for uveitis caused by BD treatment.

Progress in iridocorneal endothelial syndrome

Cheng-Huan Dong and Xue-Jun Zhu

·The iridocorneal endothelial syndrome(ICE syndrome)is a group of blinding diseases involving the iris,cornea and anterior chamber angle,clinically classified into primary progressive iris atrophy,Chandler syndrome and Cogan-Reese syndrome.In this paper,research progress in its etiology,pathology,clinical manifestations and treatment were reviewed.·

Research review of selective laser trabeculoplasty for open angle glaucoma

Qiu-Yan Wang and Zhu-Lin Hu

·Lasers have been used to treat glaucoma for nearly 35 years.Recently,selective laser trabeculoplasty(SLT)as primary therapy for open angle glaucoma(OAG)is more safe and effective.SLT is a new method to reduce intraocular pressure in eyes with OAG.This method of treatment uses a frequency doubled,Q-switched YAG laser rather than an argon wavelength.This form of laser produces a very brief burst of laser energy that targets the melanin content of meshwork cells and selectively ablates them.This is in contrast to the thermal photocoagulation effect of argon treatment,which caused local and collateral damage.·

Analysis on the principle and characteristics of four clinical aberrometers

Shui-Qing Yu,Hai-Ping Xu and Jia Qu

·Wavefront technology has now become an important area of ophthalmology.Aberrometer has great development potential in the treatment of refractive surgery.The design principles of aberrometers include Hartmann-Shack principle,optical tracing principle,Tcherning retinoscopy principle and psychophysical methods.This article summarizes the characteristics and principles of four clinical aberrometers.·

Progress and research on the treatment of retinal pigment degenerative disease

Xiao Dong and Hua-Ning She

Retinal pigment degeneration is a common genetic disorder that generally involves both eyes and ultimately leads to blindness.At present there is no clinically effective treatments.In recent years,considerable progress has been made in retinal pigment degeneration of gene therapy,growth factor treatment,retina transplantation and artificial retina,etc.In addition,classic drug therapy and traditional medical treatment also have new exploration.Now the development and research status in treatment of retinal pigment degenerative disease are reviewed in this paper.

Research advances on tissue engineering cornea

Hong Tang and Chao Zhang

Tissue engineering(TE)is an interdisciplinary science,including medical biology,engineering design,materials science and other disciplines.In recent years,researchers have made great progress in seed cells,scaffold materials and 3D tissue reconstruction.TE cornea is a promising treatment for corneal disease.In this article,we review recent research advances on TE cornea,and explore the existing problems and further development in the field.

Choice of intraocular lens for cataract surgery in congenital microphthalmia

Xiao-Lei Yin,Xiu-Rong Ye,Hong-Di Zhao and Xiu-Xin Li

Congenital microphthalmia is a rare complex condition which is often associated with a wide range of spectrum of developmental abnormality and subsequently clinical severity,cataract surgery is technically needed in these patients,and special attention must be given to preparing the intraocular lens for implantation after cataract extraction.We present the current state of these studies.

Principle and application of pneumatic trabeculoplasty

Chao Wang,Xiang Li,Juan Li,Tao Wang,Dong-Mei Yang and Lin Cheng

This article summarizes the latest research progress of pneumatic trabeculoplasty(PNT),a non-invasive pressure control treatment,and discusses its principle,usage,validity and security so as to provide reference.

Maintenance and repair of filtering bleb’s function

Ying Li,He-Zheng Zhou and Wen-Qiang Zhang

Glaucoma is the second most common cause of irreversible blindness in the world.Glaucoma filtration surgery is the main treatment for glaucoma patients with intraocular pressure poorly controlled by drugs.Ideal functional filtering bleb is an important sign of success of the glaucoma filtration surgery.It is important to preserve the filtering bleb’s function by maintaining earlier filtering bleb and repairing dysfunctional filtering bleb.This review focuses on the maintenance of earlier filtering bleb and the repair of malfunction filtering bleb which is effective after glaucoma filtration surgery.

Research on uveal effusion syndrome

Min-Jie Wan and Tong Luo

Uveal effusion syndrome(UES)is a kind of syndrome characterized by vorticose vein return disorder and/or choroidal vascular permeability increase leading to ciliochoroidal detachment,serous retinal detachment and other fundus represents.In the past,the understanding of UES was very insufficient and the missed and incorrect diagnosis took place easily,and the treatment was very difficult.This review searches recent references and analyzes its etiology,pathogenesis,clinical typing,diagnosis features,treatment and prognosis.

Recent advances of joint application of antiangiogenic drugs and photodynamic therapy for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration

Min-Hui Zou,Tian-Long Hao and Jian-Zhong Yao

·Age-related macular degeneration(AMD)is the major reason for blindness of elder people in the world.Choroidal neovascularization(CNV)accounts for approximately 90% of severe vision loss caused by AMD.Verteporfin is the only photosensitiser in clinical application of photodynamic therapy(PDT)for treatment of AMD induced by CNV.This paper will give an overview on recent advances of combination therapy with verteporfin and antiangiogenic drugs for treatment of AMD induced by CNV,followed by investigating the difference efficacy of the treatment and the recovery of the eyesight.

Research progress in herpes simplex virus keratitis

Xiao-Ying Zhang and Ling Li

·Herpes simplex keratitis(HSK)is one of the important causes of blindness.Its blinding and difficulty in treatment lies in its repeated attacks,leading to loss of vision.With the development of molecular biology,at present,great development has been made in the diagnosis of HSK,however,for the treatment of recurrent HSK,there is no effective drugs,which requires molecular biology,virology,traditional Chinese medicine and modern Western medicine working together.

Relation of retinal arteriolar and venular caliber with systemic risk factors

Liang-Yan Wang and Yu Wang

·The microcirculation is relatively inaccessible to direct visualization and investigation.The retina offers a readily accessible site to noninvasively evaluate the microcirculation.Recently,reliable methods of quantifying retinal microvascular changes from retinal photographs have been developed.In particular,quantitative measurement of retinal vascular caliber has greatly increased knowledge of the clinical significance and influence of systemic factors on the retinal arteriolar and venular caliber.Recent studies have reported that the AV,RV and AVR may mirror preclinical structural changes in the subclinical cerebrovascular,cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes.

Retinal laser-induced damage and protection

Rui Guo and Yu-Liang Wang

·Nowadays laser is widely applied to clinical ophthalmology.Either its side effect or wrong operation can lead to severe results.The retinal laser-induced lesion is undoubtedly one of the most severe complications.This paper reviewed the character of lesion in retina laser coagulation,the factors which may affect the lesion,and the safety measures.

Recent advances on relationship of CD4~+CD25~+ regulatory T cells and uveitis

Hong Tang,Li-Ping Cai and Yu Zhang

·Uveitis is a clinically common disease.In recent years,there are more and more evidences proving that uveitis is organ-specific antoimmune disease.CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells(Treg)are one of many subpopulations of T cells with regulatory properties.They play a crucial role in keeping immune homeostasis,which can prevent the development of autoimmune diseases and keep self-tolerance.This article reviews the advances on relationship between CD4+CD25+Treg and uveitis.

Progress of epidemiologic study of myopia

Sheng-Fang Song and Hua Li

·Myopia is the most common type of refractive error,the onset age of children with myopia is getting younger and younger.In recent years,numerous epidemiologic studies have begun to examine the prevalence of myopia.The prevalence of myopia have obviously difference all around the world,however Asians have the highest prevalence.We review these studies both at home and abroad.

Utility of mesenchymal stem cells in retinal disease

Wei Xu and Guo-Xing Xu

Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) are well-known for their multipotent and widely used in researches such as tissue repair and cell replacement therapy.The use of MSCs to differentiate into retinal cells could be a promising way for the treatment of some irreversible retinal diseases.Moreover,the recent advances in MSCs research have shown that MSCs could enhance the viability of neurons under a pathological circumstance by secreting some neurotropins.There are also researches on the neuroprotection of MSCs in retinal diseases.Therefore,this could be an alternative for the use of MSCs in retinal diseases.Here we make a brief review on the characteristics of MSCs and the utility of it in retinal disease.

Clinical characteristics and diagnosis of keratoconus

Ying Li,Rui-Hua Wei and Shao-Zhen Zhao

Keratoconus is a common non-inflammatory,chronic,progressive,corneal local expansionary disease,with features as follows:the central or beside central corneal stroma thinning,conical prominent deformation in central vertex,corneal loses its normal arc,produces irregular astigmatism and scar,thus leading to the cornea optical performance severely reduction,.The etiology of conical cornea is not yet clear,with certain genetic predisposition,also relevant with collagen developmental disorders,endocrine and metabolic disorder,immune cell defects and so on,also may be multifactor pathogenesis.With generalization of corneal refractive surgical treatment,early diagnosis of keratoconus is of far-reaching significance.Mastering clinical characteristics and common diagnostic criteria,especially early diagnosis,accurate preoperative screening of keratoconus,are very important for implementing corneal refractive surgery,effective prevention and cure of surgical complications.In this paper,clinical features of keratoconus and current treatment methods are briefly discussed.

Recent advances in treatment of juvenile glaucoma

Lan-Jiao Li and Su Liu

Juvenile glaucoma,one of the common hereditary blindness-causing diseases,has the character of hidden incidence,which causes great danger to the patient.In recent years,this type of glaucoma most commonly occurs in myopia patients with a rising trend.Of the patients,90% do not have the typical glaucoma symptoms,but with "myopia,visual fatigue,headaches,insomnia",and even unconsciously blindness,for which they had the treatment,which turned out to be glaucoma with detailed examination.Therefore,we must be vigilant about the disease for early detection.The clinical manifestations,development process,principles of treatment and prognosis are similar to those of primary open angle glaucoma.This paper reviews the domestic and abroad research advances in drug,laser as well as surgical treatment of juvenile glaucoma.It is hoped that these data can provide some guidance for the treatment of juvenile glaucoma.

Review of the treatments for age-related macular degeneration

Chen-Jin Jing and Jun-Qiao Ye

Age-related macular degeneration(AMD) is the chief cause of severe and irreversible loss of vision and blindness for elderly people,and it severely affects the elderly and their family members’ physical and mental health.Based on the analysis of clinical features and pathogenesis of AMD,the latest clinical applications of AMD treatments are reviewed,and the adaptability of various treatments and their limitations are elaborated and explained.

Therapy development of age-related macular degeneration

Xiang Ji and Zhu-Lin Hu

Age-related macular degeneration(AMD),known as senile macular degeneration,which is often accompanied by progressive visual impairment,has serious impact on quality of life of the older,and is the world’s third irreversible blinding eye disease.Although AMD has not yet become the leading cause of blindness in Chinese,with the aging of society,incidence of AMD in China has gradually increased.In recent years,domestic and foreign scholars have done a lot of AMD-depth research on this disease and have a further understanding about it,so we summarize the treatment of AMD at present.

Latest progress of VEGF in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy

Xiu-Wen Xie,Jian-Qiang Zhou and Hong-Ping Cui

Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most frequent and the most severe micrangium complications of diabetes mellitus,the fundamental pathology characteristic of DR is breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier and neovascularization.In the later stage of DR,the formation of the epiretinal membrane,which may tractates the retina and produce detachment of the retina,results in progressive deterioration of vision.The pathogenesis is very complex and has not been elucidated completely.Retinal neovascularization results from both increasing of vascular stimulating factor and reducing of vascular inhibiting factor.VEGF,as an important factor promoting angiogenesis,was widely concerned on the pathogenesis of research and treatment of DR recent years.This article aims to explain the effect of VEGF in the pathogenesis of DR.

Treatment of infant dacryocystitis

Zhi-Gang Xiao,Xiao-Rong Tang,Hui-Ling Yang,Cui-Lan Dong and Mi Tian

Infant dacryocystitis which affects appearance and induces conjunctivitis,keratitis,blepharitis lacrimal fistula is a common disease.Patients and their parents suffer from it.So far,there are no unified standard for the time and therapeutic method.The review summarizes the therapy of infant dacryocystitis.

Analysis of etiology for dry eye in children

Dan Xia,Qin Xia,Min Fang and Li Zhang

Dry eye is a disorder of the tear film due to tear deficiency or excessive tear evaporation which causes damage to the interpalpebral ocular surface(i.e.exposed eye surface) and is associated with symptoms of ocular discomfort.Dry eye is more common in those elder than 40 because of decreasing tear production with aging.Dry eye in young population has been over-looked.In fact,children with dry eye are increasing and usually don’t respond well to conventional antibiotics therapies.Vitamin A deficiency related keratoconjunctival sicca is used to be the leading cause of blindness in children,but it becomes rare nowadays.However,sub-clinical vitamin A deficiency,video display terminal syndrome,abnormal blinking,contact with pets and toys,systemic inmmune diseases and allergies are also common causes of dry eye in children.

Research progress of Toric IOL

Jun-Wei Zhao and Ping Wang

Toric intraocular lens(IOL),known as intraocular lens with composite surface,is a new refractive IOL to correct astigmatism by cylindrical lens combined with spherical IOL.This paper reviews the development of Toric IOL,discusses its materials,principles,shapes and clinical applications,analyzes existing problems and the development prospects,assesses the efficacy and safety of Toric IOL for preoperative astigmatism of cataract patients.

Mensuration of life quality in the application of operation for glaucoma

Wen-Bin Zhang and Yan-Yi Peng

The traditional appraisal method of visual function cannot fully reflect the glaucoma’s impact on the patients,quality of life(QOL)as a wider view of the new mode of health and medical model appraisal method has already been used to evaluate glaucoma.This article reviews the basic concepts and ophthalmological application of QOL,especially in the research advancement and perspective of the operation for glaucoma.

Recent advances in surgical treatment for refractory glaucoma

Hui Su and Juret

Refractory glaucoma has complicated causes and lower successful rate in routine filter rating surgery.The major cause of failure is occlusion in filter rating canal by fibroblast proliferation and scar.This review summarizes the method,effect and complications of improved surgical treatments reported both at home and abroad.

Intravitreal Avastin for choroidal neovascularization due to age-related macular degeneration

Yu Huan Zhao,Quan Liang Zhao and Sarula

Age-related macular degeneration(AMD)is the most common cause of blindness in the elderly,with the advent of the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(avastin),the prognosis of choroidal neovascularization(CNV)has changed dramatically.Visual acuity can actually be improved.This article summarizes the applied development of avastin for AMD.

Chemokines and diabetic retinopathy

Jing-Jing Li,Hong Zhu and Cai-Hong Shi

With the increment of diabetic patients,diabetic eye disease and its complications,especially diabetic retinopathy(DR),are the major causes of blindness.Besides the initiative of hyperglycemia,the complex network system composed of multiple cytokines causes the breakdown of blood-retinal barrier(BRB)and neovascularization,which is the pathologic basis of the development of DR.This thesis is mainly about the progress of research on the relations between chemokines and DR.

Clinical study on intravitreous injection of Avastin for diabetic retinopathy

Sarula,Yan-Qiu Tong and Yu-Huan Zhao

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus(DM)and an important cause of vision loss in DM patients,macular edema and neovascularization are the two main reasons for it.Vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor is one of most popular treatment methods for this disease,intravitreous injection of avastin for DR has received more and more attention in recent years,and it provides another treatment method to ensure visual acuity for DM patients.

Progress in etiology of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma in ocular adnexa

Chang-Hong Zeng and Qing-Li Luo

A growing body of evidence shows infectious factors are related to the occurance and development of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue(MALT)lymphoma in ocular adnexa.But there is controversy on its pathogenesis.Now the research concentrates upon helicobacter pylori,chlamydia,HCV and so on,of which we will give a review.

Recent advances on growth factors in the development of myopia

Jie Wang and Huang Zhu

Myopia is the most common disorder of eyes,but its pathogenesis remains unclear.Recently,some researches have indicated that several growth factors play an important role in the remodeling of eyes and have significant correlation with myopia.This review summarizes the relationship between growth factors and myopia,which will provide the theoretical basis for the further experimental research of myopia.

Research progress in the relationship between aquaporins and age-related cataract

Zhi-Yun Zhan and Guo-Xing Xu

Aquaporins(AQPs) structural studies have further deepened the awareness of people about this small molecule membrane protein on water and solute transport.To date,two AQPs expression in the lens have been reported,that is AQP0,AQP1.This article focuses on the discussion of AQPs distribution in the lens,its function and possible relationship with cataract formation.

Current research status of ultraviolet-induced cataract

Dao-Guang Wang,Hong-Sheng Bi and Da-Dong Guo

Chronic ultraviolet(UV) radiation is considered to be important reason of the senile cataract formation.A large number of epidemiological investigations have shown that cortical and mixed cataracts are subjected to UV radiation.10% to 30% relative risk can be attributed to solar radiation.UV radiation,particularly UVB is an important risk factor for cortical cataract.The lens epithelial cells is not only the most active part of the lens metabolism,but also an important target tissue for UV.The over-apoptosis of lens epithelial cells and the damage of lens protein are closely relevant to the occurrence and development of cataract.

Platelet-derived growth factor and posterior capsule opacification

Xiao-Hui Liu and Yan-Yi Peng

Posterior capsule opacification is a more common complication after cataract surgery.In recent years,with the development of molecular biology and cell biology technology,growth factor-type substances such as platelet-derived growth factor(PDGF) are found closely related with proliferation,migration,and differentiation of lens epithelial cell.The appropriate regulation of PDGF may be very important for the prevention of after cataract.This paper focuses on effect of PDGF on lens epithelial cells,effect of PDGF and its receptors on after-cataract formation in a brief review.

Treatment progress of neovascular glaucoma

De-Ming Kong and Wei Cui

Neovascular glaucoma(NVG) is a kind of eye disease with strong destroy and high blindness rate.Extensive retinal ischemia is the main reason and there is lack of the effective treatment.Early diagnosis and effective treatment is the most important to control the intraocular pressure and maintain good vision.We will present the NVG treatment situation and future development trend in this paper.

Recent advances of the study on pharmacotherapies for diabetic retinopathy

Yi-Min Pu,Jun Yang and Tian Yang

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is one of the common and severe complications in patients with diabetes,which is the leading cause of impairment of vision in diabetic patients.In recent years,following advanced research of diabetic etiopathogenesis,further advances in pharmacotherapy have shown promise in the treatment of DR,including corticosteroids,vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) inhibitors,protein kinase C(PKC) inhibitors,renin-angiotensin system blockers Candesartan and fenofibrate.This review will focus on DR present and potential future pharmacologic treatments.

Recent advances of endostatin in the treatment of ocular neovascularization

Wen-Wen Xue and Hai-Dong Zou

Ocular neovascularization always happens in common vision impairing diseases.Current animal experiments have proven that endostatin(ES) may be used as a new drug which can inhibit ocular neovascularization effectively.In this paper,the recent advances of ES in the treatment of ocular neovascularization were reviewed.

Effect of thymosin beta4 on cell migration,transdifferentiation and research progress in ophthalmology

Hong-Rui Chen and Yang Cao

As a major G-actin-sequestering protein,thymosin beta4(thymosin β4,Tβ4) is in almost mammalian cells.It has a number of physiologic functions,including the promotion of cell migration,stem cell differentiation,angiogenesis,inhibition of cell apoptosis and immune regulation,which plays an important role in the wound healing,tumor metastasis,inflammation control and so on.This review summarizes relative studies about Tβ4,including its properties in cell migration,transdiffe-rentiation and research progress in ophthalmology.

Imaging principles of ocular anterior segment inspection equipment and application in cataract surgery

Nan Zhang and Yan Li

Ocular anterior segment imaging technology is one of the rapid development areas of ophthalmology now.This paper describes the principles of various imaging equipment,measurement methods and application in cataract surgery.A variety of anterior segment imaging devices continue to be introduced and are widely used in clinic,which makes the ophthalmologist get the exact value of the anterior chamber structure and provides cataract doctors the basis for correct choice of the timing of cataract surgery.

Research advances of glutathione S-transferase system and age-related cataract

Chen Li and Huai-Jin Guan

Cataract is one of the most common eye diseases causing blind,glutathione S-transferases(GSTs) are typical multifunctional enzyme,which can catalyze the combination of various chemical agents and glutathione.Recent studies have shown that GSTs have effect on anti-oxidant which can lead to the cataract.The expression of GSTs plays an important role in the process of cataract formation.This article reviewed the recent advances in the researches on GSTs system and age-related cataract.

Relationship of TGF-β and corneal wound healing for excimer laser refractive surgery

Jing Li and Zheng-Wei Shen

Recently,it becomes a hot study focused on transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β),as a kind of cytokine,whose biological effect and mechanism of action play an important role in corneal fibrosis and healing after surgery especially in excimer laser refractive surgery.Through some signal transduction passageway such Smad,TGF-β plays positive effect on accelerating cell proliferation,promoting extracellular matrix formation and inducing cell migration.Now we review TGF-β about its structure,receptor,signal transmission,distribution in eye,biological action and its relationship with corneal wound healing for excimer laser refractive surgery.

Research advances on retinal Müller cells

Yu-Zhen Shi and Gui-Yuan Guo

Müller cells are the specialized glial cell of the retina.They span the entire thickness of the retina,have a close contact with retinal neurons,other glial cells and retinal blood vessels.Müller cells play a decisive role in the normal development of the retina,and can support neuronal activity,regulate neurotransmitter cycle,maintain homeostasis of the extracellular environment,regulate retinal vascular permeability.Dysmetabolism in retinal Müller cells will result in loss of visual function,neuronal cell death,retinal edema,et al.Therefore,Müller cells play an important role in retinal physiology.This paper reviewed recent Müller cells research.

Research progress of renin-angiotensin system in diabetic retinopathy

Xin-Yang Lu and Xiao-Long Chen

Diabetic retinopathy(DR) is a microvascular complication of diabetes,and the main reason for adult blindness in developed countries.Along with social progress and people’s living standards improving,the incidence of diabetes is increasing.And it has become a hazard to human health,a serious violation of multiple body systems and metabolic diseases.The ocular complications caused by it has become one of the world’s major blinding eye diseases.Therefore,the study of DR in the pathogenesis and its therapeutic approach is currently an important issue in the field of ophthalmology research.The latest research shows that eye tissues are with independent synthetic renin-angiotensin system(RAS) capabilities,but also RAS participates in the occurrence and development of DR,so preventing and blocking the RAS may have important therapeutic value of DR.

Research advances of traumatic endophthalmitis

Li-Na Huang,Xiao-Min Chen,Qiang Li and Xun-Qing Gu

Infectious endophthalmitis may occur after ocular trauma.When endophthalmitis occurs,massive inflammatory cells infiltration in vitreous cavity,loss of sight,pain of eye and hypopyon were major pathologic characteristics.It may further develop to panophthalmitis or orbital ethmyphitis,proceed to the next step,trauma eye would be atrophic.The occurrence of the potential risk factors,clinical manifestations and management describe as follows.

Method and development of wearing glasses in treatment of myopia

Bo Yang and Wei-Li Li

The incidence of myopia is increasing continuously.More and more people’s life and work have been influenced,and the correction of myopia is a hot research topic all the time.Wearing glasses is the most safe and common treatment of myopia.The purpose of the paper is to summarize the method and development of wearing glasses in treatment of myopia.

Application progress of intraocular lens in congenital cataracts

Kai-Ye Dong and Cai-Rui Li

Worldwide experiences with pediatric cataract surgery and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation are constantly evolving.Expectations of good outcomes by the patients,families,and surgeons are also increasing,therefore continued efforts to improve surgery techniques,perfect surgery method and select suitable IOL are critical to prognosis.

Roles and research advance of oncomodulin in optic nerve repair

Liang Zhao and Jia-Jun Xu

As a special kind of calmodulin,oncomodulin (OncoM or OCM) has always been considered as a regulatory factor in the occurrence,growth of tumor only.However,researches of recent years showed that OCM also played an important role in optic nerve repair,which provided a broad field for the treatment of optic nerve injury.Roles and research advance of OCM in optic nerve repair are reviewed in this paper.

Advances in the pharmaceutical research on the ophthalmic gel in situ

Li Zhang,Hong-Sheng Bi,Xiao-Feng Xie and Jun-Guo Guo

Ophthalmic gel in situ is the use of polymeric materials respond to external stimulation,so that the polymer in physiological conditions occur dispersion state or conformational reversible change,completed by the solution to gel process.This article introduced the ophthalmic gel classification,characteristics and other aspects in detail,and summarizes pharmaceutical research progress.

Study on anisometropic amblyopia

Jun Luo and Ping Wang

Anisometropia is when meridian is different in one or both eyes in refractive power.Anisometropia is a common cause of amblyopia in children.Its incidence shows a gradual upward trend with age.Anisometropia is not only due to differences in axial length but also other causes.Amblyopia is caused by integration difficulties and decreased stereopsis when anisometropia reached a certain degree.The pathogenesis of anisometropic amblyopia is complex.In recent years the neural mechanism has been achieved some results by magnetic resonance.At present correction methods of anisometropia included glasses,coverage and drug treatment,rigid gas permeable contact lenses (RGP),refractive surgery,et al.Glasses combined with coverage and drug treatment are the most traditional treatments.Glasses has weekness which can not be avoided but RGP can overcome this difficulty.Refractive surgery can avoid optical aberrations and improve stereopsis better than RGP and glasses.

Current advance on corneal biomechanical research

Dong-Fang Wu and Ying-Ping Deng

Cornea is a soft tissue of human, it has the features of stress-strain curve, stress relaxation curve and creep. As aviscoelastic tissue, it has the biomechanical properties such as elastic modulus, corneal hysteresis(CH), shear modulus and lag effect. Nowadays, clinicians pay more attention to the correlation between corneal biomechanics and clinical application. Ocular response analyzer(ORA) is more convenient and practical than other methods in measuring corneal biomechanics, so it is widely used in clinic. For instance, assessing photorefractive keratectomy surgery, keratoconus, glaucoma and so on. The biomechanical features, development in measuring methods and clinical application are reviewed.

Advance in the diagnosis and treatment of painful ophthalmoplegia syndrome

Bai-Yu Zhou,Xiao-Hui Liu and Yan-Xia Zhang

Painful ophthalmoplegia syndrome, the Tolosa-Hunt syndrome(THS), is characterized by unilateral involvement of the IIIrd, IVth and VIth cranial nerves, as well as supra- and retro-orbital pain. The etiology is unknown, possibly related to immunodeficiency reaction, also, some scholars believe that it is related with non-specific inflammation of the superior orbital fissure or vascular lesions. The ocular symptoms vary depending on the scope, impact and severity degree of the nerve. Painful ophthalmoplegia syndrome is rare in clinic and easily misdiagnosed as ophthalmoplegic headache. Clinical diagnosis is difficult, while adrenal cortical hormone is effective in treatment. We made a review on the etiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of painful ophthalmoplegia syndrome.

Status and progress in treatment of nasolacrimal duct obstruction

Fu-Lu Zhong and Xue-Xi Li

Thelacrimal duct obstruction is a common disease in ophthalmology, especially the nasolacrimal duct obstruction. It can be treated by probing of lacrimal passage and acryocy storhinostromy traditionally, and its curative effect is sure. With the development of endoscopic, a minimal invasion surgery method was born. In recent years, new lacrimal equipment appearance, lacrimal stent, laster or high-frequency electric applied widely in clinic. Lacrimal duct probing new lacrimal stents and other auxiliary curative''s effect are affirmation. Now at home and abroad a few hospitals carried out a minimally invasive surgery technology (lacrimal duct endoscopy) without changing the original structure. It is used in diagnosis and treatment on nasolacrimal duct obstruction. This microscopic technique in nasal lacrimal duct obstruction diseases has good development prospect. 

Application of anterior segment optical coherence tomography in Ophthalmology

Qin Wu,Guang-Fu Dang and Lian Duan

Anterior segment optical coherence tomography(AS-OCT)is a new kind of scanning technology. Based on coherent light scanning, it gets anterior segment histology images and precise tissue data, including corneal, anterior chamber, lens data and intraocular lens. It is applied to ametropia, corneal diseases, cataract and glaucoma. It is the main anterior segment disease clinical measurement and effective evaluation method.

Safety and efficacy of contact lenses in correction of refractive error

Xiao-Zhi Huang,Shi-Sheng Zhang and Zhen-Quan Zhao

It is an important task of correcting refractive error bycontact lenses in the optometry field. Contact lenses include orthokeratology lens, rigid gas permeable contact lens and soft contact lens. This article gives a general review on the safety and effectiveness of correcting the ametropia by contact lens.

The status in patheogenesis of neovascular glaucoma

Yu-Lun Ou and Guo-Ping Kuang

Neovascular glaucoma(NVG) is a kind of refractory glaucoma which due to kinds of abnormal ocular and extraocular factors which would cause hypomia of eyeball. Early diagnosis and effective treatment are critical in controlling the intraocular pressure(IOP) and maintaining better visual acuity. Whereas the pathological mechanisms and effective treatments are uncertain. We made this review on the pathological mechanisms of NVG upon recent papers.

Recent progress in surgery treatment of refractory glaucoma

Meng Xin,Qiang Wang and Lei Zhang

Refractory glaucoma has complicated causes and lower successful rate in routine filter rating surgery with obvious ocular tissue structure destruction. The major cause of failure is occlusion in filter rating canal by fibroblast proliferation and scar. This article reviews the method, effect and complications of improved surgical treatments reported both at home and abroad.

Recent advances in anti-scarring agents for glaucoma filtration surgery

Lu Gan,Fei Tang and Li Tang

Glaucoma is a common clinical blinding eye disease, currently surgery is the principal way, but the recurrence rate after surgery is still high, the main reason is fibroblasts in the operation area, which lead to scar formation blocking filtration road. To improve the success rate of surgery, a number of anti-cicatricial drugs are increasingly being applied in glaucoma filtration surgery in experimental and clinical studies, but these drugs also have certain complications and side effects. As medical technology advances, people are looking for some safer and more effective drug delivery methods and new drugs that inhibit scar formation.

Causes and current treatment situation of recurrent retinal detachment

Na Li,Shi-Ying Sun and Lan Cui

Recurrent retinal detachment is a rather difficult complication after retinal detachment surgery. In order to handle it properly, we need to understand its recurrence factors, and take the appropriate treatment according to its etiology. We retrospectively reviewed the recent years related literatures on the causes and treatment of recurrent retinal detachment both at home and abroad. 

Research progress of retrobulbar neuritis

Bai-Yu Zhou,Yan-Mei Zhang and Yu-Bao Zhou

Retrobulbar neutitis(RN), caused by many factors, is a common clinical eye disease, generally it can be divided into acute and chronic types, the latter type is more common. Acute RN has fast onset, short duration, and sharp decline in vision, even to no light perception, for some patients, it could even develop into chronic RN. Timely and effective treatment should be given so as to avoid and reduce the late irreversible optic damage. Now we made a review on the current domestic and foreign research situation of RN in order to make a closer understanding of its etiology, pathogenesis and treatment progress, and provide help for the clinical treatment.

Study situation of capsule contractionsyndrome

Ji-Zhang Yan and Yi-Zhuang Li

Capsular contraction syndrome(CCS) after cataract surgery is a rare complication with the equator of the capsular bag diameter is narrow which often results in glare, diplopia, ametropia, visual disturbance and affects the postoperative effects. With the popularity of extracapsular cataract extraction surgery, more patients take phacoemulsification in cataract surgery. Nowadays CCS absorbs more people''s attention. Preventing the syndrome''s occurrence and Nd:YAG laser treatment can improve the visual effects of the patients. This article reviewed the clinical features, etiology, prevention and treatment status of CCS.

Current progress on clinical treatment and research advances of bullous keratopathy

Zhong-Nan Xiao and Zhu-Lin Hu

Bullous keratopathy(BK) has become a common corneal disease which can lead to blind. BK is the last phase condition of endothelial decompensation. Because of corneal endothelial damage, the corneal edema developed, associated with bubbles in the epithelium. It is increasingly observed accompanied with other eye diseases, such as some intraocular surgeries, ocular trauma and endophthalmitis, so that it is difficult to treat. In recent years, many surgical methods have been developed along with clinical medications and traditional operation methods. Clinical research of exploiting intralamellar surgery of cornea, expanding amniotic membrane transplantation(AMT) and AMT with other operation methods have been realized successfully. There are corneal endothelial transplantation and culturing the corneal endothelium which offer considerable theoretical advantages over penetrating keratoplasty(PKP) in treatment of endothelial dysfunction and are being practiced and evaluated clinically. Available literature related to BK, clinical treatments and research advances are reviewed in this article.

Research progress of modern medicine and traditional medicine on recurrent herpes simplex keratitis

Yu-Qing He,Ze-Feng Kang,Ling Li,Rui-Juan Guan and Jiang-Hui Wang

Through literature research, recurrent herpes simplex keratitis(HSK)has been a heated subject in ophthalmology research, the pathogenesis and treating drugs of HSK has become a focus. With the development of medical research we have a new understanding of HSK. However it is not consistent on specific pathogenesis and therapy of HSK, and further study is needed.

Research progress of the relationship between diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy

Yan Li and Dong-Hao Li

Diabetic retinopathy(DR) and diabetic nephropathy(DN) are two most common complications of diabetes microvascular illness . Because both belong to diabetes microvascular complications, the pathogenesis and clinical characteristics also have similarities between the two. Understanding the mutual relationship and common influencing factors can predict the others occurrence, development, and provide practical guide for clinical treatments .

Prevention and treatment of diabetic retinopathy

Da-Feng Zheng,Min Feng and Lin-Ling Li

Diabetic retinopathy(DR) is a retina manifestation of systemic capillary circulatory disorder caused by glycometabolism disorder. Damage to the retina was mainly the result of hyperglycemia, thickening and increased permeability of vascular walls. It is also accompanied with microvessel disorders of brain and kidney. DR is one of the most common microvessel complications of diabetes, which may cause vision loss severely. Its occurrence and development is depended on the degree of metabolic disorders and also related with age, course of the disease, genetic factor and management of diabetes. As the disease progresses, DR enters a proliferative stage, which is the main reason for blindness. The incidence of DR is 25% after 5 years of diabetes, 60% after 10 years and 75%-80% 15 years later, of which 25% are proliferative diabetic retinopathy. DR seriously threaten life quality of human. This paper reviews the prevention and treatment of DR.

Treatment progress of choroidal uveal mela- noma

Jing-Yi Zhang and Xue-Dong Zhang

Choroidal melanoma(CM) is the most common intraocular tumor in adults. It is a major ocular problem that could threaten the patients life and requires early diagnosis and treatment. During the past decade, there has been a trend in the management of CM from enucleation to conservative nonenucleation treatments such as thermotherapy, plaque radiotherapy, charged-particle radiotherapy, and local resection. Recent researches have shown that combined modality therapy has been more and more popular now. We reviewed the current literature for trials and case reports on choroidal melanoma and discusses its diagnosis and current treatment.

Treatment of neonatal dacryocystitis

Ling Song and Li-Gui Zhang

Neonatal dacryocystitis is a common disease in the childrens eye clinic, the main treatment methods include massage, lacrimal duct intubation, laser and balloon dilatation of the lacrimal. This article made a review on the treatment effect, the timing and advantages and disadvantages of these methods.

Recent advancement in treatment of adult and adolescent anisometropic amblyopia

Chun-Hua Sun

Anisometropic amblyopia is a decrease in the best-corrected visual acuity in one eye, resulting from significantly different refractive errors in the patients two eyes. Early intervention in the critical period of vision development is important for the treatment. The orthodox treatment was occlusion of the dominant eye, however, it was influenced by age and the compliance. It is reported that amblyopia was difficult to be cured after the critical period. With the development of clinic research, there has been hope in the treatment of adult and adolescent anisometropic amblyopia. Orthodox occlusion, reflection surgery, and perceptual learning have played roles in the treatment. This article made a review for treatment in adult and adolescent anisometropic amblyopia.

Recent research progress in the function, structure and genetics of alpha-crystallin

Ling-Han Qu,Xiao Han,Ge Liu and Hong Yan

Alpha-crystallin consists of two subunits: αA- and αB- crystalline, and is a major protein component of the mammalian eye lens. Being a member of the small heat-shock protein family, alpha-crystallin possesses chaperone-like function. It prevents aggregation of partially denatured proteins and the inactivation of enzymes. Mutations in alpha-crystallin genes can cause cataract and myopathy. This review focused on some of the expression, structure, function and genetics of alpha-crystallin.

Research progress of IGF-1 in regulating eyes growth

Yue Zou and Ying Fan

Eyes growth is an active process relies on the visual guidance. The retina,choroid and sclera are all involved in this process. There are a variety of signaling molecules that play an important role in regulating the eyes growth. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a powerful growth-promoting factor, and its role in the maintenance and controlling of cells growth, proliferation, differentiation, maturation and regeneration has been well recognized. There is also a wide range of expression of IGF-1 in eyes, which participate as a contributor in the occurrence and development of eye diseases. In recent years, its role of regulating the eyes growth has been widespread concerned. IGF-1s recognized role in regulating the eyes growth is reviewed in this paper.

New research progress in envelope glycoprotein gB and gD and vaccine of herpes simplex keratitis

Rui-Juan Guan,Ze-Feng Kang and Ling Li

GlycoproteinB,D（gB， gD） are essential components for infection by herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1)，possess important epitope, participate in viral transmembrane process, mediate virus spreading between the cells, and play an important role in the process of host immune and viral infection.The study of their molecular and functional properties has important significance for research of herpes simplex keratitis(HSK) mechanism of action and preventation. In recent years, the research in HSVgB, HSVgD has certain progress, already developed vaccine specific to HSVgB, HSVgD epitope. Here,we reviewed the research progress in HSK related gB, gD and vaccine.

Prospect of immunosuppression of Artemisinin and its derivatives in uveitis control

Xiao-Ru Sun,Hong-Sheng Bi and Jun-Guo Guo

Artemisinin is extracted from herbal medicine,Artemisia annua L,which can be made into many derivatives after chemical alteration.With further research into the pharmacological effects of artemisinin and its derivatives,immunosuppression effect was discovered.Considering the clinical application of artemisinin and its derivatives,the prospect of immunosuppression effect in uveitis control is very promising.

Progress of transepithelial corneal collagen cross-linking by Riboflavin/UVA

Teng-Fei Wu and Xiu-Jun Peng

Corneal collagen cross-linking(CXL) is a new treatment for keratoconus. Based on the topical administration of riboflavin and irradiation with ultraviolet A (UVA) light of 370nm, this procedure can lead to photosensitive reaction and thus to induce cross-linking between and within collagen fibrils in order to increase rigidity and biomechanical stability of the cornea. This new approach has been also shown to be an effective treatment for some kinds of other corneal diseases. However, recently, adverse effects and complications related to epithelial removal have been reported. For this reason, researchers proposed the transepithelial corneal collagen cross-linking. The purpose of this paper is to review the basic principle, procedure, effect of epithelial removal and the laboratory and clinical researches about transepithelial corneal collagen cross-linking with Riboflavin/UVA.

Clinical application of three types of multifocal intraocular lens

Jian-Cen Tang,Ji-Ping Cai and Yi Zhang

As the visual quality requirements of the cataract surgery increase, the application of multifocal intraocular lens has been a hot research subject recently. So far, the multifocal intraocular lens has been divided into refractive multifocal intraocular lens, diffractive multifocal intraocular lens and hybrid multifocal intraocular lens. This article summarizes the progress of clinical application of three types of multifocal intraocular lens and their design principles.

Progress of anti-cicatricial treatment for glaucoma filtration surgery

Xiao-Qin Shi and Su Liu

There are a number of anti-cicatricial drugs for glaucoma filtration surgery, for example, 5-Fluorouracil(5-FU), mitomycin C(MMC) and so on, but these medicines also have certain complications and side effects. The ophthalmologists are looking for more safe, effective and permanent drugs. In this summary, the author will make the conclusion of these articles published in PubMed from 2009 to 2012 concerning secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine(SPARC), small interfering RNA(siRNA), Pirfenidone, Sirolimus sustained delivery film, and so on.

Recent advances in research on labeling retinal ganglion cells

Jun Lin and Yi-Hua Zhu

At present, there are many fundamental approaches to study label retinal ganglion cells(RGCs). Retrograde labeling is the common method of label RGCs, but there are many deficiencies. In the present studies, people have found that many kinds of proteins were specific expressed by RGCs, and tried to use immunolabeling method to label RGCs. This review focuses on recent advance in research on labeling RGCs.

Research progress of ophthalmological teaching reform and optimization

Qian-Qian Lan,Min Li and Si-Ming Zeng

In recent years, with the significant progress in modern educational technology，there has been obvious improvement in ophthalmological teaching reform in China. In this article, we discussed how to realize teaching and studying in ophthalmology education，improve the quality of education and train the high-quality talents. Evidence-based medicine (EBM) has been used in teaching. Teachers emphasize creative thinking and quality education. Teaching mode has been transferred from the traditional lecture based learning mode to the problem based learning mode. Many modern teaching techniques have been applied in ophthalmology education, including computer assisted instruction (CAI), database system, virtual reality, slit-lamp microscope teaching system and experiment of anatomy. This article summarizes current status and prospects of ophthalmological teaching reform in China.

Complement regulatory protein and ocular disease

Min Tang,Jun-Jun Zhang and Wei Fan

Complement and complement regulatory protein are present in the normal human eyes. Many studies support the concept that effective regulation by complement regulatory protein on complement system plays an important role in pathogenesis of various ocular diseases, such as keratitis, uveitis, age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. So, further studies are tend to get insight of the roles of complement regulatory proteins in development and treatment of these diseases.

Antisense oligonucleotide technology and ophthalmic diseases

Jiao-Jiao Jiang and Yan-Yi Peng

Corneal injury, cataract, proliferative vitreoretinopathy and glaucoma can all be blindness-causing eye disease, such diseases currently rely mainly on drugs and surgical treatment, but surgery can not prevent their recurrence. In recent years, many researchers discovered that antisense oligonucleotide technology played an important role in eye diseases of the above, and tried to explore a new way to prevent these diseases. This paper briefly reviewed the current research situation of antisense oligonucleotide technology and corneal injury, cataract, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, glaucoma.

Research progress in anti-rejection of heterokeratoplasty

Ni Zeng and Ying-Ping Deng

On account of vastity and easy availability of the corneal donor, heterokeratoplasty is indicated for a number of serious corneal disorders, such as severe degeneration of corneal scar, cone-shaped deformation. However, the postoperative rejection continues to be a major barrier to the application of this technique. Now this paper reviews the relevant mechanisms and prevention of rejection.

Research advances on corneal edema after phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation

Ye-Di Zhou and Song-Bai Jia

Corneal edema is a common complication after phacoemulsification and intraocular lens(IOL) implantation, which is caused by the injury of corneal endothelial cells. It may lead to vision decreasing, blurred vision, corneal decompensation or even blindness. Therefore, prevention and proper treatment of corneal edema are totally essential for the patients. According to the specific clinical conditions, treatments can be used including drugs, contact lens and surgery. We review the research advance on the mechanism, etiology, prevention and therapy of phacocmulsification and IOL implantotion in this article.

Progress in treatment of bacterial keratitis

Jing Xu and Hai-Xia Zhao

Bacterial keratitis is a serious vision-threatening infectious eye disease with fast onset,rapid development.It often results in severe visual impairment and eye perforation as well as other complications if it is not treated or well controlled. Thus a variety of treatment methods emerged:Western medical therapy, Chinese medical therapy,Chinese and Western medical combined therapy, ect.This paper is a comprehensive overview of the various types of therapy.

Recent progress on sex hormone and its relationship with ocular surface and cornea diseases

Chang Luo and Ying-Ping Deng

Gender difference is a common phenomenon in epidemiology research, which is also seen in ophthalmology diseases. This is mainly caused by different gene expressions as well as sex hormone regulation in both sexes. In recent years, more and more sex hormone receptors are found in ocular tissues including ocular surface and cornea, which indicates an important role for sex hormones in maintaining the normal ocular surface function. This review contains some recent reports on the relationship between sex hormone and ocular tissues as well as our perspectives on its further study.

Review on clinical application and progress of accommodative intraocular lens

Cheng-Zhe Lu,Xin Tang,Hui Song and Ya-Wen Guo

Good accommodation is an important part of the human eyes visual function, which can provide us clear visual images in different distances. Monofocal intraocular lens (IOL) can not meet patients with postoperative needs of middle to near distance vision. Multifocal IOL makes use of special optical design, distributing the entered light to far, middle and near different focuses to provide full range of vision; While accommodative IOL uses accommodation principle similar to the human lens, which changes the optical nodes through forward and backward translocation of the optic part of IOL in the capsular bag so as to achieve the purpose not only to see far but also to see near. In this paper, the characteristics, clinical applications, especially postoperative effects and possible visual symptoms of multifocal and accommodative IOLs are reviewed.

Evaluation on common methods of increasing spectacles-independent rate of cataract postoperation

Jing Mu and Yi-Zhuang Li

At present，cataract is one of the eye diseases with highest incidence.Contemporary cataract surgery has already transit from a rehabilitary procedure to a refractive procedure. With the elevation of demands for life, many patients hope that functional vision can be restored or rebuild. Therefore, how to gain good vision and increuse the spectacles-independentrate has important clinical and realistic significance. This paper summarizes common clinical methods.

Research on advances of intraocular pressure measuring technology

Wei Chen,Xue-Fen Zhou,Yi-Hua Kang and Hong Zhang

Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement is significant to the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma. This article reviewed various IOP tonometers up to date which had different principles, advantages and disadvantages.The purpose of this review is to provide assistance to the study of continuous intraocular pressure detection technology.

Research progress in diagnosis and therapy of trachoma

Xiao-Cheng Ma,Zhi-Ying Liu and Wei Cui

Trachoma is known as a chronic, epidemic and blinding eye disease which is prevalent all over the world.In 1997, the World Health Organization (WHO) formed the Global Alliance to Eliminate Blinding Trachoma by 2020 (GET 2020). Related research progress in the diagnosis and therapy of trachoma are summarized in this paper.

Influence and mechanism of video display terminal to visual quality

Ye Yuan and Shu-Xi He

With the development of society, economy and culture video display terminal(VDT) is almost indispensable in our life.Related to long time computer use, people are experiencing a variety of ocular symptoms called the computer vision syndrome (CVS).It causes series of objective and subjective visual function changes，such as asthenopia and glare disability(GD).This article sums up researches in recent years to summarize the progress about visual quality and mechanism on VDT.

Research advancement in pathogenesis and therapy of primary pterygium

Zhao-Rui Li and Er-Hua Liu

Primary pterygium is a common ocular surface disease. Although there is no consensus on its pathogenesis, recent evidence suggests that it is a proliferative, rather than degenerative condition strongly correlated with exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) of solar light. Although pterygium management has traditionally involved surgery, often enhanced by the use of antimetabolites, recent advancements in the understanding of molecular and biochemical events underlying pterygium pathogenesis may enable the use of less invasive treatment methods.

Corneal graft rejection and drugs therapy

Meng Wang and Yan Liu

Corneal graft rejection has been the primary problem to impact the patients on recovering sights.Many new immunosuppressive agents have been investigated and acquired satisfactory curative effects.The purpose of this article is to review the different clinical types and mechanism of corneal graft rejection, and the different drugs of therapy.

Progress in epidemiological studies of primary glaucoma in China

Jun Wang and Wei Cui

Glaucoma is the primary cause of inreversible blindness.As the change of society, economy and environment, and the improvement of the ways of diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma, the epidemiological feature is also changing incessantly. Since different diagnostic standard and classification system of glaucoma lead to different survey result of epidemiology,and the epidemiological feature gives direction to the clinical intervening measure, the situation of glaucoma epidemiology is of great importance to prophylaxis and treatment of glaucoma. This thesis gives an overview of the progress in research field of primary glaucoma epidemiology in China.

Treatment research of neovascular glaucoma

Song-Tao Fan,Bo Ju and Nan Li

The cause of neovascular glaucoma (NVG) is concluded about more than 40 sorts of diseases. The most common diseases responsible for development of NVG are ischemic central retinal vein occlusion(CRVO), diabetic retinopathy and ocular ischemic syndrome. In the management strategy, the first priority should be to try to prevent its development by appropriate management of the causative diseases. If NVG develops, early diagnosis is crucial to reduce the extent of visual loss. Management of NVG primarily consists of controlling the high IOP by medical and/or surgical means to minimize the visual loss. Currently we still do not have a satisfactory means of treating NVG and preventing visual loss in the majority, in spite of multiple modes of medical and surgical options advocated over the years and claims made.

Electrocoagulation,cryopexy and laser photocoagulation in the treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

Ke Yang and Min Li

The key to success in the treatment of retinal detachment is to heal the retinal hole.This article introduces the use of electrocoagulation,cryopexy and laser photocoagulation in treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.The method of closing holes is improving and each has advantages.

Analysis of the current status about methods of cleaning conjunctival sac before cataract surgery

Jin-Feng Xu,Xi-Yuan Zhou and Hua-Feng Ma

Cataract is the major cause of blindness in China, cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation in cataract surgery is a main effective means for the cataract patients to restore vision, bacterial endophthalmitis is the most serious complication. Currently the prevention of endophthalmitis depends on the use of antibiotics, and conjunctival sac of the preoperative patients has also been paid more and more attention to. In this paper, status of the conjunctival sac preparation before cataract surgery are analyzed, mainly are the following two points: (1) application of preoperative antibiotic eye drops to conjunctival sac; (2) disinfection and flushing of preoperative conjunctival sac. Here，the use of warm saline in conjunctival sac flushing liquor is proposed. Moreover， the other surgeon have raised that preoperative treatment of meibomian gland is necessary.

Traditional Chinese medicine treatment for optic atrophy

Li Liu,Xiao-Qing Su and Zhen-Guo Yan

Optic atrophy is a kind of optic nerve degeneration caused by optic nerve fiber conduction dysfunction which is related to many sorts of diseases. The symptoms of optic nerve atrophy are vision loss and gray optic papilla. According to traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), it is called "qingmang" to some extent. At present, the disease cannot be treated by the methods of western medicine efficiently. On the contrary, by using the TCM and acupuncture, most patients vision can be improved. In this essay, the way of treating this disease will be presented.

Research status of infraorbital nerve damage and treatment in orbital fractures

Lu Liu,Ming Chen,Zhi-Cai Su and Meng Wang

Infraorbital nerve originates in maxillary nerve which is the second branch of trigeminal nerve. It goes through inferior orbital fissure,then goes by inferior orbital groove and inferior orbital canal, at the end, it goes out of orbits at the inferior orbital foramen.Infraorbital nerve is highly vulnerable to damage in the fracture of orbital floor with the incidence of 85%. The clinical manifestations are featured by paresthesia of the middle of the ipsilateral lower eyelid, the nose skin and the upper lip skin and mucous membranes.The reasons can be analyzed: (1) optic nerve edema caused by trauma leads to the increasing internal pressure of inferior orbital canal；(2) the fracture line directly compresses the nerve.According to the therapy of the damage in inferior orbital nerve,there are conservative treatment and operative treatment. There is no final conclusion about which treatment is better.

Progress in the Charles Bonnet syndrome

Yan-Bin Hou and Ya-Lin Zhang

The Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) is characterized by the presence of complex visual hallucinations in psychologically normal people. The prevalence of CBS has been reported to vary from 0.4% to 40% in different ophthalmological populations. Little is known about its etiology and pathogenesis. The clinical characteristics of CBS show rich variety. There is no effective pharmacotherapy for CBS. Timely diagnosis and explanation, along with reassurance about the relatively benign nature of the condition, provided immeasurable relief. Further exploration of treatment options will be necessary in the future. This paper reviews recent published medical reports on CBS.

Advancement of intraocular lens power calculation after excimer laser refractive surgery

Lin-Ping Xue,Zheng-Wei Shen,Bai-Chuan Wang and Lei Yang

The subject of accuracy in intraocular lens(IOL) power calculation in eyes after corneal refractive surgery is a real problem. It is well known that using routine keratometry and standard equations to determine the IOL power for cataract surgery in patients who have had excimer laser corneal surgery often leads to unwanted postoperative hyperopia.This paper reviews the sources of prediction error and analyzes methods to attempt to improve the accuracy of IOL power calculation.

Research progress of excimer laser correction of presbyopia

Yu-Yang Zhao and Shi-Yang Li

Presbyopia is the natural loss of accommodation that affects the majority of middle-aged individuals.Currently，because the mechanism of presbyopia is not completely understood, a variety of different kinds of surgical procedures have been considered for restoring accommodation to the presbyopic eye.The excimer laser has become an important adopted technology for presbyopia. With the advances in excimer lasers, clinical outcomes and safety with their use have improved. The purpose of this review is to outline the mechanism of presbyopia-and the treatment approaches with the excimer laser.

Research progress of photodynamic therapy for the treatment of choroidal neovascula- rization

Li-Min Chen and Guo-Xing Xu

Choroidal neovascularization(CNV)is a severe eye disease with high blindness rate.Photodynamic therapy(PDT) is a promising treatment in achieving closure of subfoveal CNV and stablizaion of vision superior to other therapies.This review trace the development and the study of PDT expecially focus on the photosensitizer.

Applied research of Sonic Hedgehog signal pathway in ophthalmology

Xiao-Ting Wang,Guo-Xing Xu and Leng-Xi Fu

Sonic Hedgehog(Shh) singal pathway is closely related with the development of embryo of animal and the proliferation and differentiation of cells. This paper mainly summarizes the applied research of Shh signal pathway in the development of eye ,the regeneration and repairment of varied tissue in eye and the development and treatment of the diseases of ophthalmology.

Establishment of common corneal neovascularization models in rabbits

Xin Wei,Lin Wang and Ying-Ping Deng

Corneal neovascularization(CNV) is a leading cause of blindness. In the study of human corneal diseases, the rabbits have many advantages, so the rabbit CNV model is the most important CNV animal model. In this paper, CNV models of several rabbits will be introduced, from the making method,mechanism,advantages to disadvantages.

Research status of dendritic cells in corneal diseases

Yan Fu and Xiao-Wei Gao

Dendritic cells （DC）are the most efficient antigen- presenting cells which initiate immune responses. The corneal DC play a critical role in corneal transplantation rejection．Its maturation and centripetal migration strongly associated with the cornea transplantation and all types of keratitis. This article reviews the research on corneal DC and its role in corneal diseases.

Advances on measurements of corneal thickness

Hong-Tao Zhang and Hua Jiang

Corneal thickness is an important structural parameters of eye．Since 1980,with the increasing popularity of refractive surgery,corneal thickness measurement has received wide attention.Ｍany new measurement methods and instruments began their research and clinical applications. Corneal thickness measurements become more precise,comfortable and safe.In this review，the different techniques and methods of measurement and their advances are briefly presented．

Effect of refractive surgery on corneal nerve

Hui-Na Li,Tao Qian and Yi-Zhuang Li

Several laser refractive surgical procedures have been used to reshape the cornea to correct refractive error. During the procedures of making corneal flap and ablation, it would inevitably make some damages to corneal nerves. The procedures of laser surgery, the depth of ablation and the thickness of corneal flap play important roles in the damage of corneal nerves. In this review we study the mechanism of corneal nerve damage caused by several main laser eye surgery and the factors which may accelerate the regeneration of corneal nerve, in order to improve the surgical quality.

Study of surgical treatment of cataract related to angle-closure glaucoma

Xiao-Kun Hu,Jing-Ning Weng and Peng Zhuang

Primary angle-closure glaucoma and cataract are all age-related ocular disease. Those two kinds of disease influence each other. Clinically, there is a dramatic increase in the amount of angle-closure glaucoma with cataract. Pupillary block caused by the factor of lens plays an important role in the pathogenesis of angle-closure glaucoma, phacoemulsification with foldable posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation and goniosynechialysis have become a safe and effective treatment option for angle-closure glaucoma with cataract. This article reviews the study of surgical treatment of cataract related to angle-closure glaucoma.

Research progress of insulin in diabetic retinopathy

Yan Zheng and Gui-Yuan Guo

Insulin is the only hypoglycemic hormone, and the primary drug to treat diabetes. Recent studies found that high-dose insulin treatment of diabetes has become one of independent risk factors of progressing of diabetic retinopathy. Studies have shown that insulin can promote the development of diabetic retinopathy by promoting cell proliferation, destroying the blood-retinal barrier, promoting the proliferation of new vessels, affecting glutamate metabolism and inducting oxygen free radicals, etc.

Research advance of the pathogenesis and treatment of dry eye

Chen-Yang Cong,Hong-Sheng Bi and Ying Wen

Dry eye is a multifactorial disease of tear film and ocular surface that results in discomfort, visual disturbance and tear film instability. Many factors contribute to dry eye which cause pathophysiological changes of the ocular surface.Whatever the clinical situation of dry eye is different, the diseases show the similar pathophysiological progress. Inflammation is the key mechanism and the other factors such as apoptosis ,hormonal regulation are involved in dry eye pathogenesis. The main approach to the treatment of dry eye is providing lubricating eye drops or tear substitute. The newer treatment approach is to target the underlying cause of dry eye instead of conventional symptomatic relief. Although recent research has made progress in elucidating dry eye pathophysiology, pathogenesis and treatment, there are no uniform diagnostic criteria. This paper presents a review about the pathophysiology, etiopathogenesis and treatment of the dry eye.

Research progress of HIF-1 in eye related disease

Min Fu and Zhi-Yu Du

Many eye lesions which can lead to ischemia and anoxia of the related parts and even the formation of new blood vessels has greatly affected the treatment of patients and prognosis.In the study of relevant factors for new blood vessels formation, hypoxia-inducible factor 1(HIF-1) research becomes one of the emerging hot spots, its positive expression in the related lesions and mechanism discussion provides new treatment strategies for clinical treatment.Now the HIF-1 research progresses in the eye related disease are reviewed in this paper.

Research progress in pathogenesis of diabetic cataract

Li-Jin Cui,Guo-Xing Xu and Rui-Qing Chen

Diabetic cataract is a kind of important metabolic cataract. There is a variety of theories presented after long-term clinical trials and laboratory studies on the pathogenesis, different periods for different doctrine. Systematic understanding the pathogenesis of diabetic cataract and the research progress is beneficial to drug discovery, prevention and treatment of this disease targeted and timely to reduce patient psychological and economic burden.

Advanced study on the photosensitizer of photodynamic therapy on choroidal neovascularization

Xiao-Fang Zhou and Guo-Xing Xu

Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) mainly caused by age-related macular degeneration (AMD), can lead to serious central vision effect, even blindness. At present, the photosensitizer Verteporfin mediated photodynamic therapy(PDT) on CNV achieved remarkable results.Because of the price, the clinical treatment is limited. So the scholars of many countries devoted to the research and development of new photosensitizer to obtain replacement for the utility of Verteporfin, this paper applied to the advanced study on the photosensitizer of PDT on CNV.

Several new international tendencies in congenital cataract surgery

Zheng Guo and Dao-Man Xiang

Congenital cataract is a common eye disease which leads to children blind. Surgery is the main treatment. Because of its preoperative evaluation, surgery operation, postoperative management is more difficult and surgery is more ineffective than senile cataract. Therefore, increasing attention of cataract specialist and pediatric doctor is paid on it. We have to do a review of congenital cataract surgery relevant research in recent years to explore the problems and further developments in this area.

Clinical significance of microincision cataract phacoemulsification

Jing-Bin Che,Gang-Ping Zhao and Jian-Hong Yu

The cataract phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation is the most effective approach to treat the cataract at present. With the arrival of the era of refractive intraocular lens surgery, cataract surgery has been changed from the traditional visional rehabilitation surgery to the modern refractive surgery. It has become the target that surgical incision should be minimized as small as possible so to obtain the best postoperative visual function. Because microincision cataract phacoemulsification is well known as an important method for realizing that target, it is getting more and more concern. In this paper, with review of relative literatures, the development history of microincision cataract phacoemulsification is briefly discussed and the influences of microincision cataract phacoemulsification on corneal astigmatism, corneal endothelial cells counting and postoperative vision are emphatically described. It is forecasted that under the assistant of femtosecond laser, the microincision cataract phacoemulsification will be more widely applied in clinic.

Application of drug delivery systems in glaucoma therapy

Xia Chen and Lin Xie

There are much effective medicine currently available for treating glaucoma. However, their clinical efficacy is limited by traditional delivery systems, resulting in poor bioavailability, poor patient adherence, and increased side effects. By topical eye drops, intraocular injection or subconjunctival injection, and surgical implants, drug delivery systems can realize the purpose of sustained-release in target tissue. Poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide), liposome, chitosan and other sustained-release materials with biodegradation and biocompatibility are becoming research focus gradually. Drug delivery systems have the possibility to become irreplaceable carriers for glaucoma therapy medicine.

Application of sodium hyaluronate in the treatment of glaucoma

Li-Gui Zhang and Yue-Qin Qi

Sodium hyaluronate has been extensively used in medical fields, its new uses have been found and play an important role in glaucoma treatment process. We summarize its usage, results, complications in trabeculectomy, non-penetrating trabeculectomy, shallow anterior chamber plasty and antiglaucoma drugs.

Application of UBM in the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma

Wei Cui,Lan Jiang and Xiu-Hua Wang

Compared with gonioscope and slit-lamp microscope，ultrasound biomicroscopy(UBM) is high-resolving power and can be used to observe chamber angle, ciliary body and anti-glaucoma postoperative blebs clearly, without the effect of diopter and turbid refractive material. Through observine the UBM image of glaucoma chamber angle and anti-glaucoma postoperative chamber angle and follicular, this article reviews UBM in diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma as well as its clinical significance and value.

Prevention of age-related macular degene-ration

Juan-Ping Yin and Hui Peng

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of blindness in the developed world. Although effective treatment modalities such as anti-VEGF, laser therapy, and photodynamic therapy have been developed for neovascular AMD, there is still no effective treatment for geographical atrophy, and therefore the most cost-effective management of AMD is to start with prevention. This review looks at current evidence on preventive measures targeted at AMD. Modalities reviewed include (1) nutritional supplements such as the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) formula, lutein and zeaxanthin, omega-3 fatty acid, and berry extracts; (2) lifestyle modifications, including smoking and body-mass-index; (3) filtering sunlight, i.e. sunglasses and blue-blocking intraocular lenses, and (4) screening test.

Current study on effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 in choroidal neovascula- rization

Fang-Fang Zhao and Bo-Lin Xie

The occurrence and development of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) are related to various growth factors. Recently, insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1) which plays an important role in embryonic development, repair in trauma and tumor growth is reported to be an angiogenesis factor in ocular and takes part in the formation of CNV. Current study on effects of IGF-1 in CNV is analyzed in this paper.

Prevention and treatment of amblyopia in children after recovery

Hong-Feng Wang and En-Rong Wang

To amblyopia prognosis in children, not only amblyopia will reocurr, but also accommodative myopia and true myopia may occur. It should arouse the attention of pediatric ophthalmology sector, the review also raises the prevention and treatment strategies. Amblyopia recurrence after healing should be divided into: basically cured amblyopia recurrence, amblyopia recurrence after recovery, off-glasses amblyopia recurrence. "The former rebounds before recovery" is not a recurrence of amblyopia. This classification is of practical value to prevention and treatment of amblyopia in children. In the treatment and monitoring of childrenˊs amblyopia, combined with childrenˊs vision, refractive and axial growth characteristics, indicators for children to take off glasses after recovery are: (1) binocular uncorrected distance visual acuity ≥1.0 for more than six months; (2) normal eye position amblyopia or strabismus amblyopia with residual strabismus degree ＜5°after cure; (3) hyperopic refractive error ≤+1.00 DS; (4) hyperopic astigmatism ≤+0.50 DC. Cured children with amblyopia must achieve the above four indicators to take off glasses.

Research progress in relevance to apolipoprotein E gene and age-related macular degeneration

Xiao-Hu Liu,Ya Mo,Chun-Yan Tang,Li-Dan Xie and Qing-Hua Zeng

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the first irreversible blind eye disease in western countries. With China’s population aging growing, AMD patients in China are also increasing, but its pathogenesis remains unclear. It plays an very important role in AMD prevention, diagnosis and treatment in clinical application,by exploring the internal relations between apolipoprotein E gene and AMD.

Progression of pathogenesis of Graves-ophthalmopathy

Ya-Qiong Wang and Hong Li

Graves- ophthalmopathy(GO) is thought to be a specific autoimmune disorder related to Graves-disease，but its pathogenesis is unclear. This article is to review the progress in pathogenesis of Graves- ophthalmopathy in different subjects, such as genetics, environment, immunology and pathology.

Advances in functional research of βB2-crystallin in lens and extralenticular tissues

Fen-Fen Xiang,Jun-Jie Zhang and Wen-Jie Li

βB2-crystallin is the most abundant β-crystallins and mainly expresses in the lens. Its regular structure and water-soluble ingredient point to an important role for lens high refractive index and transparency. Also, βB2-crystallin has been reported to express in some extralenticular tissues such as retina, brain, and testis, and has a certain influence on the related function of these tissues.

Progress in the study of pseudophakic accommodation

Wan-Qing Nian,Yan-Feng Zhou and Ya-Fen He

With the increasingly improved treatment of cataract surgery, whether the patient can gain near vision is also important with they having good distant vision. Discussing the influence factors which adjust amplitude variation of artificial crystal eyes is extraordinary significance to improve the patientsˊ near vision, researching on pseudophakic accommodation is one of the hot topics in cataract disease of ophthalmoloy.This article combines with many scholarsˊ researches at home and abroad, and shapes a review according to the methods of measuring and the influential factors of the pseudophakic accommodation.

TAT-mediated peroxiredoxin 5,6 protein transduction protects against high-glucose- induced cytotoxicity in retinal pericytes

Yun-Jie Huang and Hong-Shen Huang

Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress can cause pericytes apoptosis seen in diabetic retinopathy(DR). The six mammalian peroxiredoxins1-6 (PRDX1-6) are a new family of antioxidant proteins, which negatively regulate oxidative stress-induced apoptosis by controlling the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS).This paper reviewed the TAT-mediated PRDX5,6 protein transduction protects against high-glucose-induced cytotoxicity in retinal pericytes.

Research status and development of retinal vein occlusion

Jun Liu and Xiao-Feng Zhang

Retinal vein occlusion (RVO)is a common vascular disease of the retina, yet its pathogenesis and treatment remain very controversial. In recent years, there have been some new understanding about the disease, for example, the classification and pathogenesis, and especially in the therapy of the intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide as well as anti-VEGFs. They can improve visual acuity and treat macular edema effectively. Consequently, they are probably becoming new options for the treatment of RVO.

Quality of life and the application progress in age-related macular degeneration

Lei Liu,Yi-Zhou Sun,Li-Min Liu and Lei Chen

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic, progressive eye disorder that mainly affects people over the age of 50, not only influences vision function of elder people, but also affects social function, emotion and mood. Quality of life is a comprehensive evaluation of disease and treatment on a patient’s physiology, psychology and social life. It is extremely important for a comprehensive understanding of AMD. This paper reviews the results of recent studies on the AMD on quality of life.

Clinical research development of intermittentexotropia

Yan Guo and Ping Wang

Intermittent exotropia is a common clinical type of strabismus, because of its high incidence, unknown pathogenesis, and high recurrence rate after surgery, it has been the focus of clinical research. The research progress in cause of intermittent exotropia, classification, clinical features, binocular vision,treatment and binocular vision reconstruction after treatment are reviewed in the paper.

Advantages and disadvantages of microincision cataract surgery

Li-Jun Zhao and Hong Yan

Microincision phacoemulsification is a promising surgical technique due to the substantial features of security, high-efficiency, minimally invasive and less surgically induced astigmatism, etc. Microincision phacoemulsification has obtained the good curative effect; however, there are still questions and disputes, including further improvements in surgical techniques and instruments, etc. Degree of vision correction after cataract surgery is influenced by many factors. This article reviews the security, clinical application and existing problems of the new operative method.

Observation ways of morphological appearance of filtering blebs after glaucoma surgery

Chao Jia,Gang Zhai,Cong Xie and Feng-Ju Zhang

Filtering surgery which has a good control of intraocular pressure(IOP)and less postoperative complications is the main treatment for patients with uncontrolled glaucoma. The good postoperative IOP depends on the long-term maintenance of functional filtering blebs. It is very important for clinicians to evaluate the morphology and the function of the filtering bleb. This paper reviews recent development in the glaucoma filtering blebs.

Study progress of cytokine in diabetic retinopathy

Xiao-Qin Wang and Qing Xie

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is one of the most serious and common microvascular complications of diabetes, it is a major cause of blindness all over the world. The pathogenesis of DR is very complex and are still being elucidated at present. The classic theory includes abnormal metabolism of polyol, increased advanced glycation end products, activation of protein kinase C, oxidative stress, etc. Recently, with the rapid development of molecular biology, the research of molecular basis has become the focus and hot topic. Cytokines have been shown to involve in the progress of DR such as VEGF, IGF-1, bFGF, etc. A variety of cytokines can induce intraocular angiogenesis through complex signal transduction system, break down blood retinal barrier, and finally result in the development of DR. This article reviews the relationship between cytokine and the progress of DR.

Diagnosis and treatment for retinal angiomatous proliferation

Min-Jie Wan and Tong Luo

Retinal angiomatous proliferation(RAP)is the other pathological pattern of wet age-related macular degeneration(AMD), which is originated from deep retinal focal intraretinal hemorrhage, pigment epithelial detachment and retinal-choroidal anastomosis(RCA). It can impair visual acuity severely. The pathogenesis, clinical stages, diagnosis features, treatment and prognosis were reviewed in this article.

Research status and progress of dominant eye

Ling Wang

The purpose of this review is to outline the status and progress of dominant eye measurement, and to introduce research progress of dominant eye application. These researches mainly include dominant eye and ametropia, dominant eye and strabismus, dominant eye and amblyopia, dominant eye and refractive surgery, dominant eye and handness, dominant eye and sports vision.

Glaucoma filtration surgery combined Chinese and Western medicine

Yan Liu and Qing-Hua Peng

Glaucoma is one of the three major causes of human blindness. The treatment of glaucoma focuses on the intraocular pressure(IOP)reduction. As for glaucoma patients with IOP uncontrolled on medications, surgery is the main treatment. Glaucoma operation has various ways, and the filtration surgery occupies an important position in clinic, while after a number of improvements, the simple surgery failure rate is still very high. This article focused on how to improve the anti-glaucoma filtration surgery success rate, reviewed the literature in the past decade, summed up the Chinese and Western medicine for the understanding of the causes of failed surgery, introduced that glaucoma filtration surgery can be combined with the use of Chinese and Western medicine. We concluded that Chinese and Western medicine joint use can improve the success rate of surgery.

Application of magnetic resonance imaging technology in visual system imaging

Yin Zou,Shao-Dan Zhang,Hong-An Liu and Ruo-Xi Li

Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)is applied progressively in evaluating the anatomic structure and function of visual system, such as conventional MRI, diffusion tensor imaging(DTI), functional MRI(fMRI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy(MRS), manganese-enhanced MRI(MEMRI), and so on. Conventional MRI detects morphological changes of visual system; DTI and MEMRI are mainly applied to observe the microscopic structure changes of visual system; fMRI can examine the changes of functional response at visual cortex resulting from visual system diseases; MRS is significantly important in investigating intracerebral metabolism changes related with visual system diseases. Separate or combined application of these imaging technologies is of great value in the diagnosis, follow-up monitoring and curative effect assessment of visual system diseases, the clinical applying of these technologies will be widely spread in the future.

Application of polymerase chain reaction in diagnosis of infectious uveitis

Yao Chen and Ling Gao

As a powerful molecular biological tool,polymerase chain reaction(PCR)can detect pathogens in intraocular fluids at the early stage of infectious uveitis cases. It takes tiny amount of samples, short examination duration with high detective sensitivity and specificity. PCR detection of pathogens is superior to routine diagnostic approaches such as serological antibody detection and pathogen culture. It provides a potential method in early diagnosis of infectious uveitis and evaluation of therapeutic efficacy.

Study on pathogenesis and treatment of pterygium

Min Wei,Li-Rong Duo,Yong-Shu Fu,Rong-Hua Li and Zhen-Long Zhu

Pterygium is a common ophthalmic disease. Its clinical manifestations include growth of conjunctiva organizations invading into central corneal. Dysplasia of the bulbar conjunctiva obscured pupil would severely affect visual acuity, visual impairment and cause cosmetic defects to the patient. Surgery is the primary treatment but its recurrence rate is high. In recently years, many scholars made a lot of research and obtained newer research progress in the pathogenesis and treatment of pterygium.

Excimer laser corneal refractive surgery and intraocular pressure

Qing-He Li and Shao-Wen Qi

Excimer laser corneal refractive surgery was the major surgical approach for treating refractive errors. The eyesight was improved. At the same time, we are more concerned about the relationship between intraocular pressure(IOP)and excimer laser corneal refractive surgery. A review was summarized as follows: excimer laser corneal refractive surgery classification, 24-hour IOP fluctuation, relationship between preoperative and postoperative corneal thickness or curvature and IOP, high myopia and glaucoma diagnosis, refractive regression or the developing of myopia and IOP, relationship between glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension or glaucoma. It was important for the diagnosis and treatment in clinical ophthalmology.

Research advances in clinical application of Lenstar LS900

Zheng-Wei Shen,Lin-Ping Xue,Ting Mo,He Yin and Li Jiang

There are many new instruments used to measure biometric measurements in recent years, such as intraocular len-master(IOL Master), ultrasound biomicroscope(UBM), Pentacam, optical coherence tomography(OCT), Orbscan, Lenstar LS900, Galilei, specular microscope, confocal microscope, and so on. Among these instruments mentioned above, the principle and clinical application are different. This article will review the principle, usage, clinical application of the Lenstar which is a new optical low coherence reflectometry device.

Research of preventive treatment in after- cataract

Li-Jiang Xu and Guo-Xing Xu

The occurrence of the after-cataract and the patient's age of undergoing surgery; the size of the capsular bag; continuity of capsule mouth; blood aqueous humor barrier damages released inflammation medium; residual lens epithelial cell migration differentiation and the amount of lens cortex; other factors of the artificial lens implantation, such as material. The after-cataract is the most common complication of cataract surgery and is the main reason of the visual acuity decline after surgery. In present study, we summarized the prevention method of after-cataract.

Application progress of EDTA's chelation in cornea

Teng-Fei Wu and Xiu-Jun Peng

As an importantmetal ion chelator, ethylenediamin- etetraacetic acid(EDTA)has been widely used in many fields of industrial, medical and biological engineering and so on. There were reports about EDTA being used to treat band keratopathy and some other ophthalmic diseases as early as the mid-20^th century. And in the subsequent studies, researchers had discovered that the EDTA is a good penetration enhancer which can release the tight junctions between the corneal epithelial cells, and indirectly increase the transshipment of drugs to the cornea. Recently, the chelating function of EDTA has also been widely used for separating or extracting of corneal cells in biological engineering. The purpose of this paper is to review the applications of EDTA's chelation in the treatment of corneal diseases, the penetration of ophthalmic agents to cornea and the corneal biological engineering.

Changes of corneal biomechanical properties after laser in situ keratomileusis and its influencing factors

Dong-Mei Hong and Kang Sun

With the rapid advances in laser technology and surgical techniques, complicationsbecome less frequent. Patients are satisfied with visual outcomes. But a growing number of scholars have found that corneal refractive surgery greatly alters the structure of the corneal and corneal biomechanical properties. Even serious complications such as iatrogenic keratectasia may happen. That remains one of the refractive surgeon's greatest concerns. In this review, we describe the cornea material properties, summarize changes of corneal biomechanical properties after LASIK and review factors that may be related to vatiations in characterization of the biomechanical response of the cornea.

Clinical application progress of multifocal electroretinogram

Jian-Hua Yang and Li Liao

Multifocal electrophysiology can be used to record many focal electroretinogram responses across the test field in a relatively short period of time, providing insights into the mechanisms of retinal diseases. It can be used in the early diagnosis and prognosis of some retinal diseases, and can be used to objectively and sensitively observe the curative effect of medicine or surgery. Now we made a overview of the research progress of multifocal electroretinogram in clinical ophthalmology.

Establishment and investigation of retinalischemia-reperfusion model

Hao Wang,Suo-Xin Liu and Xue-Hong Ju

Retinalischemia-reperfusion model is thought to be a critical step in investigating its mechanism, prevention and treatment. A number of animal models and analytical techniques have been used to study retinal ischemia, but there is little quantitative investigation. This article assesses the various establishment methods of experimental retinal ischemia-reperfusion models and compares the different features of the models.

Research progress of ultrasound microbubble contrast agent with drug and gene targeting therapy in ophthalmology

Da-Hui Ma,Li-Na Huang and Xiao-Li Shen

The ultrasound microbubble contrast agent to carry the drug and gene targeting therapy system is a new hot research field. In recent years,it is widely used in targeted therapy of cardiovascular diseases, liver cancer and other illnesses while still a beginning in basic study and clinical disease treatment of ophthalmology. This review summarizes the current research of ultrasound microbubble contrast agent with drug and gene targeting therapy in basic study and clinical treatment of ophthalmology.

Silicone oil tamponade and complicated cataract

Nan Yang and Gang-Jin Kang

As the main operation for the complex retinal detachment, the silicone oil tamponade is adopted widely at present. Silicone oil can cause lens opacity due to its property, there is a clinical significance to understand the causes and treatment for complicated cataract.

Clinical application and research progress of amniotic membrane transplantation in ophthalmology

Ya-Lan Yang and Cong-Xiang Wang

With the report on successful application of amniotic membrane transplantation in clinical ophthalmology, especially in the treatment of ocular surface diseases, the basic research on the application of amniotic membrane in ophthalmology field also gained more attention. In this paper, the histological, immunological, and biological characteristics of amniotic membrane in the field of ophthalmology clinical application were reviewed.

Application of ultrasonic biomicrscope in clinical ophthalmology

Shi-Yi Wang and Jue Ren

Ultrasonic biomicroscope(UBM)can clearly show the structure of the anterior segment of eyes, and can be used for the quantitative measurement, because it isn't affected by the refractive media and pupil size, and it has the advantages of non-interference, non-invasion, non-contact, real-time, and can be used for the study of the physiology and pathology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment of the disease of anterior segment of eyes.

Application of endoscope in ophthalmologic operation

Ya-Nan Ren and Wei Zhou

In recent years, the endoscope technology and related treatments have gradually been enriched and improved: endoscope was gradually spread and applied in lacrimal passage surgery, glaucoma surgery, lens implantation, posterior segement surgery, orbit surgery and eye plastic surgery, initiating a new era of minimally invasive eye surgery. It has the advantage of fewer traumas, less complications, under direct vision operation, safe and effective have been widely approved by ophthalmologist. This paper summarized the development process and application status of ophthalmic endoscope in eye surgery and its future development.

Progress in research of Nogo after optic nerve injury

Yong-Ying Tang,Lin-Kun Ma and Xia Cao — 2013/8/26 15:29:06

After mammalian peripheral nerve injury, axons can regenerate very long distance. In certain conditions, the central nervous system can also partially regenerate after damage. Nogo has been proved to be one of the myelin-associated inhibitors, after central nerve injury increased Nogo release, enhanced Nogo expression, start-up process of apoptosis, leading to neuronal death. In this paper, we summed up the mechanism of action of Nogo from Nogo-A, Nogo-66, soluble NgR fragments, RhoA enzyme and Rho-A/Rho kinase signaling pathway, calcium ion aspects, and discussed its application prospect in nerve regeneration after optic nerve injury.

Visual function of cataract with high myopia

Jian-Tao Ren,Ya-Qin Jiang and Xu-Dong Huang — 2013/8/26 15:29:06

Cataract with high myopia is research priority associated with the large amount of high myopia patients. The unaided visual acuity and the best-corrected visual acuity are partial for the visual acuity of the patients with cataract. The mechanism and clinical significance of modern visual function measurements associated with cataract and high myopia, including accommodation and convergence, stereoscopic vision, contrast sensitivity, have been introduced. These measurements could be of great value in early diagnosis of cataract, assessment of surgical indication, customized intraocular lens(IOL)selection and evaluation of visual performance after IOL implantation. They could also be helpful to the analysis of postoperative impaired visual function and its management. Having an adequate understanding of the contents and significance of visual function was helpful to the improvement of cataract surgery techniques and postoperative visual acuity.

Evaluation of povidone-iodine applications in cataract surgery

Xi Zhang and Ping Wang — 2013/8/26 15:29:06

As a routine measure to prevent intraocular inflammation, rinsing conjunctival sac with povidone-iodine(PVP-I)has been increasingly adopted in cataract surgery. It can effectively reduce the complications of cataract surgery, including endophthalmitis and corneal complications. However, PVP-I itself has certain side effects. Therefore, to achieve the best bactericidal effect and to avoid eye injury, it is necessary to find out the optimal treatment duration and concentration. This article offers a review on the latest researches worldwide in this field.

Application progress of capsular tension ring and iris hook in the surgery of cataract

Jun-Ling Wang and Ping Wang — 2013/8/26 15:29:06

Application of surgical assistive devices can effectively improve surgical safety, reduce surgical complications, and improve the quality of vision in patients with cataract surgery. Capsular tension ring and iris hook are the most important of surgical assistive devices in the cataract surgery, they have been used widely in recent years. Their development in material and design, alone or in combination in cataract surgery are reviewed in this paper.

Influence of peripheral refraction on myopia

Qian Li and Shu-Xi He — 2013/8/26 15:29:06

The refractive status of peripheral retina, also called peripheral refraction, is the abnormal refraction in the peripheral visual field which has a certain off-axis and off-fixation angle over 30°. Animal experiments and human studies suggest that the refractive status of peripheral retina has a close relationship with myopia. Peripheral relatively hyperopia diopter can influence the myopic degree. People in different ages with the refractive status of relatively hyperopic are risk factors for myopia onset, and may be one of risk factors for myopia progression. Peripheral myopic defocus might prevent axial elongation, so as to control the myopia progression, and promote the visual acuity. This article aims to summarize the recent findings about the influence of peripheral refraction on the onset, progression and control of myopia and its relationship with eye shape, accommodation, and heritability.

Molecular genetics of congenital cataract

Zi-Xun Song and Wei Xiao — 2013/7/29 14:34:25

Cataract can be defined as any opacity of the crystalline lens. Congenital cataract is particularly serious because it has the potential for inhibiting visual development, resulting in permanent blindness. Approximately half congenital cataract is inherited, either in isolation or as part of a syndrome of ocular or systemic anomalies. Advances in genetic technology and analytical algorithms have greatly accelerated elucidation of the genetic contribution to cataractogenesis. Currently, more than thirty specific genes and hundreds of loci have been identified by linkage analysis or mutational screening. In this paper, research progresses of these disease-causing genes were reviewed.

Application of Pirfenidone anti-fibrosis in ophthalmology

Xiao Yang,Yuan-Sheng Yuan and Hua Zhong — 2013/7/29 14:34:25

Pirfenidone is a novel antifibrotic agent that has shown potential in numbers of models and clinical trials. Pirfenidone could inhibit cells proliferation through down-regulating a series of cytokines. Pirfenidone's antifibrotic effect and its safety have been established in organs such as liver, kidney and lung. Current application especially the department of ophthalmology and future researches on Pirfenidone were summarized in this literature.

New advances of glaucoma surgical techniques

Guo-Jin Zuo and Jia-Hua Fang — 2013/7/29 14:34:25

Surgery is the most important management for glaucoma patients, and in order to reduce complications and increase the surgical effect, there are some new surgical manners appearing continuously. Aqueous reduction surgery has developed from transscleral cyclophotocoagulation to an endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation. Regarding the external filtering surgery approach, traditionally represented by trabeculectomy, there is the evolution of newer procedures, such as those using Ex-Press mini-shunts and Fugo blade transciliary filtration. Internal filtering surgery includes excimer laser trabeculotomy, the use of iStents or the Trabectome procedure, canaloplasty, and gold shunt implantation.We critically review recent advances in glaucoma surgery.

Progress on genetic polymorphism associated with diabetic retinopathy

Zhen-Bao Zhou and Guo-Xing Xu — 2013/7/29 14:34:25

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is one of the most serious complications of diabetes, as the second general blindness disease in the world currently. The development of procedures for prevention and treatment of DR is one of the most important problems that should be solved currently. A lot of researches show that the development of DR is determined by genetics. The current research advance in DR relevant gene is reviewed in this article.

Mechanism of oxidative stress and complement in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration

Yan-Fang Xiang and Hui Peng — 2013/7/29 14:34:25

Age-related macular degeneration(AMD), one of the most common causes of elderly blindness, is a complex disease results from environmental and genetic factors. AMD pathogenesis is associated with chronic oxidative stress, immune and inflammatory damage. We make a simple generalization of oxidative stress and complement in the pathogenesis of AMD in this article.

Advances in clinical application of optical coherence tomography in vitreomacular interface disease

Xiao-Li Xing and Yong Liang — 2013/7/29 14:34:25

Vitreous macular interface disease mainly includes vitreomacular traction syndrome, idiopathic macular epiretinal membrane and idiopathic macular hole. Optical coherence tomography(OCT)as a new tool that provides high resolution biopsy cross section image non traumatic imaging inspection, has a unique high resolution, no damage characteristics, and hence clinical widely used, vitreous macular interface for clinical disease diagnosis, differential diagnosis and condition monitoring and quantitative evaluation, treatment options, etc provides important information and reference value. Vitreous macular interface disease in OCT image of anatomical morphology characteristics, improve the clinical on disease occurrence and development of knowledge. We reviewed the advances in the application of OCT in vitreomacular interface disease.

Clinical application of retinal oscillatory potential

Juan-Ping Yin and Hui Peng — 2013/7/29 14:34:25

Retinal oscillatory potential has been widely applied in diagnosis, condition variety and prognostic of eye disease. It is believed that oscillatory potentials are generated from the inner retina, and can objectively reflect blood circulation in inner retina. Now the applications and prospects of retinal oscillatory potential are briefly introduced, in order to promote the popularity of this technology.

Research progress in aquaporins protein and cataract

Yuan-Jian Wei and Guo-Xing Xu — 2013/7/1 11:07:55

Water channel protein(aquaporins, AQPs)mainly mediates the passive transport of free water along the osmotic pressure gradient to across biological membrane. It is highly selective for water. There are only two kinds of water channel protein in lens, lens epithelial cells express AQP1, lens fiber cells express AQP0, together they adjust the lens water metabolism, physiological functions and maintain the lens transparency, their abnormal expression can lead to cataracts. We reviewed the research of the water channel protein 0, 1 in recent years and discussed the relationship between water channel protein and cataract.

Cataract phacoemulsification and corneal endothelial cell damage

Ni Zhu and Zhong-Chen Zhang — 2013/7/1 11:07:55

Phacoemulsification with small incision, reduced number of inflammation cells, and better postoperative recovery has been recognized as the world's most popular option for cataract surgery. Modern cataract surgery is developing gradually from sight rehabilitating to refractive surgery with better vision acuity. Being the most important part of the eye refractive system, maintenance of the cornea's transparency relies heavily upon the healthy endothelial cells. It is well known that there will be endothelial cell loss after phacoemulsification and the damage of the endothelial cells may lead to corneal swellings and opacity, or even the corneal descompensation, which often severely influenced the postoperative vision recovery. This is a review of phacoemulsification and the risk factors of corneal endothelial damage pre-and postoperation.

Recent advances in femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery

Zhao-Jie Chu and Dan-Yu Gao — 2013/7/1 11:07:55

Perfect vision and fewer complications is our goal in cataract surgery, femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery hold the promise. Applications of femtosecond laser technology for capsulotomy, nuclear fragmentation and corneal incision in cataract surgery bring a new level of accuracy, reproducibility and predictability over the current cataract surgery. The femtosecond laser produces capsulotomies that are more precise, accurate, reproducible, and stronger than those created with the conventional manual technique, and further helps maintain proper positioning of the IOL. Femtosecond laser in nuclear fragmentation lead to a lower effective phacoemulsification time, and the corneal incision is more stable. But currently there are some complications and a clear learning curve associated with the use of femtosecond lasers for cataract surgery. The long-term safety and visual outcomes still need further investigation.

Reasonable selection of neovascular glaucoma therapy

Zhe Song and Zi-Jin Sai — 2013/7/1 11:07:55

Neovascular glaucoma(NVG)is increasing in clinical with the increase of basic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension. It is easy to diagnose, but the treatment is more complex. In the late, because the pain of patients, a variety of methods such as the ciliary body cryotherapy, photocoagulation, retrobulbar alcohol injection, chlorpromazine, even enucleation of eyeball were used to relieve pain of patients. Enucleation of eyeball brings inconvenience to the patients. Then how to choose the reasonable method is particularly important for patients, in the face of complicated treatments, as far as possible to avoid enucleation. Alcohol or retrobulbar injection of chlorpromazine should be careful used and should be combined with the new progress in the Department of Ophthalmology. Using a variety of methods to control intraocular pressure, alleviate the suffering of patients, to formulate a scientific and reasonable individualized treatment is the treatment of NVG trend.

Causes and treatment of common complications in glaucoma drainage valve implantation surgery

Jia-Hui Wu,Chi Qin and Hong-Ping Cui — 2013/7/1 11:07:55

Glaucoma drainage valve implantation surgery is one of the effective treatment methods of refractory glaucoma, due to its remarkable clinical effect on controlling persistent intraocular pressure, more and more ophthalmologists favor this surgery as the first choice to treat refractory glaucoma, however, the long term success of this surgery is limited by its complications, since the complications are diverse, it is quite important to know how to prevent and treat those complications. This article aims to summarize causes and treatment to some common complications after the surgery.

Study of special examinations in ocular hypertension

Li Chen and Li-Bin Zhou — 2013/7/1 11:07:55

Someone called ocular hypertension as suspected glaucoma or early glaucoma. There was important guiding significance to study diagnosis, assessment and prognosis in ocular hypertension with the depth of clinical research and improvement of detection technology. We summarized the study advancement about special examinations with ocular hypertension in recent years.

Pathogenesis of herpes simplex keratitis

Wen-Jin Zou and Zu-Guo Liu — 2013/6/3 10:33:27

Herpes simplex keratitis(HSK)is one of the most common ocular diseases, which is caused by Herpes simplex virus. More than 90% individuals have been infected with herpes simplex virus(HSV)in his lifetime. HSV establishes both neuronal latency and corneal latency. Stressful stimuli such as UV radiation, fever, stress, hypothermia, hyperthermia and surgical manipulation of the trigeminal ganglia can cause reactivation. The corneal lesions after HSV infection is mainly the result of the immunoreaction in which CD4⁺ cells appeared to be mediating the pathology, with CD8⁺ cells seemingly playing a protective role.

Current advance in treatment of infective keratitis by UVA-Riboflavin cross-linking

Zhao-Qin Hao,Jie Wu and Jin-Xin Song — 2013/6/3 10:33:27

Corneal collagen cross-linking(CXL)is the latest corneal shape technology applied in clinic. CXL can increase corneal rigidity after collagen cross-linking used ultraviolet A. CXL also can increase the mechanical and biochemical stability of the stroma tissue and prevent the progression of corneal expansion and the refractory corneal ulcer.

A review of corneal sensitivity reduction in diabetic patients

Kai-Meng Xu and Yi-Zhuang Li — 2013/6/3 10:33:27

Corneal sensitivity reduction is a common nerve conduction dysfunction due to a variety of causes. Although whether corneal sensitivity reduction is a symptom of diabetes is still controversial, it has strong correlation with the duration of diabetes,glycemic control and also diabetic peripheral neuropathy. In recent years, the corneal sensation as a monitoring indicator of diabetic peripheral neuropathy has been extensively researched. The mechanism may be the sugar metabolites accumulation in the nerve cells, the reduced number and the shortened length of nerve fibers, or immune mechanisms.

Cataract surgery in developing countries

Jia-Lin Huang,Bin Liu,Zeng-Qin Zhu,Wu Ou and Jing-Xi Yan — 2013/6/3 10:33:27

With the aging population also increased the incidence of cataract, cataract has become the most common cause of blindness in the developing countries, the blind and vision damage has become a serious public, social and economic problem in developing countries. Although cataract surgery is the most cost-effective intervention, but to provide cataract surgical services in developing countries, there are still a lot of problems and challenges, manual small incision cataract surgery in the treatment of cataract in the past 10 years in some countrie shave achieved good results. In addition, the development of the different mode of the sustainable development of the prevention of blindness in these developing countries is also a challenge. We did a review of cataract surgery in developing countries in recent years.

Advance in the biological therapy of uveitis

Yan-Li Li and Wei Yang — 2013/6/3 10:33:27

Most of uveitis is a kind of autoimmune diseases. Uveitis often occurs in the young adults and frequently relapses. Studies show that biological preparations can interfere with the specific molecules or pathways which cause inflammatory reaction process in the body, which play a critical role in the treatment of onset progress of uveitis to achieve the purpose of treatment of uveitis. This paper discusses the progress of biological preparations such as anti tumor necrosis factor agents, interleukin receptor antagonists, interferon and anti lymphocyte specific inhibitors applied in the treatment of uveitis.

Recent advances on the empirical study of the optic nerves' reparation and regeneration following injury

Dan-Ping Yin and Lin Liu — 2013/6/3 10:33:27

The therapy and functional recovery of optic nerve injury is a historical tough problem. Because after the optic nerves, as a part of central nervous system, were injured, the optic nerves were short of the microenvironment which nerves need to repair and regeneration. For that, it is very important that the effective nerves' protection, the prevention of neurons' death and to promote nerves' renovation. A great quantity of investigation has demonstrated that the visual function's recovery is closely related to the injury degree of retinal ganglial cells(RGCs), the axoplasm conveying materiae synthesis functional status, the self reparation capability and the self regeneration capability. In the recent decade, with the comprehending to the injury mechanism of nerves, a kind of researches in nerve preserved showed fairly advancements, which have revealed an excellent perspective in the part of healing the optic nerve injury. We read the recent pertinent literatures in the country of exterior and interior and composed a review concerning with the empirical study and the clinical therapy correlated to the RGCs' regeneration, the optical nerves' protection after the optic nerves injured.

RNA interference technology's research progress in the treatment of retinal disease

Guang-Hui Li and Yan- Yi Peng — 2013/5/6 14:25:11

RNA interference exists widely in animals, which can induce specific genetic sequence to silence by double-stranded RNA molecules at the mRNA level. As a kind of new methods of blocking gene expression, RNA interference technology has become increasingly mature and perfect, it has opened up a new approach of gene therapy. RNA interference can effectively prevent the formation of new vessels in retina, restrain the occurrence and development of the proliferative vitreous retinopathy, and induce apoptosis of retinoblastoma cells. The research progress of the RNA interference in the above retinopathy was summarized in this review.

Advance in etiology of age-related macular degeneration

Jun-Ru Pan,Qi-Lin Yu,Shu Zhang,Bin Li and Jun Hu — 2013/5/6 14:25:11

Age-related macular degeneration(AMD)is the most common cause of blindness in developed countries. Meanwhile, over the past decade, the incidence increases year by year in China. AMD is classified as atrophic macular degeneration and exudative macular degeneration, always leading to severe central vision loss even blindness in the late stage of AMD. As a degenerative disorder the pathogenesis of AMD remains unclear. Many possible causative factors have been implicated including oxidative stress, lipofuscin accumulation, chronic inflammation, mutation in the complement system, and dysfunctional ocular microcirculation. This review will shed light on the pathogenesis of the disease, especially elaborate the relationship between epigenetic regulation and AMD.

Molecular mechanism of ganglion cell apoptosis after retinal ischemia-reperfusion

Suo-Xin Liu,Hao Wang and Xue-Hong Ju — 2013/5/6 14:25:11

Retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury is a common eye disease, as manifested in apoptosis of retinal ganglion cell, which results in serious diseases such as the optic nerve damage and produces disastrous influence on vision and life of the patient. Cell apoptosis is the self-dying process, which is controlled by a variety of gene. This article assesses functions of different gene in promoting ganglion cell apoptosis after retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Assessment of wavefront aberration and contrast sensitivity test as evaluation of postoperative visual quality

Min Gong,Yi Liu and Bi Yang — 2013/5/6 14:25:11

Effective methods of evaluating postoperative visual quality include wavefront aberration and contrast sensitivity test. This article provides a review of the concepts and clinical applications as well as their interactions of wavefront aberration and contrast sensitivity test.This article also provides a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of wavefront aberration and contrast sensitivity test as evaluation tools of postoperative visual quality.

Analysis of the related risk pathogenic factors of NAION in the population of plateau regions

Hai-Hui Qi,Ling Li,Ze-Feng Kang and Xue-Ying Ma — 2013/5/6 14:25:11

Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy(NAION)is clinical common presentation of acute ischemic and anoxic damage to the optic nerve. The condition is caused by the blood circulation disorder of the optic nerve head supplied by the short posterior ciliary arteries. NAION is the most common ischemic optic neuropathy(ION). Now the related risk pathogenic factors of NAION in the population of plateau regions are reviewed simply.

Study of visual cortex of children amblyopia with blood oxygen level dependent-functional magnetic resonance imaging

Hui-Fang Zhang,Zhen-Guo Yan and Bo Lin — 2013/5/6 14:25:11

Blood oxygen level dependence-functional magnetic resonance imaging(BOLD-fMRI)utilizing the endogenous paramagnetic material-deoxygenated hemoglobin as a contrast agent gains signal changes of MRI in cortical intravascular and obtains images of the active area. Due to accurate location, intuitive and noninvasive, BOLD-fMRI is applied widely and provides objective evidence for amblyopia neurogenesis mechanism, ocular dominance column, motion perception and color vision.

Regulation role of PAX6 gene in the eye development

Zhi-Qing Li,Yue Huang and Hui-Min Sun — 2013/4/7 15:27:38

PAX6 gene plays an important role on the embryological development through regulating cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and adhesion. This is supported by the fact that expression of PAX6 is dysregulated in several congenital diseases, especially in eye, nose, nerve system, pancreatic gland and endocrinologic system. In this review a general background of the PAX6 gene was summarized, and we also give a brief introduction of roles on genes up and down stream from PAX6 gene and its genetic mutation within eye development.

Research progress of accommodating intraocular lens in clinical application

Chun-Rong Zheng and Wei Zhou — 2013/4/7 15:27:38

In recent years, the small-incision cataract extirpation andintraocular lens implantation has become more and more mature, which has satisfactorily improved the cataract patients' postoperative vision, but because of the artificial lens is lack of accommodation, patients still need to wear glasses for postoperative near or far visual. Multifocal intraocular lens has provided a full-distance visual for cataract patients, but the visual quality problems appear. With the elevation of demands for life, the research and development of accommodating intraocular lens also goes deeper. This paper will review the research progress of accommodating intraocular lens in clinical application.

Review on the study of intraocular lens dislocation

Jian-Tao Ren and Xu-Dong Huang — 2013/4/7 15:27:38

Dislocation of intraocular lens(IOL)is one complication of cataract extraction and posterior chamber IOL implantation. The reasons for IOL dislocation include incompletion of lens capsule cut, unevenness of capsulorhexis, break of zonules and/or posterior capsule, remain of lens cortex, capsule contraction, drag of exudate and organize strap, after cataract, trauma, etc. And the treatments for IOL dislocation include simple IOL reposition, capsular tension ring(CTR)implantation, anterior chamber IOL implantation, suspensory IOL implantation, IOL dislodgment, vitrectomy, etc.

Recent progress of choroidal hemangioma

Li Miao and Zhu-Lin Hu — 2013/4/7 15:27:38

Choroidal hemangioma(CH)is a benign vascular tumor that occurred in the fundus posterior pole. Although it is a benign tumor, exudation from the lesion can lead to retinal detachment and other complications that make visual loss for patients. CH can occur as a circumscribed choroidal hemangioma(CCH), generally without systemic associations, or as a diffuse choroidal hemangioma(DCH)that is often associated variations of Sturge-weber syndrome(SWS). The management of CH has included laser photocoagulation, radiation therapy, transpupillary thermotherapy(TTT), photodynamic therapy(PDT). This article aims to introduce the current situation and the latest progress of the various therapies, to explore the most safe and effective method for the treatment of CH.

Blink is the power of production and discharge of the basic tear

Hong-Wei Deng and Jing-Xian Zhang — 2013/4/7 15:27:38

Review of the literature published in studying the relevant tear physiological function, tear discharge and blink, and as we combined with our clinical practice experiences in the lacrimal apparatus disease, we clearly put forward the theory that blink is the power of the basal tear secretion and discharger. The relationship between physiological function of the discharge basal tear and blink was studied; we also put forward the theory that there has no independent neural reflex arc, which has shared with the blink basal tear secretion. In this paper, we put forward the hypothesis that the blink is the power of the front tear film refreshment, formation and discharged. We make clear the concept of blink, classification, and basic neural reflex arc.

Status and progress of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy

Xi Chen,Qin Jiang and Jin Yao

Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy(PCV)is a disease of which the etiology and pathogenesis are still unknown, and some studies have shown that it may be related to certain genes. The funduscopic presentation of PCV is similar to that of exudative age-related macular degeneration(AMD). PCV could be distinguished from AMD through imaging such as indocyanine green angiography(ICGA)and optic coherence tomography(OCT). The diagnosis could be made if subretinal orangered lesions by ophthalmoscope and branching choroidal vessels with poly-like terminal aneurismal dilations on ICGA are seen. The treatment of PCV mainly includes photodynamic therapy(PDT), intravitreal anti-angiogenesis therapy, and combination therapy. We review the nature of PCV through its history, epidemiology, pathology, pathogenesis, gene, clinical manifestation, imaging, diagnosis and treatment. The further research direction of PCV is discussed and proposed at last.

Progress of inflammation mediated by T cell in dry eye disease pathogenesis

Lian Tan and Han-Ping Xie

Dry eye disease is a common ocular surface disease in ophthalmology and its complex pathogenesis makes no animal model could perfectly mimic the characteristic of dry eye disease which is chronic, repeated and worse. Studies showed inflammation plays an important role in the development of dry eye disease and we gave an overview of Th1 cell and Th17 cell in the pathogenesis of dry eye disease in this review.

Biological modulation of wound healing after glaucoma filtering surgery

Shan-Shan Liu and Ji-Bing Wang

Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness in the world just second to cataract. Decreasing intraocular pressure by filtering surgery combined with antimetabolites(5-fluorouracil, 5-FU; mitomycin C, MMC)is the main way to control the progress of the disease. However, the side effects of these antimetabolites induced limit their clinical use. In recent years, the researchers have turned to the biological modulation of would healing after filtering surgery in order to obtain biological agents with low side effects, target oriented, effect strength and duration controlling. These biological agents include monoclonal antibodies targeting cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and gene therapy and so on. Some of them had been applied clinically and demonstrated good results. This is undoubtedly the ideal research direction to the modulation of wound healing after glaucoma filtering surgery.

Treatment status of multi-spot laser in diabetic retinopathy

Gui-Lan Guo and Xue-Dong Zhang

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is a serious eye complication caused by abnormal glucose metabolism, and for work people is one of the first blinding eye diseases. Although lots of methods can be used to treat diabetic retinopathy effectively, such as: intravitreal injection, photodynamic therapy(PDT), pars plana vitrectomy(PPV)and so on, but the photocoagulation of retina also is the first choice. With the progress of laser technology, the conventional laser photocoagulation's single-spot pattern could not meet the clinic need, and has gradually been replaced by multi-spot laser, which is more security, effective, less complications. This review focused on current situation of multi-spot laser in diabetic retinopathy.

Discourse on intraocular injection of ganciclovir treatment for retinitis

Ya-Li Bao,Dan Zhu and Yong Tao

Ganciclovir(GCV)is an effective agent against ocular herpes simplex virus(HSV)and human cytomegalic inclusion disease virus(CMV)infection. The main obstacle to its ophthalmic dosage forms is its low ocular bioavailability, especially its poor vitreous availability. Intravitreal injection of GCV to treat retinitis in order to become a research focus at this stage.

Clinical research progress in pterygium pathogenesis, treatment and recurrence of interventions

Fang-Hong Zhou,Zhen Han,Li-Ge Wei,Wan-Rong Yu,Ting Zhang and Ya-Lin Fu

Pterygium is a common and frequently-occurring disease in ophthalmology department. Through the admission, treatment and recurrence intervention method summarized by the author, and the collection of consulting domestic and international relevant clinical research data, the paper provided reference and summarized the research methods for clinical diagnosis and treatment of ophthalmology department from a clinical perspective on pterygium etiology, treatment and relapse intervention.

Application of atropine in treatment of amblyopia in old children

Dong-Mei Yang,Zhu-Lin Hu and Min Hu

Amblyopia is the most common eye disease affecting children's visual development. Amblyopia patients not only monocular or binocular visual acuity decreased significantly, and the loss of binocular vision and stereopsis, seriously affect the visual development. For three hundred years, patching as the classic treatment of amblyopia therapy is widely used in clinical. Patching of the sound eye, not only is not conducive to the establishment of a binocular stereopsis, but also easy to form amblyopia. On the other hand, although age is the impact of amblyopia treatment effect of important factors, but the patients' adherence to treatment efficacy is also crucial. For these reasons, the occlusion therapy for older children with amblyopia cure rate and treatment is subject to the appropriate constraints. Therefore, atropine penalization therapy is widely accepted by some patients, especially older monocular amblyopia children. It can give children a forced to comply with the treatment process and can suppress the dominant eye to eyes depending on the material, in order to facilitate the establishment of binocular vision. And the treatment method to effectively solve the problems covered by the patients because of cosmetic or other reasons do not want to accept.

The use of relative afferent pupillary defect in detection of blinding eye diseases

Fang Yu,Bao-Wen Gu and Han-Zhen Li

Pupil examination is one of the important eye detection indicators, with the advantages of objective, noninvasive, repeatable. Many eye diseases demonstrate the relative afferent pupillary defect(RAPD)during the initial stage. Recently with the development of science and technology, the detection of RAPD is gradually realized to be quantitative and precise, other more, the operation is becoming more convenient. This may provide a more reliable objective index for diagnosis and prognosis of many blinding eye diseases. This review summarizes the articles about RAPD of blinding eye diseases in recent years.

Artificial lens outlook

Nuo Li and Li-Na Huang

Artificial lens implantation technology maturity and the perfect combination of cataract surgery make artificial lens performance to more and more close to ideal natural lens direction. To solve pure ‘target vision'(distant vision or near vision)for the purpose of artificial lens implantation, has been unable to meet the requirements of high quality vision. It is urgent that there be the advent of artificial lens suitable for all kinds of special requirements to meet the needs of the patient and make cataract surgery really become a refractive surgery. In this paper the research progress of artificial crystal were reviewed briefly.

Recent progress of drug treatment to age-related macular degeneration

Zhen Ma and Yu-Sheng Wang

Age-related macular degeneration(AMD)was a main cause leading to low vision and blindness of theWestern countries elderly population. AMD has become a hotspot in the ophthalmology research. According to the clinical and pathological finding, it was divided to the dry and wet two types, and the dry type was accounting for about 90 percent. So the aim of the article was to analyze and summarize the pathophysiological mechanisms and recent drug treatment methods to the dry AMD, so as to provide evidence for the future treatment of AMD.

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in retinopathy

Juan Yang

Signal transducer and activator of transcription(STAT)3 is a member of the cytoplasmic transcription factors family which participates in a wide variety of physiological processes including cell growth, differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis. It broadly exists in various tissues as well as retina. The expression of STAT3 plays an important role in various retinal diseases including ischemic retinopathy, diabetic retinopathy. The purpose of this paper is to review the biological functions of STAT3, and its role in various.

Progress of induced pluripotent stem cells in ophthalmic diseases

Jia-Hui Wu and Hong-Ping Cui

Induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs)are reprogrammed through transduction of exogenous transcription factors, into somatic cells, reprogramming the somatic cells to embryonic stem cells-like cells with potencies of unlimited proliferation and pluripotent differentiation. This technology is a milestone in the field of regenerative medicine, and many related studies have been made these years. In the development of iPSCs technology, we have achieved a lot of progress; these will lay a foundation of cell therapy. Meanwhile, the successfully reprogrammed human somatic stem cells and good results in the study of animal models have been achieved. This article aims to emphasize the development of iPSCs in Ophthalmology.

Status and prospects for integrative treatment of dry eye syndrome

Xiao-Jing Zhao

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, commonly known as the ‘dry eyes', is to point to any cause to tear quality or quantity anomaly or dynamic anomaly, leading to decline tear film stability, and accompanied by eye discomfort and/or ocular surface tissue lesion characteristics of many kinds of disease body. In recent years the study on pathogeny and pathogenesis continuously go deep into the research, combining traditional Chinese and western medicine treatments of dry eyes and had made new progress. The present study reviewed nearly 3 years relevant literature researches. The combination of traditional Chinese and western medicine treatment methods are summarized.

Progress of treatment for amblyopia in children

Jiang-Shan Xu and Hong-Wei Wang

Amblyopia has been defined as a unilateral or bilateral decrease of best corrected visual acuity caused by unusual experience of visual, including unilateral strabismus, anisometropia, ametropia and form deprivation, which can not be detected by physical examination of the eye. The treatment of amblyopia in children has been a hot issue in ophthalmology. Although there is a progress in the research and there are varieties of methods in recent years, the best therapeutic schedule is still being discussed. For this, we reference the latest documentations to make a review in the treatment schedule of amblyopia in children and the problem existing in the schedules.

Drugs modified intraocular lens inhibiting posterior capsular opacification

He Teng and Hong Zhang

Intraocular lens as a drug delivery system has certain advantages in prevention of posterior capsular opacification, which include locally high drug concentrations, slight side effects and strong targeting. It can suppress the cells which have potential proliferation ability in situ, and avoid side effects and damages caused by direct medication to certain extent. The preparation of drugs modified intraocular lens which can reduce the incidence of posterior capsular opacification has become the study focus of many scholars. The article reviews the advances of this study at present.

Research on diagnosis and treatment of cyclodialysis

Can-Wei Zhang,Ya-Qin Jiang,Xu-Dong Huang and Jing Gao

Cyclodialysis is a common complication of ophthalmic operation, eye blunt injury and other eye diseases. The most common clinical manifestations are vision loss, resistant low intraocular pressure,shallow anterior chamber and refractive status change,et al. Low intraocular pressure can lead to optic disc hyperaemia and edema, retinal ischemia and macular edema, if sustained low, it may cause corneal dystrophy and cataract et al and lead to irreversible visual impairment. Some serious patients may appear eye atrophy. Diagnosis and treatment on early stage are very important to reduce the complications. As the emergence of B-scan ophthalmological ultrasound, ultrasound biomicroscopy(UBM)and anterior segment-optical coherence tomography(AS-OCT), some small scale of cyclodilysist can be found in the early period, and the accuracy of diagnosis increases. With the research and exploration in recent years, the treatment of cyclodialysis has made a lot of progress.

Research progress of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells applied to the retina transplantation photoreceptor-like cell

Zhi-Gang Xu,Shu-Hui Lü,Jing-Zhong Mu,Xue-Yan Zhang,Yan-Xiu Qi and Jin-Ling Zhu

Nowadays, treatments for retinal degenerative diseases mainly stay in supportive treatments such as improve circulation, nourishing nerve in the clinical. It still lacks effective treatment. As bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)have high expansion potential and autologous immunological characteristics,people have tried various ways of isolation, induction, transplantation and so on,with a purpose to transform BMSCs to retinal nerve cells,and ultimately make cell-replaced therapy available. We reviewed the current literature for trials and case reports on retina transplantation of BMSCs, to provide help for the further research.

Progress on mechanism and therapeutic of corneal neovascularization

Fen Ye,Xiang Yu and Zhen-Ping Huang

Normal cornea is in stabile angiogenic privilege statement with many factors' effects, which is also the basement for cornea to maintain normal physiology functions. However, angiogenesis forms the pathophysiological basis of some disease. Because the balance between cornea angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors is broken and corneal neovascularization(CNV)switch turned on. CNV usually causes and aggravates corneal clouding and corneal graft rejection. It is one of the reasons leading to blindness. In the recent years, with the development of immunology, molecule biology and pharmacology, there are a lot of break on the cognition of CNV. This review mainly discusses corneal neovascularization mechanism and the therapeutic advance of CNV.

Research progress on herpes simplex virus vectors in gene therapy for central nervous system injury

Jing Zhuang,Lin-Kun Ma and Xia Cao — 2013/11/25 11:01:52

Gene therapy has increasingly shown a significant role in clinical trials in recent years, and has become a new treatment for the central nervous system diseases which conventional methods are difficult to cure. Herpes simplex virus(HSV), a common human natural pathogen, has a natural neural tropism and can naturally infect post-mitotic neurons from retrograde infection of peripheral nerves into the central nervous system(CNS)and has a long-term incubation. Therefore, HSV can be used as a means of delivery of exogenous genes. The optic nerve belongs to the CNS, thus, HSV vectors may be considered for gene therapy after optic nerve injury. In this paper, we reviewed the research progress of HSV as a vector for gene therapy after CNS injury and explained the feasibility of HSV for gene repair after optic nerve injury.

Progress on the diagnosis of herpes simplex keratitis

Jun-Xin Ma,Ru-Xia Zhou and Lin-Nong Wang — 2013/11/25 11:01:52

Herpes simplex keratitis(HSK)is the leading cause of infectious blindness. In general, diagnosis of HSK is based on clinical findings, which often are not confirmatory. With the development of molecular biology, a variety of laboratory methods that helped in achieving a diagnosis including in vivo confocal microscopy(IVCM), loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP), real-time polymerase chain reaction(rt-PCR), nested PCR and multiplex PCR. They are considered as accurate and fast diagnostic techniques, thus characteristics of these are reviewed in this paper.

Confusion over and consideration about classification and definition of primary angle-closure glaucoma

You-Qin Sun — 2013/11/25 11:01:52

This paper reflected upon the clinical confusion over the classification and definition of primary angle-closure glaucoma proposed by International Society of Geographical and Epidemiological Ophthalmology(ISGEO). It is pointed out that lack of unified standards for glaucoma is the root of the confusion, and a preliminary discussion is made on the definition of glaucoma.

Researches advance on anti-VEGF medication for retinopathy of prematurity

Huan-Huan Zhao,Xue-Lin Huang,Su-Zhen Xie and Chao-Hui Zhao — 2013/11/25 11:01:52

Retinopathy ofprematurity(ROP)is one of the major cause of childhood blindness worldwide. Previously, the treatment for ROP for the patients at the threshold period and before high-risk period is mainly the retinal laser and cryotherapy. However, cryotherapy and laser therapy are destructive, which can inevitably result in permanent peripheral field loss and more complications. Some patients' states of illness can't be controlled after surgery and end with total loss of vision. Hence, a new treatment method should be explored. Recently, many clinical data showed that anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy may be effective in treating retinopathy of prematurity. This article reviewed the recent literature on the research and progress of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(anti-VEGF)drugs in the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity.

Research advances of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells

Jun-Kang Si,Jun-Guo Guo and Xing-Rong Wang — 2013/11/25 11:01:52

Apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)is an important step in the mechanism of a variety of diseases such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, optic neuritis etc. In these diseases, oxidative stress induces the aopoptosis of RGCs. In recent years, many experimental studies have found that anti-oxidative stress drugs have a powerful protective efficacy in RGCs. This article reviewed the recent advances in the researches on oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of RGCs and related anti-oxidative stress drugs.

Progress on visual display terminal syndrome in children

Xiao-Fang Ren and Lin Xiao — 2013/11/25 11:01:52

With the rapid development of information era, video display terminal(VDT)has entered people's lives, and the operator's health problems have been recognized, which is so called VDT syndrome. At the same time, the frequency of children's exposure to the VDT is higher and higher. Childhood is the critical period of visual development. As the data show that the excessive use of VDT can cause eye fatigue, myopia, dry eye, abnormal blinking, headache and other symptoms. In this article, we will talk about the symptoms, mechanism, and the prevention and treatment of children's VDT syndrome.

Clinical applications of intravitreal implants on vitreoretinal disorders

Xiao-Yu Zhang and Mei-Xia Zhang — 2013/10/28 11:29:58

Due to blood-retinal barrier, drug administration is often limited for the treatment of vitreoretinal disorders. Intravitreal drug injection is an effective method as it can directly deliver drugs to act on vitreous body and retina. However, for chronic and recurrent diseases, injection needs to be repeated frequently to achieve effective drug concentration. Ocular implants, which not only avoid blood-retinal barrier but also extent action time, have become a new treatment for vitreoretinal disorders. Different implants can treat different diseases. Antiviral drug implant can be effective in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients. Steroid implant can be effective in the treatment of chronic inflammatory fundus diseases such as macular edema and noninfectious uveitis. The main side effects were elevated intraocular pressure and cataract formation. Ciliary neurotrophic factor and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor implants may be the effective drugs for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration. This article reviewed the clinical applications of current major intravitreal implants on vitreoretinal disorders.

Advances in hard nucleus cataract surgery

Bin Wu,Wei Gao and Wei Cui — 2013/10/28 11:29:58

Security and perfect vision and fewer complications are our goals in cataract surgery, and hard-nucleus cataract surgery is always a difficulty one. Many new studies indicate that micro-incision phacoemulsification in treating hard nucleus cataract is obviously effective. This article reviews the evolution process of hard nuclear cataract surgery, the new progress in the research of artificial intraocular lens for microincision, and analyse advantages and disadvantages of various surgical methods.

Surgical therapy of congenital cataract and its postoperative visual function recovery

Yan-Ting Su and Jin-Sha Zhang — 2013/10/28 11:29:58

Congenital cataract is an important cause of lifelong visual impairment in children. Its treatment is different from that of senile cataract since visual functions of the affected children are still under development. However, consensus has not be made in surgical management of congenital cataract, especially in the surgical approach,intraocular lens selection and postoperative refractive correction. This study reviews researches on the surgical therapy and its postoperative visual function recovery conducted in recent years.

Progress on measuring methods of intraocular lens degree in silicone oil-filled eyes

Yang-Yan Xiao and Xiao-Jian Guo — 2013/10/28 11:29:58

With the development of vitreous surgery technology, patient's expectation of postoperative visual function has been raised. Therefore, the accurate measurement of intraocular lens degree in silicone oil-filled eyes has become an increasingly important factor influencing the prognosis of patients. This article offers a review of the present situation and prospect in this study field.

Advance in pharmaco-therapy of macular edema in retinal vein occlusion

Lu Zhang and Bo-Jun Zhao — 2013/10/28 11:29:58

Retinal vein occlusion(RVO)is the most common, vision-threatening, retinal vascular disease after diabetic retinopathy. RVO has characteristics of the retinal vein dilation and circuity, and retinal hemorrhage, edema and exudation along the vein. If edema occurs in macular area, it will lead to severe decreased central visual acuity. Though the clinical entity of RVO has been known for 100 years, the treatment remains unsatisfied. The advent of glucocorticoid and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents has made great progress in the treatment. The article illustrates the mechanism of macular oedema(MO)secondary to RVO. The pharmacological action and advancement of the drugs of glucocorticoid and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents are reviewed in this article. The prospects in the treatment of this disease are also mentioned.

Progress on different ocular surgeries and dry eye disease

Rui-Juan Guan and Ling Li — 2013/10/28 11:29:58

The health of ocular surface is maintained by the ocular surface(cornea and conjunctiva, accessory lacrimal gland and meibomian gland), the main lacrimal gland and the lachrymal function units between them, any damage in which can lead to the failure of integrity and normal function of tear film. With the development of medical science, more and more eye surgeries are operated to treat eye diseases. However, preoperative anesthetic applications, operation process, preservatives in the eye drops may lead to tear film instability and/or abnormal manifestation on eye surface which may cause dry eyes.

Development and application of adipose-derived stem cells in ophthalmology

Hong-Song Li and Jun Zou — 2013/10/28 11:29:58

Adipose-derived stem cells(ADSCs)are multipotent population of cells with multipotential differentiation capability, which can differentiate into mesoderm including adipocyte osteoblasts and chondroblasts in specific conditions, even the endoderm cells like hepatocyte and and ectoderm cells like neurocyte. Besides, ADSC has many advantages like easy access and light damage to selected area, which enables it to become a hotspot in tissue repair area. This paper made a classified summary on the biological characteristics of corneal epithelium and its application in research to offer beneficial hints to the research of ADSC application in ophthalmology.

Progress in application of Bcl-2 in repairment of the optic nerve injury

Kui Zeng,Lin-Kun Ma and Xia Cao — 2013/9/23 14:08:05

Bcl-2 is a proto-oncogene isolated from follicular B cells, and it is closely related to cell apoptosis. In recent years, it has been widely used in experiments to repair central nervous injury, especially the optic nerve injury. In some cases, it is found that Bcl-2 can inhibit cell apoptosis, prolong cell life span, but can not promote cell proliferation. In other cases, it can not prevent apoptosis caused by certain genetic mutations and thus cannot protect the optic nerve.

Research advances in the relevance of microRNAs and lens diseases

Yang Chen and Zhi-Xiang Ding — 2013/9/23 14:08:05

microRNAs are a class of endogenous non-protein-coding micromolecule RNAs with 22 nucleotides long, and are widely presented in the eukaryotic cells, which play a critical role in a series of life process, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, tumorigenesis and individual metabolism. It has become a focus for gene regulation research in recent years. Most of microRNAs are widely expressed in various ocular tissues in the tissue specificity and time specificity mode, and may be closely involved in ocular tissue growth, development, functional regulation and diseases onset. To study the functions of microRNAs in lens development and pathophysiological process is to provide a new idea for further clarifying the mechanisms of lens diseases, exploring the diagnoses and treatments of the diseases.

Research advances on multifocal electroretinogram in primary open angle glaucoma

Feng-Fei Mo and Guo-Ping Kuang — 2013/9/23 14:08:05

Primary open angle glaucoma is a chronic and progressive optic neuropathy. It can lead to serious damage of visual impairment, and it is an important eye disease of blindness. Multifocal electroretinogram is a new way to measure visual electrophysiology. It can measure electroretinogram of the whole visual field of many small parts in a relatively short period of time, and it can reflect the function of regional retina. It has an extremely important value for early diagnosis of primary open angle glaucoma. The research advances on multifocal electroretinogram in diagnosing primary open angle glaucoma were summarized in this paper.

Progress on pathogenesis of pterygium

Li Peng and Qing Xie — 2013/9/23 14:08:05

Pterygium is one of the common ocular surface diseases, characterized by local subconjunctival fibrovascular proliferation invading the cornea, not only influences facial beauty, but affects visual acuity and causes ocular dyskinesia. Surgical removal is the main treatment option. However, the recurrence rate is high(20%-40%). Many explanations are put forward by scientists, but the mechanism of pterygium still remains unclear. It is of great importance to study the pathogenesis of pterygium so as to prevent its occurrence and development. In this paper, we make a review about the domestic and international studies of the inhibition of apoptosis, matrix metalloproteinase, oxidative stress and immunity in pterygium.

Clinical progress of treatment for adenoid cystic carcinoma of lacrimal gland

Lin Liu and Guo-Xiang Song — 2013/9/23 14:08:05

Adenoid cystic carcinoma(ACC)of lacrimal gland is the most common malignant epithelial lacrimal gland tumor. Excision alone shows unsatisfactory effect, which is easy to relapse and makes poor prognosis. This paper summarizes the clinical treatment for ACC of lacrimal gland, which covers the relevant domestic and international reports in recent years, including improved surgical approach, taking chemotherapy before and after surgery, radiotherapy.etc. Furthermore, treatment strategies for youth patients with ACC of lacrimal gland are reported and the diagnosis and treatment for ACC originated beyond lacrimal gland are analyzed. Above all, we may provide a broader way of thinking for ophthalmological clinicians.

Current research situation of epiphora

Ming-Bao Gou and Quan-Liang Zhao — 2013/9/23 14:08:05

Lacrymation is a common clinical symptom of ophthalmology. In recent years, there been an increasing number of outpatients with symptoms of lacrymation for eye clinics. Both lacrymation and epiphora present tears in clinical manifestation. Epiphora refers to tears at a special pathologic state. However, many ophthalmologists are not clear about the difference between normal lacrymation and epiphora as various reasons can cause tears. This paper mainly reviewed the etiology, mechanism, treatment and prognosis of epiphora as well as the existing problems to be solved.

Application of cinobufacini injection in ophthalmology

Jun-Sheng Zhao — 2013/9/23 14:08:05

The cinobufotalin injection was independently developed by China, and this new second category drug has pharmacological effects of regulation of the immune system, inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and anti-hepatitis B virus. It has been widely used to treat malignant tumor advanced stage, chronic hepatitis B, epidemic hemorrhagic fever and clinical treatment of other diseases. In recent years, it is widely used in ophthalmology. Much progress has been made particularly in diseases such as keratitis, pterygium, etc. Exploring ophthalmology new therapeutic approach by the integrated treatment, making use of the advantage of the Traditional Chinese medicine will be the direction of ophthalmic clinical treatment and research in the future.

Advanced study on dry eye in diabetics

Yi Cui and Guo-Xing Xu — 2014/8/19 14:40:39

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia, and is caused by complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Diabetes mellitus can lead to various ocular surface disorders, including dry eye, superficial punctuatekeratitis, corneal epithelial defects, and recurrent corneal erosion et al. This review focuses on the domestic and overseas research progress on dry eye in diabetics.

Research progress of the association between PAX6 gene and retinal diseases

Jing-Wen Liu and Bo Qin — 2014/8/19 14:40:39

PAX6 gene plays an important role in embryological development, and the mutation of this gene may result incongenital aniridia, retinoblastoma, macula hypoplasia, Peters' anomaly and so on. A brief introduction of the background PAX6 gene, and the association between PAX6 and retinal diseases were summarized in this review.

Measurement and influencing factors on retinal vascular caliber

Man Li,Yong-Sheng Yang,Na An and Zeng-Yuan Zhuang — 2014/8/19 14:40:39

Retinal vessel is the only visible vessels in human body and systemic microvascular lesions could be evaluated by the degree of retinal vessels. In this article, the progress of retinal vascular caliber measuring method and its influencing factors were briefly reviewed.

System analysis on the efficacy of Nd: YAG laser lacrimal duct forming surgery for lacrimal duct obstruction diseases

Yi-Zhou Sun,Kai-Bo Yang,Zhe Yuan and Lei Chen — 2014/8/19 14:40:39

AIM:To evaluate the efficacy of a variety of lacrimal duct obstruction diseases treated by Nd: YAG laser lacrimal duct forming surgery using Meta analysis.

METHODS: Relevant database in 1995-2012 and other network resources were retrieved by computer and manual, using MetaAnalyst software on the Meta analysis. Analysis of indicators: disease prevalence between men and women, the prevalence of various lacrimal duct diseases and the effective rate of Nd: YAG laser lacrimal duct forming surgery to treat a variety of lacrimal duct obstruction diseases.

RESULTS: According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 38 subjects were selected, the cumulative number of patients included 4 638 cases, the men combined prevalence was 23%; the women combined prevalence was 77%; lacrimal punctum occlusion combined prevalence was 6.0%, combined treatment efficiency was 88.1%; lacrimal canaliculus obstruction combined prevalence of 17.9%, combined efficiency was 85.6%; lacrimal common canaliculus obstruction combined prevalence was 14.0%, 92.7% of the combined effective rate; nasolacrimal duct obstruction combined prevalence of was 43.6%, 93.3% of the combined effective rate; chronic dacryocystitis combined prevalence was 18.4%, 76.6% of the combined efficiency. All study has heterogeneity. Selection of random effects model combined effect size. Model was statistically significant(P<0.001).

CONCLUSION: The prevalence of lacrimal duct obstruction diseases of women are higher than men, lacrimal canaliculus obstruction in the lacrimal duct obstruction is in the lowest prevalence, nasolacrimal duct obstruction is the main type of lacrimal duct obstruction disease, Nd: YAG laser lacrimal forming surgery has slightly efficacy different in various lacrimal duct obstruction diseases.

Analysis on pathogenesis of keratoconus with chronic corneal trauma

Qi Wan and Ying-Ping Deng — 2014/7/22 8:27:35

Keratoconus is a progressive, non-inflammatory corneal thinning disorder that produces a unique spectrum of change in the surface curvature of the cornea. The suspected factors associated with the cause of keratoconus include genetic mechanisms, familial associations, allergy, atopy and so on, but environmental factors, such as abnormal rubbing, contact lens wearing and ultraviolet radiation may be easily ignored. Although it is commonly thought that keratoconus is a result of various pathological progress mediated by multiple factors, those chronic trauma could play important roles in the pathological progress. The classic definition of keratoconus is still referred as a non-inflammation disorder with malnutrition of keratectasia, more and more clinical evidences and experimental results that may refute this concept. It may be due to the long-term persistent chronic trauma resulted from eye rubbing, contact lens or ultraviolet radiation. Under this conditions, the increased release of inflammatory mediators and matrix metalloproteinases may accelerate keratocyte apoposis and enzyme metabolism disorders, with the result of matrix cell lost, tensile strength decreased and keratectasia. Here, for some papers known about the relationship between chronic cornea trauma and keratoconus were reviewed and discussed its possible causal relationship.

Prevention and therapy progress in allograft rejection of high-risk corneal transplantation

Li-Chao Wang and Wei Zhou — 2014/7/22 8:27:35

High-risk corneal transplantation immunological rejection is a primary factor affecting the success or failure of the corneal transplantation. As a result, application of immunosuppressive agent in high-risk corneal transplantation rejection reaction occupies an irreplaceable position. However, many local and systemic adverse reactions appeared in the process of application. In order to improve the achievement ratio of the corneal transplantation, experts and scholars at home and abroad have obtained remarkable achievements in dosage form, route of administration and drug combination; meanwhile, a considerable progress was also made in genetic engineering. This paper is a review of prevention and treatment on high-risk corneal graft rejection reaction.

Research process of mTOR pathway in proliferative-relatively diseases in ophthalmology

Yi-Han Wang and Lin Liu — 2014/7/22 8:27:35

The mammalian TOR(mTOR)pathway is a key regulator of cell growth and proliferation which is also a fundamentally important player in a large variety of human diseases. The pathway regulates many key cellular processes and is implicated in a large number of pathological conditions, including cancer, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, age-related diseases and other proliferative disease. It integrates signals from nutrients, energy status and growth factors to regulate many processes, including autophagy, ribosome biogenesis and metabolism. Our article reviews the advancement of laboratory results on mTOR pathway in proliferative diseases in ophthalmology.

Pain control after excimer laser corneal surface ablation

Yuan Zeng,Yi-Fei Huang and Jian-Hua Gao — 2014/7/22 8:27:35

By reshaping the cornea without the creation of a stromal flap, excimer laser corneal surface ablation eliminates flap-related complications and avoids the risk of ectasia that may occur after laser assisted in situ keratomileusis(LASIK). Post-operative pain is one of the most significant disadvantages of surface ablation and thus the management of pain and discomfort following surface ablation is of great importance. We summarize mechanism of corneal pain and current approaches to pain management after surface ablation.

Research progress of optic neuritis epidemiology

Shan-Shan Shang,Qi-Ping Wei and Jian Zhou — 2014/6/19 9:55:01

Optic neuritis is one of the most important neuro-ophthalmologic diseases which cause vision loss in young adults. There are obvious differences in the prevalence of optic neuritis in different countries and regions. Through the review of the related literature at home and abroad in recent years, this article summarizes the etiology and epidemiological characteristics of optic neuritis. It is expected to provide reference and comparison for the epidemiological investigation of cross regional, multi-center cooperation.

Research progress of diabetes on the ultrastructure of blood retina barrier

Yuan Zhou,Hao Cui,Hong-Tao Liu and Li-Qiong Zhang — 2014/6/19 9:55:01

Diabetic retinopathy is a major cause of blindness all over the world, and it is one of the most serious and common microvascular complications of diabetes. Breakdown of the endothelial blood-retinal barrier(BRB), as occurs in diabetic retinopathy, result in vasogenic edema and neural tissue damage, causing loss of vision. The inner BRB is created by complex tight juctions of retinal capillary endothelial cells, this barrier prevents the free diffusion of substances between the circulating blood and the neural retinal, the inner BRB efficiently supplies nutrients to the retinal and removes endobiotics and xenobiotics from the retina to maintain a constant milieu in the neural retina. The central mechanism of altered inner BRB function is a change in the permeability characteristics of retinal endothelial cells caused by elevated levels of cytokines, growth factors, advanced glycation end products, inflammation, hyperglycema and loss of pericytes. This article reviews the relationship between diabetes and the ultrastructure changes of BRB.

Application of stem cell transplantation in repair of the retinal ganglion cells injury

Xin Rong,Hui-Yuan Hou,Geng Guo and Hui Zhang — 2014/6/19 9:55:01

The progressive injury of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)is a common occurrence in several eye diseases, which ultimately may lead to irreversible blindness. Currently, there are still no effective or ideal treatments for it in practice, however some recent studies show that stem cell transplantation may provide a promising new idea for neuroprotection and replacement of retinal ganglion cells. This paper will review the research progress of stem cell transplantation-based treatment.

Research progress of the diagnosis and treatment for retinal vein occlusion

Bin Wang,Shu-Qin Jia and Jian-Xin Huo — 2014/6/19 9:55:01

Retinal vein occlusion( RVO)is a common vascular disease of the retina and is one of the main reasons for blindness. In recent years,there have been some new understanding about the diagnosis and treatment of the disease,especially some new researches about treatment,for example,in the therapy of the intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide and anti-VEGFs as well as dexamethasone implant(Ozurdex).This article will make a brief summarization of the progress about the diagnosis and treatment of RVO.

Progress on the treatment of neovascular glaucoma

Jiao Li,Yuan-Sheng Yuan and Hua Zhong — 2014/5/22 9:13:01

Neovascular glaucoma(NVG)is a kind of intractable eye disease with complex etiology, strong destruction and poor effect on treatment. Extensive retinal ischemia and hypoxia is the main etiology, and the key of treatment is early diagnosis, active prevention and taking effective measures to prevent the production of vascular endothelial growth factor. According to the related literature over recent years, the authors will discuss pros and cons for medical, surgical and combined treatment in this review.

Summarization of the pathogen and therapy of secondary glaucoma after vitrectomy

Wen-Yu Fan,Shi-Ying Sun and Jian-Jun Niu — 2014/5/22 9:13:01

Secondary glaucoma is a kind of complications after vitrectomy, its etiologies are various and complex. Ineffective therapies might cause irreversible damage on optic nerves and visual field defect, even the loss in visual function. Nowadays, this project has been paid great attention by various researches both in China and abroad. Both the pathogens and therapies of secondary glaucoma after vitrectomy are analyzed as follows.

Feasibility analysis of Triptolide's role in treating filtering bleb fibrosis after the filtration surgery of glaucoma

Ting Chen and He-Zheng Zhou — 2014/5/22 9:13:02

At present, filtration surgery remains an important treatment of glaucoma, and filtering bleb fibrosis is the main cause for treatment failure. Filtering bleb fibrosis is a common fiber hyperplastic disease, and it relates to the activation and proliferation of fibroblasts and the excessive production of extracellular matrix(ECM)such as collagen protein. The most frequently-used drugs for filtering bleb fibrosis in clinic are 5-fluoro-2,4(1h, 3h)pyrimidinedione(5-Fu)and mitomycin(MMC). Although they are effective in some degree, they also have some serious side effects which restrict their clinical use. Triptolide(TPL)is a major active component of the medicinal plant, tripterygium wilfordii hook.f.(TWHF). TPL has multiple pharmacological activities including immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-fertility activity. Reviewing related literatures published in recent ten years, we confirmed that TPL seemed to possess a pharmacological activity in treating filtering bleb fibrosis. Since it has three major functions: 1. inhibit the activation and proliferation of fibroblasts and the excessive production of collagen protein; 2. alleviate the inflammatory reaction after surgical wound to suppress fibrous scar formation; 3.TPL has a protective effect on retinal ganglion cells(RGCs). We further find that TPL's anti-fibrosis activity mainly results from that it inhibits TGF-β/Smad,NF-κB and PI3K/AKT signal transduction pathway. This comprehensive analysis about the feasibility of Triptolide's role in treating filtering bleb fibrosis after the filtration surgery of glaucoma can help us develop new drugs for filtering bleb fibrosis and exploit TPL's clinical value on some level.

Study on intracranial pressure, glaucoma and research advance in noninvasive measurements about intracranial pressure

Guang-Jie Han and He-Zheng Zhou — 2014/5/22 9:13:02

Glaucoma is the first leading cause of irreversible blindness and the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. Numerous studies have shown that elevated intraocular pressure(IOP)is one of the major risk factors for the development and progression of glaucomatous optic nerve damage. However, there have been 50% of primary open-angle glaucoma(POAG)patients with typical glaucomatous optic neuropathy in whom the IOP measurements have always been in the normal range, and some patients develop typical glaucomatous optic neuropathy with the well controlled IOP. These phenomena cannot be explained by the theory of high intraocular pressure. The pathogenesis of glaucomatous optic nerve damage in these patients with normal IOP needs to be further discussed. Numerous studies at home and abroad have shown that: 1. the surrounding anatomy of the optic nerve including the IOP, the anatomy and biomechanics of the lamina cribrosa and retrobulbar orbital cerebrospinal fluid pressure may be of importance for the pathogenesis of the POAG; 2. patients with normal tension glaucoma had significantly lower cerebrospinal fluid pressure and a higher trans-lamina cribrosa pressure difference compared with normal subjects; 3. patients with ocular hypertension had significantly higher cerebrospinal fluid pressure, however, there is no difference in trans-lamina cribrosa pressure compared with normal subjects. Based on the above research, now we make a review about the research advance of the relation between intracranial pressure and glaucoma optic nerve damage and the available measurements about noninvasive intracranial pressure in clinical in this paper.

Progress in the study of risk factors of age-related macular degeneration

Zhen Yang and Xiao-Li Yang — 2014/5/22 9:13:02

Age-related macular degeneration(AMD)is one of a leading worldwide cause of blindness. AMD is a multifactorial disease, and major risk factors include increasing age, current smoking, previous cataract surgery, environmental factors, nutritional factors, genetic markers through genetic regulate complement, lipid, angiogenesis and extracellular matrix. In addition to treatment, epidemiology, risk factors and genetics research of AMD have been significantly progressed. This article will review risk factors of AMD.

Research progress on the pathogenesis of pterygium

Bing Wu — 2014/5/22 9:13:02

Pterygium is a common ocular surface disorder that has high rate of prevalence and recurrence. Currently, its pathogenesis is still unclear. Scholars agree that it's relevant to joint action of many factors. With the development of molecular biology, genetic and molecular studies concerning the pterygium achieved a breakthrough progress. Now the development of study in the pathogenesis of pterygium is reviewed in this paper.

Research progress of cultivation and identification of human corneal endothelial cell in vitro

Mei-Ning He,Er-Hua Liu and Gang Tan — 2014/4/21 11:07:17

Corneal transparence and thickness mostly depend on corneal endothelial cells. The shortage of transplant-grade donor corneal tissues and limited in vitro expansion of human corneal endothelial cells prompted further impetus for the development of tissue-engineered human corneal endothelium reconstructed in vitro. The culture method of human corneal endothelial cell has been widely used. The standard used to evaluate and identify the human corneal endothelial cells cultivated in vitro has not been established. The objective of this article is to summarize the further study on identification and cultivation of human corneal endothelial cell in vitro.

Recent advancement of corneal collagen cross linking

Jiang-Wei Wang,Zheng-Wei Shen and Li Jiang — 2014/4/21 11:07:18

Cornea is one of the important structure for the eye. It is transparent and locats about 1/6 before fiber membrane. Collagen arrangement is orderly and lets the light through. Because of the special arrangement of collagen, it makes transparent state. Thus it can be seen the important role of corneal collagen. Now we reviewed the distribution of collagen, physiological function, changes of corneal collagen cross-linking, clinical use and security as follows.

Recent status on femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery

Xiao-Ming Wang,Guo-Liang Mao,Xiu-Hua Zheng and Guang-Fu Dang — 2014/4/21 11:07:18

Femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery performs the anterior capsulotomy, lens fragmentation, corneal incisions making and astigmatic limbal relaxing incision with femtosecond laser, which effectively reduces the complications of conventional phacoemulsification surgery and improves the postoperative visual quality of patients. It further improves the technology and effect of cataract surgery and has broad clinical application prospects. This paper compares pros and cons as well as the clinical values of femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery with conventional phacoemulsification surgery based on the overview of published articles.

Role of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in the follow-up of neovascular age-related macular degeneration

Hao-Lan Xi and Qing-Huai Liu — 2014/4/21 11:07:18

Advances in spectral-domain optical coherence tomography(SD-OCT)technology provide improved monitoring of progression and assistance in quantifying response to treatment modalities in neovascular age-related macular degeneration(NVAMD). There is little doubt that anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(anti-VEGF)drug therapy is becoming a new approach to the management of NVAMD, while long-term follow-up and necessary retreatments are the key issues to remain obtained visual acuity.SD-OCT imaging helps to identify early recurrence of choroidal neovascularization during treatment with anti-VEGF. This review discusses the present applications of the commercially available SD-OCT systems in the follow-up of after the injection of intravitreal anti-VEGF in NVAMD.

New trends and clinical significance of very small embryonic-like stem cells in Ophthalmology

Qing Xiao,Ling Gao,Luo- Sheng Tang,Yi-Nü Zhao and Hong-Jing Sun — 2014/4/21 11:07:18

Very small embryonic-like stem cells(VSELs)is a rare population of pluripotent adult stem cells, whose biological nature is similar to that of embryonic stem cells, firstly identified in murine bone marrow(BM)and human cord blood(CB)by Kucia and his group in University of Louisville. They have similar outlook to embryonic stem cells such as cell morphology and markers and similar inner pluripotent characteristics which make them be the most potential seed cells in the cell replacement therapy. In this review, we will focus on research advance about VSELs and clinical significance in the stem cell transplantation treatment of retinal degenerative diseases.

Advances in treatment and pathogenesis of amblyopia in children

Yan-Li Zhou,Yan-Fang Zhang,Zhi-Gang Qian and Xin-Yu Li — 2014/4/21 11:07:18

Amblyopia is one of the common pediatric ophthalmology disease at present. It causes serious harm to children's visual development, which is characterized in the eye without obvious organic disease. However, functional factors can cause the distance vision ≤0.8 that can not be corrected. In this paper, it focuses on reviewing the current research advances and therapy of amblyopia children, so as to provide a powerful evidence for the better treatment of amblyopia children.

RNA interference technology and Ophthalmic diseases

Xian-Jie Qin and Yan-Yi Peng — 2014/4/21 11:07:18

RNA interference is an important discovery in the field of biology in recent years, which is a gene silencing phenomena of specific sequences induced by double-stranded RNA. RNAi technology becomes perfect and mature increasingly, and has been gradually applied in functional genomics, regulatory mechanisms of gene expression research areas.As an effective tool, RNAi technology in gene therapy of eye disease has also made great progress.This paper briefly reviews the current researches of RNAi technology adopting in corneal endolthelial cells injury and therapies of cataract, glaucoma, neovascular diseases and proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

Current approaches and advances in neuroprotection of glaucoma

Qian-Qian Hu and Ren-Yi Wu — 2014/3/24 14:01:49

Glaucoma is aneurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of retinal ganglion cells and their axons. Recent evidence suggests that intraocular pressure(IOP)is only one of the risk factors for glaucoma, and the disease progression continues in many patients, despite the IOP has been lowered effectively. This review summarized the latest advances in glaucoma neuroprotection, such as the pharmacological approaches, gene therapy, immunomodulators and vaccination, stem cell therapy, bioenergetics, and provided new outlook of neuroprotection therapy for glaucoma.

Research progress on ophthalmological administration routes and pharmacokinetics of nerve growth factor

Ai-Neng Zeng,Li-Na Huang and Fan-Yin Wang — 2014/3/24 14:01:49

Nerve growth factor(NGF)is one of the most important active protein acting on the nervous system, it is applicated widely in ophthalmology, the administration route includes systemic drug administration and local drug administration. Compared to systemic drug administration, local drug administration is targeted, it is more effective to achieve the necessary concentration in eyes and it reduces the risk of side effects. Local drug administration has been a common treatment method in eye diseases. With the development of administration route, corresponding pharmacokinetic researches have received the concern. This review provides a reference for the study on ophthalmological administration routes and pharmacokinetics of nerve growth factor.

Recent advances in the surgery of silicone oil filling complicated cataract

Ruo-Fang Wang,Wei Gao and Wei Cui — 2014/3/24 14:01:49

Because silicone oil's special physical and chemical properties, they are widely used in the vitreous retinal surgery, but the complications have aroused the concern of eye doctors, particularly, the complicated cataract. Nowadays, there are different kinds of surgery for silicone oil filling complicated cataract, but our aim is to choose a method which can be safe, effective and economical. This article reviews the progress in the research of silicone oil filling complicated cataract surgery.

Research progress on anterior segment optical coherence tomography in glaucoma

Li Zhao,Qing-Song Li,Mei-Qing Ke and Xing-Ru Zhang — 2014/3/24 14:01:49

Glaucoma is the second blindness disease in the world, and there are more primary angle closed glaucoma in China. The anatomy changes of the anterior chamber have close relationships with the development of glaucoma. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography(AS-OCT)has the advantages of fast, non-contact, high resolution and accurate quantitative measurement, which provides a kind of important method for finding the pathogenesis of primary angle closed glaucoma, for early diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma, and for the postoperative evaluation of glaucoma.

Clinical diagnosis of high myopia with cone dystrophy

Qing-He Li,Yue-Mei Li,Si-Qi Wu and An-Quan Xue — 2014/3/24 14:01:49

High myopia associated with cone dystrophy is relatively rare in clinical practice. Because the two diseases have a certain genetic predisposition, with the disease developed, clinical examination and clinical symptoms have some similarities, one disease diagnosis is easily confused or masked by the other diagnosis, especially in the face of patients with high myopia associated abnormalities, we should carefully screen abnormal visual function of its own or combined cone dystrophy diagnosis. In addition, the development of the disease may mutually reinforce, aggravate the symptoms of each other, which is likely to cause mission or misdiagnosis, or delay the proper treatment. Therefore, it is clinically difficult to correct and comprehensively and timely diagnosis.

Research progress on related genes for primary open angle glaucoma

Ailijiang·Aierken and Juerti·Hadier — 2014/3/24 14:01:49

Primary open angle glaucoma(POAG)is the main cause of blindness with visual field damage and optic nerve degeneration. In recent years, a lot of researches have been done, showing that genetic factors and gene mutation play an important role in POAG. There are more than 20 related POAG genes. Now we will review the related genes of POAG, especially the well known causative genes of MYOC, OPTN, WDR36, and CAV1/CAV2, in terms of their locations, structures, research progress, et al, and provide a reference for genetic research in primary open-angle glaucoma.

Advances in visual correction and postoperative visual treatment of congenital cataract

Lin Mei,Song Wang and Hong Yan — 2014/3/24 14:01:49

Congenital cataract is one of the important diseases that cause irreversible visual impairment on children. Compared with adult cataract, the surgery of congenital cataract is more complicated and the complications are more severer, especially the postoperative amblyopia often leads to bad prognosis. Therefore, the postoperative treatment is necessary to obtain the better visual outcome. The traditional visual correction methods after surgery include the combined use of spectacles, contact lens, and intraocular lens(IOL), but some problems such as IOL power calculation and IOL implantation time are still controversial. Besides, occlusion therapy and visual training are also essential for preventing amblyopia after cataract surgery. Occlusion in an appropriate dose and course must be mastered, accompanied by visual training. Both of the operative eyes and normal eyes will be able to achieve much better visual acuity and color sensitivity, so that the binocular vision can recover and develop as normal function.

Research advances on pigment epithelium derived factor of resisting oxidative stress in diabetic retinopathy

Chun-Hui Zhao,Hong-Bin Lü and Qi Zhou — 2014/3/24 14:01:49

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is one of the most serious and commonmicrovascular complications of diabetes,and it is a major cause of blindness all over the world. However, its exact pathogenesis is complicated and not entirely clear. Pigment epithelium-derived factor(PEDF)is a kind of multifunctional protein. Many studies showed that its protective effects were done by antioxidant properties in the DR. This paper summarized the mechanism of protective effect of antioxidant properties of PEDF in DR.

Early diagnosis and research of high myopia with primary open angle glaucoma

Yan Guo and Guo-Ping Kuang — 2014/3/24 14:01:50

People with high myopia are high risk populations to have primary open angle glaucoma. Clinically, we found that patients with primary open angle glaucoma and high myopia is closely related. So to understand the clinical features of high myopia with primary open angle glaucoma and the importance of early diagnosis, to avoiding missed diagnosis or lower misdiagnosed rate, can help to improve the vigilance and level of early diagnosis of the clinicians. In this paper, high myopia with clinical features of primary open angle glaucoma, and the research progress on the main points of early diagnosis were reviewed.

Diagnosis and treatment of intraocular tuberculosis

Xiao-Xuan Wang and Hui Peng — 2014/3/24 14:01:50

Tuberculosis(TB)is a chronic infectious disease with high rate of morbidity and mortality world wide, and it is easy to relapse. TB can involve multiple organs, when it infects eye, it can cause lesions in anterior segment, posterior segment and the accessory organs of the eye. The purpose of this paper is to describe the clinical manifestation of intraocular TB, its diagnosis and treatment.

Current research status of the mechanism of age-related macular degeneration parainflammation

Xuan-Li Liu and Ping-Hua Li — 2014/2/27 9:12:35

Age-related macular degeneration(AMD)is a multifactorial- and polygenic-mediated chronic degenerative disease. Parainflammation is defined as a condition of tissue adaptive response to noxious stress or malfunction, it has features which are considered as intermediate between normal/basal and inflammatory/acute states. With the genetic predispositions, increased reactive oxygen species(ROS)generation cause the complement activation, placing the neuroretina-pigment epithelium-Bruch's membrane-choriocapillaris(NR-RPE-MB-CC)in the chronic condition of parainflammation which mediate apoptosis and angiogenesis, leading to AMD.

Correlation between TLR3 and age-related macular degeneration

Jin-Qiao Xiong and Hui Peng — 2014/2/27 9:12:35

Age-related macular degeneration, also called ARMD, is a chronic progressive disease that occurs mostly in people over the age of 50, which is the main blinding eye disease in the elderly in developed countries, also the main cause of irreversible visual impairment in developing countries. The ARMD includes geographic atrophy and choroid neovascularization. While its specific etiology and pathogenesis unclear, most scholars believe that ARMD is a multifactor disease. The relationship between Toll-like receptor 3(TLR3)and ARMD becomes the study hotspot, this paper summarize the research progress of this spot.

Study progress of CCR3 in wet age-related macular degeneration

Xian-Wei Wu and Zhe-Li Liu — 2014/2/27 9:12:35

According to the study, chemokine receptor 3(CCR3)in the eye is mainly distributed in retinal pigment epithelial cells, and also expressed in the choroidal vascular endothelial cells(CECs). The specificity of CCR3's high expression in wet age-related macular degeneration(AMD)was found, and it is proved that in wet-AMD patients, it plays an important role in the formation of choroidal neovascularization(CNV). In this paper, the structure, function, the problem of current research and the future direction of CCR3 were summarized. It is believed that with the further research on CCR3, it will not only help us to find a new method of wet-AMD diagnosis and treatment, but also may provide an important reference for other CNV disease research and new anti-CNV drugs.

Recent advances of medicine treatment research in retinopathy of prematurity

Ling Zheng and Guang-Qiang Feng — 2014/2/27 9:12:35

Retinopathy of prematurity(ROP)is a vasoproliferative retinopathy with unmatured and low weight infants. Now in domestic, the main treatment methods are cryotherapy and laser coagulation, there are some medication treatment researches and fundamental researches that have been reported in recent years. This review describes the application of bevacizumab, ranibizumab and other research-based drugs in new progress of the treatment study for ROP.

Recent advances of morphogenesis and development in retinal pigment epithelium

Yan Zhang and Shao-Min Peng — 2014/2/27 9:12:35

The retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)is a pigmented simplecuboidal monolayer of epithelial cells that located between the photoreceptors in the neural retina and the Bruch's membrane in the vascular choroid and is critical for the survival and function of retinal photoreceptors. The pathogenesis of multiple congenital RPE diseases is closely related to embryonic development. This review summarized the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms controlling early steps of RPE development, with emphasis on basic process, critical signaling molecules, key transcription factors and pathway maintaining the RPE cell fate.

Research progress on protecting effect of taurine on retinal ganglion cells

Zong-Li Hu and Xiao-Ming Chen — 2014/2/27 9:12:35

Taurine is a common amino acid in almost all kinds of tissues of animals. Several researches have pointed out that taurine is essential for protecting retinal ganglion cells(RGCs). The mechanisms are summarized as follows: 1)Reducing the NMDA-induced RGC excitotoxicity 2)Regulating the function of Müller cells 3)Protecting function of mitochondria 4)Stimulating regeneration of the optic nerve 5)Promoting accommodative regulation 6)Improving the microcirculation of retina. Glaucoma is one kind of ophthalmopathy leading to apoptosis of RGCs. Recently, taurine has been proved to be effective in protecting the RGC in several aspects, both in vitro and vivo experiments. This indicates a potential treatment of optic nerve in glaucoma or other ophthalmic diseases.

Advanced research on treatments of choroid neovascularization

Xiao-Hong Liu and Yong Liang — 2014/2/27 9:12:35

Choroid neovascularization(CNV)is more common in age-related macular degeneration, pathological myopia macular degeneration and central exudative chorioretinopathy and so on, and it is the leading cause of vision loss and even lost. In the treatment, laser photocoagulation, transpupillary thermotherapy(TTT)and photodynamic therapy(PDT)have been widely carried out in our country; And resistance to new blood vessels formation and pathological process of inflammatory reaction of drugs used in clinic were also significantly increased. In recent years, the new methods such as gene therapy, targeted treatment of CNV also get achievements, now we summarize the research status at home and abroad about the treatment of CNV.

Proteomic analyses in the study of vitreous humour

Tie-Zhu Lin,Guang-Hui Chu,Jian-Wei Wang and Shi-Yang Li — 2014/2/27 9:12:36

Vitreoushumour(VH)is a transparent, highly hydrated gel, which occupies the vitreous cavity. The protein composition of the VH would change in pathological conditions of the retina, which has been testified in many studies. In the last decade, proteomics analyses have been performed to study the proteome of the human VH and hope to find some specific proteins in the aetiology of diabeticretinopathy(DR). Recent proteomic studies on the VH from animal models of autoimmune uveitis have identified some specific proteins in related entophthalmia.

Advances of crystallins and age-related cataract

Yao Yao and Guo-Xing Xu — 2014/1/20 9:29:55

Crystallin is a major structural protein within the lens, some post-translational modifications(PTM)can change the structure or solubility of crystallin and result in the opacity of lens while others may related to the protection of lens protein. Especially the decline of the chaperon activity of α crystallin results in the aggregation of some crystallins and the inactivation of enzymes, which is closely associated with the pathogenesis of age-related cataract(ARC). The exact etiology of ARC is still unknown. Although much effort has been directed towards slowing progression or preventing the occurrence of cataract, the main management of cataract remains surgical. The current research progress of crystallin and its contribution to age-related cataract was reviewed in this article.

Research progress of idiopathic macular hole

Peng Wu and Xu-Dong Huang — 2014/1/20 9:29:55

Idiopathic macular hole(IMH)refers to full-thickness defects of retina in macular area with no clear reasons. With the progress of vitrectomy and study of internal limiting membrane peeling, the treatment techniques of IMH becomes increasingly mature. In this paper, we reviewed the progress of IMH in terms of the pathogenesis, preoperative prognostic evaluation, surgical treatment and so on.

Treatment progress on proliferative vitreoretinopathy

Jian-Wei Wang,Tie-Zhu Lin and Shi-Yang Li — 2014/1/20 9:29:55

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy(PVR)is a disease process that follows the proliferation of ectopic cell sheets in the vitreous and/or periretinal area, causing periretinal membrane formation, shrink and traction, in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. Pars plana vitrectomy is the standard treatment currently. There are many new drug therapies according to the functions of cytokines and growth factors in PVR, including anti-inflammatories, antineoplastic agents, antigrowth factors, and so on.

Current treatment progress on retinopathy of prematurity

Li-Li Tian,Bing Ren and Xiao-Wei Gao — 2014/1/20 9:29:55

Retinopathy of prematurity(ROP)is a disease of retinal vascular proliferative lesions which occurs in premature and low birth weight infants. The incidence is increasing in view of the rising numbers of preterm deliveries and improved neonatal care. Traditional modalities of treatment include cryotherapy and laser therapy, which are laborious and require special training. Hence, research is on the way to find novel treatment modalities used for early stage of the disease with the characteristics of easy operation, safety and efficacy. We reviewed the published and unpublished literature on newer methods of ROP management.

Treatment of dry eye caused by meibomian gland dysfunction

Ze-Yuan Liu and Cai-Rui Li — 2014/1/20 9:29:55

Meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD)is a chronic disffuse abnormality of the meibomian glands, commonly characterized by terminnal duct obstruction and/or qualitative/quatitative changes in the glandular secretion. The evaporative dry eye disease is mainly caused by MGD. In recent years, the morbidity of the evaporative dry eye disease which caused by MGD is raising, researchers both at home and abroad pay more attention on that. There is no uniform standard on MGD' treatment internationally. It is mainly centered on removing the cause and applicating the local and systemic therapy, including physicotherapeutics, drug therapy, artificial tears replacement therapy, nutrition support therapy, hormonotherapy, Chinese medicine treatment etc. The literature review is mainly talking about the treatment of dry eye which caused by MGD on both at home and abroad.

Functions of MicroRNAs in lens

Hai-Bo Tao,Yin Jia,Qian Gao and Wen-Jie Li — 2013/12/23 10:55:37

MicroRNAs(miRNAs)are a class of single-stranded, small non-coding RNAs with 21 to 23 nucleotides, which can promote the degradation of mRNA or suppress their translation to regulate the expression of target gene through their incomplete combination with non-coding region at 3'terminal of target mRNAs. miRNAs are widely involved in the physiological and pathological processes in vivo and affect the cell development, the processes of diseases by changing their expression levels. In recent years, more researchers have found that miRNAs are identified widely and specifically in eyes including the lens, retina and cornea and their abnormal expressions may be associated with some eye diseases. This review summarizes the current information about expressions and functions of miRNAs in the lens, in order to seek for new targets for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of the lens opacity.

Clinical advances in micro-incision coaxial phacoemulsification

Jun-Zhen Liu,Wei Gao and Wei Cui — 2013/12/23 10:55:37

Micro-incision coaxial phacoemulsification is a new operation carried out in recent years. Compared with conventional incision phacoemulsification, micro-incision coaxial phacoemulsification has the advantages of smaller incision, less tissue damage, faster visual outcomes. The article summarizes the effects of micro-incision coaxial phacoemulsification on corneal incision change, astigmatism change, corneal endothelial injury, anterior chamber stability, and intraocular lens implantation by reference to the literature in recent years.

Application progress of the biological measurements of ocular in cataract surgery

Hai-Nan Xie and Sui-Hua Chen — 2013/12/23 10:55:37

The biological measurement of eye is the application of many relevant inspection methods for structural parameters measurements. The purpose is to supply evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of the ocular diseases. Accurate biometrics has important clinical significance because the axial length measurement error caused by the deviation of intraocular lens power calculation is the main cause of postoperative refractive errors in cataract surgery. We summarized the current common clinical ocular biometry instruments in the paper.

Main factors influencing postoperative visual function after refractive cataract surgery

Min Gong and Yi Liu — 2013/12/23 10:55:37

Factors including intraocular lens power calculation error, corneal astigmatism, anterior chamber depth and lens position can lead to the change of refractive status, they also influence the overall postoperative visual quality. This article provides a comprehensive review of the main factors affecting postoperative visual function after uneventful refractive cataract surgery.

Progress and protective effect of H₂S on the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy

Qian Yang and Dong-Hao Li — 2013/12/23 10:55:37

H₂S is the third kind of endogenous gaseous signal molecule after NO and CO. Numerous studies have shown that H₂S was involved in vasodilation, inhibiting smooth muscle proliferation, protecting hypoxic neurons, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation stress, anti-ischemia/reperfusion injury and other physiological/pathological processes. The present studies mainly concentrate on the circulatory system and nervous system rather than diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy(DR). But the physiological and pathological effects of H₂S and the pathological process of DR have various correlations in many ways in theory. In this paper, the progress and protection of H₂S on the pathogenesis of DR are reviewed at the angle of molecular and cellular.

Application progress of femtosecond laser-assisted keratoplasty

Ru-Xia Zhou,Jun-Xin Ma and Lin-Nong Wang — 2013/12/23 10:55:37

Femtosecond laser has the characteristic of high precision cutting, so it has great application potential in keratoplasty. It can replace the mechanical microkeratome used for penetrating keratoplasty, lamellar keratoplasty and endothelial keratoplasty according to the clinical need to produce different shapes of corneal graft and the graft bed. Femtosecond laser provides a new way for improving and optimizing the operation of various keratoplasty. In this paper, we reviewed the use of femtosecond Iaser in keratoplasty.

Anisometropia and stereopsis

Wei-Wei Wu and Xiu-Jun Peng — 2013/12/23 10:55:37

Anisometropia means a certain difference between two eyes in the degree of diopter and(or)the nature of diopter. The main associated reason is due to the eyes ocular axial length development imbalance. However, stereopsis is the highest visual function of human beings and higher animals, which is necessary for working people in daily life. The main reason of effecting on binocularity is retinal image blur and aniseikonia caused by uncorrected anisometropia. Different methods of anisometropia correction have different effects on stereo vision.

Surgical treatment of intermittent exotropia

Jin-Ling Ge and Chao-Qing Wang — 2013/12/23 10:55:37

Intermittent exotropia is a type of strabismus between exophoria and constant exotropia, which is the most common exotropia. The onset age is usually six months to four years old. Different from other types of strabismus, intermittent exotropia can maintain normal binocular vision in a long period of time. So how to choose the optimal timing and effective treatment is a challenge for clinicians, meanwhile they hold different views about the choice of surgical approach and postoperative results. The objective of this article is to review the intermittent exotropia, including the pathogenesis and clinical features, the timing of surgery and surgical methods, and to provide reference for the treatment of intermittent exotropia.

Application of OCT inamblyopia

Wei Zhang and Ji-Ping Cai — 2013/12/23 10:55:37

Amblyopia is a kind of commonly encountered disease. The research method of amblyopia is associated with various clinical and basic subjects. Optical coherence tomography(OCT)is an important ophthalmic examination technique. It is an objective and easy-to-operate means to assess the structure of retina. In recent years, OCT has been frequently used in the retinal examination in amblyopia. This application of OCT in amblyopia is reviewed in this article.

Disease risk factor control and drug intervention in diabetic retinopathy

Xin Gong and Guo-Xing Xu — 2014/12/2 9:06:29

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is one of the common and serious complications of diabetes, which also the main causes of visual impairment in patients with diabetes, and its incidence has been increasing. With the in-depth study of the pathogenesis of DR, through the control of risk factors including blood glucose, blood pressure and lipid, as well as the application of a variety of drugs, the prevention and cure of DR achieved a certain effect. In this paper, we make a review of the present status and progress in recent years on the DR control risk factors and drug intervention.

Research advances in corneal newborn lymphatic vessel and corneal transplantation rejection

Jie-Ying Mai,Xian-Ling Tang and Ping Liu — 2014/12/2 9:06:29

Corneal newborn lymphatic vessels construct the afferent arc of corneal immunological reaction, which play important role in immune response. The corneal transplantation rejection rate rises due to the emergence of new lymphatic vessel which breaks the immunologic mechanism. With the founding of specific marker of lymphatic endothelial cells and research advancing of growth factor of lymphatic vessels, the mechanism, therapy and prevention of corneal immunological rejection reaction of corneal lymphatic vessel have been studied intensively. The graft survival rate has been greatly improved through inhibiting newborn lymphatic vessel.

Effects of the position of posterior chamber intraocular lens on visual quality

Jing-Min Chen and Li Wang — 2014/12/2 9:06:30

Intraocular lens(IOL)often has different degrees of tilt, decentration and rotation in the eye. The deflection of IOL is an important factor to impact on the visual quality of the patients with cataract surgeries. Vision was commonly used to evaluate visual quality before. In recent years, some new methods are also introduced to evaluate visual quality, such as optical aberration, modulation transfer function(MTF)and subjective visual perception. They show that the IOL deflection will cause decreases in eyesight and MTF, cause increase in aberration, lead to ametropia and so on. Therefore, a better evaluation of the effects of IOL deflection on visual quality, has significance for IOL selection, positioning and cataract individualized treatment.

Relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and diabetic retinopathy

Song Yue,Yue-Dong Hu,Xin-He Wang and Lei Chen — 2014/12/2 9:06:30

As one of the serious complications of diabetes, diabetic retinopathy(DR)has become a main eye disease which causes blindness. The occurrence and development of DR is related to many factors. The pathogenesis is complicated, and the mechanism has not been clear. Early data suggest that the occurrence and development of DR has relations with many factors such as blood sugar level, diabetes duration and the environment. Among the factors, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress is the important mechanisms of DR and has become research focus in recent years. Consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction within cells include elevation of the rate of reactive oxygen species(ROS)production due to damage of electron transport chain proteins, mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA)damage, and loss of metabolic capacity. Clear understanding on the mechanism of mitochondrial functional change under high sugar level and oxidative stress response in the occurrence and development of DR is of great significance on prevention and cure of DR. In this article, the development of mitochondrial metabolism and oxidative stress of DR is reviewed.

Study of early changes at the vitreoretinal interface

Qun Wang and Dan Liu — 2014/12/2 9:06:30

On the anatomy, posterior vitreous cortexneighbors with retina, the relationship of vitreous and retinal is both independent and closely linked. Under pathological condition, changes in the vitreous provides a good environment for occurrence and development of a number of vitreoretinal diseases, which indicates that vitreous plays a crucial role in many vitreoretinal diseases occurrence and growth. Elimination of vitreous change in disease, is an issue of great concern of the ophthalmic industry in recent years. Based on the description of vitreous and vitreoretinal interface structure, changes in the vitreous and retinal adhesion mechanisms and interfaces retinal disease risk factors and the impact on the retinal disease were discussed, And the posterior vitreous detachment impact on the vitreoretinal interface disease, the testing methods and its importance were described in this article.

Recent research progress of traumatic optic nerve injury in rat model

Xia-Ru Zhu and Xiao-Ming Chen — 2014/12/2 9:06:30

Traumatic optic nerve injury(TON)is caused by direct or indirect optic nerve trauma, which is one of a serious complication of craniocerebral trauma. Its prognosis poor and usually bring permanent vision damage. At present, optic nerve injury and regeneration is hot in neurobiology research. To build an ideal experimental animal model is extremely important in research and development in the treatment of optic nerve injury. In this article, we review the methods of making rat models of traumatic optic neuropathy, clinical similarities, advantages and disadvantages of among these models, to provide reference for more experimental study.

Consensus and new improvements of disability glare

2014/12/2 9:06:31

Patients with early cataract may have normal visual acuity(VA)but complain that they have problems in driving at night, like seeing things through a veil. This phenomenon is defined as disability glare which maybe caused by growing stray light. Patients with intraocular lens following cataract surgery may complain about glare, halos and shadows in visual field, which are also resulted from dysphotopia. Disability glare is the VA loss due to disturbing luminance in visual field. In other words, it's the retinal contrast sensitivity reduction because of the straylight. This article contains the consensus and new progress of disability glare. It provides solutions according to its effect factors and offers clues for further study.

Relationship between vimentin and glucocorticoid-induced cataract

Jia-Jia Ge,Sheng Su and Ping Liu — 2014/10/31 11:03:30

Long-term use of systemic or topical glucocorticoid can cause posterior subcapsular opacities(PSO), named glucocorticoid-induced cataract(GIC). There are many hypotheses on the pathogenesis of GIC. However, no one has well explained the formation of PSO, which leads to no effective approaches in the prevention and/or treatment. A new opinion is that hormones might affect lens epithelial cells through GR-mediated vimentin changes, which eventually result in the formation of GIC. Therefore, the association between vimentin and lens epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation, maybe a new direction for further studies in the pathogenesis of GIC.

Recent advances in congenital cataract surgery

Zhou Zhou and Li Li — 2014/10/31 11:03:30

Congenital cataract is a common eye disease which leads to children low vision. Surgery is the main treatment. Because of children's preoperative evaluation, operation, postoperative management is more difficult than adult, the outcome of surgery is not so well. Therefore, we review the relevant congenital cataract surgery researches in recent years in order to discuss the problems and further developments in this area.

Biocompatibility of intraocular lens cytokine in aqueous humor

Qi Huang and Gui-Qin Wang — 2014/10/31 11:03:30

Intraocular lens(IOL)implantation is the major method to replace the cataract lens. How to improve the biocompatibility of IOL has been the focus of current research. Major reactions after the IOL implantation include endophthalmitis, corneal endothelial edema, iritis, uveitis, and posterior capsule opacification, etc. At cellular level, macrophages, monocytes, fibroblasts and lens epithelial cells can be detected on the surface of IOL. Their adhesion, proliferation migration, and transformation may be induced by the operation related cytokines released into the aqueous humor. Detailed analysis of cytokines profile after IOL implantation may be beneficial to explore the mechanism of posterior capsule opacification.

Research progress of proanthocyanidins in ophthalmic applications

Yu-Jin Pan and Bo Qin — 2014/10/31 11:03:31

Proanthocyanidins is an effective antioxidants and free radical scavenger derived from kinds of plants in nature. It has some advantages that high absorptivity and bioactivity, low toxicity, which contain broad pharmacological functions such as dropping high blood pressure, reducing blood fat, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-aging, anti-fatigue and preventing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. In this paper, we summarized its physicochemical properties, pharmacologic action and the ophthalmological studies which mainly in keratopathy, cataract, glaucoma, uveitis, retinopathy, traumatic optic neuropathy and asthenopia. With the deeper research and more unequivocal in the pharmacological mechanism of proanthocyanidins, it should make the most of its values in medicine. And some more economical and effective drugs are expected to be provided for the clinical ophthalmology in the near future.

Research advance on risk factors of age-related macular degeneration

Fei Wang,Xiao-Lin Hao and Zhong-Chen Zhang — 2014/10/31 11:03:31

Age-related macular degeneration(AMD), the most common cause of irreversible blindness over 50 years in developed countries, is a degenerative disease occurs with age. The prevalence rate in our country is also increasing by year and the pathogenesis is still undiscovered. In this review, we focus on the associated risk factors reported in recent years, aim to further understand the pathogenesis of AMD.

New research progress of microRNAs in retinoblastoma

Jing Zeng,Rui-Xue Tang,Rong-Quan He and Gang Chen — 2014/10/31 11:03:31

Retinoblastoma(RB)is the most common intraocular malignancy of children with extremely poor prognosis. MicroRNAs are small non-coding single-stranded RNAs in eukaryotic cells, which regulate the expression of gene by mRNA degradation or translation inhibition. MicroRNAs, acting as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, are associated with the occurrence and development of RB directly, which is vital for the early diagnosis and clinical targeted therapy of RB. This review summarized the expression of microRNAs in RB and the related mechanism.

Research progress on high altitude retinopathy and application of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Hai-Xiang Huang,Wen-Fang Zhang and Peng Lü — 2014/10/31 11:03:31

High altitude retinopathy(HAR)refers to the body which can't adapt to the hypobaric hypoxia environment at high altitude leading to retinal diseases, which typically manifested as retinal hemorrhages, optic disc edema and cotton wool spots. With the development of high altitude medicine, HAR become a hot topic of eye research in recent years. New researches show a significantly higher incidence of HAR, and HAR has a close contact with acute mountain sickness, high altitude cerebral edema and high altitude pulmonary edema. A further study in pathogenesis and prevention measures of HAR will promote the prevention of altitude sickness. Traditional Chinese Medicine has achieved good effects in the prevention of altitude sickness, but the effect and mechanism of herbs on HAR has not been reported. Through read and summarize the relevant literatures and reports, the author will give an overview of the research advances on HAR's pathogenesis and application of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

Current progress in the permeability and its enhancement approches for TCM active ingredients across blood-eye barrier

2014/9/22 14:18:23

Blood-eye barrier(BEB)is one of the most important structures of organism to maintain homeostasis of the eye. However, it is the major constraint for the medication of intraocular diseases. Traditional Chinese medicines have distinctive advantages for the treatment of intraocular diseases, which can be used to regulate the physiological function of human body with low toxicity. In this article, we have briefly summarized the feature of BEB, with the domestic and foreign literatures combined, and mainly reviewed current progress in the field of study on the permeability of traditional Chinese medicines and effective components in BEB and promoting methods.

Research progress of diabetic retinopathy related gene polymorphism

Song Yue,Jun Chen,Lei Liu,Jing-Yang Wu and Lei Chen — 2014/9/22 14:18:23

Diabetic retinopathy is one of the serious complications of diabetes, is currently the world's second largest blinding disease. Early epidemiological data showed that the development is related to blood sugar level, diabetes duration, blood lipids, and other factors. In recent years, the correlation of gene polymorphism with DR received widespread attention. Accurately grasp the genetic mechanism in the process of development in the DR and the differences of expression, is of great significance to DR early diagnosis and prevention. So in this article, the progress of gene of DR were reviewed.

Early diagnosis and treatment of diabetic macular edema

Ling Ji,Ting-Yan Chen and Yong Liang — 2014/9/22 14:18:23

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is one of the main blinding eye diseases for people over the age of 50, and diabetic macular edema(DME)is the leading cause of vision loss is DR patients. The early diagnosis and early treatment is important. As OCT and FFA, mfERG, especially the retinal thickness, volume, retinal edema index quantitative indicators such as objective evaluation of macular edema, embodies the new progress of retinal imaging technology in recent years. OCT is a non-contact clinical application in recent years, noninvasive, high resolution of ophthalmic imaging examination, can do it on retinal ultrastructure observation and quantitative analysis, and the technology is relatively mature, become a routine inspection diagnosis of macular edema. Laser photocoagulation,intravitreous injection with Ranibizumab and vitrectomy is nowadays the important means for the treatment of intractable macular edema.

Recent advance in therapies for age-related macular degeneration

Jie Zhou,Wei-Zhen Wu,Xiao-Lu Cao and Hong-Bin Wang — 2014/9/22 14:18:23

Age-related macular degeneration(AMD)is the leading cause of irreversible visual loss in elderly people among white-dominated population. At percent, treatment for AMD includes anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody(Anti-VEGF)drug treatment, photodynamic therapy(PDT), topical application of triamcinolone acetonide(TA)and laser therapy(nanosecond laser)etc. Through comparative analysis of different treatment methods of AMD, we review the mechanism, clinical efficacy, adverse events and cost effectiveness to provide the basis for clinical treatment.

Research progress of the epidemic situation and the prevention and control of trachoma

Ya-Dong Wang,Wen-Fang Zhang,Duo-Sheng Xia,Gang Du and Hai-Xiang Huang — 2014/9/22 14:18:23

Trachoma, a contagious keratoconjunctivitis(KC), caused by Chlamydia trachomatis infection, is rife in 57 countries in the world at present. The World Health Organization(WHO)listed the global alliance to eliminate blinding trachoma by 2020 as one of top priorities of its blindness prevention in 1998. A simplified classification system for identifying and naming trachoma, designated by WHO, and the SAFE strategy based on community intervention were extended continuously in the world in 10 years since then. The trachoma prevalence trend has showed a change compared with that in the past. China has launched the blindness prevention action, aimed to eliminate blinding trachoma by 2016. In this paper,we reviews progress in diagnosis, treatment and epidemic of trachoma since the extension of the SAFE strategy.

Advances of the treatment for fungal keratitis

Ya-Ping Jiang and Yi-Hui Chen — 2015/8/27 11:19:43

Fungal keratitis(FK)is an infectious corneal disease caused by pathogenic fungi and has an extremely high rate of blindness. With the development of modern medicine, drugs or surgery treament rate had more obvious enhancement than before for fungal infection in patients at early stage or with drug sensitivity. However, difficulty of being controlled through drugs, resulting the delayed healing of ulcer, deterioration of disease progression are still one of the main clinical causes of corneal blindness at present for fungal infection in patients at advanced stage and without drug sensitivity. In this paper, we reviewed about the drugs and surgical treatment progress of FK according to the studies in the past 5a at home and abroad.

Progress of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of corneal diseases

Na Jin,Hong-Ling Liu,Chun-Mei Zhang and Shao-Ying Fu — 2015/8/27 11:19:43

In recent years, with the rapid development of stem cells science, mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)have become a research hotspot. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)are MSCs that derived from bone marrow with some advantages, such as the potential of multi-directional differentiation, low immunogenicity, promoting damage repair and stable performance. The study by many scholars found that BMSCs are promising special cells in the field of medicine, and BMSCs have been widely used in almost every system in treatment of disease. For treatment of corneal disease, ophthalmology scholars found that BMSCs have already become a kind of seed cells with clinical and science value. BMSCs brought promising to the patients who have complex corneal disease. In this paper, we introduce the function of BMSCs on the treatment of corneal injury and corneal allograft rejection.

Current researches of the relationship between Th17/Treg cells and autoimmune uveitis

Lian Zhang,Ji-Ke Song,Jun-Guo Guo and Hong-Sheng Bi — 2015/8/27 11:19:43

Human autoimmune uveitis is a group of common ocular inflammatory diseases caused by autoimmune disorder. It is considered an inflammatory response dominated by CD4⁺ T cells at present. It is well known that CD4⁺ T cells are divided into four subsets including Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg cells(CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells). Previous studys have focused on Th1 and Th2 cells. Recent studys indicate that Th17 cells are the main factor of induction of uveitis while Treg cells are the main factor of negative regulation of uveitis. And they both play important roles in the onset and progression of uveitis. We give a review of current research in the relationship between Th17/Treg cells with autoimmune uveitis.

Advancement of ultrathin intraocular lens

Jun-Jian Zou and Wei Cui — 2015/8/27 11:19:43

In recent years, with the phacoemulsification equipment constantly updating and improving of surgical techniques, micro-incision cataract surgery with its small surgical trauma, small surgically induced astigmatism after surgery, and fast early postoperative recovery of visual function and other advantages, it has gradually and widely used in clinical practice. While ultrathin intraocular lens that fits micro-incision implantation is constantly developing and improving, the quality of cataract surgery has been greatly improved. This review focuses on the advancement of ultrathin intraocular lens researches in recent years.

Comparison between two surgeries for angle-closure glaucoma combined with cataract: a Meta-analysis

Yi Xie and Li-Na Huang — 2015/8/27 11:19:43

AIM:To evaluate the comparative effectiveness between phacoemulsification cataract extraction combined with either goniosynechialysis or trabeculectomy for the treatment of primary angle-closure glaucoma with cataract.

METHODS: We searched literatures about randomized controlled trial(RCT)in phacoemulsification cataract extraction combined with goniosynechialysis compare with phacoemulsification cataract extraction combined with trabeculectomy for treatment of primary angle-closure glaucoma, in database of PubMed, Science Direct, CNKI, CqVip and Wanf, collected from January 2000 to February 2015, published or embodied. Clinical evaluation included amplitude of intraocular pressure(IOP)variation, vision improvement, anterior chamber depth change, angle open degree, success rate and postoperative complications. Revman5.0 Meta analysis software was used.

RESULTS: According to the literature and exclusion criteria, finally 5 references were included in the Meta analysis, with a total of 492 patients. Meta analysis results showed that reduction of IOP in phacoemulsification cataract extraction combined with trabeculectomy was larger \; with goniosynechialysis, angle open degree was better, as well as the anterior chamber depth \; in vision improvement and success rate, there was no significant difference \〖OR 0.39, 95% CI(0.12～1.30)\〗; with trabeculectomy, there existed more complications.

CONCLUSION: Phacoemulsification cataract extraction combined with either goniosynechialysis or trabeculectomy can effectively control intraocular pressure and improve visual acuity. With goniosynechialysis, because of its fewer complications, it has the potential to be one of the main treatments in treating primary angle-closure glaucoma with cataract.

Identification of retinal angiomatous proliferation and wet age-related macular degeneration

Yan Yang and Xin-Rong Xu — 2015/8/27 11:19:43

Retinal angiomatous proliferation(RAP)is a special type of wet age-related macular degeneration(AMD)and is classified into stages Ⅰ～Ⅲ by clinical manifestations, the form of neovascularization at the end stage. Differed with several types of neovascular AMD, the neovascularizations in RAP are believed to originate from the inner retinal capillary network. At present, it is controversial that RAP and wet AMD are different subtypes of the same disease or two independent diseases. Clinical differential diagnosis of the two diseases are important because of their different nature history, prognosis and treatments. In recent years, the identification of RAP and wet AMD has made significant progress with new technology application, such as the indocyanine green angiography(ICGA)and optical coherence tomography(OCT). In this paper, the clinical manifestations, natural history, treatments and prognosis of the two diseases were reviewed.

Application of optical coherence tomography and multifocal electroretinography in central serous chorioretinopathy

Wen-Li Zha,Mei-Zhu Chen,Hai-Yue Yu and Yun-Peng Wang — 2015/8/27 11:19:43

Central serous chorioretinopathy(CSCR)has become a common retinal disease in our country. In recent years, the utilisation of optical coherence tomography(OCT)has played a significant role in the study of subretinal fluid(SRF)and analyzing retinal structure changes. At the same time, the enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography(EDI-OCT)has vividly demonstrated the changes of choroidal morphologic of CSCR. In addition, multifocal electroretinography(mf-ERG)has revealed retinal dysfunction of CSCR. And the combination of OCT and mf-ERG has improved the understanding in the relationships between the functional and structural abnormalities in eyes with CSCR. The wide application of numerous new technologies has provided clues and basis for the diagnosis and treatment as well as prognosis assessment and following-up of CSCR.

Discussion on application of optical coherence tomography for anterior segment imaging

Jing Dong,Qiang Wu and Xiao-Gang Wang — 2015/8/27 11:19:43

It is very important for ophthalmic clinical diagnosis and research to obtain anterior segment information by non-invasive means. With the progress of science and technology, the application of optical coherence tomography(OCT)on clinical practice and scientific research of ophthalmology has been widely accepted. It not only can achieve precise imaging of an organization structure, but also can do some quantitative analysis for the assessment of clinical treatment and follow-up as an irreplaceable information.

Current progress in postmenopausal women with dry eye

Jun-Ling Liu and Jing Yu — 2015/8/5 15:43:41

Dry eye is one of the most frequently ocular surface diseases. Recent researches found that many reasons caused decrease of ocular surface damage and the quality of tears, such as the change of ocular surface, immuno-inflammatory responses, apoptosis and the reduction of sex hormone. It is reported that the decline of ovarian function and hormone level in postmenopausal women which leads to abnormal structure and function of tear film is more likely to develop dry eye. In this paper, the ocular surface, pathogenesis and progresses of treatment on postmenopausal women with dry eye are reviewed.

Current situation and future development of SUMOylation in ophthalmology

Bo Lu,Xin-Ling Wang and Qi-Chang Yan — 2015/8/5 15:43:41

SUMOylation is a post-translational modification consisting of covalent conjugation of ubiquitin-like proteins called small ubiquitin related modifier(SUMO). SUMO modification has been shown to significantly alter protein activity, which can modulate protein stability, affect protein-protein interactions, and modify protein localization and trafficking.This process adds another layer of control in eukaryote gene expression, and it regulates both transcriptional activation and repression. This article reviews the current situation and future development of SUMOylation in ophthalmology.

Application of Pentacam in the cataract surgery

Lin Zhou and Jian Zhang — 2015/8/5 15:43:41

With the improvement of cataract operation, the cataract surgery has become increasingly perfect. The cataract patients show greater expectation for the result of cataract operation. As a result, refractive cataract surgery has become the main trend. Detailed investigations of corneal diseases, lens density, corneal topography, preferable intraocular lens(IOL)choice, and IOL power calculation can help us get a better knowledge of preoperative conditions on patients, which can be conducted with pentacam. So we can have a better forecast of post-operative outcome and improve the quality of vision for cataract patients after surgery.

Influence of pan retinal photocoagulation on diabetic retinal and corneal

Chen Wang and Dong-Hao Li — 2015/8/5 15:43:41

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is one of the most serious microvascular complications of diabetes. It also is a world's major causes of blind eye diseases. Although the injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor intraocular drug is becoming a hotspot of current research. Pan retinal photocoagulation(PRP)remains the effective and economical treatment for DR. As a destructive treatment, PRP will inevitably cause some changes on the normal morphology and function of the retinal and cornea. Currently, with the development of the optical coherence tomography, confocal microscopy and other auxiliary examination, we have more accurate and objective research to better understand the laser-neural tissue interaction. This may help us to protect the patient's visual function more efficiently.

Research status of conbercept treating age-related macular degeneration

Hai-Yan He and Zi-Lin Chen — 2015/8/5 15:43:42

Age-related macular degeneration(AMD)is one of the major reasons of blindness among the elderly in the developed countries. As AMD patients are increasing year by year, AMD has become one of the important topics of ophthalmic research to prevent blindness. Its pathogenesis is not fully understood, but many studies have shown that vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)plays an important role in the pathogenesis. With the development and application of anti-VEGF drugs, there are a variety of drugs applied to the disease. This article introduces conbercept for the treatment of AMD.

Treatment progress of children myopic amblyopia

Yu-Meng Wang and Hu Liu — 2015/8/5 15:43:42

The treatment of myopic amblyopia and myopic anisometropic amblyopia is difficult and usually resultless and it has been the obstacle of amblyopic treatment. Corneal contact lens, corneal refractive surgery and phakic intraocular lens as new methods can significantly improve visual acuity of patients with high myopic amblopia and myopic anisometorpic ambyopia. For correcting myopia and myopic anisometropic amblyopia it provides a new method. This paper discusses the availibility and safty of above methods for the treatment of myopic amblyopia and myopic anisometropic amblyopia.

Relative cytokines in uveitis and experimental uveitis

Jian-Bing Li and Guo-Xing Xu — 2015/7/1 9:46:03

Uveitis is a group of inflammatory diseases causing serious impairment of visual function. The precise etiology and pathogenesis remain unclear. It can be induced by infection, trauma, tumor or autoimmune response, of which autoimmune response is the most common. In recent years, the cytokines in the process of inflammatory autoimmune diseases role has become one of research hot spots, its role in the pathogenesis and the relationship between the disease activity more and more attention. This article reviews the effects of interleukin, tumor necrosis factor, interferon and transforming growth factor-β in the pathogenesis of uveitis.

Research progress on the roles of aldose reductase in diabetic retinopathy

Hong-Zhe Li,Cai-Rui Li and Shu-Guang Sun — 2015/7/1 9:46:03

Aldose reductase(AR)belonging to nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH)-dependent aldehyde-keto reductase superfamily, is the key rate-limiting enzyme in the polyol pathway which plays an important role in the body's high-sugar metabolism. AR is widely present in the kidneys, blood vessels, lens, retina, heart, skeletal muscle and other tissues and organs, converts glucose to sorbitol which easy permeability of cell membranes, cause cell swelling, degeneration, necrosis, and have a close relationship with the development of chronic complications of diabetes mellitus. Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is a multifactorial disease, the exact cause is currently unknown, but polyol pathway has been demonstrated to play an important role in the pathogenesis of DR. Clinical risk factors such as blood sugar control, blood pressure and other treatments for DR only play a part effect of remission or invalid, if we can find out DR genes associated with the disease, this will contribute to a better understanding of the pathological mechanisms and contribute to the development of new treatments and drugs. The current research progress of AR, AR gene polymorphism, Aldose reductase inhibitors to DR was reviewed in this article.

Progression in the basic research on neovascular glaucoma

Yu-Jie Li,Xu Hou and Dan Hu — 2015/7/1 9:46:03

Neovascular glaucoma(NVG)is a series of blinding and intractable eye diseases, which caused by various intraocular or extraocular diseases. The iris and angle neovascularization and vascular membrane fiber contraction may eventually lead to progressive elevation of intraocular pressure and angle closure. Because of complex etiology, the treatment of NVG is intractable and inefficient. Based on the articles published in recent years, we reviewed the progressions of the relevant cytokines and animal models.

Function and pathology of the retinal pigment epithelium

Hong-Mei Ma,Feng-Hai Sun and Jian Jia — 2015/7/1 9:46:03

Retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)is a vital tissue for the maintenance of photoreceptor function and environment of outer retina, also the predominant cell type of proliferative vitreoretinopathy(PVR). It is also affected by many diseases of the retina and choroid, including diabetic retinopathy(DR), age-related macular degeneration(AMD)and retinal pigmentosa(RP). Although of neural origin, the RPE is capable of local repair, and cells may migrate and take on altered characteristics. These findings indicate that RPE-based therapy is a promising option for congenital or degenerate disease of the retina.

Application of posterior scleral reinforcement in high myopic maculopathy

Ching-Jung Shih,Ying Fan and Ting-Ting Zhao — 2015/7/1 9:46:04

The rate of blinding caused by high myopic maculopathy is high, vitrectomy is the most common treatment. However, the effectiveness of vitrectomy for high myopic patients who have serious posterior scleral staphyloma is not ideal. Recent years, posterior scleral reinforcement is used as a supplementary method with vitrectomy in clinical, treating for high myopic maculopathy. It achieves a positive curative effect especially in macular foveoschisis and macular hole cases. In this article, we introduced a review of history, current situation, material and surgery operand of scleral reinforcement. It also makes a further discussion of its prospects used in retina surgery.

Perioperative management of ophthalmic patients on antithrombotic therapy

Jin Yan,Li Wang and Yang Yang — 2015/7/1 9:46:04

The large majority of elderly patients undergoing ophthalmic surgery take antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs on a regular basis. Antithrombotic treatments predisposes to bleeding complications that may lead to retrobulbar haemorrhage, suprachoroidal haemorrhage and ultimately, to loss of vision. However, discontinuation of antithrombotic medication in such patients may lead to thromboembolic events with serious consequences. There are no guidelines on perioperative management of ophthalmic patients who are on antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs. We reviewed traditional and newer agents in the context of cataract, vitreoretinal, glaucoma and oculoplastic surgery. Recommendations are given for continuation, cessation and recommencement of these agents in order to minimise the risk of bleeding and thrombotic complications.

Research progress of corneal transplantation

Bing-Jie Zhang,Heng Sun,Yuan-Ping Zhang and Lin-Kun Ma — 2015/6/1 16:06:22

Corneal transplantation is an ophthalmology treatment technique for corneal disease to help restore vision or control the development of corneal diseases by removing a scarred or damaged host cornea and replacing it with a clear and healthy donor cornea. Traditional corneal transplantation includes penetrating keratoplasty and lamellar keratoplasty. In recent ten years, deep lamellar keratoplasty and endothelial keratoplasty have gradually developed. At present, the development of keratoprosthesis provides a new choice for the patients no suitable for traditional. The review describes current surgical techniques in the field of corneal transplantation about indications, postoperative complications, and so on.

Research progress in the method of treating astigmatism at the time of cataract surgery

Xing Chen and Jian-Chun Yu — 2015/6/1 16:06:22

Currently,correction of astigmatism has become an important aspect of refractive cataract surgery,cataract surgery while correcting astigmatism methods include: the use of corneal incision, loosen corneal incision,intraocular lens implantation astigmatism and femtosecond laser cataract surgery. Astigmatism correction effect is affected by many factors. All of choices have their operational indications, inherent advantages and disadvantages. Postoperative residual astigmatism will continue to decrease. Perfect refractive state will become a reality after cataract surgery. This paper reviews the recent progress in treating astigmatism at the time of cataract surgery based on the above points.

Research of renin-angiotensin system in age-related macular degeneration

Ting Luo and Hui Peng — 2015/6/1 16:06:22

Age-related macular degeneration(AMD)is a chronic progressive macular disease that occurs mostly in people over the age of 50, which is the main eye disease that causes loss of vision in the elderly in developed countries. Along with coming of aging population in our country, the incidence of AMD is increasing, but its pathogenesis is still unclear, the latest research shows that eye tissues are with independent synthetic renin-angiotensin system(RAS)capabilities, besides numbers of studies have shown that the RAS in early and late AMD were directly involved in the disease development and played an important role in the pathogenesis, this paper gives a brief review of research progress on mechanism of RAS in AMD.

Inspection methods progression of diabetic optic neuropathy

Yan Sun,Xiang-Xia Luo,Lan-Ping Su and Guo-Bin Wang — 2015/6/1 16:06:23

Increasing incidence of diabetes, diet restructuring with excessive intake of high-calorie foods closely related with this. Currently diabetes prevalence rate increased from 7% in 2003 to 14% in 2010. Diabetes can cause a variety of eye diseases, such as corneal ulcers, glaucoma, vitreous hemorrhage and so on. Diabetic retinopathy and cataract are the most common and greater impact on patients. At present, study for diabetic retinopathy(DR)is wider than diabetes optic neuropathy(DON). Clinical manifestations of DON are not specific, but DON occurred extensively, also contributed to an important cause of blindness.In this paper, we collected a variety of inspection and early diagnosis methods, try to achieve early detection, interventional therapy and good treatment for this disease. Here to make a presentation on the various types of inspection methods.

Research advances of orbital fibroblasts and thyroid associated ophthalmopathy

Jia-Ling Dai and Wei-Min He — 2015/6/1 16:06:23

The pathogenesis of Thyroid associated ophthalmopathy is not fully clear. Thyroid associated ophthalmopathy is lack of sustained and effective drug treatment at present. As target cells and effect cells, orbital fibroblasts are involved in the pathological processes of remodeling, inflammation and immune response in orbit tissue. The present review focuses on the study of orbital fibroblasts in the pathogenesis of thyroid related ophthalmopathy, discusses the future orientation in this field of treatment.

Damage of video display terminal to ocular surface

Xin-Xiu Li and Shu-Xi He — 2015/6/1 16:06:23

Video display terminal(VDT)has indispensable in our lives, while it not only brings about a series harm to our tissues and organs such as tear-film, meibomian gland and so on, but also causes eye symptoms including dryness, asthenopia and soreness. This essay mainly generalizes the mechanism of damage to ocular surface by VDT and the remedies to it.

Review on the refractive treatment methods of aphakia

Xiao-Yan Deng — 2015/6/1 16:06:23

The refractive treatment methods of aphakia include corrective glasses, contact lens correction and intraocular lens(IOL)implantation. It magnifies images highly and limits vision field with corrective glasses. For infant aphakia corrective glasses are more likely to be chosen because their eyes are still unable to tolerate IOL implantation in the developmental stage. With low magnification of images, contact lens includes soft contact lens and rigid contact lens. The former is rarely used because it is prone to ocular lesions due to its poor oxygen permeability. The latter is widely used due to its good oxygen permeability especially suitable for the eyes of irregular astigmatism or iris missing due to trauma. At present, the most commonly used in clinical work is IOL implantation. The eye of IOL may avoid anisometropia, aberrations and so on because of more physiological anatomy. According to the IOL implantation site, it is divided into the anterior chamber IOL implantation and the posterior chamber IOL implantation. The anterior chamber IOL implantation is divided into angle fixed IOL implantation and iris fixed IOL implantation. The posterior chamber IOL implantation is divided into secondary in-the-bag IOL implantation, the ciliary sulcus IOL implantation and transscleral suture fixed IOL implantation.

Role of placental growth factor in neovascularage-related macular degeneration

Rui-Xin Wang and Guo-Xing Xu — 2015/5/5 16:34:53

Choroidal neovascularization is the primary pathogenesis of neovascularage-related macular degeneration(nAMD), and the role of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)in neovascularization has been widely recognized. Currently, drugs target different targets of VEGF have been widely used in the treatment of nAMD. As a subtype of VEGF, placental growth factor(PIGF)has synergistic effects with VEGF-A on promoting angiogenesis, stimulating the migration of endothelial cell proliferation and mediating immune inflammatory response. There is no expression of PIGF in mature blood vessels so PIGF hashigh specificity. In this paper, the role of PIGF in the pathogenesis and treatment of nAMD is reviewed.

Research progress on retinal protection of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

Wen Lin and Guo-Xing Xu — 2015/5/5 16:34:53

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)is a kind of adult stem cells mainly enriched in bone marrow, which possesses multiple differentiation potential and can differentiate into trans-germinal layer. It is easy for BMSC to be isolated and cultured, which has the ability of repairing various tissues with efficient proliferation and expression. BMSC could be used as seed cell for the transplantation therapy of retinal disease because of its properties of immunoregulation and neurotrophin secretion. This review focuses on research progress on retinal protection of BMSCs.

Research progress of SIRT1 with eye diseases

Ke-Ke Xu and Zhi-Jian Li — 2015/5/5 16:34:53

Silent information regulator protein 1(SIRT1)is a kind of histone deacetylases class III on which cell metabolism coenzyme NAD⁺ is dependent. By the transcriptional regulation, it participates in the regulation of gene transcription, energy metabolism and cell aging process, which can prolong the lifespan of organisms and delay the development of various age-related diseases and has attracted much attention in the field of anti-aging research. In recent years, studies have shown that SIRT1 occupies an important position in the pathogenesis of many ophthalmic diseases, especially in ocular surface diseases, glaucoma, cataracts, uveitis, and ocular fundus diseases, etc. There is a possibility that the promotion of SIRT1 activity would be the new drug target of ophthalmic therapy. The paper will review studies on SIRT1 and ophthalmic diseases.

Profiles of glaucoma medication

Yan-Qing Yang and Yan Li — 2015/5/5 16:34:53

As a globally recognized irreversible blindness disease, glaucoma can lead to pathological intraocular hypertension, loss of optic ganglion cells and axonal progressive, more and more deep optic cup, and the expanded visual field defect. Various researches show that excitatory amino acid toxicity, oxidative damage, apoptosis, intracellular Ca²⁺overloading etc., pathogenic factors are all involved in the occurrence and development of glaucoma. Now, a variety of clinical drugs and operation treatment are applied to control the glaucoma progress. Further more, there are many new drugs and methods in the process of development. This is an article on the current anti-glaucoma drugs.

Research progress of traditional Chinese medicine extract for retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury

Qian-Yu Jia and Qin Liu — 2015/5/5 16:34:53

Retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury(RIRI)is a common clinical disease, and the producing mechanism is still in research. Experimental and clinical research in recent years have showed that the mechanism of RIRI and oxygen free radicals, gene regulation, calcium overload, inflammatory cytokines and other factors are closely related. In this article, we summarized the current situation that the scholars at home and abroad study traditional Chinese medicine extract of prevention and treatment of RIRI.

Treatment of acute retinal necrosis syndrome

Yun-Jia Liu and Pei-Zeng Yang — 2015/5/5 16:34:53

Acute retinal necrosis syndrome(ARN)is a serious eye disease, which caused by Herpes virus mostly, with unknown pathogenesis. Because of the aggressive progression, treatment of ARN is difficult, and the blindness rate is extremely high. Current treatment strategies are the combination of the drug therapy and the operative treatment. Drugs commonly used are antiviral drugs, glucocorticoids, and antiplatelet drugs, and the operative treatment includes laser photocoagulation and vitrectomy.

Progress in the study of choroidal thickness on diabetic retinopathy by OCT

Qiu Xing and Bai-Hua Chen — 2015/5/5 16:34:53

The choroidal vasculature provides oxygen and nutrients to the outer retina, and is responsible for maintaining the highly metabolically active photoreceptor cells. The normal structure and function of its vascular system is very important for the retina. So it is more meaningful to observe the choroid morphology for tracking pathological changes in diabetic retinopathy. With the application of the high resolution optical coherence tomography(OCT)technology, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography(SD-OCT)enhanced depth imaging technology can be used to measure the choroidal thickness quantitatively, which provides a new idea for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Therefore, the research and progress of choroidal thickness on diabetic retinopathy by OCT are summarized as follows.

Inflammatory mechanisms in ocular surface damage of dry eye

Meng-Cang Su,Xiao-Lin Hao and Zhong-Chen Zhang — 2015/5/5 16:34:53

Dry eye is a multi-factorial disease of tear film and ocular surface, and it can result in discomfort, visual disturbance and tear film instability and potential damage of ocular surface,accompanied by hyper osmolarity of tears and ocular surface inflammation. Inflammation is the key factor to dry eye. Many kinds of immune cells and inflammatory factors are involved in the occurrence and development of dry eye syndrome. Cell apoptosis, nerve dysregulation, disorders of sex hormones also play an important role in pathologic process of dry eye. Recently, while illustrating the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of dry eye has been made some progress, there is still no single standard. The possible mechanisms of ocular surface inflammation and tear dysfunction of dry eye were reviewed in this article.

Progress in a relevant role of sirtuins in age-related cataract

Ying Sun,Shu-Bin Wu,Ke Xu and Zhi-Jian Li — 2015/4/8 9:56:56

As one branch of epigenetics, the sirtuins family(Class Ⅲ histone deacetylase)receive much attention in recent years. SIRT1 as the most famous of the sirtuins family members has been verified involved in a variety of age-related diseases. While the SIRT1 formation is paid more and more attention in age-related cataract. Now, we briefly overviewed the research progress on the role of SIRT1 in age-related cataract.

Progress in the research on clinical features of Best vitelliform macular dystrophy and mutations in BEST1 gene

Jing-Shu Liu and Yong-Jin Zhang — 2015/4/8 9:56:57

Best vitelliform macular dystrophy(BVMD)is an autosomal dominant disease mostly caused by mutations in BEST1 gene. These mutations change the normal physiological functions of BEST1-encoded bestrophin-1 protein, and finally lead to a reduction of visual acuity. This review is composed of the following aspects: the structure and functions of BEST1 gene, the characteristics of the mutations, clinical features of BVMD, genotype-phenotype correlations as well as possible gene therapy. Our contribution serves for further research on BVMD and BEST1 gene.

Research progress in applying spectral-domain OCT to explore retinal microstructure changes of diabetic macular edema

Yue-Sheng Han and Wen-Bin Wei — 2015/4/8 9:56:57

Diabetic macular edema(DME)is a major cause of visual impairment in patients with diabetes mellitus, the central retinal thickness(CRT)is correlated with the visual impairment and the changes of visual function before and after treatment. Furthermore, CRT is related to the changes of macular microstructure. The subtle changes of retinal microstructure can be qualitative and quantitative analyzed by spectral-domain OCT(SD-OCT). In this study, the changes of retinal microstructure in patients with DME are reviewed, what is of great meaning to explore mechanism, observe disease progress, guide clinical treatment and prospect prognosis of DME.

Progress in stem cell transplantation for treatment of retinal ganglion cell damage diseases

Ying-Jian Sun and Ya-Juan Zheng — 2015/4/8 9:56:57

Retinal ganglion cells are crucial in the formation of vision. Injury or death of retinal ganglion cells may lead to irreversibly damage of visual function. Glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, hypertension, and other blind leading diseases can cause the damage or progressively apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells. Currently, there is no specific treatment to restore vision damage caused by those diseases. Scholars at home and abroad focus on stem cells transplantation in order to recover the visual function of patients. Two categories are mainly involved in stem cell transplantation, one is the replacement therapy based on stem cells, the other is to promote the secretion of some factors to protect ganglion cells through stem cell transplantation. In this review, we aim to summarize the potential of stems cell transplantation to treat retinal ganglion cells related diseases, and discuss the differentiation of different types of stem cells to retinal ganglion cells.

Treatment for traumatic optic neuropathy with mouse nerve growth factor: a meta-analysis

Jing-Wen Liu and Bo Qin — 2015/4/8 9:56:57

AIM:To evaluate the efficacy of treating traumatic optic neuropathy(TON)with mouse nerve growth factor.

METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Library, Pubmed, Medline,CNKI, Wanfang database and VIP to collect randomized controlled trials(RCTs)of using mouse nerve growth factor for TON. The quality of the included trials was assessed and poor-qualified trials were eliminated before the meta-analysis was conducted.

RESULTS: Seven RCTs with a total of 399 eyes included were retrieved, and OR=3.78 with a 95%CI of \〖2.35, 6.06\〗, the difference was significant(P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: The existing evidence supports that the prognosis of TON is better when mouse nerve growth factor are adopted in treatment, but there is still a need for well-planned, large-scale and multicenter RCTs to verify it.

Neuroimaging and treatment evaluation of amblyopia by function-MRI

Yang Li and Zhen-Guo Yan — 2015/4/8 9:56:57

In the past, the ways to amblyopia neural mechanism research are given priority to visual electrophysiology and so on, which express the result use two-dimensional form, these ways mainly research the functions of the state before the lateral geniculate body. For the study of optic center, animal models are used to research it. But these kinds of methods are unable to accurately detect amblyopia neural mechanisms of human beings. Vulnerable to a variety of factors, it is difficult to finish the amblyopia treatment effect evaluation. Functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)can reflect the three-dimensional visual cortex neuron activity noninvasively and accurately, and give rise to amblyopia neural mechanism and therapeutic effect evaluation. Therefore, in this paper, the amblyopia neural mechanisms and visual center after treatment effect evaluation of fMRI research progress are summarized.

Etiological factor and treatment of abnormal blinking in children

Fen Du and Li-Juan Tao — 2015/4/8 9:56:57

Abnormal eye blinking in children is a disease of frequent eye blinking in children, more than 15 times per minute, without facial spasms and neurological diseases, with relatively independent clinical symptoms. If combining with organic or neurological disease, we consider it as children eye blinking syndrome. It's a common and frequently encountered disease in pediatric ophthalmology. The etiologies include body and psychological disorders, such as refractive errors, ocular surface and ocular adnexal disease, bad habits, lead pollution, tic disorders and so on. We think that most of abnormal eye blinking in children firstly caused by oculopathy, neurological disorders and psychological illness are the important factors for increasing or making it repeatedly happen. Recognizing and identifying the etiologies of abnormal eye blinking in children, so as to take a targeted theray and avoid misdiagnosis and delayed treatment.

Research progress of medication strategy in the modulation of wound healing after glaucoma filtration surgeries

Zhao-Xing Dai and Xing-Huai Sun — 2015/3/9 10:14:42

To improve the effect of glaucoma filtration operation in reducing intraocular pressure(IOP), it's important to prevent and inhibit fibrotic scar formation during and after operation. This paper focuses on the current and future possible means for modulation of wound healing after glaucoma filtration surgery, mainly including series of medications(antimetabolites, anti-inflammation drugs, antigrowth factor drugs, drugs acting on cell signal pathways, etc.), new drug delivery system and other technologies. This article also discusses the future orientation in this field.

Research advances of microRNA in corneal neovascularization

Chao Cen and Shan-Bi Zhou — 2015/3/9 10:14:42

Corneal neovascularization(CNV)is one of the most important causes that affecting corneal transparency, and it is a high risk factor of allogeneic corneal graft rejection. It has become a research focus for the regulation of CNV. microRNAs are a class of endogenous non-protein-coding micromolecule RNAs which play a critical role in regulating a series of life process. Researches in recent years show a close correlation between microRNA and CNV. In this article we reviewed the recent advances in these researches.

Research progress of α-crystallin in regeneration of optic nerve injury

Yun-Ting Li,Xia Cao and Lin-Kun Ma — 2015/3/9 10:14:42

α-crystallin is the predominant structural protein in the lens. It is a member of small heat shock proteins(sHSPs)which has the common functions of HSPs. It also has anti-apoptotic activity etc. Recently, it has been proved to combine with the cellular membrane of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)to enhance the survival of RGCs and the regeneration of axons, thereby partly restore visual function. But we haven't come to a unified conclusion of the mechanism. This review is focused on structure and functions of α-crystallin, the protection function and mechanism of α-crystallin towards RGCs after the optic nerve injury.

Application of capsular tension ring in phacoemulsification

Ru-Yu Liu,Xin Tang,Hui Song and Yin-Juan Wei — 2015/3/9 10:14:42

Application of capsular tension ring(CTR)in phacoemulsification has become a common method to increase the stability of the capsular bag. CTR can effectively reduce the posterior capsular opacification(PCO), prevent intraocular lens(IOL)decentration and tilt, not cause IOL degree deviation and aberration increase. In this review, we summarized the development overview of CTR in phacoemulsification.

Research the correlation of vascular endothelial growth factor and fibrosis-related cytokines in proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Mei-Qi Wei,Xiao-Long Chen,Xue-Mei Feng,Hong-Wei Yang and Chun-Liu Gai — 2015/3/9 10:14:42

Vascular endothelial growth factor is indispensable inducing factor in retinalangiogenesis. After the retinal neovascularization of proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR)patients, it can cause fibrovascular membrane formation, epiretinal membrane fibrosis increased, resulting in traction retinal detachment with further aggravate the condition. The recent research suggests that cytokines promote fibroblast proliferation, movement, adhesion, and secretion of extracellular matrix functions in the diabetic state of the environment changes to profibrogenic state, resulting in the accumulation and fibrosis of extracellular matrix. This paper reviewed the status quo of the correlation between vascular endothelial growth factor and fibrosis-related cytokine.

Therapeutic potential and influencing factors of mesenchymal stem cells on retinal diseases

Li-Sha Chen and Guo-Xing Xu — 2015/3/9 10:14:42

As a member of the stem cells family,mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)have been proved to be effective on the repair of tissue injury. Although the specific mechanism is still unclear, MSCs do have a promising future in retinal disease therapy. The results of the current research are diverse. We still have an urgent and long way to explore the details of MSCs. So it's significant for further understanding of MSCs to analyze the possible mechanism and influencing factors.

Research on neuroprotective effects of mesenchymal stem cells in retinal disease

Lin Lin and Guo-Xing Xu — 2015/3/9 10:14:42

Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)are a population of multipotent stem cells with various neurotrophins from bone marrow which are widely used in tissue, cell repair and alternative research. Recently, some researches have shown that MSCs could enhance the viability of neurons under a pathological circumstance by secreting some neurotrophins. So the neuroprotection of MSCs can provide a new method of the treatment on retinopathy that it possible to promote cells survial and functional recovery. Here we make a brief review on the secretory function of neurotrophin and neuroprotective effects of MSCs on retinal cells and its application in the treatment of retinal disease.

Research of using electroretinogram for diagnosising early diabetic retinopathy

Guang-Ming Zhou and Liang Yan — 2015/3/9 10:14:42

Electroretinogram(ERG)is an objective examination in evaluating retinal function, which is also suitable to evaluate retinal function of multiple ophthalmic diseases. In recent years, studies have found that ERG can find functional changes prior to morphological changes of fundus examination in early diabetics, which provides a new way for researches of pathological mechanism, early diagnosis and prognosis evaluation for diabetic retinopathy, and then also provides a new therapy for diabetic retinopathy. In this paper, using ERG in the diagnosis of early diabetic retinopathy was reviewed.

Relationship of obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome and diabetic retinopathy

Li-Ting Li and Ping Zhang — 2015/3/9 10:14:42

Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome(OSAHS)is a disorder characterized by repeated episodes of collapse of the upper airway during sleep,and ultimately lead to the repeated cycle of night intermittent hypoxemia. Recently,an association of OSAHS and diabetic retinopathy(DR)has been reported. This paper reviewed the correlation between OSAHS and DR from clinical relationship, the relevant examinations and its possible mechanism of action.

Research advances on tissue-engineered corneal endothelial cells transplantation

Si-Jie Zhao and Yan Liu — 2015/1/30 15:09:35

Due to the serious shortage of donor cornea materials and the donor limit, clinical popularization of penetrating keratoplasty is severely restricted. It is a hot spot of current research that applying tissue engineering in vitro to culture corneal endothelial cells(CEC)with high density, regular hexagonal shape and healthy endothelial function. In this article, we reviewed the latest progress in the study of source of CEC seeder cells, selection of cultivating carries, type of CEC transplantation and immune mechanism that summarized the current research problems and made a prospect to the future.

New research progress on the epidemiology of age-related macular degeneration

Ming-Xing Wu,Zheng Zheng and Xi-Yuan Zhou — 2015/1/30 15:09:35

Age-related macular degeneration(AMD)is a kind of age-related blinding degenerative fundus lesions, totally about 30 million patients suffering from AMD all over the world, with about 500 000 people blind for it yearly. As the development of economy and the aging of the population intensified, incidence of AMD indicates a trend of rising year by year, being the third major cause of blindness in our country. At present, the pathogenesis of AMD is not fully clear, as reported it may be related to oxidative stress, inflammatory immune response, VEGF and genetic manipulation. Clinical treatments mainly include photodynamic therapy, drug therapy, radiation therapy, laser photocoagulaory operation, the pupil warm treatments, Chinese medicine and intravitreous injection VEGF antagonists such as Ranibizumab, Conbercept and so on. In this issue, we mainly expound on the progress in the epidemiological studies of AMD, especially elaborate the progress made on genetic manipulation in recent years.

Risk factors and the current pharmacotherapy situation of diabetic macular edema

Lei Cai and Guo-Xing Xu — 2015/1/30 15:09:35

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)due to disturbance of carbohydrate metabolism is the most serious ocular complication in patients with diabetic disease, and diabetic macular edema(DME)is one of the main causes of vision loss. It is considered that many factors are involved in DME pathological process. DME is defined as an abnormal thickening of the macular associated with the accumulation of excess fluid in the extracellular space of the neurosensory retina. Nowadays, the main treatment methods of DME include pharmacotherapy, laser photocoagulation and surgery. Inflammatory components within the vascular tissue play an important role in the development of DME, so drug therapy is an important method for DME. In this review, we summarized the risk factors and the current pharmacotherapy situation of DME.

Research progress of SIRT1 as a target for the treatment of age-related retinal disease

Yan Zhang,Bo-Yu Lu,Hui-Min Zhang and Shi-Hui Wei — 2015/1/30 15:09:35

Silent information regulator protein 1(SIRT1)is one of the sirtuins and belongs to histone deacetyase. Its activity depends on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NAD⁺)and is regulated by NAD⁺. Experimental and clinical studies have shown the neuro-protective effect of SIRT1 in the pathogenesis of age-related eye diseases. In this review, the relationship between SIRT1 activator and apoptosis in the retinal cells were discussed. The review also points to SIRT1 as a potential therapeutic target for the clinical management of age-related retinal disease.

Oxidative stress-mitochondrial dysfunction and the relationship with retinal ganglion cell apoptosis

Qian Han and Ling Yu — 2015/1/30 15:09:35

Mitochondria play an important role in energy(ATP)production through oxidative phosphorylation pathway and the regulation of cell death by apoptosis.Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathophysiology of a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Glaucoma as a neurodegenerative disorder, mitochondrial oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of glaucoma and the damage of RGCs has received close attention in recent years. In this article,we reviewed the current evidences and recent advances in the relationship between mitochondrial oxidative stress and the RGCs apoptosis.

Visual function of the idiopathic macular hole

Jian-Tao Ren and Jie Zhang — 2015/1/30 15:09:35

The idiopathic macular hole(IMH)is research priority associated with the regenerate quickly of vitrectomy. The unaided visual acuity and the best corrected visual acuity is partial for the visual acuity of the patient with IMH.The mechanism and clinical significance of modern visual function measurements associated with IMH, including contrast sensitivity, visual field, multifocal electroretinogram, and stereoscopic vision, have been introduced. These measurements could be of great value in early diagnosis of IMH, assessment of surgical indication and evaluation of visual performance after vitrectomy. They would also be helpful to the analysis of postoperative impaired visual function and its management. Having an adequate understanding of the contents and significance of visual function is helpful to the improvement of IMH surgery techniques and postoperative visual acuity.

Research status of photodynamic therapy combined anti-VEGF drugs to treat exudative age-related macular degeneration

Ling Li,Hai-Hui Qi,Xue-Ying Ma,Rong Zhang and Rui-Juan Guan — 2015/1/30 15:09:35

Photodynamic therapy(PDT)is a new technique to diagnose and treat diseases with photodynamic effect produced by photosensitizer and light, and is now a main method of treating exudative age-related macular degeneration(AMD). In recent years, with the development of science and technology, combinations of PDT have become a research hot spot. In this paper, we reviewed the research status of treatments on exudative AMD with PDT combined anti-VEGF drugs.

Recent advances in treatment of wet age-related macular degeneration

Ming Li and Wei Wei — 2015/1/30 15:09:36

Age-related macular degeneration(AMD)is one of the important eye diseases of the WHO present three big blindness, is one of the main blinding eye disease in people over the age of 50, people over the age of 65, about 2% of the disease caused by monocular blindness, as the population ages, AMD prevalence is increasing in our country. AMD with respect to its clinical manifestations can be divided into dry AMD and wet AMD, wet AMD is the most harmful for the vision of patients, at present there are many treatments for AMD(mainly for wet age-related macular degeneration), mainly including laser treatment, drug therapy, surgical treatment, gene therapy,etc. The treatments of AMD would be illuminated in this article.

Protective effect of quercetin in lens

Juan Liu and Gang-Jin Kang — 2014/12/30 15:26:04

With the deepening study of quercetin, some studies show that quercetin can protect lens, with pharmacological activities such as antioxidation and anti-apoptosis and so on. And they can delay the occurring and developing of cataract. The development and utilization of the quercetin will be expected to be a new means of prevention and treatment of cataract.The article takes in the research progress of that quercetin on the lens with antioxidation, inhibiting aldose reductase and anti- apoptosis and its mechanisms.

Research progress of IL-6 and diabetic retinopathy

Qiu-Yu Lu,Cai-Rui Li and Shu-Guang Sun — 2014/12/30 15:26:04

In recent years, the number of patients with diabetes increase rapidly.Diabetic retinopathy(DR), one of the complications of diabetes, is also the important aspect of current and future prevention of blindness in our country. Now, more and more scholar have noticed the important role of immune inflammation in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. In this article, we reviewed the role of interleukin-6(IL-6)in diabetic retinopathy.

Recent progress in the investigation of VEGF and PEDF of proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Xiao-Hong Chen,Yun-Peng Wang and Mei-Zhu Chen — 2014/12/30 15:26:05

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR)is a group of disease characterized by neovascular disease complication of diabetes mellitus. Neovascular diseases of eye are one of the major causes of blindness of the world. Recent studies showed that vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)and pigment epithelium-derived factor(PEDF)are now accepted as the key cytokine in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Recent progress in the investigation of VEGF and PEDF of PDR are summarized in this review.

Advances in complement factor H gene in age-related macular degeneration

Jin-Tao Xia,Wen-Fang Zhang,Yi Yang and Yu-Ting Li — 2014/12/30 15:26:05

Age-related macular degeneration(AMD)is one of the main leading causes of irreversible damage eyesight over the 50 years old people. Genetic factors play an important role in the occurrence and development of AMD. In recent years, the studies found that complement factor H(CFH)gene has obvious correlation with the incidence of AMD. In this article, we reviewed the researches on the CFH in AMD.

Potential role of miRNAs in age-related macular degeneration

Lin-Man Deng and Hui Peng — 2014/12/30 15:26:05

A great number of miRNAs have been shown to play critical roles in pathological angiogenesis, the oxidative stress response, immune response and inflammation, all of which have been shown to have important roles in the pathogenesis and progression of age-related macular degeneration(AMD). Here we reviewed the pathological processes involved in AMD and the roles of miRNAs in these processes, and discussed potential miRNAs-based therapeutics for AMD.

Research progress of foveoschisis in pathological myopia

Yu-Ping He,Hui-Juan Xia and Ying Fan — 2014/12/30 15:26:05

Pathological myopia are often complicated by a series of pathological changes in fundus including foveoschisis, which can lead to visual dysfunction when processing with retinal detachment, macular hole, epiretinal membrane and vitreoretinal traction diseases. According to the current knowledge, the main mechanism of foveoschisisi might be attributed to the impaired macular structure and function caused by a variety of traction on the retinal and retina poor condition. Surgical treatments have been reported to be effective in treating foveoschisis, however, the indications and surgical procedures are still controversial. In this article, we reviewed the clinical features, diagnosis, treatment strategies and prognosis of pathological myopia foveoschisis.

Research on inhibition of corneal neovascularization

Zhang-Hui Yang,Hong-Yan Ge and Ping Liu — 2015/11/27 10:32:23

Corneal transparency is the basis of the normal physiological functions.However, corneal neovascularization(CNV)may occur in the infection, mechanical and chemical injury or under other pathological conditions,which make the cornea lose original transparency and severe visual impairment. In recent years, along with the development of immunology, molecular biology, biochemistry and other disciplines, there is more in-depth understanding on the CNV, and clinical treatment of CNV has made new breakthroughs. This article provides an overview of the inhibition of CNV.

Research progress of cell autophagy during cataract formation

Chu-Chu Zhao,Hong-Yan Ge and Ping Liu — 2015/11/27 10:32:23

Autophagy, the main degradation process of organelles, protein and other substances in the eukaryotic cells, plays an important role in the maintenance of homeostasis. Lens is a transparent tissue without vessel, which is mainly composed of a layer of epithelium cells and differentiating fiber cells. To maintain the transparency of lens, lenticular cells degrade their organelles and abnormal aggregated protein through autophagy. Abnormal function of autophagy is closely related to the formation of cataract. This article is aimed to introduce the related knowledge of autophagy and summarize the research progress of autuphagy in the procedure of cataract formation.

Latest progress on diagnosis and treatment of choroideremia

Yan Zhao,Qing-Feng Meng and Yan Teng — 2015/11/27 10:32:23

Choroideremia(CHM)is a kind of blindness-causing hereditary disease, inherited in a gene on the long arm of X chromosome, caused by the CHM gene deletion or mutation which encoding Rab escort protein 1(REP-1), and is characterized by binocular, progressive chorioretinal degeneration. This desease is X-linked recessive inherited disorder. The vision will lose gradually as the atrophying of retinal photoreceptor, RPE and choriocapillary. The virulence gene of choroideremia is CHM, located in Xq21.2, coding REP-1. Typically, in affected males, symptoms evolve from night blindness to peripheral visual field loss, with central vision preserved until late in life. Female carriers are generally asymptomatic. At present, there are detailed diagnostic criteria with CHM. Gene therapy and the retina transplantation are considered as possible treatments in recent years. The preclinical studies of AAV2 and AAV8 have been completed. A safety trial of AAV2-mediated gene therapy in human subjects with CHM has been completed.

Progress of inflammatory cytokines in glaucoma

Ping Hu,Yan-Ling Jin,Ying Wang,Hai-Yan Yang,Wen-Jing Xu and Shao-Lin Xu — 2015/11/27 10:32:23

Glaucomais a group of diseases characterized by optic nerve damage and visual field defect, and pathological high intraocular pressure is a risk factor for glaucoma. Glaucoma is affected by the interaction of multiple genes and environmental factors, and inflammation may be involved in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. A great deal of studies have confirmed that high expression of connective tissue growth factor(CTGF), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukins(ILs), nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB)and various cytokines in the aqueous humor of patients with glaucoma, which have a close correlation with pathogenesis of glaucoma.This article reviews the progress of inflammatory cytokines and their relationship with glaucoma.

Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for preventing cystoid macular edema after cataract surgeries:a Meta-analysis

Xue-Jiao Xu,Hong-Bo Cheng and Bing Han — 2015/11/27 10:32:23

AIM:To systematic evaluate the preventive effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs)on the cystoid macular edema(CME)after the cataract surgery.

METHODS:Searching literature which were published by March 2015 and which were the random control test(RCT)on the preventive effect of NSAIDs on CME after the cataract surgery in PubMed, EMbase, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, CNKI, Wanfang Data, Chongqing Weipu and Chinese biomedical literature database and through Internet with computer. Meanwhile, relevant articles, journals, conference papers and their reference were manually retrieved. According to inclusion and exclusion criteria,the study objects were limited.Revman5.0 software provided by the Cochrane Collaboration was used to analysis the incidence of CME after cataract surgeries.

RESULTS:A total of 7 RCT were included in the study(1422 cases, 712 cases in the trial group, 710 cases in the control group). Using NSAIDs before and after cataract surgeries could significantly reduce the post-operative incidence of CME(OR=0.31, 95%CI:0.18～0.52, P<0.001).

CONCLUSION:Using NSAIDs before and after cataract surgeries can significantly reduce the incidence of postoperative CME. Due to the small sample size and the medium methodological quality, the conclusion is not powerful enough. More high-quality RCTs with larger sample size are needed to make the evaluation more objective, accurate and comprehensive.

Ophthalmic manifestations of methylmalonic aciduria accompanied with homocystinuria

Qiu-Jing Huang,Qi Zhang,Jie Peng,Yi-An Li and Pei-Quan Zhao — 2015/11/27 10:32:23

Methylmalonicaciduia(MMA)accompanied with homocystinuria is a rare autosomal-recessive with congenital metabolic disorder of Vitamin B12. There are three subtypes, cblC, cblD, cblF, in which cblC is the most common one. The diagnostic tests are tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Tests for activity of enzyme in fibroblasts from skin, complementary assay and genetic analysis can be used to make the subtype clear. Early-onset patients, defined by onset of symptoms before the age of 1 year, may have severe ocular involvement, including visual loss, nystagmus, strabismus, retinopathy, maculopathy, optic atrophy, abnormal electroretinography. Late-onset patients, defined by onset of symptoms after the age of 4 year, rarely have ocular manifestations. The pathogenesis of the ophthalmic symptoms may be related to the high level of homocystine, oxidative stress and the abnormal development of nervous systems. The treatment for MMA accompanied with homocystinuria is mostly symptomatic based. Ophthalmic treatment is limited. Early supplement of methionine,GSH or other antioxidants may be helpful for retinopathy. There is no standard ophthalmological examination for those patients in China. It is critical to set up inter-departmental cooperation and early stage examination for the treatments and outcomes of the patients.

Progress of nano-controlled releasing system on ophthalmologic administration

Shu-Rong Wang,Xuan-Zhong Wang,Xue-Jun Cui and Yan Zhang — 2015/11/27 10:32:23

The ophthalmic application of nanometer materials are mainly concentrated on controlled releasing systems. Due to the unique properties of nanometer materials,it has great advantages in carrying ophthalmic drugs compared with the conventional method, mainly in higher bioavailability and fewer side effects. As a result, nano-controlled releasing system has good application prospect in ophthalmology. At present, a variety of different types of nano-controlled releasing systems have been used to enhance the efficiency of the ophthalmic drugs, including nanomicelle, nanoparticles, nanosuspensions, liposomes,dendrimers, etc. In this paper, the research progress as well as the application of nano-controlled releasing system on ophthalmologic administration is reviewed.

Progress of the factors influencing the penetrance of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy

Jun-Wei Zhong,Ding Chen,Xin-Ping Yu,Yi Tong and Feng Gu — 2015/10/30 17:17:33

Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy(LHON)is a maternally inherited blinding disease. The clinical phenotype of LHON is the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)and a progressive degeneration of the optic nerve. Three common mutations, G11778A, T14484C and G3460A are responsible for over 90% of cases. Differences in penetrance indicate the additional modifier genes influencing penetrance of the mitochondrial DNA mutation for LHON patients. Different types of mitochondrial haplogroups, environmental factors also have different effects on the penetrance of the mitochondrial DNA mutations. In the present paper, here the progress of the factors influencing the penetrance of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy will be summarized.

Progress on the establishment of corneal neovascularization animal model

Shu-Rong Wang,Shu-Ci Tian,Xin Liu,Yu-Xi He,Ying Li,Guan-Fang Su and Yan Zhang — 2015/10/30 17:17:33

Corneal neovascularization(CNV)is the extensive growth of blood vessels from conjunctiva into cornea. Abnormal angiogenesis plays an important role in the process of CNV, which may result from corneal wound and self-healing. The pathologic growth of blood vessels blocks light, promotes scar formation and causes inflammation, which impairs visual acuity. It is a sight-threatening condition that can decreases eyesight and even leads to blindness. Neovascular eye disease is one of the most common eye diseases in clinical admissions. So, further mechanistic studies are the key to the prevention and treatment of CNV. Determination on the CNV animal models is essential in eye diseases researches. Several main methods of CNV models establishment are summarized in this review.

Refractive changes and correction after congenital cataract surgery

Rui Wang,Hao-Run Zhang,Xu-Dong Huang,Meng-Jun Fu and Jing-Jing Zhao — 2015/10/30 17:17:33

For the children with congenital cataract, cataract surgery is the consensus. But after congenital cataract surgery,it is still controversial that whether to implant intraocular lenses, the age of the implantation and the degree of lenses. In this paper, both refractive changes in the children with congenital cataract and correction on residual refraction postoperatively were summarized.

Application of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor on the treatment of neovascular glaucoma

Ping Wu and Ping-Hua Li — 2015/10/30 17:17:33

Neovascular glaucoma(NVG)is a common secondary glaucoma, often occurs secondary to diabetic retinopathy, central retinal vein occlusion and retinal ischemia syndrome. Its pathogenesis is complicated. Though conventional treatmentscan brieflyreduce elevated intraocular pressure, degenerate iris neovascularization, the long-term effect for controlling NVG is not obvious. The treatment of NVG ushers in a new dawn with the in-depth study on the pathogenesis of NVG and the use of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)inhibitors in ophthalmic diseases. In this paper, the applications of VEGF inhibitors on the treatment of neovascular glaucoma are reviewed to provide new thoughts for the treatment of NVG.

Progress on the relationship between metabolic syndrome with its components and open angle glaucoma

Huan Wan and Su Liu — 2015/10/30 17:17:33

Open angle glaucoma is one kind of glaucoma, and also one of the leading causes of blindness. In recent years, the incidence of open angle glaucoma and the rate of blindness caused by it are increasing year by year, whereas its etiology is still not clear. Recently, researchers have found that there might be certain correlation between metabolic syndrome with its components and the occurrence and the development of open angle glaucoma, on which there is not any common understanding yet. In this paper, we try to provide a brief review on the researches of open angle glaucoma and metabolic syndrome.

CCR7 signaling pathway and retinal neovascularization

Lin-Hui Yuan and Xiao-Long Chen — 2015/10/30 17:17:33

Retinal neovascularization diseases are the major causes of blindness. C-C chemokine receptor type 7(CCR7)can promote the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)through the extracellular signal regulated kinase(ERK)pathway, leading to vascular leakage, proliferation of vascular endothelial cell, neovascularization and etc. The detection of CCR7 can guide the diagnosis and treatments of retinal neovascularization diseases.

Change of intraocular pressure and intracranial pressure during hemodialysis

Chuan Liu and He-Zheng Zhou — 2015/10/30 17:17:33

Hemodialysis is an important therapeutic method of acute and chronic renal failure and other serious diseases.Many studies have shown that hemodialysis may cause changes of intraocular pressure and intracranial pressure. It may provide new approach for the establishment of glaucoma model by studying intraocular pressure and intracranial pressure changes during hemodialysis, which may contribute to the research on glaucomatous optic nerve damage. In this article, we reviewed the change of intraocular pressure and intracranial pressure during hemodialysis.

Research progress of perceptual learning on the reconstruction of visual function in the patients with strabismus and amblyopia

Juan He and Li Zhang — 2015/10/30 17:17:33

Strabismus and amblyopia are common clinical eye diseases. Chinese and international scholars have studied them with biotechnology and computer technology from many perspectives such as their pathogen, pathogenesis and treatment, and have made great progress. The categorical study of binocular visual function in patients with strabismus and amblyopia provides comprehensive and accurate insights on the neurological mechanism and corresponding biological model, which is conducive to discovering new methods for the clinical treatment of the diseases and reconstruction of visual function. This paper introduces the definition and mechanism of perceptual learning, and discusses the possible influence factors, the duration of the treatment effect and neural mechanism of perceptual learning. The further researches were needed on the aspects of the neural mechanism of strabismus and amblyopia, the specific mechanism of the reconstruction of visual function and influence factors of perception learning. In recent years, the research on the plasticity of cerebral nerves and perceptual learning is getting more deeply. Perceptual learning has been used in clinical treatment of strabismus and amblyopia and the restoration of binocular visual function, and has achieved gratifying results. Hereby, we present a literature review on the domestic and international researches concerning the treatment of perceptual learning.

Advances of the roles of HSP60 in ocular diseases

Xi-Hui Chen,Sheng Su and Ping Liu — 2015/9/25 17:05:20

Heat shock protein(HSP)is a kind of heat stress protein that widely exists in organism. Its expression will be significantly increased if the cells are under stress conditions(such as heat shock, pathogen infection, tissue injury, physiological stress, etc.). HSP60 is one of the families of HSPs, which can be induced by various stimuli, and may be released by stress or necrotic cells. HSP60 could play an important role in anti-infection, autoimmune, aging and apoptosis. The latest researches showed that HSP60 involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of eye diseases. Therefore, the effect and of HSP60 on the eyes and its molecular mechanism in related disease processes were reviewed in this study.

Influence of protein unwinding on conformational diseases

Han-Xiao Ren,Qian Gao,Yin Jia and Wen-Jie Li — 2015/9/25 17:05:20

Protein unwinding includes advanced structure changes, the formation and fracture of disulfide bond and so on. Protein unwinding is widely involved in the physiological and pathological processes in vivo, of which advanced structure changes have important influences on the occurrence and development of conformational diseases. In order to seek for the common pathological mechanism and corresponding intervention approach, this review summarizes the current information about conformational diseases, especially about cataract and Alzheimer's disease.

Application of intraocular lens in infant cataract surgery

Jin-Yan Qi,Wei Xiao,Ming-Yue Wang and Wei Pu — 2015/9/25 17:05:20

Cataract extraction and the intraocular lens(IOL)implantation are the first choice to cure children cataract both domestic and overseas so far. However, IOL implantation in the eyes of children, especially in infant, has always been cared by ophthalmologists. Timely implanting IOL after the cataract extraction has played a significant role in terms of the refractive correction, the establishment of visual function, the prevention of amblyopia and the reconstruction of binocular vision. However, on the issue of IOL implantation after cataract extraction, there is always controversy on cataract treatment programs for children, and the focus of the controversy is when the IOL should be implanted. Theoretically, the principle of pediatric cataract surgery is the sooner the better, aiming to remove deprivation factor, open the visual pathway, implant IOL timely, and promote the visual development. How to find both “early” and safe IOL implantation time point is undoubtedly helpful for the rehabilitation of visual function of these children. The issues on the IOL implantation after children cataract extraction both at home and abroad are summarized below.

Femtosecond laser's application in the corneal surgery

Shu-Liang Wang,Zhi-Fang Qiu,Hong-Li Li and Qin Hu — 2015/9/25 17:05:20

With the rapid development over the past two decades,femtosecond(10^-15s)lasers(FS)has become a new application in ophthalmic surgery. As laser power is defined as energy delivered per unit time, decreasing the pulse duration to femtosecond level(100fs)not only increases the power delivered but also decreases the fluence threshold for laser induced optical breakdown. In ablating tissue, FS has an edge over nanosecond lasers as there is minimal collateral damage from shock waves and heat conduction during surgical ablation. Thus, application of FS has been widely spread, from flap creation for laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis(LASIK)surgery, cutting of donor and recipient corneas in keratoplasty, creation of pockets for intracorneal ring implantation. FS applied in keratoplasty is mainly used in making graft and recipient bed, and can exactly cut different tissue of keratopathy. FS can also cut partial tissue of cornea, even if it is under the moderate corneal macula and corneal edema condition.

Study progresses on continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis

Bo Gao,Mao-Lan Yang and Jiu-Min Yuan — 2015/9/25 17:05:20

As the progress of modern techniques for cataract extraction surgery and various needs of intraocular lens(IOL)implantation, continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis(CCC)is still in absolute dominance among different ways of incision of anterior capsular lens in clinical practices, due to its advantages such as smoothness of capsulor opening, strong anti-tearing ability, integrity of supporting capsular bag, and strength at maintaining IOL stability. This article describes in general the historical development of CCC and complementary methods adapted to raise success rate when it is used in special cases of cataract extraction surgery. Meanwhile, the article also discusses briefly and envisions the prospects of femotsecond laser applied in CCC technique for cataract extraction.

Development of neural retina in retinopathy of prematurity

Yi Luo and Ping Wang — 2015/9/25 17:05:20

Retinopathy of prematurity(ROP)is an important cause of infant blindness and visual impairment in the world, of which main clinical characteristics are peripheral retinal vascular abnormalities, including large non-perfusion area and abnormal neovascularization. Numerous researches have demonstrated that ROP affects the differentiation and maturity of retinal photoreceptor cells, with more significantly effect on rods than cones, and later mostly caused ametropia, strabismus, amblyopia and a series of abnormal visual functions, the specific mechanism remains unclear. After treatments, even the retinal vascular proliferation lesions disappear itself, but the abnormal development of photoreceptor cells and the resulting visual dysfunction will persist. Currently the best evaluation mean of clinical assessment about retinal function is mainly visual electrophysiology, especially flash electroretinogram(f-ERG), which can reflect the whole retinal functional status before ganglion cells, has a unique significance for the evaluation of retinal photoreceptor cells function. In this review, we aims at the development of neural retina(mainly photoreceptor cells)and its related mechanisms, also the visual function changes appeared in the late period about ROP and its mechanisms, guiding us to pursuit better methods for treatment.

Research advance of collagen protein in eye diseases

Xing-Xing Chen,Xing-Ru Zhang,Qing-Song Li,Min-Hong Xiang and Gui-Zhen Zhou — 2015/9/25 17:05:20

Collagen protein has special biological characteristics and physical properties, including quaternary structure, low immunogenicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability and hemostatic properties and so on, which are the foundation of collagen protein being widely used and it has important relationship with the occurrence and development of some eye diseases, such as keratoconus, conjunctivochalasis, high myopia, etc. This paper reviews the recent progress of collagen protein in eye diseases.

Meta analysis of VEGF periodic expression in intraocular tissue of diabetic rats

Jing Lou,Ting-Yu Xie and Xue-Yi Chen — 2015/9/25 17:05:20

AIM:To investigate VEGF expression at various stages of diabetic rats eye disease through Meta analysis and then provide effective reference for clinical treatment.

METHODS:The randomized controlled experiment which studied the VEGF expression in the course of diabetic eye disease and used diabetic rat model was screened by searching database including pubmed, EMBASE, Medline, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP. Jadad scale(5 points as the full marks)was used to assess the quality of the included literatures. Data synthesis was carried out by the fixed effect model after heterogeneity test. Subgroups were divided according to different experiment stages.

RESULTS:Eight high quality literatures were included, two literatures were excluded after heterogeneity test. Data synthesis showed that VEGF expression in intraocular tissue of diabetic rats increased by 1.62%\〖95%CI(1.20～2.03),P<0.01\〗.

CONCLUSION:VEGF expression in intraocular tissue of diabetic rats is increased in each stage and gradually decreases monthly from two to six months.

Effects of intracameral cefuroxime injection on the prophylaxis of endophthalmitis after cataract surgeries: a Meta-analysis

Xiao-Yu Wu and Lin-Zhi Jiang — 2015/9/25 17:05:21

AIM: To evaluate the effects of intracameral cefuroxime injection on the prophylaxis of postoperative endophthalmitis after cataract surgeries, and compare endophthalmitis conditions between intracameral cefuroxime injection group and no intervention control group, using Meta analysis to search literatures at home and abroad.

METHODS:By searching through Pubmed, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, QVIP, CNKI, Wanfang, the literatures published from January 1^st 2006 to January 31^rd 2015 were collected. The data in five literatures about the effects of intracameral cefuroxime injection on the prophylaxis of endophthalmitis after cataract surgeries were analyzed. By extracting data, incidence of endophthalmitis after cataract surgeries with taking the preventive measures or not taking was compared by Review Manager 5.2. Adopting fixed effect model, values of odds ratio(OR)and 95% Confidence Interval(95%CI)were recorded and compared, analyzed sensitivity analysis, excluded heterogeneity and calculated outcomes.

RESULTS: After comparing the incidence of endophthalmitis from intracameral cefuroxime injection group and control group, the result was statistically significant \〖OR=0.11(P<0.01); 95% CI: 0.07～0.18\〗.

CONCLUSION:Intracameral cefuroxime injection can effectively decrease the occurrence of endophthalmitis after cataract surgeries.

Effect of matrix metalloproteinases in keratoconus

Hong-Zhen Jia and Xiu-Jun Peng — 2016/8/22 9:57:56

Keratoconus is characterized by progressive corneal thinning and protrusion, resulting in irregular astigmatism and visual impairment. Numerous studies show that matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs)play a key role in matrix degradation and thinning process. Corneal crosslinking(CXL)is a recently developed noninvasive treatment method which can delay or even prevent progression of keratoconus. Most studies focused on effect of CXL on corneal biomechanics and structure, but less on MMPs. Researches have shown that MMPs in tears of patients with keratoconus after CXL change, however alterations of those in corneal matrix remain unclear. Further study on the changes of MMPs after CXL is helpful to understand pathophysiological processes of postoperative keratoconus and mechanism of CXL stabilizing course of keratoconus.

Analysis of visual satisfaction after cataract surgery in biology, society and psycology

Yu-Yan Guo, Xu Zha, Yuan-Ping Zhang, Xue-Ying Zhao and Lin-Kun Ma — 2016/8/22 9:57:56

Phacoemulsification has been widely used in clinical practice. Patients' postoperative visual satisfaction has become the focus of ophthalmology doctors. Cataract surgery is certain to affected by biological, social and psychological factors as a sight restoring surgery. In this paper, we would elaborate the relevant factors in detail in order to guide the clinical work and improve the postoperative satisfaction.

Progress of treatment method in primary angle-closure glaucoma with co-existing cataract

Shun-Jie Fu and Huang Zhu — 2016/8/22 9:57:56

Glaucoma and cataract are the common diseases in Ophthalmology. They are also two major causes of blindness. In China, the incidence probability of primary angle-closure glaucoma(PACG)is high, and the pupil occlusion caused by lens factor is very important in glaucoma pathogenic factors. Removal of the lens can also remove the fact of pupil occlusion. With the development of medicine, there are many methods for the treatment of angle closure glaucoma and cataract. This article reviews the progress of the treatment of angle closure glaucoma with co-existing cataract, in order to provide more reference and the selection for the treatment and surgical operation.

Advance in treatment of retinal vein occlusion

Rui-Fang Yang and Hong-Yan Du — 2016/8/22 9:57:56

Retinal vein occlusion is the second most common retinal vascular disease after diabetic retinopathy. The etiology and pathogenesis is still unclear. Macular edema and retinal ischemia is the main cause of vision loss. The article illustrates the advancement of retinal vein occlusion treated with medicine, laser and surgical treatment and mentions the prospects in the future.

Optical coherence tomography in refractive error

Xi Chen and Li-Juan Tao — 2016/8/22 9:57:56

From 1990s, optical coherence tomography(OCT)can diagnose more diseases as early as possible. It's visible, quantified, noninvasive, painless, high resolution and so on. In recent years, refractive errors have an increasing incidence and the age of onset becomes younger. More and more researchers focus on the problem using technology in refractive error study. It can find small changes in retinal and choroidal thickness early. If we take immediate actions, it may build a foundation for further study. This article summarizes the application of optical coherence tomography in refractive error.

Research progress of IgG4-related ocular disease

Xu Fang, Li-Qiong Zhang, Yuan Zhou and Zi-Rui Liu — 2016/8/22 9:57:56

IgG4-related ocular disease, a chronic systemic disease with lgG4, is characterized by elevated serum levels of lgG4 and a dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate rich in lgG4-positive plasma cells in involved ocular adnexa such as lacrimal glands, extraocular muscles, infraorbital nerve and so on. It is often the first symptom of systematic disease. IgG4-related ocular disease has a good response to steroids. In this article we will review relevant literatures of this disorder.

Mechanism of DJ-1 against oxidative stress and its roles in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration and Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy

Ya-Lan Zhou, Jun Zeng and Bai-Hua Chen — 2016/7/26 10:36:28

DJ-1 has been reported to act as aredox-activated chaperone and sensor of oxidative stress participated in a variety of activities in cellular, playing an important role in resisting oxidative stress, regulating signaling pathways and gene transcription, and maintaining mitochondria dynamic balance. DJ-1 is closely related to the occurrence and development of various diseases. Recently, the effect of DJ-1 in eye diseases has drawn more attention, and researchers have found its significant role of resistance to oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy(FECD)and age-related macular degeneration(AMD).This review will state the mechanism of DJ-1 against oxidative stress and its role in the development of eye diseases.

Functions of long noncoding RNAs and their roles in ocular diseases

Fang-Kun Zhao, Yu Qin, Jing Li and Jin-Song Zhang — 2016/7/26 10:36:28

Advances in genome-wide analysis have revealed that up to 90% of the human genome is transcribed. However, only approximately 1% of RNA transcripts encode proteins, and the remaining transcripts are noncoding RNAs. Noncoding RNAs can be roughly divided into small noncoding RNAs(<200nt)and long noncoding RNAs(LncRNAs, >200nt). Small noncoding RNAs include microRNAs, transfer RNAs and small nucleolar RNAs, whereas the long noncoding RNAs comprise ribosomal RNA, natural antisense transcripts, etc. Although the biosynthesis and biological activities of microRNAs are well studied through bioinformatics and active biological molecules analysis, the understanding of LncRNAs on these aspects is still limited. LncRNAs play multiple roles in regulating gene transcription and translation, and epigenetics. Aberrant LncRNAs expression can occur in various pathological processes and significantly related to the pathogenesis or poor prognosis of ophthalmological diseases. In this review, we will focus on the characteristics and regulatory functions of LncRNAs that are commonly associated with ophthalmological diseases.

Research progress of fluorometholone on dry eye

Xing-Ru Chen and Wei-Ping Gao — 2016/7/26 10:36:28

Dry eye is a common eye disease around the world, which has highly incidence. Although there are many treatment measures for dry eye, the clinical effect is not satisfactory. There is a close relationship between inflammation and dry eye, so the researchers pay more attention on anti-inflammatory therapy, such as fluorometholone. To explore the effect of anti-inflammatory medicine on dry eye, put forward the problems and shortcomings as well, lay the foundation for further study, and provide a strong theoretical basis for the clinical use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of dry eye, the author summarizes the clinical and experimental research progress of fluorometholone on dry eye in China and abroad.

Role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha in retinoblastoma development

Jia-Li Hu and Yu Gao — 2016/7/26 10:36:28

Retinoblastoma is a common eye malignant tumor which has high degree of malignancy.The traditional treatment methods are destructive, and the prognosis is poor. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α highly express in retinoblastoma and regulate the development and progression of retinoblastoma(by influencing the proliferation and differentiation of tumor cells and involving in the generation of vascular mimicry). This article reviewed the role of hypoxia inducible factor-1α in the development of retinoblastoma which will initiate a new avenue for the treatment of retinoblastoma.

Diagnostic significance of urine microalbumin test for early diabetic retinopathy

Yu Qiao and Ping Wang — 2016/7/26 10:36:28

Diabetic retinopathy is one of those significant complications of diabetes. With the increasing number of diabetic patients, blind caused by diabetic retinopathy is a serious threat to human health which cannot be neglected, but there is no highly effective treatment for it. Consequently, early detection and preventive treatment for it are important. Currently, studies have found that urine microalbumin had a close relation with diabetic retinopathy and that urine microalbumin might play an important role in early predicting of diabetic retinopathy. The review is about the diagnostic significance of urine microalbumin test for early diabetic retinopathy.

Progress and application of 27-gauge micro-incision vitrectomy

Jie Li, San-Mei Liu, Fang Li and Jie Zhong — 2016/7/26 10:36:28

Since the introduction of 25-gauge/23-gauge(25G/23G)sutureless micro-incision vitrectomy surgery(MIVS)at the beginning of the 21 century, we have stepped into an era of micro-incision vitreoretinal surgery more than10a. The current 25/23G MIVS provide numerous advantages over the conventional 20G vitrectomy surgery including simplified surgical procedure, shortened operating time, decreased complications as well as smaller sclerotomy wound. As a result, vitreoretinal surgeons have been shifting gradually from 20-gauge to 25/23-gauge vitrectomy in the past decade. As the 25/23G MIVS adapted worldwide, however, its drawbacks were also increasingly reported. Most criticism regarding to current 25/23G MIVS are focusing on would sealing related complications. Based on stablished notion regarding vitrectomy -“the smaller the better”, researchers and doctors were keeping on exploring the next generation of vitrectomy system. Thanks to the innovation and development in new generation vitrectomy machines, high lumen output light source, more delicate manufacturing technology and clear wild angle fundus view system, Dr. Oshima from Japan launched the first 27-gauge vitrectomy surgery system. It provided us novel surgical experience with smaller sclerotomy wound and faster cut rate. Further development and refinement of vitrectomy with 27-gauge or more are still on its way and will continue in the future. Undoubtedly, MIVS would be heated debated regarding its pro/con, complications, indications and future development. Combined with our own experiences, here we briefly reviewed the 27-gauge vitrectomy surgery.

Application of color vision tests on the diagnosis and treatment for common ocular fundus diseases

Jie Su, Ming-Xin Ao and Wei Wang — 2016/7/26 10:36:28

Color vision has been an important part of the human visual function. It is determined by the phytochrome of cone. In many clinical cases of ocular fundus diseases, patients had color vision loss, which shows that color visions tests is necessary and meaningful. At present, doctors have not paid attention to it and adopt the tests rarely. The article summarizes the tests of color in common use and applications on the diagnosis and treatment for common ocular fundus diseases to be a theory basis.

Advance of small incision lenticule extraction with femtosecond laser

Na-Na Zhang and Zhen-Guo Yan — 2016/7/26 10:36:28

The small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE)with femtosecond laser is a new mode of corneal refractive surgeryrecently. The safety, efficacy, stability and predictability of SMILE lead the corneal refractive surgery to a new world that only use femtosecond laser to correct myopia. With the development and popularity of SMILE, the clinical effect has aroused much concern. But there remain exited disputes in refractive stability, visual quality and corneal biomechanical property, contrast sensitivity and glare symptoms, corneal sensitivity and dye eye, corneal endothelial cells and intraocular pressure. These will be summarized in this review.

Research progress of growth factors in the pathogenesis and developments of myopia

De-Long Shi, Jian-Feng Wu, Guo-Ping Li and Hong-Sheng Bi — 2016/6/29 17:05:29

Myopia is one of the most popular eye diseases all over the world. The development of the current understanding of its mechanism is still limited. Many studies indicated that the growth factors closely related to eye development and myopia. Some growth factors with biological activity, such as transforming growth factor(TGF), fibroblast growth factor(FGF)and epidermal growth factor(EGF), have an impact on scleral thickness variation, the regulation of the development of myopia and so on, which plays a non-negligible role in the pathogenesis of myopia. In this paper, the function of various growth factors in myopia will be reviewed.

Review of juvenile myopia risk factors

Yi-Fan Liu, Zhi-Yan Jia and Ping Liu — 2016/6/29 17:05:29

Myopia is the most important cause of visual impairment in adolescents. However, its etiology is complex. In recent years, a large number of epidemiological studies have been done on risk factors of myopia. Most of these studies is cross-sectional study, not longitudinal cohort study. Overall, the incidence of myopia is the result of the interaction between genetic susceptibility and environmental exposure. This review is about the risk factors for myopia.

Study progress of clinical electrophysiology on amblyopia

Ao Zhang, Xing-Ke Yan and An-Guo Liu — 2016/6/29 17:05:29

Electrophysiology examination is an important technique in studying amblyopia, which mainly includes electrooculography(EOG), electroretinography(ERG), visual evoked potential(VEP). This study does not only summarizes the definition, the mechanisms and the meaning of these indexes in the relevant research progress in recent years, but also makes a comment on the controversies among the relevant research conclusions.

Effect of glaucoma surgery on corneal endothelial cells

Xue-Jiao Xu, Hong-Bo Cheng and Bing Han — 2016/6/29 17:05:29

The corneal transparency is one of the important basic conditions for realizing normal physiological functions of visual organs. Also corneal endothelial cells are important conditions for maintaining normal corneal transparency. Therefore, only to ensure the morphology and physiological integrity of the corneal endothelial, can have normal vision. However, intraocular surgeries inevitably cause damage to corneal endothelial cells. This paper will review the effects of glaucoma surgery on corneal endothelial cells.

Research progress on early diagnosis of primary open angle glaucoma

Can Wang and Ping Zhao — 2016/6/29 17:05:29

Glaucoma is a progressive optic nerve disease, it can cause structural changes of the optic nerve, resulting in irreversible damage of visual function. Early diagnosis is the key to treat the disease at an early stage to stop or delay the progression of visual functional defects. New technologies, including optic nerve and nerve fiber layer structural tests and visual functional tests, increased the diagnosis rate of primary open angle glaucoma(POAG)at an early stage.

Research progress of the relationship between choroidal thickness and idiopathic macular hole

Li-Xian He and Er-Hua Liu — 2016/6/29 17:05:29

Idiopathic macular hole is a full-thickness defect of retinal tissue involving the anatomic fovea and affecting central visual acuity and quality of life in elder patients. Recent evidence showed that the alterations of choroidal blood flow and choroidal thickness are associated with the formation of macular holes. Enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography(EDI SD-OCT)enables in vivo measurement of choroidal thickness and may provide new insight into the understanding of pathogenesis of idiopathic macular hole. In this article, we reviewed current studies on the relationship between choroidal thickness measured by optical coherence tomography and the pathogenesis of idiopathic macular hole.

Application and development of non contact angle-wide viewing system in vitreous retinal surgery

Rong-Hua He, Guo-Hong Zhou, Li Kong and Jing Li — 2016/6/29 17:05:29

Wide-angle viewing system as an important auxiliary device can clearly observe the whole fundus field of vision in vitreous surgery, which enable vitreoretinal surgery more efficient, safer and more effective. So it has very high application value in ophthalmologic operation. In this paper, we studied the development and application of wide-angle viewing system in vitreoretinal surgery in recent years, from which we summed up the advantage of non-contact wide-angle viewing system in clinical field, and pointed out the shortcomings. The ultimate goal is to make the non-contact wide-angle viewing system better applied in vitreous surgery.

Research progress of prevention and control intervention methods for childhood myopia

Fei Xia and Liang-Cheng Wu — 2016/6/29 17:05:29

Myopia is one of the three main school public health problems in China, the prevalence of which has been showing a rising and low-aging tendency in the past few decades. High myopia can cause several vision-threatening problems such as degenerative retinal conditions, cataracts, retinal detachment, and choroidal neovascularization. Its related complications are the leading causes of visual impairment and blindness, adversely impacting the afflicted individual's quality of life. Therefore, the prevention and control of myopia have become a common concern of family, school and health department. The purpose of this review is to summarize the progression of a variety of intervention methods used to prevent and control childhood myopia in recent years.

Progress of research on corneal collagen cross-linking for corneal melting

Ke-Ren Xiao and Shu-Xi He — 2016/5/31 16:15:54

Corneal collagen cross-linking(CXL)could increase the mechanical strength, biological stability and halt ectasia progression due to covalent bond formed by photochemical reaction between ultraviolet-A and emulsion of riboflavin between collagen fibers in corneal stroma. Corneal melting is an autoimmune related noninfectious corneal ulcer. The mechanism of corneal melting, major treatment, the basic fundamental of ultraviolet-A riboflavin induced CXL and the clinical researches status and experiment in CXL were summarized in the study.

Research progress of intraoperative floppy iris syndrome during phacoemulsification

Mei-Yan Xin and Wei Cui — 2016/5/31 16:15:54

Intraoperative floppy iris syndrome is a particular symptom in phacoemulsification, and it is often occurred in patients with the history of using alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist before cataract surgery. Although the pupil be fully mydriatic before the operation, the progressive constricting of the pupil, the relaxing of iris even the iridoptosis and the unstable anterior chamber still can be found during the phacoemulsification. If treated inappropriately, severe complications and terrible outcomes may happen,which would influenced the surgery effectives. This paper reviewed the epidemiological characteristics, pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical manifestations, complications, and coping strategies of the intraoperative floppy iris syndrome.

Research progress of primary open angle glaucoma, 24h intraocular pressure and ocular perfusion pressure

Jia-Li Ru and Jin-Ying Li — 2016/5/31 16:15:54

Primary open angle glaucoma(POAG)is one of the eye diseases which can lead to blindness. The early symptom of POAG is unconspicuous, however, it will result in irreversible optic never damage and visual field defect with the disease progress. As an index for diagnosing and evaluating the therapeutic effect of POAG, intraocular pressure(IOP)is simple and important. Clinically, although some treated patients have a target IOP at clinic time, the optic never damage still get worse. Researches indicate that higher nocturnal IOP and 24h IOP variation and lower nocturnal ocular perfusion pressure(OPP)may be the reasons for this phenomenon. The following essay will give an overview of POAG,IOP and OPP according to the relevant literatures so that we can have a better understanding.

Common clinical types and management of secondary glaucoma after ocular trauma

Jing Ren,Jing-Wen Liu and Bo Qin — 2016/5/31 16:15:54

Ocular trauma related glaucoma is one of secondary glaucoma, which can lead to serious visual loss. According to the complex clinical findings and pathogenesis of ocular trauma related glaucoma, we divide traumatic secondary glaucoma into hyphema related glaucoma, angle recession related, lens injury related, adhesion and proliferation related.The treatment of secondary traumatic glaucoma with ocular trauma were different, specific treatment measures should be given according to the specific case to protect visual function.

Research advance on diagnosis and treatment for atypical optic neuritis

Guo-Yan Zeng,Yuan-Ping Zhang and Jing-Hua Li — 2016/5/31 16:15:54

Optic neuritis(ON)is one of the most common causes of vision loss by neural eye diseases in youth and middle-aged. In the past, the diagnosis simply according to the risk position, which did not distinguish from the pathogenesis and clinical characteristics, can not meet the current clinical diagnosis and treatment needs. Combining with the etiology, clinical characteristics and prognosis, the latest classification of the current international diagnosis of ON are typical and atypical ON. Typical ON relates to multiple sclerosis(MS)or demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, it has a relatively good therapeutic effect and prognosis. Rather than, atypical ON has complex etiology, clinical manifestation, and the treatment and prognosis are also different. At present there are many international ON treatment guidelines with level I evidence-based medical evidence, but with different genetic background, geographical environment and ethnic groups, they are not been determined. China lacks of such a multicenter large sample, a wide range of research evidence. In this paper, we will summarize the progress of the diagnosis and treatment about ON, especially about the atypical ON, in order to provide some suggestions to further improve the standardization and individualization for clinical diagnosis and treatment on ON.

Progress of research on pterygial pathogenesis

Huai-Yun Jin and Jian-Feng Wang — 2016/5/31 16:15:54

Pterygium is one of the most common ocular surface diseases. Its exact etiology and pathogenesis are not completely understood. At present, it is considered that its occurrence and development is the result of many factors.Current studies have indicated that the occurrence of pterygium is closely related to the environmental factors.Long time exposure to sunlight,dust, pollen and other long-term chronic stimulation are the main incentive factors.Various factors have caused limbal barrier dysfunction, induced the level of a variety of growth factors and inflammatory factors increased, so that the conjunctival tissue degenerate and proliferate to the cornea in the formation of pterygium. In this paper, the research progress of the pathogenesis of pterygium is reviewed.

Research progress on inflammatory immunity related signaling pathway for the pathogenesis of dry eye

Li-Ping Cai and Hong Zhang — 2016/5/31 16:15:54

Dry eye(DE)is a multifactorial disease of tear film and ocular surface. Inflammation in the ocular surface plays a main role in the pathogenesis of DE. Accordingly, inflammation and therapies that inhibit immune response may become topic for DE in recent years. Unfortunately, there are few studies about signaling pathway that has changed in ocular surface of DE. It is novel and there are few researches on how inflammation active signaling pathway and how it was regulated by signaling pathway on DE. This paper presents a review about inflammation active signaling pathway and its regulation on signaling pathway of DE.

Analysis on shift and rotation of intraocular lens after phakic collamer lens implantation

Yuan-Yuan Lu,Na Yang,Xue-Dong Li and Jun Kong — 2016/5/3 15:55:04

Recently, the incidence of myopia increases year by year. The effectiveness of refractive surgery for the correction of ametropia is widely recognized with rapid development of ophthalmic microsurgery. The laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK)has been accepted as a regular refractive surgery technique to correct mild and moderate myopia. However, it shows inadequacy in ability to correct high refractive errors, and in patients with thin cornea and keratoconus. In 1993, Staar Surgical(A.G. Nidau)introduced a modified intraocular collamer lens(ICL)for the correction of high myopia, which emerged as a safe and effective operation for moderate or high myopia gradually. Although it has already been proved that ICL has safety and efficacy for the correction of high myopia, several studies reported dislocation and rotation of ICL after implantation, which led decreased vision and poor satisfaction. In severe cases, secondary glaucoma, anterior subcapsular cataract happened consequentially. These potential complications have drawn more and more attention by the majority of physicians and scholars. This paper aims to discuss the potential cause of shift and rotation of ICLs after implantation.

Current clinical research of immunoglobulin G4-related orbital disease

Yang Wang,Hui-Fang Zhou and Xian-Qun Fan — 2016/5/3 15:55:04

Immunoglobulin G4-related disease(IgG4-related disease)has received lots of attention in medical community as a recently recognized fibro-inflammatory condition. It is characterized by infiltration of IgG4-immunopositive plasmacytes and concentration of elevated serum IgG4. IgG4-related disease shows organ enlargement or nodular/hyperplastic lesions in various organs including the pancreas, hepatobiliary tract and orbit, which is called IgG4-related orbital disease. The diagnostic criteria for IgG4-related disease and IgG4-related orbital disease has recently been established, which is based on clinical, imaging and histopathologic features of the orbital lesions. Besides, attention should be drawn to the differentiation from other diseases. The treatment is empirical including corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, radiotherapy, and rituximab. This article reviews clinical progression of IgG4-related orbital disease.

Recent clinical research progress on surgical treatment for hard nuclear cataract

Hui Zhang and Wei Cui — 2016/5/3 15:55:04

Because of the clinical features, hard nuclear cataract surgery has great difficulty and increased postoperative complications(POC), which troubled clinical doctors all the time. In recent years, with the ophthalmic surgical instruments and equipments continues to be improved, also as surgical technique, the cure rate of cataract has obviously been improved. However, the operation mode selection for hard nuclear cataract has been the focus and difficulty for ophthalmologists. This review makes a summary of the recent clinical research progress on the treatment for hard nuclear cataract to analysis the advantages and disadvantages of various surgeries.

Research progress of diabetic retinopathy and apoptosis-relating genes

Pei-Yan Han and Hong-Bin Lü — 2016/5/3 15:55:04

Researches have shown that cell apoptosis participates pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, which is a process of polygenes regulation. The B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2(Bcl-2)family and Fas are all important genes that can regulate apoptosis. This article reviews the relation between diabetic retinopathy and apoptosis as well as expression of some related genes.

Treatment progress of diabetic macular edema

Dou Kou,Xiao-Lin Hao and Zhong-Chen Zhang — 2016/5/3 15:55:04

Diabetic retinopathy(DR),which can cause blindness, is a serious eye diseases. Diabetic macular edema(DME), often causes irreversible vision loss, can occur in any period of DR. The treatment of DME, including laser photocoagulation, anti-inflammatory therapy, anti-VEGF therapy and surgical treatment have made great progress in recent years as the researches on the pathogenesis deepening. The innovation of minimally invasive technique also proved the surgical treatment more convenience. The joint application of a variety of treatments, also become the main trend of treatment. A review of the present status and progress of the treatment was made in this paper.

Methods of amniotic membrane fixation in ocular amniotic membrane surgeries

Shu-Rong Wang,Chang Liu,Yu-Xi He,Xin Liu,Guan-Fang Su and Yan Zhang — 2016/5/3 15:55:04

Various ocular surface disorders like alkali burns and corneal ulcers can all cause damage to the cornea and conjunctiva, and often induce corneal neovascularization(CNV)that affects the visual function. However, amniotic membranes(AM)can promote the rapid epithelization of acute injured corneas and conjunctiva defects, diminish scarring, and perform anti-inflammatory effect. Therefore, AM has been widely used in ocular surface reconstructions and treatment of CNV. But the key problem is how to fix the AM. Only ensuring the adhesive time and cover area with convenient operation and little stimulation can achieve the best curative effect. This article reviews the methods of AM fixation in AM patch technique.

Research progress on molecular genetics of congenital ectopic lentis

Wen-Jiao Xia,Xue Gong and Wei Xiao — 2016/3/28 15:32:20

Congenital ectopic lentis is defined as a kind of connective tissue disease with obvious genetic predisposition that lens dislocates caused by imbalance of the traction of lens as a result of zonular fiber defect or dysplasia. We get further understanding of the molecular etiology and nosogenesis of congenital ectopic lentis under guidance of scientific research in recent years.Main suspicious disease-causing genes will be reviewed in this paper to provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Effect and current reseaches of extracellular matrix remodeling on primary open angle glaucoma

Yu Pang and Ling Yu — 2016/3/28 15:32:20

Glaucoma is characterized by optic atrophy and visual field defect. The pathological elevated intraocular pressure is the leading risk factor for glaucoma. The pathological characteristic of glaucoma is apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)and their axon loss. Changes of the amounts and compositions of the extracellular matrix(ECM)play a crucial role in the structure of trabecular meshwork, lamina cribrose of opitic nerve head and the apoptosis of RGCs. The expression of transforming growth factor-β2(TGF-β2)increases in trabecular meshwork and aqueous humor for glaucomatic patients, which leads to elevated intraocular pressure by secretion and accumulation of ECM. Elevated intraocular pressure causes changes in ECM of optic nerve head and retina, resulting in blocked transport of neurotrophins, the high level of matrix metalloproteinase(MMPs)-9 and low level of laminin respectively, which eventually lead to the apoptosis of RGCs. Therefore, it is important to understand the relationship between ECM and glaucoma, which may provide a new direction for glaucomatous pathogenesis and therapy.

Recent advances on treatment for refractory glaucoma

Xiao-Feng Sun,Ming-Ying Lai and Xiao-Tang Zhou — 2016/3/28 15:32:20

Refractory Glaucoma is a kind of intractable eye disease with strong destruction and high blindness rate, the failure rate of which is very high.The mainly reason is fibroblasts hyperplasia and scarring on filtration mouth that hindered the drainage and diffusion of aqueous. Combined trabeculectomy, glaucoma drainage device implantation, and cyclophotocoagulation are the common surgical procedures for refractory glaucoma. So far, glaucoma drainage device implantation is regarded as the first-line choice. The authors focus on the clinical efficacy and prospect of the surgery way for refractory glaucoma.

Clinical application of enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in different types of glaucoma

Chen Zhang and Wei Chen — 2016/3/28 15:32:20

The study on the relationship between choroidal thickness and glaucoma has been widespread concerned. In recent years, more and more studies show that enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography(EDI-OCT),which is an effective tool to study the change in vivo choroid, has important clinical value in the evaluation of choroidal change in various types of glaucoma.

Research advances of the treatments for corneal neovascularization

Hong Yang,Jin-Song Xue and Qin Jiang — 2016/3/28 15:32:20

Corneal neovascularization(CNV)is caused by the unbalance of corneal avascularity maintaining factors, and then the limbus capillary invades the transparent corneal tissue. CNV is one of the common causes of blindness. In recent years, with the developing of immunology, molecular biology and pharmacology,we have made a lot of breakthroughs about the pathogenesis and treatment of CNV. However, there is no effective medicine and therapy for CNV. In this article we reviewed the pathogenesis, molecular mechanism of CNV, and focus on the progress of therapies.

Research advance of diabetic retinal ganglion cell lesions

Dong-Jie Li,Di Wu and Xu-Xiang Zhang — 2016/3/28 15:32:20

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is one of the severe complications of diabetes, which could lead to severe visual impairment. Retinal ganglion cell(RGC)apoptosis has been confirmed both in vivo and in vitro prior to the definite micro-vascular damages. RGC impairment contributes to an early deterioration of vision. Hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, neuron growth factor deficiency and glutamate excitotoxicity were found to be involved in retinal ganglion cell apoptosis. Some neuron protective agents have been showed to prevent the apoptosis of RGC in experimental diabetic retinopathy. Clinical evidences about effectiveness and security also suggested potential treatments for the diabetic retinal neuron.

Regulatory mechanism and research progress of connective tissue growth factor in diabetic retinopathy

Xi-Da Liang,Guang Wang and Xiao-Long Chen — 2016/3/28 15:32:21

Diabetic retinopathy is one of the microvascular abnormal diseases. In the late stage of disease progression, the antibody of vascular endothelial growth factor can significantly inhibit the formation of new blood vessels and improve macular edema, which is widely used in clinical. However, the aggravation of pro-fibrotic influence after long-term treated by the medicine also attracts a wide range of attention. Connective tissue growth factor, as an important cytokine in intraocular fibrosis, over expressed after treated by the drug, is considered to be one of the most important factors in the side effect of the drug, and is also a potential therapeutic target. After finishing the current research, the regulation mechanism of connective tissue growth factor, includes two ways, regulation of gene expression and direct binding to other cell factors or receptors. Because of its special four module structure, it has many kinds of cell factor specific binding sites, and its regulation mode is more dependent on the latter, which promotes or inhibits the expression of several important cytokine pathways. In diabetic retinopathy, its expression goes throughout the disease process. The accumulation of connective tissue growth factor plays an important role in promoting the thickening of basement membrane and the formation of new blood vessels in the early stage of the clinical stage and the formation of the new blood vessels. In this paper, the regulatory mechanism of connective tissue growth factor and the research progress of this factor in DR are systematically expounded.

Application of optical coherence tomography angiography for diabetic retinopathy

Qing Liu and Ming Ai — 2016/3/28 15:32:21

Optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)is a new emerging technology of the optical coherence tomography(OCT)in recent years. It's a noninvasive and fast retinal vascular imaging technology with high resolution, and has been gradually applied to make diagnosis, gives treatment and follow-up for various types of retinal vascular diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy, choroid neovascularization, etc. OCTA has the unique advantages of layered observing the structure and shape of the chorioretinal vascular at different levels, and quantifying the blood flow index of designated scope and the flow area of lesions. However, OCTA requires high solid vision and good cooperation of patients, even has the limitations to observe the retinal scope and retinal vascular barrier function. With overcoming these limitations, it's helpful for us to improve the understanding of retinal vascular diseases, consummate the diagnosis and treatment and observation of retinal vascular diseases.

Research progress on mucin and its relevance to dry eye

Qiao-Ran Qi,Guang-Lin Shen and Xiao-Ping Ma — 2016/3/28 15:32:21

Mucins produced by corneal and conjunctival epithelia, conjunctival goblet cells and lacrimal apparatus are important components of preocular tear film, which play important roles as clearing molecules, lubricating agents, antimicrobial agents, dis-adhesive molecules, protective cell surface barrier, osmosensors and signal transmitter. The understanding of the functional roles of mucins and the regulatory steps governing its synthesis and secretion is necessary to develop effective treatment strategies for dry eye.

Induction methods and formation process of experimental myopia in guinea pigs

Mi-Duo Chen and Xi-Yuan Zhou — 2016/3/2 8:19:50

Myopia, especially high myopia, is one of the most important eye diseases in the world. For many years the researchers established a variety of animal models and animal experiments to explore the mechanism of development of myopia. Guinea pig is one of the most commonly used myopia models in recent years. It has obvious advantages in many aspects, and it is a kind of experimental animals which is worth to be further applied to different kinds of myopic experiments and to be studied thoroughly. This article reviews the induction methods and the forming process of the guinea pig myopia model.

Latest research progress of adjustable intraocular lens

Jing Wang,Lu Lu,Jiang-Yue Zhao,Jun Xu and Jin-Song Zhang — 2016/3/2 8:19:51

Despite the many advances in cataract surgery, incorrect intraocular lens(IOL)power remains a significant clinical problem which seriously affects the postoperative visual quality and satisfaction. Adjustable intraocular lens can be adjusted to provide a new way to solve this problem. The general concepts and clinical significances of adjustable IOL, as well as the designs and studies of several kinds of adjustable IOL, are described in this review. Adjustable IOL will give a new technological innovation to the cataract surgery to improve outcomes and increase expectations.

Progress on diagnosis and treatment of primary open angle glaucoma

Xia Ren,Jing He and Yan-Qin Feng — 2016/3/2 8:19:51

As past epidemiological results show, in addition to cataract, glaucoma is the second major cause of blindness in the world. Among them, primary open angle glaucoma is with high incidence, low and unobvious development. Its cause and pathogenesis is complex and diverse. In the early stage, most patients have no obvious symptoms. Most of them have entered middle or late stage when they visit the doctor and the visual impairment is irreversible, which extremely harm the family and the society. Therefore, early detection and treatment is the first priority to prevent further damage to visual function in patients with glaucoma. In recent years, with the proportion of the disease increasing year by year, new methods of diagnosis and treatment is one after another. But whether in early or late stage, reducing the intraocular pressure(IOP), keeping it in the target IOP range and delaying the visual impairment are still the ultimate goal of treatments. This test will be a summary of the diagnosis and treatment of primary open angle glaucoma based on the relevant literature in recent years.

Research advances on the treatment methods and strategies of neovascular glaucoma

Li-Qun Yi,Lin-Fang Ju,Su-E Zhong and He-Zheng Zhou — 2016/3/2 8:19:51

As a kind of refractory glaucoma, the neovascular glaucoma causes severe pain and is extremely destructive with very high rate of blindness. Though there were a variety of clinical treatments to the neovascular glaucoma, their effects are very limited. With the application of new technology in recent years, many new kinds of treatment methods and strategies are applied in the clinic, such as anti-VEGF agents and glaucoma drainage devices, and the therapeutic effect is thus improved to some extent. Combined treatments can improve the efficacy from improving the blood supply for retina, anti-angiogenesis and anti-glaucoma. A more appropriate treatment coming with the individual situation of patients' visual acuity may help keep the remaining vision at the greatest extent, relieve the pain. Based on the literatures published at home and abroad during recent years, this paper gives a brief review on the advances in treatment of neovascular glaucoma.

Advancement on effects of curcumin for molecular mechanism of anti-tumor- angiogenesis

Wen Gao,Yan-Jin He and Feng-Ming Liang — 2016/3/2 8:19:51

Curcumin as one kind of phenolic pigment extracted from dietary spice turmeric, has various pharmacological activity, which including anti-inflammatory, antioxidation, anticoagulation, hypolipidemic, anti-atherosclerotic, antineoplastic and antimutagenicity. Inducing apoptosis of tumor cells is one of the mechanisms of anti-tumor as well as anti-tumor-angiogenesis. The mechanisms of anti-angiogenesis include effecting the proliferation and apoptosis of vascular endothelial cell; inhibiting the expression of angiogenesis-promoting factor, such as inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)and its receptor to inhibit the formation of angiogenesis of tumor; reducing the activity of matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs)and acting through the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase(PI3K)signaling pathway, the mechanism of which is to down-regulating the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways in order to down-regulating VEGF, Ang-1,Ang-2, VEGFR-2 and etc. Further research for effects of curcumin for mechanism of anti-tumor-angiogenesis will lay the foundation of more effective therapy on anti-tumor-angiogenesis, which is useful for prevention and treatment of cancer.

Review of adult nasolacrimal duct obstruction surgeries and the recurrence mechanism

Yang Li,Zhen-Guo Yan and De-Kai Jiang — 2016/3/2 8:19:51

Nasolacrimal duct obstruction is a common disease, which have a high morbidity. The treatment of this disease is to take surgeries. In recent years, with new materials and various kinds of endoscopic technique gradually maturing, the treatment for nasolacrimal duct obstruction have had great advance. But after the operation,there are some people whose nasolacrimal duct obstruction happen again. The research on the mechanism of recurrence of nasolacrimal duct obstruction also increased nowadays.In this paper, the surgical treatment and the mechanism of the recurrence of nasolacrimal duct obstruction were reviewed.

Research progress on the prevalence and pathogen of dry eye syndrome after corneal refractive surgery

Zhi-Meng Zhang and Li-Kun Xia — 2016/3/2 8:19:51

Because of the rapid improving of corneal refractive surgery with laser, its characteristics such as safety, stability, availability and predictability have already been proved by clinical practice. Laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK), epipolis laser in situ keratomileusis(Epi-LASIK), femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis(FS-LASIK)and small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE)are the main operational methods. SMILE has gradually been being accepted by young and middle-aged with its minimal invasive and little post-surgery complications. Dry eye syndrome is one of the most common complications that may affect the visual effect of the surgery. Specialists and patients have paid more attention to dry eye disease after corneal refractive surgery. According to clinical and experimental researches, the basic condition of ocular surface before surgery, the application of drugs in or after the surgery, the type of refractive surgery that operator choose, as well as the damage and reinnervation of corneal nerve all play important roles in post-surgery dry eye. This article reviews the pathogen of dry eye disease after surgery and the prevalence of dry eye after surgery.

Psychophysical research progress of interocular suppression in amblyopic visual system

Jing-Jing Li and Yi Huang — 2016/3/2 8:19:51

Some recent animal experiments and psychophysical studies indicate that patients with amblyopia have a structurally intact binocular visual system that is rendered functionally monocular due to suppression, and interocular suppression is a key mechanism in visual deficits experienced by patients with amblyopia. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of recent psychophysical findings that have investigated the important role of interocular suppression in amblyopia, the measurement and modulation of suppression, and new dichoptic treatment intervention that directly target suppression.

Review of graft rejection in age-related macular degeneration replacement therapy

Xi-Ying Mao,Song-Tao Yuan and Qing-Huai Liu — 2016/2/3 8:48:35

Age-related macular degeneration(AMD)is the leading cause of blindness among the elderly worldwide. AMD is classified as either neovascular(wet)or non-neovascular(dry). The dysfunction and loss of retinal pigment epithelial(RPE)cells is regarded as the main pathological changes of AMD. The recent development of regenerative medicine has witnessed RPE cell-replacement therapy as a new approach to treat AMD, resulting in obvious visual improvement in various studies. However, there are still many problems and challenges that remain unsolved, including graft rejection. This review introduces subretinal immune environment under both normal and AMD condition, putting emphasis on immune response to allogeneic RPE. Lastly, strategies to prevent graft rejection are discussed.

Treatment progress of iridocorneal endothelial syndrome

Qing Zhao,Jun-Guo Guo and Xiao-Hua Ma — 2016/2/3 8:48:35

Iridocorneal endothelial syndrome(ICE syndrome)is one of the relatively rare clinical ocular diseases, of which pathogenesis is not clear. The symptoms are complicated, and the risk of blindness is very high. Patients often see a doctor due to glaucoma, visual loss, eye pain and abnormalities of the iris. Until recently there is not any ideal method to treat the syndrome. In clinical practice, doctors only have to treat the complications of this disease, using medicine or surgeries. This article will review the recent literature on the treatment of ICE syndrome, at the same time to identify the disease prone to misdiagnosis, to provide help for the treatment of ICE syndrome.

Beta B₂-crystallin and cataract

Yan Jiang,Gang-Jin Kang,Man-Hua Xu and Kai-Ming Li — 2016/2/3 8:48:36

Beta B₂-crystallin is the most abundant crystallin in the β-family, which plays an important role in the maintenance of the lens transparency and refraction. The abnormal of beta B₂-crystallin may be associated with the formation of various types of cataract. In recent years, the mechanism of cataract which caused by the related mutations of CRYBB₂ gene is becoming a hot spot of research. This article summarized the structure, function and mutation of beta B₂-crystallin and its relations with various types of cataract.

Functions of retinal pigment epithelial cell and its roles in anti-angiogenesis

Shu-Ya Zhang,Wei Kong and Jun Kong — 2016/2/3 8:48:36

The retinal pigment epithelial(RPE)is composed of a monolayer of cuboidal cells lying between the retinal photoreceptor and the Bruch's membrane of the choroids. The normality in morphology and function of RPE is essential for photoreceptor. RPE cells have the functions of selectively transporting nutrition, metabolic end products, ions and excess water, expressing and secreting various growth factors, involved in visual cycle, maintaining the blood-retinal barrier and phagocytosis of shed outer segments of photoreceptor cells. The blood-retinal barrier is indispensable for the maintaince of the retina homeostasis, so the dysfunction of the RPE cells contributes to variety of intraocular neovascular diease. This article reviews the roles of RPE in normal structure, secreting growth factors, maintaining the blood-retinal barrier and anti-angiogenesis.

Research progress of gender difference in ophthalmic disorders

Xiao-Na Ning and Hong Yan — 2016/2/3 8:48:36

There is the strong epidemiologic evidence of gender-specific difference for the incidence of the same ophthalmic disorder recently. Physiologic, behavioral, environmental and hereditary factors may contribute to these differences, but its pathogenesis is still unclear. This paper gives a brief review of research progress on epidemiologic feature and mechanism of the common ophthalmic disorders, including cataract, glaucoma, neuro-ophthalmologic disorders, and hereditary ocular disorders.

Research progress of the relation between MnSOD and age-related macular degeneration

Cheng-Da Ren and Jing Yu — 2015/12/28 16:16:00

Age-related macular degeneration(AMD)is one of the leading causes of senile irreversible blindness. The oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species(ROS), as a risk factor of AMD, plays a role in the pathogenesis of AMD. Manganese superoxide dismutase(MnSOD), as one of the first line antioxidant enzymes, could be expressed in retina cells.It has been demonstrated that MnSOD is correlated with AMD and has been confirmed in animals, cellular level, and patients. This article reviewed the recent literatures on the research and progress of the relation between MnSOD and AMD.

Application of anti-VEGF agents on the treatment of neovascular glaucoma

Qi-Meng Chu and Juerti Abudukadier — 2015/12/28 16:16:00

Neovascular glaucoma(NVG)is a kind of refractory glaucoma. Its etiology is mainly composed of various kinds of eye diseases causing retinal ischemia, hypoxia, leading to increased formation of VEGF. In recent years, anti-VEGF drugs as one of NVG treatments, has become a current research hotspot, and opened up a new path for NVG treatment. With the wide application of anti-VEGF drug in ophthalmology, treatments for NVG have entered a new field. This article is based on the anti-VEGF drugs in the domestic and abroad used for NVG, aiming to provide a reference for the clinical treatments of NVG.

Non-vitrectomy therapy for premacula hemorrhage

Wen-Li Duan and Fang Wang — 2015/12/28 16:16:00

Premacula hemorrhage can cause a sudden and dramatic loss of central vision. In some patients with premacula hemorrhage, the hemorrhage can be spontaneously resorbed, but in a slow-processing manner, and the toxic metabolites of resorbing process eventually cause permanent vision loss. Vitrectomy can effectively remove hemorrhage and improve vision. But its potential problematic complications and relatively high medical cost hinder the clinical application. Thus several non-vitrectomy techniques have gained attentions due to quickly vision recovering on treatment of premacula hemorrhage. In this article, we introduced and reviewed notable researches of non-vitrectomy techniques in recent years and their clinical applications.

Application and study of conjunctival sac disinfectants in ophthalmic surgeries

Yan-Fei Luo and Xi-Yuan Zhou — 2015/12/28 16:16:00

Postoperative endophthalmitis is the most serious complications of ophthalmic surgeries. Conjunctival sac disinfection is currently recognized as an effectively important way to reduce the risk of endophthalmitis. At present, there are some disinfectants has been used in clinic or in the researches:mercury agent, gentamicin, povidone iodine and acid electrolytic water. All kinds of disinfectants play the role of disinfection by different ways. Povidone iodine is the most widely used conjunctival sac disinfectant. Mercurial and gentamicin have been rarely used because they pollute the environment, are easy to cause drug resistant bacteria, localized side reactions and so on. The acid electrolyte water is not used in clinic at present. With the popularization and development of the ophthalmic surgeries, the ophthalmologists have become more and more concerned about the postoperative eye comfort, the research and application of conjunctival sac disinfectant in the future will continue to be updated and developed.

Relationship between light and the development of myopia

Hong-Wei Zhao and Yi-Fei Huang — 2015/12/28 16:16:00

Light is the basis of visual signal generated. Poor lighting phenomenon has an important influence on the refractive state of the eye development. With the trend of younger age of myopia onset, light in visual environment has become an important link of the occurrence and development of myopia. Light intensity, frequency, period rhythm and different wavelengths of light have a close relation with the occurrence and development of myopia. This article reviewed research progress on relation between the above parameters of light and myopia progression.

Relation of Endothelin-1 with ophthalmologic blinding diseases

Shuai Xiong,Xia Cao and Lin-Kun Ma — 2015/12/28 16:16:00

Endothelin-1(ET-1)is a vasoactive peptide containing 21 amino acids.It is currently considered as the most powerful vasoconstrictor. It not only plays a strong role in the contraction of blood vessels, but also can promote the inflammation. Besides its effects for cardiovascular, urinary, respiratory, digestion, nervous, reproduction, endocrine system, it also plays a very important role in ophthalmologic blinding diseases. For example, ET-1 in eye mainly distributed in the choroid and it has a relation with cataract development, increased intraocular pressure of glaucoma and optic nerve damage. ET- 1 has certain effect on the maintenance of micro vascular homeostasis in diabetic retinopathy(DR)and its diagnosis; in non-arteritis anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, the level of ET-1 concentration is consistent with the severity of the lesion. On condition judgment for diseases and prognosis evaluation, it has certain clinical significance. With the study of the mechanism of ET-1 in these diseases, the prevention and treatment of ophthalmologic diseases will gain great benefit in the future.

Application of in vivo confocal microscopy for ocular surface observing in patients with Sjögren's syndrome

Rui Liu, Bing Li and Min-Jie Sheng — 2016/11/23 0:00:00

Sjögren's syndrome(SS)is a kind of chronic inflammation auto-immune disorder, which characterized by dysfunction and destruction of exocrine glands. The presentation of SS in eyes we called keratoconjunctivitis sicca(KCS). Although significant advances in both basic and clinical research have been made over the past years, the pathophysiological mechanisms of KCS are still imprecise. In vivo confocal microscopy(IVCM)is a newly emerging, noninvasive with high-resolution technology, which allows the observation of corneal cells, corneal nerves, immune and inflammatory cells, conjunctiva and meibomian gland structures on a cellular level. Therefore, it could improve the understanding of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of the KCS. In this study, we reviewed the articles of IVCM to obtain an integrated, morphological and functional evaluation of the whole ocular surface in KCS patients with SS.

Summary of calculation of surgically induced astigmatism in cataract and refractive surgery

Hai-Liang Zhao and Jian Zhang — 2016/11/23 14:07:31

One of the main reasons affecting visual acuity after cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation is postoperative astigmatism. The postoperative astigmatism is the vectorial sum of preoperative and surgically induced astigmatism. The surgically induced astigmatism is a vector which includes size and direction. And the analysis of surgically induced astigmatism is the necessary step before cataract and refractive surgery. This paper has summarized the method of calculation of surgically induced astigmatism.

Progress in the systemic factors of postoperative curative of diabetic retinopathy

Shu-Xia Xu, Shi-Wei Huang and Guan-Fang Su — 2016/11/23 14:07:31

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is the leading cause of blindness due to diabetes in developed countries. The major therapies including vitrectomy and laser photocoagulation. This article provides an overview about the systemic factors of the postoperative curative of diabetic retinopathy.

Advances in vitamin D deficiency and DNA methylation in age-related macular degeneration

Bo Zhang, Jie Bai, Li Dong, Ping Liu and Yi Zheng — 2016/11/23 14:07:31

Age-related macular degeneration(AMD)is one of the main diseases in the world leading to vision loss in the elderly, and is a multi-factorial and multi-mechanism mediated chronic degenerative eye disease. The exact pathogenesis of AMD is still not clear, and many studies found that age, genetic factors, nutritional imbalance, epigenetics, oxidative stress, a variety of complement factors activation and inflammatory reaction were involved in the pathogenesis. Recent studies have found that vitamin D levels and DNA methylation were closely related to AMD. Thus, a simple generalization of vitamin D deficiency and DNA methylation in the pathogenesis of AMD were made.

Status of anti-VEGF drugs in vitro and in the treatment of ophthalmic diseases

Jian-Jun Yang, Qi Chen and Min Li — 2016/11/23 14:07:31

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(anti-VEGF)drugs are widely used in the ophthalmology. The main indications are wet age-related macular degeneration(wAMD). By searching the related literature, we draw a lot of anti-VEGF drugs' rare application case reports and clinical research progress in Ophthalmic diseases except wAMD. There are still gaps between vitro and the clinical use of those researches. The prospect of the application of anti-VEGF drugs is hopeful and attractive. More researches is needed.

Research progress in blueberry anthocyanin in eye disease

Jia-Yu Yao and Zhi-Jian Li — 2016/11/23 14:07:31

Blueberries, which can also be called cranberries, has many nicknames such as Benedict, persimmon and so on. It is a kind of berries which has high nutritional value and mainly cultivated in Shandong peninsula and large areas of Xiao Hinggan Mountains. It has strong antioxidant activity and radical scavenging ability because of the rich anthocyanins. It also has many advantages, such as the advantages of high efficiency, low toxicity and high bioavailability. Also, it can reduce blood pressure, hematic fat, to have remedial effect caused by diabetes capillaries disease anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, preventing Alzheimer's, helping support vision, decreasing the symptom of eye fatigue, promoting vascular circulation around our eyes, slowing down the aging of the retinal cell and prevent cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. This article mainly takes anthocyanin, which is extracted from blueberry for example to research its property, pharmacological effects and eye disease, such as slowing down the symptom of eye fatigue ametropia, ocular surface disease, cataract, glaucoma, retinopathy and so on. We believe that in the coming future, the pharmacological mechanism of procyanidins could be clarified much more clearly and exert its greater medical value. It will become effective drugs that provide more economic in ophthalmic clinical application and provides much more benefit to the patients.

Progress in diffusion tensor imaging in the optic nerve disease

Peng-Bo Zhao, Peng-De Guo and Jian Zhou — 2016/10/25 14:35:36

The optic nerve disease is a kind of diseases that seriously affect the visual function. In recent years, magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging(DTI)technology has been widely applied in the field of optic nerve diseases. Compared with the ophthalmic testing, such as optical coherence tomography imaging, visual evoked potential, field of vision, this method has obvious advantages. It not only can directly show the morphology changes of the optic nerve, visual pathway and visual cortex, but also can quantitatively analyze the morphological and pathological changes of the optic nerve, visual pathway and the visual cortex. This article reviews the imaging principle of diffusion tensor imaging, the progress and development prospect of diffusion tensor imaging in the study of the optic nerve diseases.

Application in diagnosis of primary glaucoma by macular ganglion cell complex thickness measurement with spectral-domain OCT

Xue-Rui He and Tao Liu — 2016/10/25 14:35:36

Glaucoma is a group of irreversible blind eye diseases with specific optic nerve damage and visual field defect.Early diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma is vital for prognosis, but difficult in clinical practice.Macular ganglion cell complex thickness(mGCC)consists of the inner three layers of retina:retinal nerve fiber, ganglion cell and inner plexiform layers, which is glaucoma target tissue so to be measured the thickness of the mGCC as better indicator for early diagnosis in glaucoma.Optical coherence tomography(OCT)is a non-contact, good repeatability technique to obtain fast high-resolution images from the anterior and posterior segments of the eye, and it has been widely used in ophthalmology.Spectral-domain(SD)OCT allows a higher image resolution and can measure the thickness of mGCC thickness, providing new parameters for the early diagnosis of glaucoma.

Significance of visual electrophysiological techniques in the early diagnosis of glaucoma

Xiao-Pei Zhang, Xiu-Ming Su, Mu-Di Yao, Qin Jiang and Guo-Fan Cao — 2016/10/25 14:35:37

Glaucoma is a group of diseases which can threaten and damage the optic nerve and its visual pathway, leading to visual impairment as a result. Glaucomatous optic neuropathy is a chronic disease accompanied by apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs), visual field defect and cupping of optic nerve head. The gold standard in functional glaucoma evaluation is standard automated perimetry(SAP), but it is often limited to the subjective feelings of the patients. Still, visual electrophysiological techniques cannot replace the conventional inspection, but with its rapid development, it has provided a new strategy for the early diagnosis of glaucoma as a supplement because it can show changes in amplitude and latency before visual field defect. Here we review three special electroretinograms and multifocal focal visually evoked potentials in the early diagnosis of glaucoma.

Progress of photodynamic therapy combined with anti-VEGF for patients with choroidal neovascularization

Yang Liu and Lei Li — 2016/10/25 14:35:37

Choroidal neovascularization(CNV)is a common severe complication of ocular fundus diseases, with great potentiality to cause blindness. The treatments of CNV include photodynamic therapy(PDT)and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)therapy. However, PDT produces little visual benefits, and may result in ischemia, inflammatory responses, even the secondary expressions of VEGF. Anti-VEGF therapy sustained visual efficiency by repeated injections, causing economic burden and adverse effects related to injection. Recently, PDT combined with anti-VEGF therapy has progressed in laboratory and clinical research. Therefore, the combined modality therapy became one of the treatment options for CNV. In order to reduce the side effects of mono-therapy, further study is required to determine appropriate combinations and dosage.

Progress in placental growth factor in ocular neovascular disease

Jun Zhou and Tao Liu — 2016/10/25 14:35:37

Neovascularization is the main cause of blindness, such as diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity and age-related macular degeneration. Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)plays an important role in the formation of angiogenesis, and is considered to be the most potent angiogenic growth factor. Placental Growth Factor(PlGF)is one of the VEGF family, which play a crucial role in endothelial cell proliferation and migration, angiogenesis, and immune-mediated inflammation. Meanwhile, PlGF is specifically expressed in pathological angiogenesis, but not in normal blood vessels. In recent years, there has been increasing attention to PlGF, therefore this article reviews the role of PlGF in neovascular ocular diseases.

Progress in the treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy

Yuan-Lu Shuai, Wang-Yi Fang and Song-Tao Yuan — 2016/10/25 14:35:37

Central serous chorioretinopathy(CSC)is an important cause for central vision loss. It mostly occurs in young and middle-aged men. It is a condition characterized by a serous detachment of neurosensory retina at the posterior pole and leakage from the retinal pigment epithelium(RPE). Most patients with acute CSC will resolve spontaneously. However, in cases of chronic CSC with persistent serous retinal detachment, patients might develop progressive vision loss. This article was made a brief review of the current treatment methods, including laser, photodynamic therapy(PDT), intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy and the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.

Progress on the measurement of corneal biomechanical properties

Qian Wang, Lin-Lin Wang, Yan Zhang and Shu-Rong Wang — 2016/9/19 0:00:00

Cornea is the major refractive components of the eye. As a viscoelastic tissue, cornea exhibits complicated biomechanical properties: non-linear elasticity, anisotropy and viscoelasticity. The biomechanical properties play an important role in keeping the normal structureand function. Changes in biomechanical properties are always earlier than the clinical symptoms. So quantitative measurement of the biomechanical properties benefits the early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Different methods to measure the biomechanical properties of cornea were reviewed in detail, including classic ex vivo destructive tests, commercially available in vivo measuring methods and other emerging methods with the potential for clinical application but not validated for in vivo measurement. The operating principles, advantages as well as limitations of these methods were also described.

Research progress of anti-VEGF for the therapy in wet age-related macular degeneration

Lu Wang and Hui Peng — 2016/9/19 17:26:49

Wet age-related macular degeneration is the leading cause of the severe, irreversible vision loss in individuals over the age of 65 years. Anti-VEGF therapy has been shown to play a key role in the pathogenesis of wAMD, which is the front-line therapy admittedly. It has no clear steady curative effect for some patients even if they accepted repeating Anti-VEGF therapy. For the purpose of visual acuity improved more, a steady flow of new therapy has emerged, such as function towards the same or different targets of antiangiogenesis, consolidating the effect by combination therapy, improving or simplifying the mode of administration, etc. This paper gives a brief review of the progress of anti-VEGF for the therapy in wet age-related macular degeneration.

Progress on Toric intraocular lens

Peng-Xiao Ren, Yang Zhou and Yong Liang — 2016/9/19 17:26:49

With the increasing perfection and improvement of microsurgery technique in modern ophthalmology, especially the popularization of micro-incision cataract extraction and the rise of femtosecond-laser-assisted cataract extraction, the cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation is gradually transformed from vision rehabilitation surgery into refractive surgery and people also pursue better postoperative visual experiences. However, the preoperative and postoperative corneal astigmatism is always the main factor affecting the postoperative visual effect. In recent years, the development of design and materials of the intraocular lens(IOL)provided necessary basic conditions for clinical application of the Toric IOL. The Toric IOL is primarily characterized by effective correction of cataract patients' postoperative corneal astigmatism, which results in the enhancement of patients' postoperative visual function. In this paper, the design, classification and clinical application of Toric IOL were analyzed, and current problems and prospect were discussed.

Progress of benign essential blepharospasm

Li-Hua Luo, Kang Wang, Yan-Fei Han, Li-Wei Liu and Shuang Li — 2016/9/19 17:26:49

Blepharospasm is a focal dystonia of the orbicularis oculi muscles, producing excessive eye closure. The etiology and pathogenesis is still unclear now. It is usually appearing in adult period and predominant in females. The symptoms are typically triggered by stress, fatigue, intense light or individual factors. At advanced stages patients develop functional blindness. At present the main treatments include: botulinum toxin(BTX), surgical procedures, systemic and ocular drugs and traditional Chinese medicine treatment. BTX administration has been an effective treatment. Surgical procedures have good effect but should be limited to the rare patients that do not respond to botulinum toxin treatment. A great variety of drugs have poor results. Chinese medicine has a certain therapeutic effect. Transcranial magnetic stimulation can improve symptoms. The epidemiology, anatomy, physiology, clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment system were reviewed in this paper.

Research progress on applications of hDPSCs in cornea reconstruction

Jun Li and Guo-Xing Xu — 2017/8/22 10:31:08

The corneal reconstruction is tosurgial recover the structure integrity and corneal function after suffered from various trauma, inflammation and degenerative diseases. The corneal diseases caused millions of people worldwide suffering from eyesight damages and even blindness. At present, the corneal transplant is the main therapy for corneal blindness. However, the shortage in donor corneal issue is a worldwide problem and the failure due to the immunologic rejection of host is common. Nowadays, with the development of tissue culture and bioengineering technology, the application prospect of autologous stem cell transplantation is becoming more and more popular which might replace the allogeneic transplantation, becoming an important clinical treatment of regenerative medicine. Human dental pulp stem cells(hDPSCs)is a class of adult stem cell divided from the third molar teeth. Both hDPSCs and corneal cell are from the cranial nerve in embryonic ectoderm. Extensive researches show that the hDPSCs have the potentialities in corneal cell differentiation without causing immunologic rejection of the recipient. These findings manifested the potentials of hDPSCs in the clinical applications related to ocular surface reconstruction. In this paper, the features and current investigation status of hDPSCs in ocular surface reconstruction are reviewed.

Prevention and treatment of posterior capsular opacification

Yan-Hua Liang and Li-Xia Luo — 2017/8/22 10:31:09

Posterior capsular opacification(PCO)is the most common complication that leads to loss of vision after cataract surgery. Neodymium doped: Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet(Nd:Yag)laser capsulotomy is a common treatment for PCO, but still associated with several complications. In the past decades, the prevention and treatment of PCO have always been a hot spot of research in ophthalmology. This review will address the advances in the prevention and treatment of PCO in the aspects of surgical techniques and types of intraocular lens(IOL).

Research advance of retinal neovascularization inhibitory factor

Yan-Jun Luo and Guo-Xing Xu — 2017/8/22 10:31:09

The normal growth of blood vessels is the result of dynamic balance of angiogenic factor and inhibitory factor in vascular tissue. However, when the balance is broken, the growth of new blood vessels will be induced. Endogenous angiogenesis inhibitory factor, is a group of negative feedback molecules produced by the body itself that inhibit angiogenesis. Its function of inhibiting angiogenesis is mainly realized by promoting the binding of angiogenic factor to its receptor, or its downstream angiogenesis signal, or promoting vascular endothelial apoptosis. The study of angiogenesis inhibitory factor has potential clinical significance for the prevention and treatment of retinal neovascularization. Recent studies on retinal neovascularization inhibitory factor are reviewed in this paper.

Research progress in characteristics of conjunctiva goblet cells and its relationship with ocular surface health

Yu Zhong, Ji-Kai Zhu, Lu-Xuan Wang and Jing-Dong Xu — 2017/8/22 10:31:09

Conjunctiva goblet cells are spread out within a stratified epithelium, and keep ocular surface homeostasis by secreting mucin. Previous research has shown conjunctiva goblet cells can secret mucin, remove debris and modulate ocular surface immune function. In this review, we will focus on biological characteristics of conjunctiva goblet cells and the effect of key factors SAM pointed domain Ets factor(SPDEF)on differentiation and function of conjunctiva goblet cells, and further understand relationship between goblet cells and eye health.

Applications of nanomaterial-based drug delivery carriers in treating eye diseases

Yuan-Yuan Sun, Da-Dong Guo, Shao-Yu Li, Mei-Qing Chen, Bin Liu and Hong-Sheng Bi — 2017/8/22 10:31:09

In view of the anatomical and physiological barrier of the ocular surface and the intraocular structure, the conventional ophthalmic agents cannot efficiently reach the lesion site. Currently, the different types of nanomaterials possess great advantages in delivering drugs due to their characteristics of small size, easy preparation, degradability, strong targeting and less irritation to biological tissue. As drug delivery carriers, nanomaterials have been widely used in ocular drug delivery so as to treat different types of eye diseases. In this paper, the applications of nanomaterials as drug delivery carriers in treating eye diseases are briefly reviewed.

Research advances on late intraocular lens dislocation after phacoemulsification

An-Huai Yang, Yan-Shan Hu and Tuo Li — 2017/8/22 10:31:09

Late intraocular lens dislocation is one of the most severe late complications after phacoemulsification. It often occurs 3mo after the surgery. Different from early intraocular lens dislocation, late intraocular lens dislocation is caused by zonular dehiscence and contraction of the capsular bag many years after phacoemulsification. In recent years, the incidence of late intraocular lens dislocation gradually increases, having a risk of 0.1% after 10a and 1.7% after 25a. In the long-term follow-up patients who underwent cataract surgery, 90% had zonular insufficiency and capsular contraction. Among the multiple factors which may contribute to zonular weakness and capsular contraction, pseudoexfoliation is the most common cause, accounting for 50% of all the cases. Other risk factors include aging, high myopia, uveitis, trauma, previous vitreoretinal surgery, retinitis pigmentosa, diabetes mellitus, atopic dermatitis, previous acute angle-closure glaucoma attack, and connective tissue disorders. The understanding of these predisposing factors will suggest necessary preventions for high-risk patients in the future.

Research progress of surgery for age-related macular degeneration with cataract

Xiao-Liang Zheng, Jie Zhang and Hong Yan — 2017/8/22 10:31:09

Age-related macular degeneration(AMD)and cataract are the most common causes of low vision worldwide. Nowadays, there is still a controversy about whether cataract surgery should be taken in patients combined with AMD and when should the surgery be taken. The aim of this review is to assess the influence of cataract surgery on the occurrence and development of AMD, to analyze the risk factors, to explore the occasion of cataract surgery in patients with AMD, and joint with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)treatment, also including the development and application of intraocular lens. It helps to avoid and postpone the development and progression of macular degeneration after cataract surgery and get good visual outcome.

Research advance of posterior ischemic optic neuropathy

Bei Cheng and Qi-Chang Wang — 2017/8/22 10:31:09

Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy is a kind of ischemic optic neuropathy, the incidence rate of which is lower with less obviously clinical features, less positive signs and more difficultly diagnosis when compared with anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Meanwhile, therapeutic method of posterior ischemic optic neuropathy has remained controversial. This article will summarize the research development of the auxiliary examination, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and therapeutic method of posterior ischemic optic neuropathy.

Status and progress of diagnosis and treatment of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy

Qi Chen, Jian-Jun Yang and Min Li — 2017/7/24 10:38:38

Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy(PCV)is a common disease of the retina, the disease is more found in colored race. In China, the mainly nosogenic population is the female about 60 years old. The pathogenesis of PCV is unknown and there is no specific medicine at present. The funduscopic present is orangered lesions, bleed and exudation. Indocyanine green angiography(ICGA)could make a definite diagnosis of PCV. In recent, the main treatment of PCV includes photodynamic therapy, intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy, surgery for treatment of complications and combined therapy. We review the treatment and diagnosis of PCV, and propose the further research direction.

Advances in the Avellino corneal dystrophy

Jun-Kai Tan, Zhi Wang, Xu-Yang Liu and Zhi-Wei Zhang — 2017/7/24 10:38:38

Avellino corneal dystrophy(ACD)is an autosomal dominant eye disorder caused by mutation of R124H in the transforming growth factor-beta induced gene(TGFBI)on chromosome 5, which was responsible for accumulating of abnormal TGFBI. Although the underlying mechanism by which mutations cause abnormal TGFBI deposition is not yet clear, but we have a better understanding of the etiology and possible pathogenesis of corneal dystrophy with the rapid development of human genetics and molecular biology, and summarizes the current achievement of this disease and understand the roles of TGFBI and its interaction with Periostin, which may contribute to further research in ACD.

Mechanism of elevated proinflammatory cytokines in aqueous humor of patients with primary angle-closure glaucoma

Yong Zhang and Lin Xie — 2017/7/24 10:38:39

Glaucomais a group of diseases characterized by optic atrophy and visual field defect. In China, primary angle closure glaucoma(PACG)is the most common type of glaucoma. The mechanism of glaucoma has many theories, such as mechanical theory and vascular theory. Recent researches found that inflammation may be involved in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. A variety of proinflammatory cytokines significantly increased in aqueous humor of patients with PACG. In this study, we summarized the methods for the detection of aqueous humor, and analyzed the mechanism of the increasing of proinflammatory cytokines in the aqueous humor of patients with PACG.

Current research status of macular epiretinal membrane

Guo-Feng Fang, Rong-Yu Gao and Xin-Yan Xu — 2017/7/24 10:38:39

Epiretinal membrane(ERM)is a relatively common macular disease that forms along the surface of the internal limiting membrane(ILM)of the retina to some reason. The pathogenesis is not clear. Microincision vitrectomy surgery has been confirmed as a minimally invasive and very safe modality of treatment. Deciding when to perform a vitrectomy can be difficult. There are many factors which can affect the postoperative visual acuity, such as age, the thickness of macular, integrity of photoreceptor inner segment/outer segment(IS/OS)junction.

Value of morphologic parameters with optical coherence tomography in predicting the surgery outcome for idiopathic macular hole

Rui Liu and Min-Jie Sheng — 2017/7/24 10:38:39

Accompanying with the development of technological level, optical coherence tomography plays a more and more important role in predicting the surgical outcome for idiopathic macular hole. Preoperative morphologic parameters like minimum diameter, base diameter, maximum height, macular hole index, hole form factor, tractional hole index, macular hole closure index, photoreceptor inner-outer segment junction, cone outer segment tips line, central subfield retinal thickness and macular hole inner opening diameter were proved correlated to postoperative visual acuity and anatomical results. It has important application value to know these predictors to judge the surgical outcome and deepen understanding of idiopathic macular hole.

Clinical application of OCTA in diabetic retinopathy

Xiang Xiang and Shi-Bo Tang — 2017/7/24 10:38:39

Optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)is a noninvasive angiography technique developed in recent years. Without using contrast medium, this technology can quickly and safely get retinal vascular images with relatively high-resolution. It has been widely used in the diagnosis and management of eye diseases, especially in the vascular diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy(DR), age-related macular degeneration(AMD), retinal central/branch venous obstruction(CRVO/BRVO), choroidal neovascularization(CNV), etc. This article reviews the clinical application of OCTA in diabetic retinopathy.

Progress in clinical research of asteroid hyalosis

Xiao-Xue Liu, Lei Gao, Ning Chen and Guang-Sen Liu — 2017/7/24 10:38:39

Asteroid Hyalosis(AH)is a common clinical disease, which has been considered a benign disorder as it rarely impairs visual acuity. It was often discovered when the patient was treated for other eye diseases. The mechanism was unclear. Its characteristic B-ultrasound property makes the B-ultrasound a very helpful diagnostic technique. In the case of the patients with other fundus diseases associated with AH, optical coherence tomography(OCT)and fluorescein angiography(FA)may be used to reduce the interference from asteroid bodies, therefore improve the fundus visibility. Recent studies have shown that AH can incorporate with many other eye diseases. For example, in patients with cataracts, asteroid hyalosis can cause surface calcification of silicone plate intraocular lenses, which in most cases may lead to the need for explantation of the calcified intraocular lenses. The efficacy of pars plana vitrectomy(PPV), the removal of some, or all, of the eye's vitreous humor for AH remains controversial. In this paper, we provide a review of the recent literature on AH disease: the etiology, diagnosis and treatment. We hope to thus improve the awareness and outcomes of AH disease.

Research advances in biomechanical properties and its clinical significance of vitreous liquefaction

Peng-Cheng Zhang and Hong Yan — 2017/7/24 10:38:39

Vitreous liquefaction is an age-related degenerative change, which will further alter the physicochemical properties of the vitreous and its surrounding tissues, resulting in various related eye diseases. The principal pathologic changes of that are the gradual depletion of hyaluronic acid and the collapse of collagen fibrillar network, with a series of biomechanical changes in vitreous body. This article reviews biomechanical properties of normal vitreous, the current measurements of these properties, formation mechanism and changes of biomechanics properties of vitreous liquefaction and correlation between synchesis and related ocular diseases, which provide insight into the ideas for the effective reduction and treatment of vitreous liquefaction.

Current advance in treatment of fungal keratitis by corneal collagen cross-linking

Qi Li and Ling-Ling Fu — 2017/6/26 10:38:49

Corneal collagen cross-linking(CXL)is a photochemotherapy for keratoconus, keratectasias and infectious keratitis. Corneal collagen fiber infiltrated with riboflavin, a photosensitizer which generates reactive oxygen species when activated by UVA at 370nm, was induced to form the crosslinks in corneal stroma. Corneal collagen cross-linking alone or combined with medicine therapy could be used to treat fungal keratitis, improve the cure rates, and reduce the complications and the demands of corneal transplantation surgery. The purpose of this paper is to review the basic principle, procedure, laboratory researches, clinical applications and the safety about this treatment.

Advancement in diagnosis and treatment of acute retinal necrosis syndrome

Ze-Qun Wu and Yi Sun — 2017/6/26 10:38:49

Acute retinal necrosis syndrome(ARNS)is a group of eye syndrome. Acute uveitis, retinal artery occlusive vasculitis, fused necrotic retinitis and late stage of retinal detachment is the main clinical manifestation. A part of patients may be associated with increased intraocular pressure. The etiology and pathogenesis is still not clear completely and most people think that may be related to the virus infection, which mainly to reflected to be herpes simplex virus(HSV), varicella zoster virus(VZV), EB virus and giant cell virus(CMV)infection. Its diagnosis mainly depends on clinical manifestation, examination and etiological examination. Acute retinal necrosis syndrome is urgent and develops quickly, and it is lack of specific clinical symptoms in early times. By the way, it enjoys high misdiagnosis rate and poor prognosis. It is hard to cure, therefore, it is an important reason for the blindness. Once diagnosed, treatment should be adopted by carrying local and systemic antiviral, preventive laser photocoagulation in time. At the same time, it is essential that vitreous body resection combine with silicone oil tamponade treatment when necessary. The study shows that the effective measures of early treatment will be able to prevent disease progression and improve visual acuity. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment of acute retinal necrosis syndrome is very important. In this paper, combination of the literature on the diagnosis and treatment of acute retinal necrosis syndrome were reviewed.

Research progress on risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity

Yu Li and Li-Ping Xue — 2017/6/26 10:38:49

Retinopathy of Prematurity is a retinal vascular proliferative disease. With the improvement of the medical care in China, retinopathy of prematurity(ROP)has become one of the main causes of child hood blindness in recent years. Several factors such as short gestational age, low birth weight and oxygen supplementation are the three major risk factors for the disease, however, the pathogenesis is still not clear. This review here aims to expand the etiology and pathogenesis of ROP and provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of the disease.

Role of inflammation in the relationship between OM and regeneration of optic nerves

Lin-Kun Ma, Xia Cao and Sheng-Ping Luo — 2017/6/26 10:38:50

Oncomodulin(OM)is known by us progressively as a Calcium binding protein. Recently, OM has been found that it is secreted by inflammatory cells(neutrophilic granulocyte), and a signal which can promote cell growth between innate immunity and neurons, and a key to regenerate the damaged optical nerves by activating inflammation. The function of promoting the regeneration progress of axons has become a hot issue in recent years. This article summarized the mechanism of OM and the relationship between inflammation-induced OM and optic nerve regeneration research and progress were reviewed.

Clinical features and treatment of endogenous endophthalmitis caused by liver abscess

Guang-Sen Liu, Shan Xu and Lei Gao — 2017/6/26 10:38:50

Infectious endophthalmitis refers to the acute suppurative inflammation of the uveal and retinal, with acute onset, severe symptoms, and poor prognosis. Early diagnosis and effective treatment is particularly important. Based on the way of intraocular infection, endophthalmitis can be divided into endogenous endophthalmitis and exogenous endophthalmitis. In the East Asian, liver abscess is the main source of endogenous endophthalmitis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae is the main pathogen. Liver abscess endophthalmitis is a serious cause of blindness caused by intraocular infection. A liver infection disseminated through hematogenous and the primary focus was hidden, which makes the disease was easy to be confused with immune related uveitis, causing high misdiagnosis rate, delaying the best time for diagnosis and treatment. In this article we reviewed the etiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment and prognosis of endogenous endophthalmitis caused by liver abscess. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion to the endogenous endophthalmitis caused by liver abscess.

Choice of intraocular lens power calculation formula after refractive corneal surgery

Li-Jing Chen, Rui Wang, Hao-Run Zhang, Meng-Jun Fu and Jing-Jing Zhao — 2017/6/26 10:38:50

To the cataract patient after corneal refractive surgery, if the intraocular lens power was determined by conventional formulas, different refractive errors may be produced after intraocular lens implantation. This inaccuracy of the lens power mainly came from 2 aspects-errors of corneal refractive power measurement and errors of formulas. Besides, imprecise of ocular axial length measurement and invalid lens position calculation also contributed to the inaccuracy of lens power. Therefore, in order to reduce refractive errors of cataractous surgery in patient underwent refractive surgery, appropriate method should be used to estimate the refractive power of corneal, and proper formula should be selected to calculate intraocular lens power.

Current status and progress of corneal preservation methods

Li Chen,Jia-Jun Lu,Min-Jie Sheng and Bing Li — 2017/5/24 16:26:30

Corneal endothelial cell(CEC)is the most critical part for the cornea, of which activity can influence the postoperative vision. It is very important for the clinical cornea preservation considering the function and its self-purification of donor cornea. There are a variety of classical methods, which can significantly prolong the saving time of donor cornea with its good quality of CEC. We reviewed the published papers about present preservation methods of cornea, which can give us many suggestions for the clinical cornea preservation.

Research progress on the measurement of human lens thickness in vivo

Yu-Huan Yang,Jie Zhang and Hong Yan — 2017/5/24 16:26:30

The precise measurement in lens thickness in vivo, provides great application value for intraocular accommodation and ametropia development mechanism research. And it has great clinical significance for the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma and cataract. Currently, many ultrasonic methods and optical methods are used in measuring lens thickness. The measurement principles, advantages, disadvantages and the accuracy of the instruments are summarized in this paper. Among these methods, Orbscan II, Pentacam, Lenstar and AS-OCT can be used to measure lens thickness instead of A-scan. More important is the fact that UL-OCT can dynamically monitor the change of the lens thickness with intraocular accommodation. Choosing an instrument with higher measuring accuracy to examine the lens thickness, can provide more accurate and convincing lens thickness data for clinical and scientific research.

Research advances of miR-126 and ophthalmic diseases

Ning-Ning Gao,Fan-Qian Song and Hong-Yan Ge — 2017/5/24 16:26:30

Up to now, a variety of microRNAs have been found in a number of studies, that specifically expressed in retinal neuroepithelial, lens, cornea and retinal pigment epithelium, in which miR-126 plays a certain role in the proliferation of tumor cells, the development of thymus lymphocytes and cardiovascular diseases. Some researches show that miR-126 has certain correlations with the formation of corneal neovascularization, the development of diabetic retinopathy, and the immune system related eye disease. In this paper, the current miR-126 in the role of eye disease mechanism and research progress were reviewed.

Research progress of non-coding RNA in posterior capsule opacification

Bing-Yu Zhang,Zhi-Xiang Ding and Yang Chen — 2017/5/24 16:26:30

Posterior capsule opacification(PCO)is the most common complication after cataract surgery. How to prevent and treat PCO is an urgent problem we need to solve at present. Non-coding RNA(ncRNA)is a kind of RNA, which can not encode proteins. Studies have shown that non-coding RNA is closely related to the occurrence and development of human diseases. This paper has collected the progress of research on different kinds of ncRNA in PCO and may raise new ideas and methods on the prevention and treatment of PCO.

Change of optical coherence tomography and multifocal electroretinography in myopia patients

Wei Qiang,Xiao-Juan Zhang,Nan-Jue Cao,Fan Zhang and Li-Kun Xia — 2017/5/24 16:26:30

Myopia is the highest incidence of eye disease in society, it threated people's eye health seriously. At present, many researchers measure the structural changes of retina which caused by the extension of eye axial due to the refractive error according to the optical coherence tomography(OCT). Besides, multifocal electroretinography(mf-ERG)was used to detect the function of retina in myopia. Global flash mf-ERG can evaluate the function of retina including both outer and inner retina. Some researchers focus on the correlation between structural and functional changes in myopia using OCT and mf-ERG. More researches are needed to clarify the structural and functional changes in myopia.

Research progress of aquaporin 1 and 4 in diabetic retinopathy

Xiao-Juan Zhang,Nan-Jue Cao,Wei Qiang and Xiao-Long Chen — 2017/5/24 16:26:31

Diabetic retinopathy(DR), one of the most common retinal vascular disease, is one of the causes of blindness for people over the age of 50. In the early stage of DR, microvascular cells are damaged, expand, start to leak, form micro hemangioma, then show occlusion, and non-perfusion area come into being, eventually form new blood vessels because of ischemia and hypoxia of retina. Illness develop into proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR). With the aggravation of the disease, PDR can cause the formation of fibrovascular membrane, the more serious fibrillation of epiretinal membrane, resulting in traction retinal detachment(tRD). Present studies suggest that aquaporins, the essential component of new blood vessels, including aquaporin 1 and aquaporin 4, play a significant pole in the development of diabetic retinopathy, causing the destruction of blood retinal barrier, inducing retinal edema, even macular edema, and participating in the formation of retinal angiogenesis.

Advances in treatment of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome

Guo Huang and Pei-Zeng Yang — 2017/5/24 16:26:31

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada(VKH)syndrome is an autoimmune disease attacking against pigmented cells, resulting in blindness and usually affecting multiple organs including ears, meninges, hair and skin. Correct diagnosis and immediate treatment in the early stage is vital to visual prognosis. Currently, corticosteroids is first-line drug. In addition, VKH patients refractory to corticosteroids can choose other treatment such as immunosuppressive agents and biological agents.

Application of intense pulsed light in Meibomian gland dysfunction

Lan Ke and Yan-Ning Yang — 2017/5/24 16:26:31

The advantages of intense pulsed light therapy in the treatment of Meibomian gland dysfunction include non-invasive, painless and good results, which has been greatly developed in the ophthalmology field. This article reviews the current situation, mechanism of action, operating procedures, treatment outcomes, safety, and other aspects of intense pulsed light therapy in the treatment of Meibomian gland dysfunction.

Methods that used to evaluate the visual quality after wearing orthokeratology lens

Jiang Zhu and Zhen-Ping Huang — 2017/5/24 16:26:31

Orthokeratology is a kind of rigid contact lens which have reverse geometric desi, with higher oxygen permeability and security. Overnight wearing of orthokeratology can decrease the central corneal curvature and increase peripheral corneal curvature by flatting the central department of corneal, thus reduce the refraction of myopia. Through a period of time of wearing orthokeratology lens, patients can obtain good eyesight without frame glasses. Insisting on wearing orthokeratology lens can control the development of myopia. Orthokeratology is widely applied in the control of juvenile myopia, so we need scientific evaluation system to measure the visual quality after wearing orthokeratology lens. Here are the methods that used to evaluate the visual quality after wearing orthokeratology lens.

A review: biomechanics of ocular tissue

You-Huan Cai,Hai-Xiang Li,Tai-Xiang Liu,Xiao-Ying Xu and Ye Ying — 2017/4/25 17:20:01

Biomechanics is the application of mechanics to biological systems. It helped to provide more understanding of normal tissue function, the effect of pathology, and the impact of treatment. The biomechanics research also is an important method to understand the prevention, onset and treatment of eye diseases. Eye ball is a closed globe which undergoes pressure from intraocular or extraocular. The pathology of eye will affect its biomechanics. Recent years, several methods about biomechanics were used to study eye diseases, such as corneal collagen crosslinking for treatment of keratoconus and corneal ectasia, posterior sclera reinforcement for treatment of pathological myopia, and so on. Here we reviewed the biomechanical research of extraocular muscle, cornea, sclera, iris and lens.

Application of examinations of visual function in clinic and research

Zuo-Pao Zhuo and Yu-Wen Wang — 2017/4/25 17:20:02

Examinations of visual function have been widely performed with the increasing awareness of visual function recently. In addition to regular examinations in Ophthalmology and Optometry, examinations of visual function are also very important in clinic. Nowadays, they are considered as the basis of some diagnosis, and mainly divided into two methods: regular examinations of visual function and examinations based on psychophysics. In order to serve clinic and research better, the combination of them is highly required.

Principles and progress in applications of presbyopia-correcting intraocular lens

Liu-Shu Yang,Yu Geng,Jian-Feng Zhao and Yan Li — 2017/4/25 17:20:02

As cataract surgery has developed from the simple vision rehabilitation surgery into a more challenging refractive surgery, more and more people wish to improve vision and take off glasses through surgeries. Monofocal intraocular lens can solve the distant vision problem of patients, but near vision patients still need to wear glasses due to the loss of crystal regulation. Hence, presbyopia correction intraocular lens emerged accordingly. In the past decades, we have found and endeavored to solve the problems accompanied in the application of bifocal intraocular lens. On the bifocal basis, some newly-produced and extensively-applied presbyopia correction intraocular lens in the market have become hot products. Presbyopia correction is still a huge challenge for cataract surgery, and this paper will summarize the design principles and clinical application effects of some popular types of presbyopia correction intraocular lens.

Related researches of ciliary neurotrophic factor with eye disease

Shu-Qin Hu and Guo-Xing Xu — 2017/4/25 17:20:02

Ciliary neurotrophic factor(CNTF)is one of the most studied neurotrophic factors. Encapsulated cell technology provides a safe and effective route for the clinical application of CNTF. A large body of evidence shows that CNTF has a neuroprotective effect on glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, optic nerve injury and other eye diseases. This review focuses on the potential clinical application of CNTF in eye diseases.

Physiological mechanisms of prostaglandin analogues on lowing intraocular pressure

Wei Song,Qi-Zhi Yu and Cheng Du — 2017/4/25 17:20:02

Pathological elevation of intraocular pressure(IOP)is the most prevalent risk factor in the development and progress of glaucoma. Up to date, all treatments for glaucoma are aimed to lower IOP through surgeries and drugs. Prostaglandin analogues are the first-line IOP-lowing drugs for glaucoma due to their ability to reduce IOP. Enough evidences have suggested that they increase aqueous humor outflow through uveoscleral pathway. More recently, people found that bimatoprost was able to increase aqueous humor outflow through trabecular meshwork-Schlemm's canal pathway. Nowadays, a large number of studies are performed to study the mechanism of prostaglandin analogues on lowing intraocular pressure.

Mechanism of the macular fovea thickness change after cataract surgery in diabetic patients

Wei-Xia Cong,Zhong-Chen Zhang and Xiao-Lin Hao — 2017/4/25 17:20:02

Recently, although the phacoemulsification of cataract is improving, various complications of surgery still exist. As that most elderly patients are suffering from both cataract and diabetes, complications of cataract surgery in these people become an important issue. In this review, we summarized the recent research on the physiological characteristics of diabetic patients' retinal conditions and the impact from surgery itself, aiming at providing a useful clinical reference.

Recent advances on laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy

Guang Wang and Xiao-Long Chen — 2017/4/25 17:20:02

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is the first blinding disease among the working age population. The main causes of visual impairment and blindness are proliferative diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema. Retinal laser photocoagulation is the main method in the treatment of DR currently, but the traditional laser has many side effects and complications. In order to reduce these side effects and be more efficacy, many new retinal laser treatment systems have emerged. This article reviews the recent progress in the laser treatment of DR.

Three objective assessments of tear film

Hong-Bo Yin,Yan Tian and Ying-Ping Deng — 2017/4/25 17:20:02

Assessing tear film properties is essential for the diagnosis of dry eye. Although tear film break-up time and Schirmer scores have been widely accepted, they are single-value parameters and unable to evaluate the dynamics of tear film in an interblink interval. We reviewed three non-invasive and objective methods, including corneal topography, interferometry and aberrometry. And we also discussed the differences between dry eye patients and normal people detected by these methods.

JNK signaling pathway and extracellular stimulations in ocular tissue

Xu-Ying Li,Shu-Rong Wang,Jia-Ming Liang,Qian Wang and Yan Zhang — 2017/4/25 17:20:02

JNK,which is called the c-Jun N-terminal kinase, is a member of mitogen activated protein kinases, located in cytoplasm. The studies on JNK have been quite active recently. It not only has close connections to cell generation, differentiation and apoptosis, but also plays a crucial role in numerous diseases. This paper expounds the relationship between JNK signaling pathway and extracellular stimuli in the eye structure, and introduces the latest achievement, so as to find the new references for therapy among eye diseases.

Research progress on the regulation of BMP4 on ocular cells

Jia-Ming Liang,Qian Wang,Xiao-He Liu,Shu-Rong Wang and Yan Zhang — 2017/4/25 17:20:02

Bone morphogenetic proteins(BMPs)belongs to the transforming growth factor beta(TGF-β)superfamily, which was isolated from the decalcified bone matrix by Urist in 1965.As one of the members of BMPs family, BMP4 not only promotes the differentiation and development of chondrocytes, but also plays an important role in the regulation of eye cells. BMP4 can mediate apoptosis of retinal vascular endothelial cells and inhibit angiogenesis, and is expressed in adult corneal epithelium, corneal cells and corneal endothelial cells. Also, participated in the layered corneal epithelium cells proliferation. In this paper, the recent advances in the study of BMP4 in ocular tissues are summarized, and the function of BMP4 in different developmental stages of eye is briefly reviewed.

Research advance in the correlation between age related macular degeneration and oxidative stress

Hai-Xia Chen and Lu Zhang — 2017/3/27 10:17:05

Age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)is the leading cause of vision loss among elderly in the developed world. ARMD is a multi-factor disease, which is affected by genetic, environment, diet, inflammation, oxidative stress and other factors. Among these factors, oxidative stress accounts for an important role in the occurrence and development of ARMD, as evidenced by the significant correlation between oxidative stress and the onset of ARMD in substantial literature. This article summarized the research advance in the pathologic features of ARMD, the relationship between oxidative stress and the retina, and oxidative stress during the progression of ARMD.

Research progress of optkinetic testing applicated on the retinal pathological changes in rodents

Yu-Pei Feng,Xiang-Xia Luo,Han Wang and Min Yang — 2017/3/27 10:17:05

At present, it is a problem to interpret and evaluate the relation of the damage and the death of photoreceptor cells with visual function in the study of retinal diseases. In recent years, the application of visual head tracking in rodents makes it possible to evaluate the relation of the damage and the death of photoreceptor cells with visual function. Behavioral evaluation, of which the relative study has made some progress, is predominate in continuous evaluation of animal's visual function. According to present researches of optkinetic testing on rodent animal with retinal diseases, the principles, the innovations, the achievements and the problems in application of the equipment in optkinetic response research are summarized to provide evidence when testing methods are being chosen in the study of animals with retinal diseases.

Progress on separation and cultivation of retinal microvascular endothelial cells in vitro

Min Yang,Xiang-Xia Luo,Han Wang and Yu-Pei Feng — 2017/3/27 10:17:05

There are a variety of ways for isolation and selective cultivation of retinal microvascular endothelial cells in vitro, in which the newly reported tissue culture with collagenase digestion method are widely used for simple, economical, high purity and good activity of obtained endothelial cells. As a result of the limitation of person eye donor, researchers often use rat retinal microvascular endothelial cells that are highly homologous to human beings to experiment in vitro. In this paper, the methods of culturing retinal microvascular endothelial cells in vitro will be elaborated from the aspects of animal species, added factors, cell purification and identification in vitro. At the same time, the advantages and disadvantages of these methods in the process of operation are briefly described, which can provide a reference for the researchers to select suitable cultivation methods.

New research and application of stem cells in retina degeneration diseases

Chuang Wu and Guo-Xing Xu — 2017/3/27 10:17:05

Retinal degeneration diseases, including age related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa and glaucoma optic atrophy etc, are characterized by the degeneration of retinal neural cells, retinal photoreceptor cells and retinal pigment epithelium cells, etc.Retinal degeneration diseases are the main cause of blindness. It has been generally assumed that the mature mammalian retinal cell is devoid of repair and regenerative capability, hence it's irreversible of retinal cell apoptosis. Currently, there is no efficient method to regenerate retinal organ. However, stem cell would hold great promise to restore visual function, so as to provide an alternative medical care with the biological property of differentiation and proliferation into target cells to replace degenerated retinal cells. This review focus on the sources of retinal stem cells and their applications on retinal degeneration diseases.

Development of optical coherence tomography angiography in the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma

Wei Huang,Qin Jiang and Guo-Fan Cao — 2017/3/27 10:17:05

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Its specific pathophysiology is still not clear. Currently hemodynamic alterations are regarded as one of the key factors in the pathophysiology of glaucoma. Optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)is a new imaging technique that enables visualization of the retinal and choroidal microvasculature, and with novel algorithms generates high resolution images and quantifies vessel density and blood flow of the retina and choroid. We reviewed the recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma measured using OCTA,which provides a reference for diagnosis of glaucoma and evaluation of glaucoma severity.

Research progress of toxic anterior segment syndrome

Yu Ma and Jing He — 2017/3/27 10:17:05

Toxic anterior segment syndrome(TASS)is a kind of acute and non-infective anterior segment inflammatory reaction. It's relatively rare for clinic, but recently, TASS is in increasing tendency with the development of anterior segment surgery. During surgery, various non-infective maters entering the anterior chamber all could result the appearance of TASS. After timely and effective treatment, most patients have favorable prognosis, however, a few patients may have remained permanent intraocular tissues damage to the extent of influencing eyesight. Now, this thesis summarizes the pathology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, pathogenesis, prevention, treatment, prognosis etc. of TASS.

Application prospects of metformin in ophthalmology

Xu Wang and Yan-Hua Qi — 2017/3/27 10:17:05

Metformin is a drug commonly prescribed to treat patients with type 2 diabetes,which leads to a burst of interest because of lifespan-extending properties. The key molecular of health-promoting properties as yet remained elusive. In this paper, we make a brief review of mechanisms about how metformin acting on human body, and make a forecast about the application prospect of metformin in the treatment of the aging in ophthalmology.

Latest progress of BIGH3 gene in corneal diseases and diabetic retinopathy

Fan-Qian Song,Ning-Ning Gao and Hong-Yan Ge — 2017/2/27 10:55:37

BIGH3 gene plays an important role in ocular diseases. On the one hand, it is closely related to the occurrence of corneal diseases. BIGH3 gene can inhibit corneal neovascularization, lead to corneal dystrophy, participate in keratoconus formation. On the other hand, it can lead to the formation of neovascularization in diabetic retinopathy. The latest experiments show that TGF beta secreted by macrophages can promote the expression of BIGH3 mRNA and BIGH3 protein, and promote apoptosis of retinal endothelial cells and pericytes, which leads to the formation of neovascularization in diabetic retinopathy. This article will describe the new progress of BIGH3 gene in ocular diseases from several aspects as mentioned above.

Research progress of autophagy and diabetic retinopathy

Jun-Hui Du,Rong Li — 2017/2/27 10:55:37

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is one of the most serious complicationsand leading causes of blindness for diabetic patients. In recent years, the incidence of DR shows a trend of rising year by year, which is a serious threat to the patients' physical and mental health. Autophagy is a very important physiological process that the cellular contents are processed by the primary lysosomes when the body is under the environment of substance and energy metabolism disorder. Autophagy belongs to one kind of the body's important defense mechanisms. According to the related clinical research data, autophagy can delay the occurrence and development of the chronic complications of diabetes to some extent, such as DR, peripheral neuropathy and diabetic nephropathy. There is a close relationship between autophagy and various relative factors of DR, such as oxidative stress and hypoxia. Therefore, the pathogenesis and treatment measures of DR have become critical research topics in clinical practice.

Change of the cornea in emmetropia and myopia in population-based epidemiological studies

De-Yi Zhuo and Lin Xiao — 2017/2/27 10:55:38

Ocular refraction is mainly decided by the axial length, corneal power and lens power. Of these three refractive elements, only the change of cornea has aroused the most controversial discussion. Cornea has changed varying with refractive state and population characteristics. This paper is designed to review the information currently available concerning the change of the cornea in emmetropia and myopia.

Progression of MAPK signal pathway in eye wound

Bo-Yuan Yao,Shu-Rong Wang,Peng-Tuo,Qian Wang and Yan Zhang — 2017/2/27 10:55:38

Mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)signal pathway family are important signal transduction pathways, which widely exit in cells. They are able to make particular physiological responses induced by multiple extracellular signals or stimulus, such as changes of osmotic pressures, ischemic/reperfusion, inflammation and so on, that means they can mediate cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The physiological responses mediated by MAPK signal pathway make great scene to the progression and healing of eye wounds, therefore researchers may highlight the pathway in research.

Current progress on clinical application of cyclosporine A

Yan-Ning Yang,Jia-Yue Zhu,Xiu-Sheng Song,Xia Li,Tuo Li and Jia-Zhang Li — 2017/2/27 10:55:38

Cyclosporine A is a new and potent immunosuppressant with high specificity and is widely used in controlling a variety of immunological rejection after organ transplantation. Research found that cyclosporine A suppresses the immune rejection in moderate to severe dry eye syndrome treatment. For mooren ulcers and autoimmune eye diseases, it has a significant effect. The application progress of Cyclosporine A in clinical ophthalmology is now reviewed.

Research progress of drugs that can control and prevent age-related cataract

Wen-Tong Jiang and Ping Liu — 2017/1/20 11:21:30

The lens is a transparent tissue without vessel, which is mainly composed of a layer of epithelium cells and differentiating fiber cells. With aging, lens opacity can deteriorate vision significantly and even result in blindness, which is termed as age-related cataract(ARC). A fully developed treatment method of ARC is surgery, while a few cataracts in the initial stage can be suppressed via drugs efficiently.This paper introduced relevant drugs and important ingredients that can suppress and prevent ARC, and then summarizes clinical applications and existing researches with respect to drug treatments in the process of cataract suppression and treatment.

Inflammatory cytokines research progress on the increase of pain during the second-eye cataract surgery

Feng Zhang, Li-Li Nie and Mei-Sheng Zhao — 2017/1/20 11:21:30

In the field of cataract, there is such a widespread phenomenon: the majority of patients have complained thatthe second-eye phacoemulsification is often more painful than the first-eye surgery. Recent studies on this phenomenon have found that after cataract surgery in the first eye, in the second-eye aqueous humor there is a high expression of cytokines which is monocyte chemotactic factor-1.It is the focus of the present study to analyze the mechanism of the increase of pain in the second eye with cataract surgery from the molecular level. Monocyte chemotactic factor-1(monocyte chemoattractant protein, MCP-1)which is considered to be a new member of the family of pain,is an important factor resulting in pain, and its specific receptor CCR2 binding exerts its biological activity. This is a review of the inflammatory cytokine research progress on the increase of pain during the second-eye cataract surgery.

Recent advances on micro-invasive glaucoma surgery

Guo-Jin Zuo and Zu-Hai Zhang — 2017/1/20 11:21:30

Glaucoma is the second major causes of blindness after cataract. The conventional trabeculectomy and shunt implantation is still the most common surgical procedure in treatment of glaucoma. However, the limitations of the treatments are the security and failure rate. Micro-invasive glaucoma surgery(MIGS)is an emerging category which shares the following five characteristics compared with traditional glaucoma surgery:(1)an interno microincision,(2)micro-invasion,(3)definite curative effect,(4)high safety, and(5)rapid recovery. moreover, it can also reduce the use of glaucoma medication after operation. This kind of surgery can be conducted in three different space, such as Schlemm canal, the suprachoroidal space, and the subconjunctival space. This article reviews briefly the new techniques of micro-invasive glaucoma surgery.

Progress on treatment of uveal melanoma

Fei Tang, Lu Gan and Wei-Min He — 2017/1/20 11:21:30

Uveal melanoma(UM)is the most common primary intraocular malignant tumor of adult. The traditional treatment is enucleation, but it cannot completely avoid metastasis, and on the contrary, it stimulates to distant metastasis of tumor cells to some extent. According to the statistic of latest 30a, survival rates of UM patients with metastasis is still very low. Recently, many researches devoted to targeted therapy, immune therapy and radiotherapy, which have achieved gratifying results. We summarized these relative researches in this paper.

Clinical reach progress of idiopathic macular hole

2017/1/20 11:21:31

Idiopathic macular hole(IMH)is unequivocal inducement lead to limiting full-thickness defect of retinal neurepithelium layerin macular region. It's one of the most important fundus macular degeneration. According to the different causes and the anatomical site, the lesion has a different classification, and its etiology and pathogenesis are diverse and complex. But along with the continuous renewal of ophthalmologic examination instrument and the continuous improvement of surgical technique, treatment of IMH is diversified and treatment effect is more obvious. Not only that, IHM preventive treatment also gradually get used in clinical. In this paper, we reviewed the progress of IMH in terms of the pathogenesis, relative examination, surgical treatment, preoperative prognostic evaluation and so on.

Influencing factors of dry eye disease in perimenopausal women

Ya-Juan Chen, Liang Liao and Xiao-Hong Gong — 2017/1/20 11:21:31

Perimenopausal women have a very high risk suffering from dry eye. Local disorder such as inflammation or estrogen deficiency were usually attributed as the main mechanism in recent researches. However, the author believes that comparing with other types of dre eye, there are some others risk factors should be noticed. This article reviewed recent literatures on causes of dry eye in perimenopausal women, including lacrimal gland and conjunctiva dysfunction, hormones deficiency, psychological disorder, systemic diseases, as well as living conditions and personal habits.

Reseach progress of NF-κB in the field of ophthalmology

Hong Lou and Zhi-Jian Li — 2017/1/20 11:21:31

Nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB)is a nuclear transcription factor with multi-directional and multi-effect regulation, existing in almost all cells. It participates in the regulation of physiological and pathological processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, apoptosis, inflammation and immune response, and plays an important role in body growth and development, inflammation, immune response, tumor growth and other aspects. In recent years, studies have indicated that NF-κB occupies an important place in the pathogenesis of eye related diseases, especially in ocular surface disease, cataract, glaucoma, uveitis, ocular fundus diseases and so on. There is a possibility that inhibition of NF-κB activation may become a novel target for the treatment of eye diseases. This paper will review the research reports of NF-κB in the field of ophthalmology.

Research status of the influence of the scattering for human eye's visual quality

Qiu-Yue Luo, Hua Wang and Dong-Qiang Luo — 2017/1/20 11:21:31

With the development of society, the new requirements for visual health are put forward. In the past, visual acuity and contrast sensitivity were used to evaluate the visual function of human eye, but it is subjective and limited, not really reflecting human eye's visual function. In order to pursue a more sensitive and accurate objective evaluation method, experts at home and abroad make some exploratory research on visual quality. The study confirmed that the scattering is an independent factor affecting the visual quality of human eye, it can make a more scientific evaluation of visual function.This article summarizes the influence of scattering for the visual quality of human eye, according to related research at home and abroad in recent years.

Review of the method of identifying limbal stem cell deficiency

Mei Lan, Fang Yang and Jin-Qiang Yu — 2016/12/21 10:42:29

Corneal diseases caused by limbal stem cell deficiency are common in ophthalmology outpatients. Limbal stem cell transplantation has become a hot spot in the treatment of these diseases. According to limbal stem cell deficiency or not and its degree, we choose different cell therapy. Therefore, identification of limbal stem cell deficiency is an important reference for transplant surgery selection, which also could lay a solid foundation for the follow-up transplantation experiment. Here we mainly summarize some research advancement of identifying limbal stem cell deficiency methods.

Research advance of individual choice for different spherical aberration aspheric intraocular lens

2016/12/21 10:42:29

As the continuous improvement and development of cataract surgery technology and intraocular lens(IOL), patients with postoperative visual quality requirements are no longer confined to "see", but is durable and comfortable to "see". Aberration is the important factors affecting postoperative visual quality. It includes low-order aberrations and higher-order aberrations. Low-order aberration can be corrected easily, but high-order aberration is more difficult to correct, and the higher order, the more difficulty to correct. Studies have showed that high order aberrations increase with age not only including spherical aberration, but also coma. But the change is far less than the spherical aberration, and other higher-order aberrations are close to zero. So spherical aberration becomes key area of high-order aberration attention and research in ophthalmology. Conventional spherical IOL has positive spherical aberration. It can not correct positive corneal spherical aberration of human eyes. In order to correct the positive corneal spherical aberration, the aspherical IOLs which design with zero or negative spherical aberration have been produced, studies have shown that it can obtain better postoperative visual quality than traditional spherical IOL, but how to comprehensively evaluate different spherical aberration aspherical IOL eye vision quality and how to choose it individually are the problems need to solve right now. For the best corrected spherical aberration of IOL eyes is uncertain, studies found that the amount of positive spherical aberration general approach to obtain a better visual quality, and can increase the depth of focus, which can increase far and near vision. In this paper, we will summarize the research progress on individual choice of aspheric IOL, to provide clinical basis about how to choose it individually for clinicians.

Research progress on the measurement of intraocular lens in high myopia with cataract

Jin-Peng Zhang, Xiao-Peng Zhao, Yu-Huan Yang and Hong Yan — 2016/12/21 10:42:29

Intraocular lens(IOL)refractive prediction of cataract surgery in high myopes is more inaccuracy compared to that of the routine cataract surgery. It is particularly important that how to measure biology accurately and choose the correct intraocular lens calculation formula. We summarized and analyzed postoperative refractive prediction deviation, the constants in the formula application and ocular axial length adjusting method in high myopia cataract surgery. In this review, lens diopter prediction standard formula(Holladay 1, SRK / T, Hoffer Q and Haigis)and the fourth generation of lens formula were contrasted, which could provide valuable reference for clinical applications.

Research progress of correlation of glaucoma and carotid artery

Ayiguli·Tuniyazi, Ailijiang·Aierken and Juerti· Abudukadier — 2016/12/21 10:42:29

Glaucoma is an ophthalmic disease with common characteristics of progressive and diagnostic optic nerve damage. In previous studies, intraocular hypertension is recognized as the main risk factor which causes the optic nerve damage. Besides, the anomaly of optic blood flow regulation caused by carotid artery stenosis, and hypoxia-ischemia caused by hypoperfusion of optic nerve blood flow, are also considered as one of the pathogenesises of glaucoma. Researches show that carotid artery anomaly plays a quite significant role during the development of glaucoma. This paper is going to summarize the correlation research of glaucoma and carotid artery.

Research progress in cytokines and retinal vein occlusion

Rui-Fang Yang and Hong-Yan Du — 2016/12/21 10:42:29

Retinal vein occlusion is the most common retinal vascular disease. Macular edema and retinal ischemia is the main cause of vision loss. The occurrence and development of retinal vein occlusion is the pathophysiological process many factors involve in. With the progress of cytobiology and molecular biologytechnology, detecting the levels of cytokines have become an important aspect in the study of retinal vein occlusion. The article illustrates cytokines associated with retinal vein occlusion and mentions the prospectsin the future.

Application of the electroretinogram in the study of high altitude retinopathy

Xiao-Hua Ji, Wen-Fang Zhang and Yi Yang — 2016/12/21 10:42:29

With the rapid development of the plateau economy and the increasing human activity on plateau, the plateau related diseases turned into a focus of social and medical attention, but it is also the main constraint on the development of plateau. High altitude retinopathy(HAR)as a kind of high altitude disease, showed mainly retinal vascular congestion, tortuosity, retinal hemorrhage and vitreous hemorrhage. The early effect of HAR showed a temporary visual impairment, long-term effect were irreversible visual impairment and eye complications. The prevention is the key point for HAR, so early diagnosis and timely treatment critical for a good prognosis. The technology of visual electrophysiological examination plays an important role in the diagnosis, differential diagnosis, prognosis, evaluation of therapeutic effect and objective assessment of the visual function, with its unique advantage. Electroretinogram(ERG)is an important part of the visual electrophysiology. As an objective examination method of retinal function, not only can ERG find the early changes of retinal function at high altitude, especially those without any clinical symptoms of HAR, but also ERG can dynamically observe the development and therapeutic effects of HAR.

Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of choroidalosteoma

Yuan-Lin Tang and Dong-Ping Shao — 2016/12/21 10:42:29

Choroidalosteoma is a rare ossifying tumor typically diagnosed in young women.Despite its being nature, visual acuity can be affected in these patients due to lesion enlargement, decalcification, choroidal neovascularization(CNV). Therefore, early diagnosis and effective treatment are the key factors affecting outcome.

Study on the possible factors leading to complications of hydroxyapatite orbital implantation

Wei-Na Zhang, Cai-Rui Li and Shu-Guang Sun — 2017/11/20 16:09:10

Hydroxyapatite(HA)orbital implant has been widely used since it was developed due to its many advantages. It is one of the ideal materials to fill the orbital volume after enucleation or evicseration. However, it still causes complications, and some complications such as severe eye exposure may require reimplant surgery. The paper reviews the clinical application of HA orbital implant, the possible factors leading to complications of HA orbital implantation and the treatments for several common complications. The review aims to provide some help to readers.

Influence factors of visual quality after phacoemulsification for cataract

Zhen-Lin Lin and Yan-Hong Hu — 2017/11/20 16:09:10

Cataract refers to the degenerative changes in lens quality caused by various causes of reduced transparency or color change. Surgical treatment is the main treatment modality at present. Among them, phacoemulsification has become the main surgical treatment for cataract because of its advantages such as short operation time, small incision and quicker healing. Today, cataract surgery has gradually shift to refractive surgery, and is no longer simply as cataract surgery. But after cataract phacoemulsification, the symptoms and visual quality are different. The main causes include refractive error, postoperative dry eyes and postoperative corneal astigmatism. This article reviews the factors that influence the visual quality of cataract phacoemulsification and its future trends.

Research progress on choroidal melanoma

Chao Pei and Jing-Xia Liu — 2017/11/20 16:09:10

Choroidal melanoma(CM)has the largest number in uveal malignant tumors and is the common intraocular malignant tumor among adults. Its morbidity takes the second place in intraocular malignant tumors in China, following retinoblastoma. This study reviewed pathological feature, pathogenesis, imaging examination and progress on therapeutic research of choroidal melanoma in recent years.

Research progress of stem cell-derived RPE cell transplantation therapy for retinal degenerative diseases

Tian-Yue Cao, Shuang-Hong Jiang, Chen Yan and Ming Ai — 2017/11/20 16:09:10

Age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)and Stargardt's macular dystrophy(SMD)are two kinds of degenerative retinal diseases that respectively lead to irreversible vision loss of the elderly and juvenile population. However, the severe visual impairment in dry ARMD and SMD remains untreatable. In recent years, with the advancement of stem cell technology, stem cell-derived RPE cell transplantation therapy of retinal degeneration has become new research hotspot and direction. This article reviewed the progress of stem cell based approaches for treating retinal degenerative diseases and discussed the prospect and challenges in this field.

Advances in the treatment of retinal angiomatous proliferation

Wang-Yi Fang, Min Wang and Song-Tao Yuan — 2017/11/20 16:09:10

Retinal angiomatous proliferation(RAP), also known as “type 3 neovascularization”, is a well-recognized variation of neovascular age-related macular degeneration(nARMD). Neovascularization is the basic pathological characteristic. Current view on the origin of the neovascularization is the deep retinal capillaries. The main clinical features include retinal pigment epithelium detachment(PED)and reticular pseudodrusen. These two features have close relation to the retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)tear and geographic atrophy(GA), respectively, which may ultimately result in severe irreversible visual impairment. The disease has a rapid natural course and the majority of patients in early stage can develop into vision loss within 6mo. However, classical therapeutic managements, such as laser therapy, have limited efficacy and poor prognosis. Recently, RAP has been further understood with the application of OCT angiography and other new technologies in diagnosing, staging and monitoring RAP. Varieties of research on intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)treatment to RAP have also revealed its promising results and proved its safety as well as effectiveness. All these have provided new knowledge on choosing the optimal treatment regimen in clinical.

Research advances in familial exudative vitreoretinopathy

Xue-Yun Ma, Yin Shen and Yi-Qiao Xing — 2017/11/20 16:09:10

Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy(FEVR)is a hereditary disease associated with abnormal angiogenesis in the pediatric period. The most prominent finding of the disease is avascularity in the peripheral retina.Whereas, the phenotypic features are variable. In some minor cases, missed diagnosis would happened due to asymptom, while, in severe FEVR, neovascularization, retinal exudation, retinal folds, macular heterotopy and retinal detachment may occur and give rise to extremely poor vision or even blindness. Mutations in the FZD4, LRP5, NDP, TSPAN12, ZNF408, and KIF11 genes have been reported to contribute to FEVR with X-linked recessive, autosomal dominant, and autosomal recessive inheritance manners. We have summarized aspects of pathogenesis, clinical features and classification, mutations genes as well as diagnosis and treatment of FEVR in this review.

Clinical advances in adult orbital xanthogranulomatous disease

Jia-Ying Zhang and Jin Li — 2017/11/20 16:09:10

Adult orbital xanthogranulomatous disease is a group of rare orbital and ocular adnexal disorders, which is classified as class II non-Langerhans histiocytic proliferations. This disease can be classified into 4 subtypes based mainly on systemic involvement: adult-onset xanthogranuloma, necrobiotic xanthogranuloma, Erdheim-Chester disease and adult-onset asthma and periocular xanthogranuloma. Diagnosis depends on its characteristic clinical manifestations and pathologic features. Therapeutic approaches are derived from anecdotal evidences, which include corticosteroid, immunosuppressive agent, surgical debulking and chemotherapy. The management of this disease varies with different subtypes, as well as associated systemic presentations. This review summarizes advances of etiopathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment.

Advances in the application of corneal confocal microscopy

Meng-Ya Cheng, Xue-Qian Cao and Lin-Nong Wang — 2017/11/20 16:09:10

Corneal confocal microscopy can be used in the real-time, noninvasive, high-resolution corneal structure at the cellular level, which has been widely used in corneal disease research. This review summarizes recent advances in corneal confocal microscopy in the study of infectious keratitis, dry eye, keratoconus, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and clinical studies to guide corneal transplantation.

Research progress on the role of resveratrol in age-related eye diseases

Ye Li, Li-Ping Li, Yu-Qing Lai and Xu Zhang — 2017/10/19 16:49:01

Age-related eye diseases are a set of ophthalmic diseases caused by aging and irreversible degeneration in the eye. Glaucoma, cataract, and age-related macular degeneration(AMD)are some of the common age-related eye diseases. Inflammation and oxidative stress play important roles in the initiation and progression of these diseases. Resveratrol, a natural plant antitoxin, fights oxidative stress and inflammation by regulating multiple cellular transduction pathways; and it has become a focal point in anti-aging research and has seen significant research progress during recent years. At the present, investigation into the relationship between resveratrol and age-related eye diseases is still in its infancy. This paper focuses on elaborating new research progress on resveratrol's role in age-related eye diseases.

Advances in drug treatment of retinal vein occlusion

Pan Long, Yi-Bing Wu, Jian Zhao, Zuo-Ming Zhang and Jing An — 2017/10/19 16:49:02

Retinalvein occlusion(RVO)is the most common retinal vascular disease. The main causes of visual impairment and blindness are macular edema and retinal neovascularization. Drug therapies are the effective and safe method in the treatment of RVO currently. The main drugs conclude corticosteroid drugs, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs, thrombolytic drugs and traditional drugs. This article reviews the recent progress in RVO in order to provide some valuable references for clinical treatment.

Application and research progress of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in corneal injury repair

Xin Dong and Zhu-Lin Hu — 2017/10/19 16:49:02

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)are a class of cells that can differentiate into different kind of corneal cells both in vitro and in vivo, which include corneal epithelial cells, limbal epithelial cells and corneal stromal cells. BMSCs could differentiate into corneal epithelial cells after transplantation, which can not only repair the damaged corneal, but also relieve inflammatory injury caused by the inflammatory cell infiltration. The other function of BMSC transplantation is to reduce the rejection after corneal transplantation by inhibiting cell damage and apoptosis. BMSC can also express a variety of factors on the carrier, these factors paly the important role in promoting the proliferation of limbal stem cells. These findings above provide a new direction for the fundamental study of ophthalmology, and put forward new clinical treatment ideas for corneal disease, both of them have broad protect for development. In this paper, the research status and progress of BMSC in the repair of corneal injury are reviewed.

Effect of anti-VEGF drugs on the lens

Na Li and Yan-Hua Qi — 2017/10/19 16:49:02

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)drugs can effectively treat the diseases which related with the formation of pathological angiogenesis. However, after the intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF drugs, the distribution of this drugs in our eyes will have certain impact on different organizations, due to its specifical mechanism of action. Previously, the studies mainly concentrated on the structures which are rich in vascular tissues. Nevertheless, the structures which are lack of vascular tissues is often overlooked. This article viewed the influence of lens after intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF drugs on early development of the lens, and when it was injected during or after the cataract operation.

Development of surgery for proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Ting Long, Jia Chen, Lei Du and Yi-Qiao Xing — 2017/10/19 16:49:02

Given the poor prognosis of proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR), the morbidity of PDR has also increased recent years. Modern surgery has undergone a very impressive development over the last 10a due to the evolution of methods, techniques and extension of surgical indications. In this article, we will review the current choices of the surgery time, perioperative managements, as well as the methods of the vitrectomy.

Application of OCT angiography in ophthalmology

Ai-Ping Yang and Hao Wang — 2017/10/19 16:49:02

Optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)is a new technology of angiography in recent years. In addition to the advantages of traditional OCT, it can observe blood flow in different retinal and choroidal segmentation slab. By using the pseudo-color, abnormal vascular structure can be distinguished from normal vascular structure of the retina. Dye injection is not needed with OCTA, which is different from fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA)and indocyanine green angiography(ICGA). OCTA provides more and more accurate blood flow information. However, like other biometric technology, OCTA has its limitations and shortcomings. This review will analyze and summarize the operating principle of OCTA, its application in ophthalmology, as well as its advantages and limitations.

Application of different colorants in the surgery of idiopathic macular hole

Yun-Yi Guo and Guo-Xing Xu — 2017/9/18 10:53:56

Internal limiting membrane(ILM)peeling is commonly used in the operation of idiopathic macular hole(IMH)surgery. The success of ILM peeling has been greatly improved with the assistance of vital dyes. Currently, several kinds of vital dyes such as indocyanine green(ICG), brilliant blue G(BBG)are applied in the ILM staining. However, all of the vital dyes have potential toxicity and side effects on the retina. In recent years, many kinds of dyes and staining improved emerge in endlessly. This paper reports the progress in the application of different colorants in the operation of IMH.

Role of long non-coding RNA in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy

Xiu-Juan Yue, Sheng Su and Ping Liu — 2017/9/18 10:53:56

Long non-coding RNA(LncRNA)is a class of transcript(>200 nucleotides)that do not encode proteins. It plays an important role in epigenetic regulation and gene expression at transcriptional or post transcriptional level. The abnormal expression of LncRNA may lead to various pathological processes. Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is a multifactorial disease. Recent studies have shown that many specific expressions of LncRNAs are closely related to the genesis of DR. In this review, we summarized the recent advances in the function of LncRNA, the regulatory mechanisms of LncRNA involved in the development of DR, and the related therapies.

Advances in imaging research of age-related macular degeneration

Kai Xu and Li-Na Liang — 2017/9/18 10:53:56

Age-related macular degeneration(AMD)is the main cause of blindness in the people older than 50 years old. In recent years, following the improvement of imaging techniques in ophthalmology, the pathogenesis of the disease, the level of diagnosis and efficacy evaluation ability greatly improved. In this paper, we reviewed and discussed the recent advancement on imaging research of age-relate d macular degeneration.

Relative factors analysis on the stability of intraocular lens after cataract surgery

Fan Zhang, Jian Zhang, Lin Zhou, Ran Sun and Wei Fang — 2017/9/18 10:53:56

The stability of the intraocular lens(IOL)after cataract surgery is composed of decentration, tilt, rotation, and the change of anterior chamber depth. Its stability is an important factor affecting postoperative visual quality. By analyzing the related factors which influence the stability of intraocular lens, improvements can be identified for future cataract operations. The stability of intraocular lens is influenced by many factors: intraocular structure, the size and the symmetry of intraoperative capsulorhexis, the position of the intraocular lens, the material and design of the intraocular lens, etc. In order to improve the patient's vision, cataract surgeries have been experiencing an evolution. IOL material have also been contributing to such innovations.

Research progress of cytokines in aqueous humor of patients with glaucoma

Yong Zhang and Lin Xie — 2017/9/18 10:53:57

Aqueous humor is the product of the ciliary body. It provides nutrition for the iris, cornea, lens, and trabecular meshwork. Compared to the blood, the aqueous humor can better reflect the intraocular environment. Therefore, the detection of cytokines in the aqueous humor has become one of the hot topics in ophthalmology in recent years. Altered cytokine levels in the aqueous humor have been observed in many ocular diseases, including glaucoma. Some investigators hypothesized that cytokines in the aqueous humor are associated with the pathophysiology of glaucoma, and even affect the prognosis of glaucoma filtering surgery. In this paper, the changes of several cytokines in the aqueous humor of glaucoma eyes were summarized, and the relationship between them was analyzed.

Changes in retinal structure and function of Alzheimer's patients

Xi Qin and Yan Lu — 2017/9/18 10:53:57

Alzheimer's disease(AD), a neurodegenerative disease, can result in memory loss,cognitive and behavioral deficits. The pathological hallmarkes are β amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles which lead loss of neurons in brain. As the extension of the central nervous system, retina has a similar tissue anatomy with central nervous system. The β amyloid plaques have also been detected in retina of AD. Furthermore, according to eye examinations of AD patients, we have found the loss of retinal ganglion cells, the attenuation of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, the smaller changes of macula lutea, the decline of vascular density and so on. And then, there occurs the visual field loss and the decline of contrast sensitivity and so on in AD patients. Thus, the retina has occurred nerve degenerative changes in AD. Meanwhile, there has been proved that the retina nerve degeneration is even earlier than senile plaques formation in brain. In addition,curcumin, a natural and safe fluorescent dye, can be used to label β amyloid plaques in retina. The above suggests that retina can be a window for the early diagnosis of AD.

Current advance in the research of related influencing factors of myopia

Xiao-Wei Yang and Shao-Bin Zhang — 2017/9/18 10:53:57

Myopia is not only a global public health problem, but also a significant socio-economic problem. There are various hypotheses about the pathogenesis of myopia, which is basically the result of the combination of environmental and genetic factors. Although a large number of epidemiological studies have been carried out on the influencing factors of myopia, most of them are cross-sectional studies, longitudinal cohort studies are relatively few. This paper will summarize the influencing factors of myopia at homeland and abroad in recent years.

Research progress on risk factors of wet age-related macular degeneration

Meng Wang, Feng-Ming Liang, Li Wang, Hong-Mei Li and Tao Chen — 2018/8/17 17:07:07

Age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)is one of the major senile blinding eye diseases in the world. Among them, wet age-related macular degeneration(wARMD)causes severe visual impairment. In our country, age-related degenerative diseases pose a serious medical burden as the population tends to age. With the deep research of wARMD risk factors by domestic and foreign scholars, the prevention and control of wARMD has become an important research topic. Therefore, by studying the risk factors of wARMD and taking effective preventive measures, it is expected to reduce the incidence of wARMD and delay the development of the disease. This article reviews the research progress of wARMD risk factors.

Research progress in the treatment of retinitis pigmentosa

Chen Ou, Ying Wang, Jian Xu, Xiao-Fang Peng and Qing-Hua Peng — 2018/8/17 17:07:07

Retinitis Pigmentosa(RP)is a group of inherited retinal diseases characterized by progressive photoreceptor cells loss and pigment epithelial cell dysfunction. It is one of the most common disease worldwide which leads to blindness, and there were no effective treatments for RP in the past decades. Recently, lots of methods were considered effective to treat with RP, including stem cell therapy, gene therapy, neuroprotective therapy, nutritional therapy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, retinal transplantation and traditional Chinese medicine. In this review, we conducted a comprehensive analysis and assessment on the findings of the progress of RP treatment at domestic and overseas.

Advances on the study of limbal stem cells culture in vitro

Ying Zhou and Xiao-Wei Gao — 2018/8/17 17:07:08

LSCs(limbal stem cells)are one of the adult unipotent stem cells located in the Vogt palisade area of the limbal cornea. It can supplement the repair of corneal epithelium by self renewal and play an important role in maintaining normal corneal epithelial integrity, corneal transparency and maintaining normal vision. The lack of corneal limbus stem cells caused by various reasons will lead to corneal turbid, ocular surface vascularization, and final blindness. The main methord to treat related diseases is to cultivate corneal limbal stem cells in vitro and retransplantation. How to effectively expand the limbal stem cells in vitro is the key to the success of the treatment. The location, acquisition methods and expansion methods of limbal stem cells were reviewed.

Research progress of mouse model for age-related macular degeneration

Hao-Yu Li and Qiu-Ming Hu — 2018/8/17 17:07:08

Age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)is the leading cause of blindness in the individuals older than 65 years in developed countries. It is a complex disease influenced by interaction of heredity, age, environment, diet, smoking and many other risk factors. Dry ARMD first damages Bruch's membrane, then affect the retinal pigment epithelium(retinal pigmented epithelium, RPE)and photoreceptors. Pathological angiogenesis and vascular permeability increasing are mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), resulting the formation of choroidal neovascularization. ARMD in human will not be caused by none of the single risk factors. Animal models that mimic a single factor cannot reproduce all the phenotypes of ARMD but can reproduce different characteristics. These animal models provide an entry point for studying the disease mechanism and finding the target of drug action. Specific modeling methods include laser modeling, gene modeling, feeding, oxidation and other models. This article summarizes and reviews the domestic and foreign classic literatures in this field to help researchers to select the suitable methods and provide new ideas for modeling.

Recent advance on anti-VEGF treatment of choroidal neovascularization secondary to pathological myopia

Xing-Zhao Xu, Jing-Yi Wu, Zhi-Hang Wu, Qin-Ling Wang, Yi Zhang and Yao Liu — 2018/8/17 17:07:08

The choroidal neovascularization(CNV)secondary to pathological myopia is a common cause of irreversible central vision loss, with high incidence and serious impact on the quality of life of the patients. The traditional therapeutic modalities for CNV secondary to pathologic myopia include thermal laser photocoagulation, transpupillary thermotherapy, and photodynamic therapy with verteporfin. However, the long-term outcome of these treatments are disappointing. Recently, the intravitreal injection of anti- vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)treatment can improve the visual acuity and reduce the central retina thickness more effectively than the traditional method. Therefore, these anti-VEGF agents may become first-line drugs for the treatment of CNV secondary to pathological myopia. This review is aim to discuss the pathogenesis of myopic CNV, the molecular structure and mechanism of anti-VEGF drugs, and compare the therapeutic efficacy and safety of anti-VEGF drugs to CNV secondary to pathologic myopia.

Research status of subretinal fluid in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment after scleral buckling surgery

Xiao-Nan Shi, Zhao-Hui Gu and Yan Fu — 2018/8/17 0:00:00

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment is an eye disease that can lead to blindness. Timely and effective surgical treatment is the key to cure this disease, including pars plana vitrectomy and scleral buckling surgery, at present. Scleral buckling is a simple and effective treatment for the uncomplicated retinal detachment, but the recovery of visual acuity is influenced by many factors. The subretinal fluid is an important factor that can lead to the delayed recovery of visual acuity. This review is aimed at the present study of subretinal fluid after scleral buckling surgery.

Application progress in ophthalmology using artificial intelligence based on machine learning

Qian Zhao, Lin-Lin Shen and Ming-Ying Lai — 2018/8/17 17:07:08

With the rapid development of the modern artificial intelligent technology, the machine learning based artificial intelligence(AI)technology has been gradually carried out widely in many different fields including medical field and it has also shown great potential in Ophthalmology. Most diagnostics of eye diseases, to a large extent, rely on accessory examination, which mostly output the results in the form of images. However, since the ocular image is usually very fine and complex that contains amount of information, it is difficult for doctors to diagnose correctly every time and even they do, it is still subjective and time consuming. Combined with computer, the application of machine learning based AI technology can largely improve the diagnostic accuracy, ease the burden of ophthalmologists and patient. The article aims to synthesize the researches on the applications of machine learning based AI technology in ophthalmology by local and foreign scholars and give a review on the progress, existing problems and personal future outlook.

Mechanism of TUDCA for retinitis pigmentosa

Li Yuan and Yan Liu — 2018/7/20 11:38:05

Tauroursodeoxycholic acid(TUDCA)is formed by taurine conjugated of ursodeoxycholic acid(UDCA). It has the role of neurotrophic factor in anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptosis and reducing the activation of microglial cells. These effects may be one of the most critical of all pathological stages of retinitis pigmentosa. Preclinical trials have shown that TUDCA had potential therapeutic value for retinal degeneration disease. This article discusses how TUDCA can slow down the process of retinal degeneration.

Research progress in the treatment of retinoblastoma

Hong-Mi Zou, Jia Jian and Xi-Yuan Zhou — 2018/7/20 11:38:05

Retinoblastoma(RB)is the most common intraocular malignant tumor in infants, the pathogenesis of which, is related to gene mutations. In order to improve the survival rate and eye-protection rate of RB patients, the therapeutic approaches have been constantly updated and developed, mainly including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgical treatment, physiotherapy, photochemotherapy, gene therapy at present. In this article, we mainly reviewed the progress of RB treatment.

Ocular complications of HIV infection

Rong Huang, Hui-Yuan Huang, Yi-Qiao Xing and Min Li — 2018/7/20 11:38:06

In recent years,with the widespread application of highly effective antiretroviral therapy(HAART), the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS)related eye complications was significantly reduced. The absolute number of patients infected with HIV and AIDS increased year by year, and the survival rate increased and the survival time prolonged. The clinical manifestations of associated ocular complications in these patients are variable, affecting almost all ocular structures. At present, there is a lack of large-scale and long-term systematic observation of eye lesions in HIV-infected and AIDS patients in China. Misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis occur in many hospitals and even in some of the top-three hospitals. This not only delays the treatment of patients, but also easily cause iatrogenic transmission. Therefore, ophthalmologists and even other medical workers should enhance their knowledge of HIV/AIDS. This paper reviews the common complications of non-infection, opportunistic infection, and immune reconstitution inflammatory response syndrome(IRIS)in the HIV/AIDS patients, and discusses the manifestations and research progress of posterior ocular complications of HIV/AIDS.

Roles of magnetic resonance imaging techniques in the study of eye disease

2018/7/20 11:38:06

As magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)technology has the features of non-invasive, clear imaging, and high resolution to soft tissue, it has been used to both the clinic applications and basic researches of ophthalmic diseases. The most important applications of MRI in ophthalmology are orbital and ocular tumor diseases. In recent years, MRI has been gradually applied to clinical and scientific research of visual impairment. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the applications of MRI in the field of ametropia, cataract, glaucoma, amblyopia, optic nerve diseases, choroidal disease, retinopathy, and so on.

Effect of infusion pressure on retinal structure and function during cataract surgery

Tong Ding and Wei-Qiang Qiu — 2018/7/20 11:38:06

With cataract surgery become commonly performed, to pursue efficiency of the surgery, ophthalmologists prefer to increase vacuum during phacoemulsification. High vacuum can cause the instability of the anterior chamber, requiring increased infusion pressure to maintain the stability. However, high infusion pressure can affect the structure and function of the retina. This article reviews the studies of effect of infusion pressure during cataract surgery on retinal structure and function.

Research on the pathogenesis between type 2 diabetes mellitus and dry eye

Jian-Zhong Guo and Sheng Chen — 2018/7/20 11:38:06

Incidence rate of diabetes mellitus(DM)rises up obviously around the world. This disease can cause diabetic retinopathy, diabetic keratopathy, cataract, glaucoma, refractive changes, iridociliary disorder, dry eyes and other ophthalmic complications, which severely affect vision and even result in blindness. In recent years, with improvement of life quality, it is gradually frequent for diabetics to see ophthalmologist on account of sore eyes. This phenomenon has attracted attention of oculists, which is related to abnormal factors such as abnormal tear quality and quantity under diabetes condition, poor stability of tear film, rising of tear osmotic pressure, inflammatory response, cornea neurodegeneration, apoptosis, functional lesion of tarsus related to sex hormone. As over 90% of diabetics are diagnosed as type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM), this paper will summarize pathogenesis of dry eyes related to T2DM and offer theoretical foundation to clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Progress on the treatment of amblyopia

Zi-Ang Cheng and Xiang-Yong Xie — 2018/7/20 11:38:06

Amblyopia is a common disease in the process of childhood development. Early detection, early treatment and rational application of treatment are the keys to amblyopia treatment. At present, the main treatment methods used in clinical practice include refractive correction, suppression therapy, visual perception training, binocular training, and Chinese medicine treatment. After the development of these treatment methods, the current situation and future development trends deserve to be discussed in depth. Based on the review of relevant literature at home and abroad, the author makes a review of the treatment of amblyopia and its latest progress.

Role of amyloid β in age-related macular degeneration

Lu Wang and Yan Wang — 2018/6/27 10:52:30

Age-related macular degeneration(AMD)is one of the major irreversible blinding disease affecting in nearly 50 million individuals globally. The pathogenesis and prevention of AMD has become research focus for several years. Amyloid β(Aβ), formed by hydrolysis of the precursor protein, is synthesized and secreted in retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)and retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)monolayer. Normally, the formation and degradation of Aβ maintain a dynamic equilibrium. When the balance was damaged, Aβ can deposit in retina which not only constitute the main components of drusen but activate complement system and induce inflammation in local tissue. Here, we review the most recent findings supporting the hypothesis that Aβ could be a key factor in AMD which may offer a better understanding of disease mechanism and develop new strategies affecting the pathogenesis.

Relationship between autophagy and oxidative stress in diabetic retinopathy

Jun-Xian Li, Xiao-Ting Xi and Yan Li — 2018/6/27 10:52:30

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is a microvascular and neurological complication of diabetes mellitus. Oxidative stress is an important pathogenic mechanism for the occurrence of DR. Autophagy is a crucial regulatory mechanism of cells under both physiologic and pathologic conditions. It can maintain intracellular homeostasis by degrading redundant or damaged proteins and organelles in cells. Prior studies have documented that there is a strong connection between autophagy and oxidative stress of DR. This article reviewed previous findings regarding the specific relationship between autophagy and oxidative stress in DR, including early microvascular lesions, neuropathy and other pathological changes. The aim of this review is to provide new ideas to clarify the pathogenesis of DR.

Research advances of hepatitis B virus transmission through tears

Da-Lan Jing, Jie Su and Wei Wang — 2018/6/27 10:52:30

China has a large number of Hepatitis B virus carriers. Though hematogenous dissemination is the main transmission route, much remains unknown about the way the virus spreads. It is doubted that people may get the disease through various body fluids in daily activity. Some routine examinations in ophthalmology department such as Goldmann applanation tonometry could not avoid contact with patients' ocular surface and may cause virus spread due to the residual tears on the instrument. So it is quite necessary to inspect the tear infectiousness of Hepatitis B virus. This review summarized recent studies about hepatitis B virus transmission via tears.

Application of new polymer materials in the treatment of ocular diseases

Ting-Ting Li, Li-Na Xin and Xin-Rong Zhou — 2018/6/27 10:52:30

Accompanied with the rapid progress of materials technology and tissue engineering science, the increasing number of materials of organic polymer structure, especially nano-materials were highlighted by researchers in the field of biomedicine. Caused by some certain kinds of features, their excellent biocompatibility and security secondary to material size, surface modification, new materials were playing unique roles in drug delivery system, controlled release unit, disease detection etc. It provides a novel approach to diseases therapy. The application of new materials regarding organic polymer to ophthalmic drug therapy were focused in the review.

Research progress on anti-scarring drugs after glaucoma filtration surgery

Zhi-Hua Huang and Wei Tan — 2018/6/27 10:52:31

Glaucoma filtration surgery is currently the preferred method for patients in whom anti-glaucoma medication and laser treatment can not control intraocular pressure, and its postoperative filtering bleb scar formation is the leading cause of surgical failure. At present, there are some progresses in the basic and clinical studies of postoperative anti-glaucoma scar. However, it is still a problem to seek for an effective, safe and stable treatment of scarring after glaucoma filtration surgery. Those articles published in the past three years on the glaucoma filtration after anti-scarring related drugs are reviewed.

Study progress on the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome and glaucoma

Ting-Ting Xiao and Guo-Dong Li — 2018/6/27 10:52:31

Glaucoma is a progressive optic neurodegenerative disease with specific characteristics of structural optic nerve head(ONH)and with changes in the inner retinal layer(ganglion cell complex)along with the presence of corresponding functional visual field(VF)changes that are irreversible. Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome(OSAHS)is characterized by recurrent complete or partial interruption of normal breathing due to functional occlusion or collapse of upper airway during sleep that leads to apnea or hypopnea and hypoxia. This causes decrease in the arterial oxygen(O₂)saturation and a rise in the carbon dioxide saturation during sleep and results in transient hypoxia and increased vascular resistance in body tissues. OSAHS is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular, and many reports showed that OSAHS is one of the systemic risk factors for glaucoma which causes irreversible visual field damage, but lacks a systematic analysis of the relationship between the two. Comprehensive glaucoma evaluation should be recommended in patients with OSAHS.

Advance on persistent subretinal fluid after scleral buckle for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

Li-Fei Chen and Xu-Hui Yu — 2018/6/27 10:52:31

Delayed absorption of limited subretinal fluid occurs in some patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment(RRD)after scleral buckling. The macular-off patients may be effected more on visual function. The progress of recent researches on the epidemiology, diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment of persistent subretinal fluid with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment has been summarized in this article.

Advances on biological indicators of diabetic retinopathy and characteristic peculiarities

Wan-Feng Yang, Wei Xie, Xiao-Qiong Chen, Tian Tian and Chun-Nan Tao — 2018/6/27 10:52:31

Diabetic Retinopathy(DR)has gradually worsening and lingering, which is the leading cause of global young people blindness. With the progression of the disease, patients with diabetes mellitus(DM)will have different degrees of DR. If you can not prevent and give acute early intervention, once the visual acuity decreased significantly, DR would be difficult to reverse. DR progressively has worsening, the treatment status has no optimistic. Therefore, DR in the early prevention and treatment will be indispensable. This article summarizes some of the early warning of the occurrence and development of biological markers and characteristic indicators in order to provide a basis for the early prevention of DR.

Differential diagnosis and treatment for three types of binocular vision dysfunctions

Jun Zhou — 2018/6/27 10:52:31

Convergence insufficiency, basic exophoria and pseudo convergence insufficiency are three common reason for visual dysfunction. It's difficult for optometrist to differential diagnosis because of the similar signs and symptoms. Comprehensive analysis of distance & near eye position, accommodation, AC/A ratio and negative/positive relative accommodation(NRA/PRA)may help optometrist to make an accurate diagnosis and treatment strategy, which may relax asthenopia and maintain normal binocular vision.

Research and application of RNA interference in cataract

Wan-Rong Huang and Yue Zhang — 2018/5/25 15:46:39

RNA interference(RNAi)is the post-transcriptional gene silencing based on sequence-specific degradation of mRNA, and triggered by double-stranded RNA.RNAi technology is widely used in gene therapy and research of gene function and almost become a standardized technical tool with very broad prospect. The eyes with immune privilege are very suitable for the treatment of RNAi, which has been widely used for a variety of eye diseases, especially cataract. This paper briefly introduces the basic principle of RNAi technology and summarizes the recent research and application of this technology in cataract.

Research advances of endoplasmic reticulum stress in high glucose environment and its related ophthalmic diseases

Jia-Jun Lu, Min-Jie Sheng and Bing Li — 2018/5/25 15:46:39

Endoplasmic reticulum(ER)is a place where it folds and synthesizes the proteins. ER stress was induced when a variety of physiological and pathological factors happened, under which the protein misfolding occurred, the unfolded protein accumulated and the calcium ion imbalanced in the ER. The ER of high-glucose environment can change the protein redox state and produce reactive oxygen species, which affects the ER channel function and chaperone protein buffer; meanwhile changes the balance of calcium ions; finally induces the formation of ER stress. More and more studies have confirmed that ER stress in high glucose environment can cause a variety of ophthalmic diseases. So we review the recent articles about ER stress of high glucose environment and its related ophthalmic diseases.

Progress on diagnose and treatment of blepharokeratoconjunctivitis

You-Yan Liu, Xiao-Feng Xu, Ning Wang and Da-Qing Wang — 2018/5/25 15:46:39

Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis(BKC)refers to a group of inflammatory lesions secondary to chronic blepharitis in cornea and(or)conjunctiva, is very common in clinic. At the same time, this kind of disease is easily misdiagnosed and missed diagnosed, which causing the management of patient were delayed. The characteristic of BKC is that the patient's condition is prolonged unhealed and unreasonable treatment can result in irreversible damage to the visual function of the patient. In recent years, with the public's understanding of ocular surface diseases has deepened, they also emphasized the influence of BKC to eye health. Although a large number of clinical studies have been carried out on the diagnosis and treatment of BKC, at present there is no unified standard of diagnosis and treatment for it. Consulting the relevant literature and combined with current research status, the diagnosis and treatment of BKC are reviewed in this paper.

Research progress of ocular surface squamous neoplasia

Jing-Wei Li and Yan-Ning Yang — 2018/5/25 15:46:40

Ocular surface squamous neoplasia(OSSN)is a type of ocular surface tumor, which is difficult to diagnose because of its low incidence is low and it is easy to be confused with pterygium. In recent years, the improvement of various diagnostic techniques and the extensive application of interferon(IFN)to OSSN therapy have greatly reduced the recurrence rate, and the diagnostic and therapeutic methods of OSSN tend to be diversified. Understanding the current causes of OSSN and the ways of treatment can better guide the OSSN study.

Recent advances in the clinical examinations of Meibomian gland dysfunction

Xu Chen and Hua-Feng Ma — 2018/5/25 15:46:40

Meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD)is one of the common diseases in ophthalmology clinic. The diagnosis of MGD ought to be evaluated according to symptoms, signs and corresponding assistant examinations. Traditional examination methods, such as slit-lamp examination, break-up time of tear film, Schirmer tear test and so on, have definite value in the diagnosis of MGD. In 2017, the experts on the diagnosis and treatment of Meibomian gland dysfunction in our country have reached consensus that some novel clinical examination methods such as Meibomian gland loss rate and tear film lipid layer thickness are also worked as auxiliary diagnostic criteria for MGD. The combination of traditional methods and new detection techniques will lead to more comprehensive and accurate conclusions for the diagnosis of MGD.

Progress of corneal biomechanical measurements and applications in clinic

Ya-Li Xu, Xue-Li Shao, Wan-Qing Jin, Bing Hu, Xue-Jiao Tang and Yan Lian — 2018/5/25 15:46:40

Cornea is an important part ofhuman's refractive system. Corneal biomechanics plays an important role in corneal ectasia and related diseases. The corneal biomechanics measured in vitro and in vivo and its clinical application in system diseases and elastic corneal disease, glaucoma, myopic are reviewed in this literature summary.

Progress on the visual dysfunction after Alzheimer's disease and its mechanism

Qing Sang and Yan Lu — 2018/5/25 15:46:40

Alzheimer's disease(AD)is a neurodegenerative disease and is the most common type of dementia. It impairs the quality of life of a person and their family, posing a serious economic and social threat in developed countries. A high degree of clinical suspicion is needed to correlate problems in cognition with the changes in the eye. But relations between sensory functions and Alzheimer's disease are still under explored. When function of cognitive decline, patients perceive the world around them with their visual sense, while the brain can't integrate the sensory information to understand the surrounding environment. Visual dysfunction has long been recognized as a manifestation of Alzheimer's disease(AD). To further explore the changes in its visual function, it is now reviewed in various literatures to explain the visual impairment of patients with Alzheimer's disease.

A review on factors influencing myopic progression in children after orthokeratology

Jie Zheng, Yu Zhang, Yue-Guo Chen and Chun Zhang — 2018/4/24 14:27:16

With the increasingly higher prevalence of myopia in children, more and more attention has been paid on the prevention and control of childhood myopia. As a non-surgical method for correcting myopia and meanwhile slowing its progression, orthokeratology is now widely used around the world. Multiple clinical studies have revealed that orthokeratology is an effective and crucial way in controlling childhood myopic progression. However, the myopia controlling efficacy differs greatly among individuals. Many factors have been reported to have potential influences in the process of myopia control of orthokeratology in children and these factors were reviewed in this article.

Effect of orthokeratology on binocular visual function in myopic

Zi-Qing Feng and Xue Li — 2018/4/24 14:27:16

Orthokeratology can change the shape of the cornea and control the growth of the eye axis through the special design of its inverse geometry, which has achieved significant clinical effect on adolescent myopia correction. Thus, it has been highly praised by the experts at home and abroad and widely used. Recent studies show that orthokeratology can control the myopia anisometropia and improve the binocular vision in myopic. This article introduces the latest research progress on the effect and mechanism of orthokeratology control myopia, the treatment of anisometropia, the influence of ocular accommodation parameters and improvement of the binocular vision.

Development of intracorneal lens

Yao-Qin Zeng and Shu-Xi He — 2018/4/24 14:27:17

Keratoconus is an ophthalmopathy that has high morbidity and is likely to cause blindness. The currently available therapeutic options for keratoconus mainly include wearing rigid gas permeable(RGP)contact lenses, corneal cross linking, and keratoplasty, etc., which, however, require high treatment cost and long-term medicinal treatment with indefinite therapeutic effect. Intracorneal lens implantation has emerged as a new technique for the treatment of keratoconus, which attempts to implant a lens of certain power into the corneal interlayer, so as to allow the visual acuity to recover quickly while treating keratoconus. This paper reviews the advances and the development prospect of intracorneal lens implantation.

Effect of microRNA-155 on the pathogenesis of primary open angle glaucoma

Ru-Fei Yang, Ying Su, Xin Jiang and Feng Wang — 2018/4/24 14:27:17

microRNA is specifically expressed in ocular tissues and plays a unique role in ocular tissues. microRNA-155 regulates a variety of signaling pathways, affects the expression of the corresponding protein, then leads to the morphology and function abnormality of cells and tissue. The mechanism of primary open angle glaucoma is not yet clear. It is considered that the morphology and function abnormality of trabecular meshwork is the main cause of the increasing intraocular pressure. The effect of microRNA-155 on primary open angle glaucoma can provide a new direction for the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of primary open angle glaucoma.

XEN gel stent drainage device implantation for glaucoma

Peng Huang and Li-Na Huang — 2018/4/24 14:27:17

Glaucoma is one of the main causes of blindness in China. The higher the intraocular pressure, the severer the optic nerve injury. Lowering the intraocular pressure is the main treatment of delaying the progression in glaucoma optic nerve damage, and surgery is the chief strategy of lowering the intraocular pressure. At present, the device implantation has become more and more popular among different types of surgical treatment of glaucoma due to its safety, efficacy, fewer complications. This article introduces briefly the new device implantation--XEN gel stent drainage device.

Research progress on the pathogenesis of microvascular neuropathy in diabetic retinopathy

2018/4/24 14:27:17

Diabetic retinopathy is one of the common and serious microvascular complications of diabetes. In foreign countries, DR is the leading cause of blindness in the working age group(20-64 years). In China, the incidence of DR and the rate of blindness increase year by year, which seriously affects the patients' quality of life. Previous studies on the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy were mainly focused on the microvascular; in recent years, with the deepening of researches, more and more scholars believe that DR is no longer simply a kind of microangiopathy, but is also accompanied by retinal neurodegeneration. However, studies on the pathogenesis of microvascular disease and neurodegenerative changes of diabetic retinopathy in the literature domestic and abroad are mostly single. This article reviews the relationship between microvascular disease and neurodegenerative changes in diabetic retinopathy.

Consecutive exotropia: risk factors and treatment progress

Yu-Qing Zhang, Li-Li Xu, Chun Tang and Xian Yang — 2018/4/24 14:27:17

Consecutive exotropia is not uncommon in clinical practice, but the domestic researches on the disease and its risk factors are rare. This article aims to summarize the risk factors of consecutive exotropia after surgery of esotropia and to discuss the treatment of consecutive exotropia so as to provide references for identifying risk factors for consecutive exotropia before operation, and to reduce the incidence of overcorrection, in order to guide the surgical design of esotropia and diagnosis as well as treatment of consecutive exotropia.

Research progress of the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to treat retinal neovascular disease

Wei-Jing Cheng and Guo-Xing Xu — 2018/3/26 15:30:53

Retinal neovascular disease is not an independent eye disease, which is more common seen in many other eye diseases spontaneously and cause serious damage to vision, such as retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinal central venous obstruction and retina venous inflammation, which present retinal neovascularization. The loss of normal blood vessels structure and function, causing pathological bleeding, oozing, edema and retinal detachment and other pathological changes, they are the main reason for loss of vision, which has become a worldwide blindness disease. At present, the main treatment for the disease include of laser occlusion, vitrectomy, repeated vitreous cavity injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor, those treatment has significant curative effect, but cannot prevent relapse of the disease. There is still no long-term effective treatment method nowadays. The emergence of stem cell therapy has provided potential alternative therapies. In this review, the latest application of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)in retinal neovascular disease will be discussed and present its migration advantages and promising clinical application prospects.

A review of behavioral visual acuity tests for rodents

2018/3/26 15:30:53

Rodents have been used widely in the research of eye diseases to study visual function in animal models. Two methods of visual acuity testing in animals have been internationally recognized: the electrophysiological visual acuity test and the behavioral visual acuity test. Both of these methods have their advantages and limitations. The electrophysiology test(visual evoked potential)is invasive, and animals need recovery time after being implanted with electrodes. Also, the electrophysiological visual acuity test only reflects the electrical activity of a single cell or nuclei, it does not reflect the overall visual function of the animal. The widely used behavioral visual acuity test is able to compensate for these limitations. This paper gives a brief overview of the methods of the behavioral visual acuity test for rodents(rats, mice, guinea pigs, etc.).

Research on soluble VEGF receptor 1 in retinal neovascularization

Xiao-Yuan Cui and Guo-Xing Xu — 2018/3/26 15:30:53

The common feature of retinal neovascularization is the formation of pathological neovascularization. The primary one of endogenous retinal neovascularization factor in current research is vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF). SFlt-1, the soluble form of splicing in mRNA extracellular region of VEGFR-1, which is short of intracellular tyrosine kinase domain can only encode the extracellular domain. Therefore, it only can bind with ligands but can not transmit signals, thus preventing the formation of neovascularization. SFlt-1, as a hot research topic in recent years, may provide a new gene therapy method for this disease. This review focus on the mechanism and research progress of sFlt-1 in retinal neovascularization.

Progress in reconstruction of orbital wall after fracture

Lu-Lu Xu and Qing Guo — 2018/3/26 15:30:53

At present, the orbital wall fracture is a very common facial trauma. The orbital contents are often incarcerated in the fracture cracks resulting in changes in the orbital eye position, then can bring a lifetime of diplopia and enophthalmos, which greatly affects the visual acuity and facial appearance. The purpose of repairing of orbital fracture is reconstructing orbital wall, repairing defect to correct eye position, avoiding enophthalmos and recovering visual function. The review will provide a comprehensive overview of orbital fracture reconstruction.

Progress in the clinical treatment of chronic dacryocystitis

Xiang-Lei Chen — 2018/3/26 15:30:54

Chronic dacryocystitis is often seen in middle-aged and old women, especially in menopause. The opening of the obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct is the key to the treatment of chronic dacryocystitis. At present, surgical treatment is the main type of operation. The commonly used methods include the transnasal canthus skin dacryocystorhinostomy and the endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy. With the development of technology, the application of laser technology and new lacrimal duct silicon rubber tube makes the clinical treatment of chronic dacryocystitis more perfect. Lacrimal endoscope technology can obtain more intuitive image of lacrimal duct data, to determine the nature, location and degree of obstruction of lacrimal passage and treatment plan is particularly important, is a major breakthrough in the field of diagnosis and treatment of lacrimal duct obstruction, diagnosis and treatment method is currently the most advanced in the field.

Research progress in physical therapy for dry eye

Kai Ma, Qing-Song Li, Zhen-Yong Zhang, Min-Hong Xiang and Yan-Qing Zhao — 2018/3/26 15:30:54

Dry eye is a common ocular surface disease, which seriously affects the work and quality of life of the patients. In recent years, physical therapies for dry eye have developed rapidly. This paper summarizes the traditional physical therapies such as fumigation, atomization, eye massage, hot compress, moisture chamber glasses and so on, and bandage contact lenses and scleral contact lenses, intense pulsed light treatment, Blephasteam wet chamber warming device, LipiFlow heat pulse therapy and other advanced physical treatment methods widely used in recent years. We review the recent research progress about physical therapies for dry eye to provide reference for clinical treatment.

Assessment methods of eye position control in patients with intermittent exotropia

Li-Li Xu, Xian Yang, Yu-Qing Zhang and Chun Tang — 2018/3/26 15:30:54

Eye position control is essential for the management of intermittent exotropia, which it may be a caritia for the surgery intervention, as well as a indicator for the severity of the deviation. Thus, the quantitaties of intermittent exotropia eye position control ability is crucial. This article aims to review the assessment method of the eye position control of intermittent exotropia, so as to clearly a need for a well planned, prospective clinical intervention.

lncRNAs involved in the development and diseases of eyes

Li-Hua Hu, Qi Pu and Xin-Yu Li — 2018/2/27 14:49:16

Long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs)refer to a kind of non-coding RNA which is longer than 200 nucleotides, with the characteristic of its numerous, diversity of types and modes of action. The biological functions of lncRNA involved in genomic imprinting, chromatin remodeling, translational control of mRNA, cell cycle and cell differentiation control, immune surveillance, constituting the skeleton of nuclear sub structure, etc. LncRNA plays an important role in individual development and human diseases. This paper mainly reviewed those lncRNAs that have been published, and closely related to eye development and diseases.

Influencing factors of vault after ICL implantation

Wen-Hui Zeng and Hua Wang — 2018/2/27 14:49:16

The implantable collamer lens(ICL), a posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens, a surgical technique for the correction of moderate to high myopia, has been widely accepted for its stable results, high predictability and good visual quality. However, the success of the operation largely depends on the ICL vault. High or low vault is likely to cause a series of potential complications such as ocular hypertension, cataracts, etc. This article summarizes the related factors that affect the vault after ICL implantation.

Pathogenesis research progress of high altitude retinopathy

Xin Zhao, Yi Yang and Wen-Fang Zhang — 2018/2/27 14:49:16

High altitude retinopathy(HAR)is the pathological changes of retina and optic caused by hypobaric hypoxia when the body is in high altitude environment, and HAR is the major cause of visual loss for the plainsmen who went to high attitude area. With the development of economy and tourism of plateau regions, the prevalence of HAR has recently been increasing for more and more people going to high altitude areas. Currently, it is reported that the pathogenesis of HAR involves a host of mechanisms, including the integrity damage of blood-retinal barrier(BRB), retinal neuron injury, inflammatory mediators and cytokines produced excessively, retinal blood vessels regulate dysfunction, and hemodynamics abnormality, and the synergistic action between them. In this review, we report the findings from current studies on the pathogenesis of HAR, contributing to further studies and diagnosis and treatment.

Correlation of DR with ametropia and ocular biological parameters

Jie-Rui Jia and Hui-Ping Yuan — 2018/2/27 14:49:16

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is one of the major diseases that causing blindness and low vision in the world. A series of systemic(hyperglycemia, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, etc.)and ocular factors can effect its occurrence and progression. Therefore, understanding these risk factors may help us to predict the prognosis and stratify the risk. Some studies have found that myopia may have a protective effect on the occurrence and progression of DR, but the results are different. Furthermore, it is also unclear which factor in myopia, the axial length, or the other refractive components is the main cause of this protective effect. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the association between myopia, axial length(AL), anterior chamber depth(ACD)and refractive components(lens biometry and corneal curvature)with DR.

Application status of in vivo confocal microscopy in abservation of meibomian glands

Sheng-Yu He and Shao-Wei Li — 2018/2/27 14:49:16

As a non-invasive ocular imaging tool, in vivo confocal microscopy(IVCM)provides micro-structural information of cornea, conjunctiva and meibomian glands at the cellular level to display their microscopic structure features. IVCM supplies a unique advantage to clinical applications and research in ocular surface. Recently, application of IVCM has progressively extended to the research area on meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD)and on other diseases about meibomian gland. Thus, this paper aims to summarize the current knowledge about the role of IVCM in the assessment of meibomian glands.

Ophthalmic examination in early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease

Xin Li and Li Zhang — 2018/2/27 14:49:16

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder causing irreversible deterioration in memory and loss of self-care ability, which is seriously affecting the quality of life. There is no cure for Alzheimer's disease. Medication only can control the progression of the disease. Early diagnosis and control of disease progress is of great significance in improving the quality of life of the patients and reducing the burden of family and society. Ophthalmic examination is seen as a window which can “see” brain directly, and some changes in the eye can reflect the changes of the brain most directly. This paper reviews the ophthalmic examination of Alzheimer's disease, including optical coherence tomography(OCT), visual field, contrast sensitivity and eye movements, et al. We hope to provide a new idea for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.

Research progress of mitophagy in ophthalmic related diseases

Jun-Yu Xu and Xiao-Mei Zhang — 2018/2/27 14:49:16

Mitophagy is a selective autophagy refers to the autophagy process by which cells selectively remove mitochondria. Mitophagy plays important roles in clearing up dysfunctional mitochondria, reducing mitochondrial numbers and maintaining cell homeostasis. Its molecular mechanisms involve several proteins such as PINK1/Parkin, BNIP3, NIX, and FUNDC1. Mitochondrial dysfunction or damage may cause serious consequences, and may even lead to cell death. Studies have shown that disfunction of mitophagy is related to many eye diseases, for instance, cataract, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, etc. This review deals with the mechanisms of mitophagy and its research on ocular diseases.

Study on corneal edema related factors after phacoemulsification in patients with diabetic cataract

Qiong Yu and Jian-Feng Wang — 2018/1/19 9:47:42

Cataract is the first ophthalmological blinding eye disease. In recent years, phacoemulsification has become the preferred method for the treatment of cataract due to its short time and small damage, which is widely used by ophthalmologists. With the continuous improvement of technology, serious complications caused by phacoemulsification become less and less. But the phenomenon of postoperative corneal edema is not uncommon. The incidence of corneal edema is especially high in patients with diabetic cataracts. This paper reviewes the concept of corneal edema, pathogenesis and the related factors of corneal edema after phacoemulsification in diabetic cataract patients.

Current management of idiopathic macular hole

Qing-Jian Li, Yu Zhang and Zhi-Liang Wang — 2018/1/19 9:47:42

Idiopathic macular hole(IMH)refers to full thickness defect of retinal neurepithelium layer in macular area with unclear reasons. Early IMH can be observed. Vitrectomy combined with internal limiting membrane(ILM)peeling is a conventional method for treating IMH. The continuous improvement and innovation of ILM surgery contribute greatly to the diversity and maturation of IMH treatment. At present, the pharmacological vitreolysis and pneumatic vitreplysis have gradual progress in the prevention and treatment of IMH. In this article we review the current management of IMH.

Effect of daily lifestyle on intraocular pressure

Yi-Fan Liu and Dong-Mei Zhu — 2018/1/19 9:47:42

Intraocular pressure(IOP)is a pressure applied to the wall of the eye by equilibrium, which is ranging in a normal shape. Our visual function will be damaged if it brokes the normal high value. In recent years, several researchers had found the potential relationship between the IOP and our daily lifestyle. This review will show the specific relationship between them and it also will provide some important guidelines to the patients with high IOP in some degree.

Research progress on immunologic therapy of immune associated ophthalmopathy

Jing Yang, Qing Wang and Chao-Zhong Yang — 2018/1/19 9:47:42

Immune associated ophthalmopathy ranks as one of the major causes of visual handicap in adults, including ocular tumor, uveitis, corneal transplantation rejection, thyroid associated ophthalmopathy, and so on.These conditions are difficult to therapy, bad prognosis, and are an urgent ophthalmic clinical problems to be solved. Immunotherapies have been playing an important role in the comprehensive therapy for immune associated ophthalmopathy. This article reviewed on this study.

Clinical value of different detection methods in blunt ocular trauma

Yang Li, Hao-Fang Qin and Wen-Jie Cao — 2018/1/19 9:47:42

Blunt ocular can cause persistent change of eye structure and function, the method of detection which is closely related to eye injury including B-can ultrasonography, UBM, OCT, FFA, scanning laser polarimetry, fundus autofluorescence, each examination with particular emphasis. This paper aims to review the advantages and disadvantages of different inspection methods in order to provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment of blunt ocular trauma.

Development and clinical applications of therapeutic contact lenses

Dan-Na Shi, Tong Ding and Wei-Qiang Qiu — 2018/1/19 9:47:42

Therapeutic contact lenses, a great invention on optometry, have been widely used on clinical therapy of ocular surface diseases due to its specialty on material and structure. As a result, relevant researches and development should be focused on the optimization of its material making it more adaptable for clinical therapy. In this review, we discuss the progress in developing material of therapeutic contact lenses and mainly illustrate its mechanism and clinical application together with its complications and potential improvements.

Research advances on the advantages and disadvantages of SMILE and FS-LASIK on correction of myopia

Qing Huang and Li-Kun Xia — 2018/1/19 9:47:42

In modern society, the most popular surgery for correction of myopia and myopic astigmatism are small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE)and femtosecond assisted laser in situ keratomileusis(FS-LASIK). FS-LASIK is widely accepted by myopic patients and corneal refractive surgeons for its excellent safety, efficacy, stability and predictability. With the use of femtosecond laser, SMILE makes the corneal refractive surgery enter a full femtosecond era and become one of the most popular refractive surgery in the world, which is a novel minimally invasive corneal refractive surgery and characterized by flap-free, minimally invasive, small incision, femtosecond. But there is still some controversy about visual acuity, stability of diopter, corneal high order aberration, contrast sensitivity, dry eye, corneal biomechanical property and complication after SMILE and FS-LASIK in correction of myopia. This article reviews the advantages and disadvantages after SMILE and FS-LASIK in correction of myopia and myopic astigmatism among all above mentioned aspects.

Length and vault of posterior chamber phackic intraocular lens

Jia-Qing Zhang and Li-Xia Luo — 2017/12/18 10:32:19

The implantation of posterior chamber phackic intraocular lens(PCPIOL)has been widely carried out worldwide, and its safety and efficacy have been well recognized. How to accurately choose the length of implantable collamer lens(ICL)in order to obtain the ideal vault and reduce postoperative complications, has been a research hotspot. This paper reviews related reports on the relationship between the length of ICL and its postoperative vault.

Advances on heat shock protein 27 and heat shock protein 70 in retinopathy and optical neuropathy

Mao-Ren Wang, Fang Liu and Cai-Rui Li — 2017/12/18 10:32:19

Heat shock protein(HSP)is a family of high expressed proteins under the different stimulus. This family is highly conserved in structure and can protect cells in function. In recent years, there are some researches illustrate that HSP 27 and HSP 70 have protective effect on retinal cells and optical nerve cells, while the HSP-27 Ab and HSP-70 Ab can promote the apoptosis of these cells. In the cell culture and animal experiment, we have observed that it is beneficial to protect retinal cells and optical cells through blocking the express of HSP-27 Ab and HSP-70 Ab. This article reviews the relationship between HSP 27 and HSP 70 with retinal diseases and optical nerve diseases.

Reasons and treatment of intraoperative and postoperative choroidal detachment after minimally invasive vitrectomy

Peng-Peng Zhao, Nan Liu, Yan Cheng, Shuang Wang and Jin-Song Zhao — 2017/12/18 10:32:19

The application of sutureless minimally invasive vitrectomy has been used for more than 10a. High-speed cutting and fine instrumentation have been effective in the treatment of severe vitreoretinal diseases, but intraoperative and postoperative complications have also seriously affected vision recovery, including choroidal detachment is minimally invasive vitrectomy and postoperative relatively rare complications, secondary glaucoma, decreased vision, etc. The reasons and treatment of choroidal detachment during and after minimally invasive vitrectomy are summarized below.

Progress on study of the risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity

Hong-Cheng Gao, Chen Chen, Ying-Qiu Zhang and Juan-Mei Zhang — 2017/12/18 10:32:20

Retinopathy of prematurity(ROP)is an ocular disease caused by retinal ophthalmic dysplasia in premature infants, leads to strabismus, amblyopia, cataract, glaucoma, and even blindness, which seriously affects the quality of life of preterm infants. The infant blindness ratio has climbed to 6%-18%, according to figures released by the World Health Organisation. ROP is the primary cause of blindness in children of the world in recent years. But the pathogenesis of ROP is not yet clear. Gestational age, birth weight, oxygen intake, delivery mode, multiple newborns, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, anemia, blood transfusion, sepsis, infection, hypercapnia, hyperbilirubinemia, maternal prenatal use of a drug are all the risk factors. We reviewed the risk factors and possible mechanism of ROP, in order to offer theoretical support for the study and prevention of ROP in premature infants.

Application of ophthalmic methods in age-related macular degeneration

Cheng-Dong Huo, Wen-Fang Zhang, Yi Yang and Yu-Ting Li — 2017/12/18 10:32:20

As the increasing population aging, the incidence of age-related macular degeneration is increasing, blinding rate also increasing, so it is very important for the early diagnosis and treatment of age-related macular degeneration. There are many methods to check the aging macular degeneration, such as fundus angiography, optical coherence tomography(OCT), visual field and multifocal electroretinogram(mfERG). In recent years, many emerging ophthalmic methods have emerged and are gradually applied to clinical diagnosis, including optic coherence tomography angiography(OCTA). The function of these methods has its unique advantages, but there are also limitations. This paper will review these existing methods.

Recent advances in the effects of various surgical methods on tear film after pterygium surgery

Juan Wang — 2017/12/18 10:32:20

Pterygium is a common ocular disorder with a high prevalence. Surgical resection is the main method of treating pterygium. Recurrence rate of traditional surgical methods such as simple excision of pterygium is high. In recent years, amniotic membrane transplantation, autologous limbal stem cell transplantation, application of mitomycin(MMC)and some other methods become commonly used. Autologous limbal stem cell transplantation is being most widely used. Pterygium has a close relationship with dry eye, and dry eye is one of the important reasons for its recurrence. Different surgical methods have different effects on postoperative tear film. This review will summarize the recent points as below.

Changes and analysis of AC/A after excimer laser in situ keratomileusis

Li-Yan Shui and Ping Zhang — 2017/12/18 10:32:20

Excimer laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK)is a typical surgical technique which precisely cutting cornea to rectify refractive error with excimer laser. Since the safety, stability, predictable postoperative vision affirmed, it has been accepted by multiple myopia patients in recent years. AC/A is a significant composition of visual function. Nowadays, numerous scholars have pay close attention to its transformation after LASIK, and this paper reviewed the variation trend of AC/A, the influencing factors and its possible mechanisms.

Progress of inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition in retinal pigment epithelial cells

Duo Li, Han Shen, Song-Tao Yuan and Qing-Huai Liu — 2018/11/19 14:44:08

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)of retinal pigment epithelial cells(RPE)plays a key role in proliferative vitreoretinopathy(PVR), and also decreases the therapeutic effect of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(anti-VEGF)to choroidal neovascularization(CNV). In addition, cells transplantation has been becoming a potential therapeutic method to treat age-related macular degeneration(AMD), and some cells sources like human embryonic stem cells(hESC)or induced pluripotent stem cell(iPSC)induced RPE cells, and fetal RPE cells have been attempted. However, EMT, as a common problem, decreases cells proliferation and differentiation efficiency, and it will reduce therapeutic effect and the number of therapeutic populations. So, in this article, we reviewed some possible methods to inhibit EMT.

Research progress in molecular biological mechanism of amblyopia

Yan Zhou, An-Guo Liu, Chong-Bing Ma, Zhao-Xia Cao and Xing-Ke Yan — 2018/11/19 14:44:08

Amblyopia is one of the common ophthalmic diseases in children's visual development, and its pathogenesis is rather complicated. This paper summarizes the current literatures on the pathogenesis of amblyopia, and analyzes the molecular biological mechanism of visual development and amblyopia pathogenesis from the visual neurotransmitters and their receptors, cell factors, related genes and proteins, as well as the expression of regulatory kinase. In order to provide a reference for the study of visual plasticity, amblyopia pathogenesis and treatment.

Visual quality in posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens implantation

Xuan-Zhi Chen and Kang Sun — 2018/11/19 14:44:08

Posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation was effective for correcting refractive errors. More scientific studies about subjective visual quality(visual acuity, contrast sensitivity)and objective visual quality(wave front aberration, point spread function, Strehl ratio, modulmion transfer function)had showed that the improvement of subjective visual acuity was accompanied with the improvement of objective visual acuity after phakic intraocular lens implantation. However, the complications, such as anterior subcapsular cataract, glaucoma and decomposition of corneal endothelium needed to be long-term followed up. This article summarized the visual quality research after posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens implantation.

Different treatments and therapeutic evaluation of neovascular glaucoma

Jin-Rui Ma, Peng Lyu and Wen-Fang Zhang — 2018/11/19 14:44:08

Neovascular glaucoma(NVG)is a kind of glaucoma secondary to other ocular or systemic diseases, which has characteristics such as uncontrollable intraocular pressure, sharp decline in vision, and eye pain. There are many researches on neovascular glaucoma at home and abroad about different treatments and new methods are being explored, but the surgery is the ultimate treatment at present. The way of combining anti- vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)drugs and surgical methods is a hot topic in recent years. This article will review the different treatments and efficacy evaluations described in the article about NVG.

Influencing factors and treatment progress of juvenile myopia

Yuan-Yuan Li and Xiao-Feng Zhang — 2018/11/19 14:44:08

Myopia, a deteriorated and still unsolved eye problem in China, shows the character of early onset, rapid progress and increased proportion of high myopia. Because of the serious complication caused by high myopia, such as retinal detachment, glaucoma, cataract and macular disorders, it can even lead to the irreversible loss of vision. The prevention and effective control of myopia turn to be an urgent social problem. In this review, causes and the progress of treatment in myopia are described.

Diagnosis and management of familial exudative vitreoretinopathy

Yi-Qiao Xing, Jing Zhou and Tuo Li — 2018/10/22 14:57:11

Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy(FEVR)is a rare inherited disorder of retinal angiogenesis. It is characterized by avascular peripheral retina. Mutations in FZD4, NDP, LRP5, TSPAN12, ZNF408, KIF11 have been found the causation genes of FEVR. The phenotypic features are variable, when some patients are asymptomatic while some may suffer from neovascularization, exudation, hemorrhage, retinal folds and retinal detachment. The use of FFA can help to identify the disease in the earlier stage, enabling timely treatment. The current treatments include laser photocoagulation, scleral buckling, vitrectomy and intravitreal anti-VEGF injections as an adjunctive therapy before surgery. With the development of genome research on this disease, the more effective diagnosis and treatments would be available.

Research progress on related factors of dry eye in children

Yu-Lin Liu and Hu-Ping Wu — 2018/10/22 14:57:11

As one of the most common diseases, dry eye in adults has been extensively investigated in the past decades. However, research on dry eye in children are very limited, leading to missed diagnosis or poor treatment in clinical work. Understanding the etiology and related factors of dry eye in children is of great significance for improving clinicians' attention in the diagnosis and the treatment. Herein, the current progress of dry eye in children are reviewed.

Research progress on the treatment of exposure keratitis

Shi-Ke Sha, Xin-Juan Wang and Lu-Sheng Ma — 2018/10/22 14:57:11

Exposure keratitis refers to corneal inflammation caused by corneal dryness, epithelial exfoliation and secondary infection when the cornea loses the protection of the eyelid and is exposed to air. It is a potentially vision-threatening disease and is not uncommon in clinical work, so the treatment and prevention of exposure keratitis remain important. This article reviews the treatment and research progress of exposure keratitis.

Research progresses of anterior segment parameters in primary angle-closure glaucoma

Xin-Jie Su and Wei-Jia Dai — 2018/10/22 14:57:12

Risk factors including short axial length, shallow anterior chamber, narrow angles, spherical lens and other characters such as gender, age and family history are well known to be related to the attack of primary angle-closure glaucoma(PACG). In recent years, with the development of advanced techniques such as the anterior segment optical coherence tomography(AS-OCT)and ultrasound biomicroscope(UBM), the technical supports for the measurement of anterior segment parameters were largely provided, which made it possible to quantify risk factors of PACG precisely. In this paper, the relevant research progresses of commonly used anatomic parameters and their significances in pathogenesis of PACG were reviewed.

Progress in surgical treatment of macular hole retinal detachment in high myopic

Rui Zhang, Wei Jin, An-Huai Yang and Ping-Ping Huang — 2018/10/22 14:57:12

Macular hole retinal detachment(MHRD)mainly occurs in high myopic eyes with posterior scleral staphyloma and always causes severe visual impairment. The pathogenesis of MHRD in high myopic eyes is still unclear. It is generally believed that it involves various complex traction. A variety of surgical methods have been tried to remove retina tractionin order to achieve retina reattachment and macular hole closure. This article reviews the current surgical methods and progress of MHRD in high myopic eyes.

Recent progress of formation mechanisms and factors related to postoperative visual function in patients with IMEM

Ying-Jie Wu, Hong-Fang Yong and Ling Zuo — 2018/10/22 14:57:12

Idiopathic macular epiretinal membrane(IMEM)is a common macular area disease associated with age and characterized by symptoms of decreased visual acuity and metamorphopsia. With the acceleration of aging population, the incidence of IMEM is also increasing year by year. At present, its exact pathogenesis is not clear, and there is no effective drug therapy. Vitrectomy is an effective treatment, but the improvement of postoperative visual function is very different. This article reviews the pathogenesis and factors related to prognosis in patients with IMEM, in order to adopt more accurate and effective preventive and therapeutic measures.

Risk factors of secondary intraocular hypertension after silicone oil tamponade

De-Ju Kong and Xu-Hui Yu — 2018/10/22 14:57:12

Silicone oil, as a temporary vitreous substitute, has been widely applied to the treatment of various complex vitreoretinal disease. However, silicone oil tamponade also causes a variety of postoperative complications, the most common of which is temporary or permanent elevated intraocular pressure(IOP). A number of studies have shown that intraocular pressure after silicone oil filling is affected by a variety of factors. In this paper, the progress on the risk factors and pathogenesis of secondary high intraocular pressure after silicone oil tamponade are reviewed, which might provide a reference for the timely and effective control of IOP.

Research progress on ocular rosacea

Yun-Fan Zhou, Tong Lin, Qin Jiang and Jin-Song Xue — 2018/10/22 14:57:12

Ocular rosacea is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the ocular surface. The clinical manifestations are blepharitis and Meibomian gland dysfunction, severe corneal involvement and visual impairment. The study of the pathogenesis in recent years is believed to be the result of a combination of risk factors. Its clinical manifestations lack specificity, but early diagnosis and standard treatment can significantly improve symptoms and restore vision. This review focuses on the latest research progress in ocular rosacea.

Role of interleukin-6 in the pathogenesis of glaucoma

Pan Liu, Jie Meng, Xing Liu and Qiang Wang — 2018/9/14 16:29:45

Glaucoma is the second cause of the blindness in the world, and there is no clear pathogenesis about it. What we can do nowadays is only studying symptomatic treatment including the reduction of the intraocular pressure and so on. Only by this can we reduce the irreversible damage of the optic nerve caused by glaucoma. Aqueous humor contains a large number of cytokines, including pro-inflammatory factors, oxidative stress factors, growth factors, etc. These cytokines play a vital role in the pathogenesis and prognosis of the glaucoma. As one of the most common pro-inflammatory factors, interleukin-6(IL-6)becoming the object of many clinical trials both here and abroad in recent years. This paper summarizes both the mechanism of glaucoma injury and the role of IL-6 in it. And from this article we can analyze the relationship between interleukin-6 and glaucoma for developing new ideas about treatments of glaucoma in the future.

Research progress on pathobiology of myofibroblast in wound healing after glaucoma filtering surgery

Ke Li, Sheng-Qiong Nie and Ya-Juan Zheng — 2018/9/14 16:29:46

Glaucoma filtering surgery is the main treatment for the glaucomatous patients. Typically, surgery failed mary due to wound fibrosis and contracture at the post-surgical site.Myofibroblasts transdifferentiated from other cells via a process known as epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)is a common feature of the fibrotic filtering channel, which can produce excessive amounts of the extracellular matrix(ECM), and then exert tractional forces, resulting in the disruption of tissue architecture and obstruction of filtering channel. In this review, we explain the pathological function of myofibroblast in the wound healing process after glaucoma filtering surgery.

Clinical features and progress of surgical therapy for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy

Qing Ren, Lei Cui and Lei Gao — 2018/9/14 16:29:46

Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy(PCV)is a fundus disease characterized by choroidal anomalous branch vascular network and terminal polypoidal dilatation. Submacular hemorrhages(SMH)and vitreous hemorrhage are devastating complications of PCV. Various techniques are available for the management of SMH, including pneumatic displacement with or without tissue plasminogen activator(t-PA), submacular surgery with vitrectomy and retinotomy/external drainge for clot extraction. This article reviews PCV clinical features, complications and especially new advances in surgery.

Progress on treatment of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy

Li Kang, Xiang-Xia Luo, Min Yang, Ji-Ruo Yang and Bin You — 2018/9/14 16:29:46

Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy( AION )is the most common acute optic neuropathy in people over 50 years old, which often causes unilateral acute painless visual loss. Non-arteritis anterior ischemic optic neuropathy(NAION)is the most common type and one of the main causes of blindness or severe visual impairment in the middle-aged and elderly. But at present, because of insufficient understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease, there is still no effective treatment method in clinic. Therefore, it is very important to find a standard and effective treatment method in order to control the disease development and reduce blindness.

Changes of refractive status after strabismus surgery

Wen-Ke Zhou and Li Zhang — 2018/9/14 16:29:46

Strabismus refers to the clinical phenomenon of any deviation from the optic axis, which can be caused by the abnormality of the binocular vision or the neuromuscular abnormalities that control the movement of the eyes. Operation is the important way to strabismus, firstly people focus only on the eye position, but with the gradual observation and follow-up of surgical patients, some researches had found that may change the original refractive status, so the article made a summarize from refractive status, anterior segment parameters,its possible mechanism, and influencing factors. We hope that there will be a more comprehensive understanding of strabismus surgery, and to provide the basis for determining the ideal time for optometry.

Research progress of visual plasticity related factors and environment effecting amblyopia treatment

Bo Li, Long Li and Yun-Chun Zou — 2018/9/14 16:29:46

Amblyopia is the most common cause of poor monocular vision in children. The prevalence of world population is 1%-5% and in China is about 2%-4% with yearly growth trend. Amblyopia mainly occurs in the sensitive period of children's visual development, because the visual development during this period has plasticity that susceptible to a variety of factors, which can lead to different developmental trajectories of visual system. As the age increases, visual plasticity disappears, so the therapeutic effect of amblyopia is insignificant at this moment. Therefore, it's a golden period for amblyopia treatment when the visual system remains plasticity. In recent years, there has been a large number of studies on visual plasticity with the expectation of making full use of this feature to reverse the development of amblyopia.It is known that visual plasticity is affected by many factors such as nerve factors and living environment.This article will start with excitatory neurological factors, brain-derived growth factors, inhibitory neurological factors and environmental influences to summarize current research progress in visual plasticity.

Research advance in clinical application of multimode imaging in Serpiginous choroiditis

Yi-Qiao Xing, Fang Liu and Tuo Li — 2019/8/23 9:51:21

Serpiginous choroiditis(SC)is a rare, chronic-idiopathic inflammatory disease mainly involving choriocapillaris and the retinal pigment epithelium(RPE), characterized by grayish yellow geographic lesions. Pathogenesis is unclear, the choriocapillaris is a main pathology of SC. Based on clinical presentation, it can be classified into peripapillary, macular, and ampiginoustype. The clinical appearance of SC is varied and similar to those of acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy(APMPPE), tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis and choroidal ischemia. So, it is still difficult to diagnose SC without typical fundus symptoms.With the development of science and technology, multimode imaging such asfundus fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, fundus autofluorescence and optical coherence tomography are helpful for the diagnosis of SC, assessment of lesion extent, activity, and complications. Besides, it's very important to avoid unnecessary drug use.

Study on choroidal neovascularization genetically engineered mice model

Xiao-Wei Xu, Biao Li and Yi Shao — 2019/8/23 9:51:21

With the maturity of genetic engineering technology, a variety of genetic engineering mouse models for the development of key factors and processes of choroidal neovascularization(CNV)have been adapted to meet the needs of different research points in the CNV process. For example, VEGF₁₆₄ RPE65 transgene, Tet/VMD2/VEGF, etc. which are key factors in the process of CNV. ApoE overexpression rats are an important model of spontaneous CNV formation in AMD-like lesions; Ccl2/Cx3cr1-deficient mice associated with changes in retinal pigment epithelial(RPE); choroidal neovascularization and retinal neovascularization can be seen in SOD1^-/-aging, Vldlr^-/-directed mutation, etc; retinal neovascularization secondary to choroidal neovascularization can be found in Cp^-/-Heph^-/Y knockout mice, etc. The main advantages of the CNV genetic engineering mouse model are rapid induction and short time of occurrence; strong correlation with CNV pathophysiology, which can compare various biological components of CNV and facilitate the study of its mechanism; closely relating to human CNV, and providing research methods for human CNV treatment evaluation. However, there are also limitations, such as low induction rate, low percentage and small area of CNV; frenquent occurrence of retinal angiomatous hyperplasia,which interferences CNV research. Researchers might select the appropriate model according to his own needs and modify the corresponding experimental parameters as needed.

Study on the mechanism of intense pulsed light therapy for evaporative dry eye disease

Yan-Chang Yang, Pei-Wen Zhu and Yi Shao — 2019/8/23 9:51:21

Dry eye disease(DED)is closely related to inflammatory diseases of the skin near the eyelids, such as ocular rosacea, etc. At present, intense pulsed light(IPL)is one of the main treatments for rosacea. Recent studies have found that patients with meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD)have alleviated the symptoms and signs of dry eyes during IPL treatment, but its specific mechanism is not clear. The purpose of this paper is to review the possible mechanisms of IPL treatment of dry eye and to discuss its rationality.

Research progress of single nucleotide polymorphism and development of high myopia

2019/8/23 9:51:21

At present, myopia has become a public health disease worldwide, and its occurrence is mostly caused by genetic and environmental factors. Single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)are the changes in single base at the genomic level caused by DNA sequence polymorphisms. In recent years, it is reported that the change of SNPs in myopic related gene loci is closely related to the occurrence and development of myopia. The present paper reviewed the current status of the association between SNPs of myopia-related genes and the development of myopia, providing a new insight into the future research of pathogenesis of myopia.

Application progress of 3D printing technology in ophthalmic vascular disease

Jian-Wen Fang, Pei-Wen Zhu and Yi Shao — 2019/8/23 9:51:21

In recent years, 3D printing technology has been widely used in various fields, and it has been increasingly applied in the medical field, providing a new direction for the development of medical research. As a digital manufactural technology, 3D printing plays an important role in the evaluation, research and treatment of eye diseases. At present, 3D printed biological materials, cells, tissues and organs have gradually been applied in ophthalmology and attracted attention. Also, they are showing great potential. With the development of medical imaging technology and the advancement of printing technology, the combination of 3D printing and various medical imaging technologies can visualize ophthalmic vessels, which is conducive to the research and diagnosis of ophthalmic vascular diseases. This article reviews the application progress of 3D printing in ophthalmic vascular diseases.

Advances in the application of confocal microscopy to keratopathy

Qiao Zheng and Qi Zhang — 2019/8/23 9:51:21

Confocal microscopy serving as an in vivo histological examination for cornea holds superiority in disease diagnosis, assessment and follow-up as well as physiological and pathological study due to it's real-time, non-invasive, quick operation with high-resolution imaging, and has been widely applied in ophthalmic clinic and research. This article reviewed the recent advances in the application of confocal microscopy in infectious or degenerative corneal diseases, and ocular surface diseases caused by systemic diseases.

Application of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy

Xiao-Nan Yao, Liang-Yu Wang, Li-Jun Peng, Dan-Yang Yu and Zhan-Yu Zhou — 2019/8/23 9:51:21

Diabetic retinopathy(DR), one of the major complications of diabetes which can causes diabetic macular edema and visual loss. Vascular changes in DR correlate with the cellular damage and pathological changes in the capillaries of blood-retinal barrier. Several cytokines have been involved in inducing neovascularization. These cytokines activate different signaling pathways which are mainly responsible for the complications of DR. MicroRNAs(miRNAs)have been introduced as the key factors in the regulation of the cytokine expression which plays a critical role in neovascularization of retinal cells. Some studies have shown that changing levels of miRNAs have essential role in the pathophysiology of vascular changes in patients with DR. This paper reviews the role of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of DR by activating the angiogenesis pathway.

Research progress of visual function remodeling after optic nerve injury

Xiao-Xia Li, Bai-Bing Li, Chun-Yuan Zhou and Yan Lu — 2019/8/23 9:51:21

Optic neuron injury caused by glaucoma and other factors commonly considered as irreversible. However, some evidences demonstrate considerable neuroplasticity in the nervous system. In this review, we try to illuminate the mechanism of neuroplasticity, and reactivate the “silent” cell and neural transmission visual experience, alternating current stimulation, eye yoga, and anti-stress program, and so on. Predict visual change after intervention using self-organizing maps.

Application of heme oxygenase-1 in ophthalmic diseases

Dan Zhang, Jun Zhao and Juan-Mei Zhang — 2019/8/23 9:51:22

Heme oxygenase-1(HO-1)is one of the most widely distributed antioxidant enzymes in the body, which can catalyze the metabolism of heme to biliverdin, iron ion and carbon monoxide, and finally exert anti-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Oxidation and the like. In diseases such as corneal disease, cataract, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy, HO-1 expression is up-regulated to protect tissues from oxidative damage, and its overexpression is closely related to the occurrence and development of ocular tumors. This article reviews the recent research progress between HO-1 and its metabolic end products and ophthalmic diseases.

Research progress of epithelial-mesenchymal transformation in posterior subcapsular opacity

Tong Yu, Jing Wang and Jin-Song Zhang — 2019/7/25 14:32:56

Cataract is the first blinding eye disease in China and the main cause of blindness in most countries in the world. Currently, surgery operation is the only effective treatment. Posterior capsular opacification(PCO)is a common complication after cataract surgery, and it is also the crucial induction of vision decline. Studies have shown that epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)of lens epithelial cells(LECs)remaining after surgery plays an important role in the occurrence and development of PCO. This article mainly summarizes the research progress of EMT in PCO in recent years.

Progress of Rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor in the treatment of glaucoma

Wen-Shi Chen, Na Song, Yu-Qing Zhang, Xue-Jiao Yang, Wei Zhu and Xian Yang — 2019/7/25 14:32:56

Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness, which is characterized by characteristic optic atrophy and visual field defects. Elevated intraocular pressure(IOP)is a primary risk factor of glaucoma, while the main cause of elevated IOP lies in the increased aqueous outflow resistance in pathological trabecular meshwork(TM), which is the conventional outflow pathway of aqueous humor. Rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor(ROCKi)is the IOP-lowering drug that is directly acting on the TM. The TM cell morphology, cell movement, cytokinesis and cell contraction by alteration of cytoskeleton can be changed by ROCKi to increase aqueous humor outflow facility and decrease IOP. ROCKi is now approved for clinical use in the United States and Japan. Meanwhile, it might play a role in optic nerve protection through increasing retinal vascular perfusion and promoting optic nerve regeneration. In addition, it decreases the possibility of filtration bleb scarring. Therefore, ROCKi has become a new pharmacological option to treat glaucoma. This article reviews the Rho-Rho kinase signaling pathway, the mechanism of ROCKi and its clinical application.

Emotional and physical disorder interaction on glaucoma patients

Ai-Bao Zhou, Hong-Yun Yue, Xian-Cui Liu, Xiao-Yong Lu and Yan Yuan — 2019/7/25 14:32:56

Progressive reduction of visual field is the main feature in glaucoma patients.The paranoid personality and anxiety/depression characteristics of glaucona patients run through the pathogenesis and progression of the disease. The correlation between different visual fields and various cognitive components may lead to cognitive changes or different degrees of emotional disorders in the process of visual field impairment, while the emotional/psychological disorders in glaucoma patients with anxiety/depression as the main characteristics have negative effects on the range of peripheral vision and visual acuity. As a result of the interaction between body and mind, the speed and degree of visual impairment of glaucoma have characteristic changes. "Psychogenic error" or "functional error" will lead to the misjudgment of pathological damage of visual function. Attention to the interaction between mood disorders and visual field impairment in glaucoma patients has promoted the development of combined intervention strategies of body and mind on the course of glaucoma.

Research progress of LncRNA in retinal pigment epithelium associated retinal diseases

Zi-Yan Tang, Feng Wang and Ying Su — 2019/7/25 14:32:57

Retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)plays an important role in maintaining the normal physiological function of photoreceptors and other retinal cells. The pathological changes of RPE can cause the occurrence and development of many retinal diseases. It was reported rencently that there are differential expressions of long noncoding RNAs(LncRNAs)in ophthalmic eye diseases, which play important roles in the pathogenesis of different types of eye diseases. It indicated that LncRNAs may be new targets for gene diagnosis and treatment of ocular diseases. RPE cell is important for retinal function. It will find a novel way for the diagnosis and treatment of retinal diseases if we investigate RPE from the perspective of LncRNA.

Lipofuscin and age-related macular degeneration

Mao-Mei Luo and Shan-Jun Cai — 2019/7/25 14:32:57

Age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)is a major cause resulting in visual loss of middle-aged and older people. The exact cause of this disease is unknown yet, and the curative effect is poor. The lipofuscin accumulation in retinal pigment epithelium with age is the marker of eye aging, which produces effect on the function of normal retinal pigment epithelial cells through photochemical action and others. It is associated with the occurrence and development of ARMD to some extent. Lipofuscin and its relation with ARMD are comprehensively introduced in this paper.

Imaging methods of corneal neovascularization

Duo Xu, Yu-Xi He, Rui-Qing Wang, Fu-Qiang Li, Bo-Yuan Yao and Yan Zhang — 2019/7/25 14:32:57

Corneal neovascularization(CNV)is a common cause of corneal diseases, but there is still no effective drug or treatment. At present, the common methods cannot inhibit the growth of CNV completely, cannot last for a long the therapeutic effect time, and there are also serious side effects, so the specific treatment of CNV inhibition is still being explored. The pathogenesis and treatment of CNV are the current research hotspots. CNV area is an important indicator to evaluate the efficacy of drugs and treatment regimens. There are multiple methods to develop CNV, including ink perfusion, immunofluorescence staining and so on, in recent years, optical coherence tomography(OCT)technology is also a potential new method. This article reviews the developing methods of CNV, hopes to provide a reference for the study of CNV.

Clinical research progress of SMILE-derived lenticule

Rui Feng, Lin-Zhi Jiang and Jing Zeng — 2019/7/25 14:32:57

SMILE(small incision lenticule extraction)is widely used in myopia correction because of its safety and predictability. SMILE-derived lenticule is a kind of good biomaterial that can be used to repair corneal ulcer and perforation, treat hyperopia, presbyopia, keratoconus and other ophthalmic diseases. It has the potential of becoming the research hotspot in the future. Therefore, this review summarizes the clinical research progress of SMILE-derived lenticule in the field of ophthalmology.

Research progress of aquaporin and congenital cataract

Jing-Kang Zhao, Xu Liu and Yuan He — 2019/6/21 10:08:47

Aquaporins(AQPs)mainly mediate passive transmembrane transport of free water along osmotic pressure gradient. Three aquaporins, AQP1, AQP0 and AQP5, expressed in lens fibroblasts. The different functions of AQPs play important roles in promoting the formation and regulation of microcirculatory system. Furthermore, mutations in AQP-related genes can lead to cataracts. This paper reviews the current research status of aquaporin, and discusses the relationship between aquaporin-related proteins and congenital cataract.

Advances in the study of the mechanism of uveoscleral pathway to reduce intraocular pressure in treatment of glaucoma

Yong Zhang, Xiao-Min Zhu and Lin Xie — 2019/6/21 10:08:47

The elevation of intraocular pressure(IOP)caused by aqueous humor obstruction is the main cause of glaucoma, and lowering IOP is still the main method of glaucoma treatment. Aqueous humor drainage is mainly through the traditional trabecular route and non-traditional uveoscleral route. More and more attention has been paid to reducing IOP through a non-pressure-dependent uveoscleral route in treatment of glaucoma. This article reviews the advances in treatment of glaucoma by using drugs and surgery through the uveoscleral route to reduce IOP.

Genetic characteristics and clinical screening and treatment of retinoblastoma

2019/6/21 10:08:47

Retinoblastoma(RB)is the most common intraocular malignant tumor in children, which often occurs in infants and young children. It can damage the eyesight, eyeball and even life-threatening of children. The occurrence and development is closely related to the genome and epigenome. The treatment and prognosis of hereditary RB in all cases depends on the initial stage of the disease, and when the disease is diagnosed and treated early, the survival rate exceeds 95%. The survival rate of RB was less than 50% when extraocular dissemination occurred in late stage. Therefore, the treatment focus on RB is to save the lives of children through early tumor monitoring and prevention. The secondary goal is to preserve globe salvage and to preserve vision to the maximum extent possible. The research on RB genetics is helpful to find specific targets through gene screening, monitoring and search, which is very necessary to improve the survival rate of children and to research targeted therapy.

Confocal microscopy observation of corneal nerve plexus and Langerhans cells in patients with systemic diseases

Mei-Huan Wang, Yun-Qing Shi and Lin-Nong Wang — 2019/6/21 10:08:47

Corneal confocal microscope(CCM)is a non-invasive instrument for the study of living cornea and is increasingly being used to evaluate corneal nerve plexus and Langerhans cell lesions. This paper reviews the recent advances in corneal nerve plexus and Langerhans cell lesions from the perspective of the use of CCM in the study of systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, Sjogren's syndrome, multiple sclerosis, thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, fibromyalgia, chronic migraine and Parkinson's disease.

Research progress of ocular decompressive retinopathy

Sheng-Qiong Nie, Xiu-Qing Han, Jing Zhao and Ya-Juan Zheng — 2019/6/21 10:08:48

Ocular decompression retinopathy(ODR)is defined as multiple hemorrhagic retinopathy following abrupt lowering of intraocular pressure(IOP)that is not explained by another process. It is frequently associated with glaucoma surgeries, but also occurs in conjunction with other ocular surgical or medical procedures. Most patients are asymptomatic, so it may be difficult to detect clinically. We review the recent articles to better understand the risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, imaging, differential diagnoses, management and prognosis of ODR.

Physical therapy of meibomian gland dysfunction and its progress

Jia-Jia He, Yan Wang and Yong Zhao — 2019/6/21 10:08:48

Meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD)is one of the common types of the evaporative dry eye. The patients usually feel dry eyes and other discomforts, which commonly characterized by terminal duct obstruction or/and qualitative and quatitative changes in the meibomian secretion.It may result in instability of the tear film, increasing of evaporative rate and osmotic pressure. In recent years, the traditional medical treatments for MGD consist of physical therapy, artificial tears,topical and systemic anti-inflammatory agents and antibiotics. This review focused on wide-used and current emerging physical therapy above,aiming to help clinicians to select appropriate treatments and provide reference for further study on MGD.

Research status of personality factors in myopia

Yi-Yi Wang, Zhen-Ning Yang, Ai-Ling Bi and Hong-Sheng Bi — 2019/6/21 10:08:48

Myopia has become a common disease in the world. In our country, myopia shows a trend of high incidence and young age. Myopia affects people's psychological development. As a unique psychological characteristic that distinguishes it from others, personality is also associated with myopia. Most patients with myopia are mainly introverted personality and emotional personality, but some studies have shown that myopia patients have not yet had personality traits that are significantly different from ordinary people. This article reviews the related literatures at home and abroad to review the research progress of myopia factors from the relationship between myopia and personality factors, the interaction of the two.

Anatomical changes and treatment progress of amblyopia patients

Han-Yun Wu and Li Zhang — 2019/6/21 10:08:49

Amblyopia is one of the common eye diseases that seriously impairs children's vision. The past concept holds that amblyopia rarely has organic changes corresponding to vision loss. In recent years, with the development of examination methods, anatomical abnormalities have been found in the choroid, retina and brain structure of amblyopia patients, which provides a powerful basis for elucidating the pathogenesis of amblyopia. Furthermore, in addition to traditional occlusion therapy to treat amblyopia, some emerging treatments have also achieved excellent results. Therefore, this article reviews the anatomical and physiological changes and the progress of treatment methods of amblyopia.

Advance in refractive power prediction in cataract patients with high myopia

Jia-Qing Zhang and Li-Xia Luo — 2019/5/22 14:15:43

Current formulas tend to select intraocular lens with insufficient power for these patients, resulting in postoperative hyperopia. In addition to the traditional methods to address this problem such as reserving a myopic power in the power calculation, several more accurate and effective solutions have been suggested, including adjusting the axial lengths, using new formulas, and applying intraoperative refractive biometry. This paper will focus on the postoperative refractive error in highly myopic eyes after phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation and illustrate the progress of existing solutions.

Advances in trabecular meshwork stem cells transplantation for primary open angle glaucoma

Xin Jiang, Ying Su and Feng Wang — 2019/5/22 14:15:44

Primary open angle glaucoma is a kind of chronic disease characterized by progressive damage to the optic disc as a result of persistent elevation of intraocular pressure. The complicated and unidentified mechanism of primary open angle glaucoma makes its clinical treatment relatively difficult nowadays. In primary open angle glaucoma, IOP elevation is often a result of reduced aqueous humor flow through the trabecular meshwork, which plays an important regulating role in drainage process. The morphology, quantity, structure and function of trabecular meshwork cell can increase the outflow resistance of aqueous humor, leading to elevation of IOP. Research is proving that induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs), bone mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)and adipose-derived stem cells(ADSCs)have been used for trabecular meshwork cell differentiation and regeneration, providing a reliable cell source for trabecular meshwork stem cell replacement therapy in primary open angle glaucoma. Recent studies have showed that trabecular meshwork stem cells have absolute superiority in differentiating into trabecular meshwork cells, which provides new target for cell transplantation to treat glaucoma. This marks a new era of stem cell therapy for primary open angle glaucoma and also brings new hope to the treatment of glaucoma. This article reviews different types of stem cells for trabecular meshwork transplantation and may provide novel development of therapeutic strategies for primary open angle glaucoma with cell transplantation in the future.

Research progress on dry eye imaging technology

Tie Sun, Wen-Qing Shi and Yi Shao — 2019/5/22 14:15:44

In recent years, advances in dry eye imaging technology have not only been reflected in the ability to evaluate measurements based on clinical practice, but also to define new parameter data while ensuring the objectivity of measurement results. On this basis, it is beneficial to in-depth analysis of structural and functional parameters for diseases of dry eye. This article provides a brief overview of techniques such as tear film interferometry, optical coherence tomography, meibomian gland imaging, non-invasive rupture time, thermal imaging and optical quality assessment, and confocal microscopy used in dry eye diagnosis and treatment.

Progress in surgical techniques for scleral fixation of intraocular lens

Xin-Ying Wang, Ting Wang and Ping Liu — 2019/5/22 14:15:44

Patients with traumatic or congenital disease lead to lens dislocation and posterior capsule rupture after cataract surgery, etc, which cannot be routinely implanted with intraocular lens, can be implanted with different intraocular lenses according to the condition. This article will introduce a variety of surgical methods for posterior chamber intraocular lens scleral fixation, including sutured scleral fixation, sutureless intrascleral fixation and Fibrin glue-assisted sutureless haptic intrascleral fixation. In addition, the postoperative results and complications of the above procedures will be reported and analyzed.

New progresses of micro invasive glaucoma surgery

2019/5/22 14:15:44

The Micro-invasive glaucoma surgery(MIGS)group of operations has been developed in the recent years to reduce some of complications of most standard glaucoma procedures such as trabculectomy. In order to increase the surgical effect, a new group of surgical manners has emerged that seeks to decrease IOP with lower associated rates of complications. The MIGS of the latest technique and devices are presented by three manners of reducing IOP: aqueous reduction surgery(Endoscopic Cyclophotocoagulation, Ultrasound Cyclo-Plasty); external filtering surgery(Implantation of EX-PRESS miniature glaucoma device, CANALOPLASTY); internal filtering surgery(Trabecular microbypass stent, Ab Interno Trabeculectomy). The article will summarize clinically relevant information of the glaucoma treatment and to describe indications, advantages and disadvantages of the MIGS.

Progress in treatment of submacular hemorrhage due to polypoid choroidal vasculopathy

2019/5/22 14:15:44

Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy(PCV)in the past referred to as “Idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy(IPCV)”. It is a chronic vascular abnormality resulting in multiple, recurrent, serosanguinous retinal pigment epithelial detachments(PEDs)secondary to leakage and bleeding from choroidal vascular lesions. PCV have two types, including hemorrhagic type and exudative type, in which hemorrhagic type is prone to submacular hemorrhage. In recent years, with the widely used of indocyanine green angiography and optical coherence tomography angiography in ophthalmology, the research on this disease has gradually deepened. At present, the diagnosis of this disease is mainly confirmed by dilated pupil fundus examination, optical coherence tomography(OCT), OCTA, fluorescence fundus angiography(FFA)+ICGA and other auxiliary examinations. When complicated with a small amount of SMH, it can be absorbed by itself. When SMH is large, it is difficult to be absorbed by itself and has a great influence on vision. The main treatment included anti-VEGF drugs, PDT, gas, t-PA and combined vitrectomy. This article combining the latest progress in the study of domestic and foreign, the SMH induced by PCV epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment were summarized, and the treatment methods were discussed and prospected.

Analysis on related factors affecting refractive error of combined anterior and posterior segment surgery

Qian Dong, Hong Yan, Li-Ping Su and Jie Zhang — 2019/5/22 14:15:44

Phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation combined vitrectomy(phacovitrectomy)cannot only correct refractive error but also treat vitreoretinal diseases. Due to its advantages of clearer intraoperative vision, postoperative visual function improvement and avoiding secondary procedures, phacovitrectomy has been increasingly used in patients with retinal and vitreous diseases combined with cataracts. Compared with traditional staged surgery, phacovitrectomy require special equipment and is higher technique-demanding and more complications. Several studies have shown that refractive error is commonly reported after surgery. In this article, the relevant influencing factors, formation mechanism and updated control strategy of RE were summarized to provide reference for the indication selection, avoidance of complications and more satisfactory postoperative visual function.

Process in the application of dexamethasone vitreous implant

Hong-Kun Zhao, Min Wu and Yun-Qin Li — 2019/5/22 14:15:45

Dexamethasone intravitreal implant is a biodegradable dexamethasone(DEX)0.7mg slow-release implant that progressively dissolves in the vitreous gel. DEX implant now is approved for macular edema(ME)secondary to retinal vein occlusion(RVO), diabetic macular edema(DME)and non-infectious uveitis(NIU). The most common treatment-emergent adverse events are intraocular pressure(IOP)elevation and cataract. Therefore, DEX implant is still second choice level in treatment of RVO-ME and DME. It is reasonable to switch to DEX implant when anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)therapy fail. However, DEX implant may be recommended as a first choice for selected cases, such as for pseudophakic eyes, anti-VEGF-resistant eyes, or patients reluctant to receive intravitreal injections frequently. Recent studies suggest dexamethasone implant is safely and effectively improves uveitis-related ME but the role of DEX implant in the management of NIU has yet to be defined. This article reviews the recent progress of DEX implant and focusing on its efficacy and safety.

Recent advances in signaling pathways related to choroidal neovascularization

Bao-Di Deng, Jia Li and Ting-Huai Wang — 2019/4/22 9:40:43

Choroid neovascularization is the characteristic pathological change of many fundus diseases and is the most common cause for severe vision loss and metamorphopsia. Among the pathogenic factors, VEGF is considered to be the most important and treatment targeting VEGF showed promising results. However, anti-VEGF agents need to be administrated frequently and they are usually expensive. Also, some patients got no response to this treatment. These facts force us to find other pathway that involves in the formation of CNV. This article reviews the latest research on CNV-related signaling pathways so as to provide a deeper look into CNV and hopefully point out new directions for treating diseases that share similar pathogenesis.

Application of optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic retinopathy

Yun Su, Zi-Zhong Hu, Dong-Qing Yuan, Song-Tao Yuan and Qing-Huai Liu — 2019/4/22 9:40:43

Optical coherence tomography(OCT)is one of the fastest growing techniques in ophthalmic imaging field. With the gradual improvement and update of OCT technology, optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)has emerged. It serves as a valuable diagnostic tool for retinal and choroidal neovascularization-related disease. This article reviews the principles of OCTA, OCTA imaging of microaneurysms(MAs), retinal ischemia, retinal neovascularization(RNV)in patient with different stages of diabetic retinopathy, and the limitations and future prospects of OCTA.

Progress of retinal organoids in treatment of retinal degenerative diseases

Hui-Yu Xi, Xi-Ying Mao, Jie Sun, Song-Tao Yuan and Qing-Huai Liu — 2019/4/22 9:40:44

Retinal degeneration is the primary cause of visual impairment and blindness. However, in advanced stage of the disease, the majority or all photoreceptors are lost, effective therapeutics has not been established. In recent years, a large number of studies have provided new ways for the replacement of photoreceptors and three-dimensional retinal culture has emerged to produce retinal photoreceptors and tissues of both fetal mouse and human, providing the cell source of photoreceptors replacement therapy for treating retinal degenerative diseases. This review focuses on the development of three-dimensional retinal culture techniques and photoreceptors transplantation experiments, and the existing application strategies and limitations of retinal organoids in the replacement therapy of retinal degeneration, which provide a theoretical reference for the optimization of 3D retina in photoreceptors replacement therapy.

Selection of surgical methods for cataract patients after vitrectomy

Mei-Jiao Song and Hui Zhang — 2019/4/22 9:40:44

At present, the occurrence and development of cataract in patients operated by vitrectomy is more common. The patient, who would be in cataract surgery, is prone to suffering from higher risks and complications in eyes if he had vitrectomy before than those without vitrectomy. Consequently, it is a significant challenge for ophthalmologists to determine the choice of surgery and the operation during surgery. Compared with cataract surgery after vitrectomy without perfusion, phacoemulsification with 25-gauge perfusion is an effective method, which can maintain the intraocular pressure, stabilize the anterior chamber, and reduce the intraoperative and postoperative complications. In conclusion, phacoemulsification with 25-gauge perfusion is a preferred method for cataract patients after vitrectomy.

Research progress on body position and intraocular pressure

Wen Deng and Chang-Hua Ye — 2019/4/22 9:40:44

Glaucoma is a multiple factor affecting irreversible blindness. Ocular hypertension is the most important risk factor. It is generally believed that the higher the intraocular pressure is, the greater the intraocular pressure fluctuation, the more serious the glaucomatous optic nerve damage is. Changes in body and local factors may affect the intraocular pressure of patients, and body position is one of the important factors. The influence of body position on intraocular pressure in glaucoma patients is generally greater than that in normal subjects. Therefore, the relationship between position and intraocular pressure plays an important role in the daily diagnosis and management of glaucoma, and it is also getting more and more attention of the ophthalmologists. This article mainly reviews the recent research and possible mechanism of the body position on intraocular pressure.

Development of electrical stimulation treatment in retina degeneration diseases

Sha-Sha Yu, Xin Tang, Yun Zhao, Wing-Hong Lee and Kin Chiu — 2019/4/22 9:40:44

Retinal diseases and optic nerve injury blocked visual signal transduction from retinal neurons to visual cortex, which would cause significant influence on patients' visual function and life quality. In clinic, glaucoma, traumatic optic neuropathy, and retinitis pigmentosa and so on are accompanied with degeneration of retinal neurons or optic nerve. However, efficient neuro-protective treatment is limited. Currently, studies suggested neuro-protective and regenerative effect of electrical stimulation treatment on retinal neurons and optic nerves. In this study, we reviewed the application of electrical stimulation in ophthalmology and summarized the possible mechanism, aiming to promote the development of electrical stimulation in the study and treatment of eye diseases.

Toxic effect of silicone oil on optic nerve

Jing Xu and Fang Wang — 2019/4/22 9:40:44

Silicone oil has been used as a safe and effective long-term vitreous substitute(VS)for more than 50 years. Clinically, it is currently widely used in surgical patients with severe ocular trauma and various complex vitreoretinal diseases, which has improved the prognosis of some previously incurable eye diseases. A series of toxic effects caused by the long-term retention of silicone oil in the vitreous cavity have attracted great attention. Based on the physicochemical properties of silicone oil, this review will analyze and summarize the toxic effects of silicone oil on the optic nerve, as well as its mechanism.

Progress in diagnosis and treatment of nystagmus

Xiao-Hua Xie, Lu Lyu, Ying Chen, Jun-Jie Liu and Yun Liu — 2019/4/22 9:40:44

Nystagmus refers to a certain kind of diseases with abnormal eye movements, which is characterized by rhythmic, involuntary, conjugate-symmetric. According to the age of onset, it could be divided into congenital nystagmus and secondary nystagmus. The limited means of examinations and treatments which makes it difficult to understand nystagmus. Over recent years, the means of examinations and treatments are developing. We reviewed the recent progress of nystagmus in this article.

Advances in extraction methods of fundus pathological changes

Peng-Fei Jiang, Xiang Li and Qing-Hua Peng — 2019/3/22 14:50:41

The fundus vessels are the only blood vessels that can be observed in the living body. The pathological changes of many diseases in the fundus can be observed by various means, such as ophthalmoscopy, fundus angiography, laser confocal scanning fundus imaging, fluoresce in fundus angiography, optical coherence tomography, Doppler fundus angiography, etc. How to accurately extract the observed pathological changes has been a difficult problem in academia. This paper summarizes the main observation methods of pathological changes of fundus vessels and various extraction methods of pathological changes. Including fundus vascular tracking method, pixel classification method, matching filtering method, threshold segmentation method, etc. And generalized the image processing methods after fundus vascular extraction, hope to promote the further development of fundus vascular pathological feature extraction method, in order to facilitate diagnosis of clinical disease.

Progress in animal models of age-related macular degeneration

Tong-Miao Wang and Bo Qin — 2019/3/22 14:50:41

Age related macular degeneration(ARMD)is the leading cause of blindness in people over 65 years of age. The need for research on effective treatments of ARMD has led to the development of multiple animal models. ARMD is a complex process involving interaction of age, genetic and environmental factors. Animal models have reconstructed many of the histological features in ARMD, making it possible to better understand the underlying pathogenesis of the disease. Although no model can replicate all the phenotypes of human ARMD, it can express different characteristics of ARMD, revealing the roles of chronic oxidative damage, inflammation, immune dysregulation and lipid metabolism in the development of ARMD. This article will review the various ARMD animal models that have been reported. By analyzing the advantages and limitations of each model, it will provide some help for the selection of appropriate animal models for ARMD research and provide new modeling ideas.

Medication and progression of diabetic macular edema

De-Shuang Li, Liang Zhang and Bo Qin — 2019/3/22 14:50:42

Diabetic macular edema(DME)is one of the common eye complications in diabetic patients, and is also the main cause of visual impairment in diabetic patients. Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)is currently an important target for DME therapy, the latest DME guidelines point out that anti-VEGF can be used as a first-line treatment for all types of DME. Anti-VEGF and glucocorticoid are widely used medications in DME treatment at present. Besides, numbers of new therapies which include anti-VEGF DARPin(designed ankyrin repeat proteins, DARPins), vascular adhesion protein, integrin antagonists and others, are in development. This article reviews the medication and emerging treatment of diabetic macular edema.

Choice of timing and methods of treatment for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction

Jiao Zhang and Hua Zhong — 2019/3/22 14:50:42

Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction(CNLDO)is one of the most common ocular disorders in infants, and the main feature is a membranous obstruction of the distal end of the nasolacrimal duct. Methods are considered to treat with CNLDO, including lacrimal sac massage, probing, silicone intubation, balloon dacryocystoplasty, and dacryohynostomy. Recently, the combination use of lacrimal endoscopes may increase the success rate of surgery. Because many CNLDOs can resolve spontaneously, there are still some controversies in the timing of surgery and the choice of treatment options. The aim of the review is to provide a reference for the treatment of CNLDO.

Diagnosis and treatment of the blepharochalasis

Zai-Lin Xiao, Yuan-Ping Zhang, Xue-Ying Zhao, Xu Zha, Guo-Jiu Wu and Lin-Kun Ma — 2019/3/22 14:50:42

Blepharochalasis is a rare disease that often onsets in childhood or adolescence. It is characterized by non-painful, non-erythemaous eyelid angioedema with intermittent recurrent episodes, resulting in relaxation, atrophy and thinned of eyelid structures. The late complications, attributing to continuous underlying structural destruction, including ptosis, orbital fat prolapse, lacrimal glands prolapse and blepharophimosis etc. The pathogenesis is not clear yet, researchers have indicated that it might be associated with inheritance and endocrine factors. Nevertheless, histopathology examination showed elastic fibers breakdown, IgA deposits and inflammatory cell infiltration. Based on this, it is assumed that the immunologic mechanism and inflammatory reaction play a significant role in the development of the disease. According to the clinical stage, there are two treatment patterns: oral medicine and surgery at present.

New progress of amblyopia treatment

Jing Wang and Chun-Fang Wang — 2019/3/22 14:50:42

Amblyopia is defined as a decrease in visual acuity that results from abnormal binocular interaction or visual deprivation during critical period of the visual cortex, which cause a variety of visual functions damage. With the development of science and technology, amblyopia treatment has new concept. The new method of amblyopia treatment is occlusion therapy based on corrected refraction, followed by visual function training and pharamacological therapy, instead of traditional treatment which contians only refraction correction and patching therapy. Correction of refractive error is no longer limited to use spectacles, also provided with contact lenses, corneal refractive surgery and intraocular refractive surgery. In addition to using patching, occlusion therapy can use Bangerter filters, contact lenses and LED liquid crystal glasses. The training of visual function aimed to improve three-level visual function and restore visual cortical plasticity, which is especially important in the adult amblyopia. Levodopa and citicoline drugs can be added to occlusion therapy in order to reach a better outcome. We should design the fittest treatment plan according to the individual situation of the patients within varied of methods, adopting diversified combination, personalized therapy.

Research progress on recurrence and treatment of herpes simplex keratitis

Wan-Tong Sun and Hong Zhang — 2019/2/21 10:57:18

Herpes simplex viral keratitis(HSK)is caused by herpes simplex virus a serious infective corneal disease. Herpes simplex virus(HSV)infection comes in two forms: primary and recurrent.Between them, the recurrent herpes simplex virus infection way of relevant mechanisms and intervention is the research focus in recent years. In this article, we've introduced the recurrent immune system and treatment of the recurrent herpes of herpes simplex, analysed the newly discovered drugs against herpes simplex virus recurrence, and we're hoping to develop a new form of intervention, a chemical that has a stronger effect and less toxic, so that we can reduce the potential side effects and provide better treatment results.

Progress of iridocorneal endothelial syndrome

Shuang-Yu Han and Yuan He — 2019/2/21 10:57:18

Iridocorneal endothelial syndrome(ICES)is a rare ocular disease characterized by abnormal structure and proliferation of the corneal endothelium, the anterior chamber angle, and the iris. Common clinical features include corneal edema, secondary glaucoma and iris atrophy. ICES often occurs in young women, and most of them are monocular. Its pathogenesis is still unclear, the symptoms are various, and the blindness rate is high. The disease is difficult to diagnose, and there is no ideal treatment. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of ICES in order to help the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

Study on the pathological changes of fundus vessels

Peng-Fei Jiang, Xiang Li, Qing-Hua Peng and Xiang-Dong Chen — 2019/2/21 10:57:18

Fundus blood vessels are the only terminal blood vessels that observed in the human body. Many diseases have pathological changes in fundus blood vessels. Through the study of these pathological changes, the fundus vascular changes can be used to diagnose diseases. This article summarizes some of the common pathological changes in fundus blood vessels. As well as the common diseases that cause these changes, it is hoped that some diseases can be associated with retinal vascular changes to facilitate the diagnosis of clinical diseases.

Expression and significance of HA/CD44 in glial cells and optic cross nerves

Ming-Shan Liu, Ya Mo, Pei Gu and Mu-Lin He — 2019/2/21 10:57:18

Hyaluronic acid(HA)is one of the main components of the extracellular matrix(ECM), and it is participated in many cells physiology and pathological processes, such as tissue reconstruction, expansion of cell gap, inflammation and tumorigenesis and so on. CD44 is a cell surface receptor for HA and widely distributed cell surface glycoprotein, which paticipate in specific adhesion of cell to cell and cell to matrix. CD44 is the most important hyaluronic acid receptor on the cell surface. Besides, CD44 is the main site of binding to HA. In this paper, we will elaborate from three aspects: the binding of HA and CD44 and its molecular basis, the expression and significance of HA/CD44 in glial cells(including Müller cells)and the expression and significance of HA/CD44 in the optic nerve, which makes readers have an understanding of the role of HA and CD44.

Protective effect of thymosin β4 in ocular surface diseases

Jing-Hua Liu and Xuan Li — 2019/2/21 10:57:18

Thymosin is a kind of protein that is widely distributed in many tissues. It has many biological activities. Thymosin is divided into three subtypes: thymosin α, thymosin β and thymosin γ. Thymosin β4(Tβ4)is the most widely distributed in normal human body. A large number of studies have confirmed that Tβ4 has the functions of anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptosis and promoting proliferation. Ocular surface diseases are mostly related to ocular surface injury and inflammation. Therefore, promoting wound repair and healing and anti-inflammatory are the key to the treatment of ocular surface diseases. The present review mainly introduces the distribution, structure, synthesis of Tβ4 and its protective effect on ocular surface.

The complication and prevention of laser photocoagulation in diabetic retinopathy treatment

Lu-Lu Wang, Yan-Hong Sun, Qi-Ping Wei and Liang Liao — 2019/2/21 10:57:19

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is a common microvascular complication of diabetes caused by chronic hyperglycemia and ischemia, which can seriously impair the patient's vision or even cause blindness. The main causes of visual impairment include macular edema, vitreous hemorrhage and neovascular glaucoma. Retinal laser photocoagulation is one of the most important therapies for DR. The thermal effects of laser photocoagulation can denature proteins, coagulate and destruct tissue, and finally scars occur. The scar tissue which consumes very low oxygen replaces the cones and rod and reduces tissue oxygen consumption significantly, and relieves the retinal ischemia and hypoxia especially for the middle and peripheral part of retina. However, complications such as macular edema, vitreous hemorrhage, and visual field defects may occur easily following laser treatment. This article reviews recent literatures about the complications and preventions of laser photocoagulation in DR treatment.

Research progress of ocular manifestations and pathological mechanisms in Alport syndrome

Ye-Ting Lin — 2019/2/21 10:57:19

Alport syndrome(AS)is a genetic disease characterized by abnormal basement membrane structure of the kidneys, ears and eyes. The incidence of the disease is 1:5000 approximately. The report on ocular manifestations is relatively scarce, however, it is of great value to diagnosis of the disease. The ocular tissue histopathological analysis provides an effective method to uncover the pathological mechanisms of AS. Besides, it is good for understanding and treatment of AS.

Application of CRISPR/Cas system in human eye diseases

Meng-Yuan Jiang and Hong-Ling Liu — 2019/1/17 14:38:59

The CRISPR/Cas system was a defense system originally found in bacterial immune system against exogenous genetic material(such as phage virus). With the precision in its targeting function, CRISPR/Cas system has been developed into a highly efficient genome-editing tool that has been widely used in various fields of life science research and has achieved revolutionary progress. This paper reviews the relevant literature on the application of the CRISPR/Cas system in human eye diseases.

Research progress on inhibition of ocular neovascularization by traditional Chinese medicine monomers

Wen-Li Chu, Shui-Ling Chen, Ze-Feng Kang, Wei-Yi Li and Jian Liu — 2019/1/17 14:38:59

Overview of the status application of traditional Chinese medicine monomers in ocular neovascular diseases. Through retrieving related domestic and overseas research state for more than ten years, summarizing, analyzing and summarizing, overviewing the research progress of traditional Chinese medicine monomer in inhibiting intraocular neovascularization, and expounding the potential advantages of traditional Chinese medicine in the field of intraocular angiogenesis research, providing information for treating and researching of neovascular diseases.

Ethambutol optic neuropathy

Ya-Nan Lyu and Yuan-Yuan Gong — 2019/1/17 14:39:00

Ethambutol(EMB)has been used as first-line antibiotics to treat tuberculosis. Side effects of ethambutol have been well documented since its original use, with the most serious one being optic neuropathy. EMB-induced optic neuropathy(EON)may be reversible in the early stages, but delayed diagnosis has been shown to result in permanent visual loss. Thus the reversibility of EON is dependent on early detection. In this review, we discuss risk factors, detection methods, treatment and prevention of EON.

A review on inflammation cytokines in pathogenesis of keratoconus

Xuan-Di Su, A-Mei Wang and Wen-Fang Zhang — 2019/1/17 14:39:00

Keratoconus(KC)is a progressive corneal thinning disease which can cause the conical appearance, scar growth and vision loss via corneal ectasia. Various factors were demonstrated to be related to its etiology, including the genetic factors and the environmental factors(i.e. the friction of eyelids and eyeball, the friction of contact lens and eyeball and the UV irradiation). In addition to the genetic and environmental factors, the inflammation cytokines has been reported as another key factor to the pathogenesis of keratoconus, thus received more attention recently. This paper then reviews the recent advances on the effect of inflammation cytokines on pathogenesis of keratoconus. The motivation of this work is to provide important guidance and thoughts for the treatment of keratoconus.

Research status and progress of non-constant aberration aspherical IOL

Yu-Qi Liu, Jing Wang and Jin-Song Zhang — 2019/1/17 14:39:00

With the continuous development of cataract surgery and intraocular lens(IOL), the evaluation of visual quality after IOL implantation has become a research hotspot, and aberration is an important factor that affecting visual quality. After more than 60y of development, IOL has made great improvement in optical design. Due to the fact that conventional spherical IOL has a positive spherical aberration and cannot correct the positive spherical aberration existing in the normal human cornea, it is improved to an aspherical IOL having a negative spherical aberration and a zero spherical aberration. The former can correct the cornea positive spherical aberration, improve the contrast sensitivity and improve visual quality. However, if the optical position does not match, the formation of other higher-order aberrations will have greater impact on visual effects. Although the latter is well tolerated to tilt and decentration, it still cannot compensate for the positive aberration from the cornea. The advent of the non-constant aberration IOL provides a new way for cataract surgeons to solve this problem. In this paper, the concept of aberration, the design principle and advantages and disadvantages of different kinds of aspheric IOL, as well as the observation of clinical application effect of non-constant aberration aspheric IOL are discussed.

Combination pharmacotherapy for macular edema associated with retinal vein occlusion

Guo Li, Ying Chen and Hong Yan — 2019/1/17 14:39:00

Retinal vein occlusion(RVO)is the most prevalent retinal vascular disease except for diabetic retinopathy. Macular edema(ME)is a common complication of RVO which is the major causation of vision loss. The pathogenesis of ME is associated with vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)which induced by ischemia and hypoxia after venous obstruction and destruction of blood-retinal barrier caused by inflammation. Therefore, intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF medications or corticosteroids is the most common in the clinical treatment. Due to the two medicines have different react mechanism, duration of efficacy, side effects, and prices etc. There are several researches reported that the combination of two medications in order to treat ME secondary to RVO. This essay is a brief overview of the combination therapies' efficacy, the time of injections and relevant precautions during the therapy process.

Research status of glucocorticoid therapy for retinal detachment associated with choroidal detachment

Hua Jiang, Yan Cheng and Zao-Xia Liu — 2019/1/17 14:39:00

Glucocorticoid as adjunctive drug before and after the surgery for retinal detachment associated with choroidal detachment. It has obvious effects in controlling inflammation and improving choroidal detachment, which creates favorable conditions for the operation. However, the ophthalmologists have different opinions on the effects of postoperative retinal reattachment rate and improvement of visual function. There has been controversy about whether to use hormones before surgery, the time of use and the way they are used. This article will review the relevant knowledge. In order to provide a more accurate and feasible reference for clinical treatment.

Research progress of regulatory T cells in corneal allograft rejection

Jiang Bian, Ting Wang, Wei-Yun Shi and Qing-Guo Ruan — 2018/12/17 9:54:35

Keratoplasty is routinely used to treat end-stage corneal diseases. However, immune-mediated graft rejection remains the major cause of surgical failure. Organ transplant rejection is often due to the directional migration and homing of inflammatory cells to lymphoid tissues and local inflammatory sites, which is regulated by various adhesion molecules and chemokines. Regulatory T cells play a key role in immune regulation and are essential for maintaining peripheral tolerance. Recent studies have revealed that regulatory T cells play important roles in preventing organ transplant rejection and the development of autoimmune diseases. This review will summarize the recent research on the induction of ocular immune privilege by regulatory T cells, with special focus on how regulatory T cells mediate tolerance in the eye and clinical potential of modulating these mechanisms during corneal transplantation.

Effect of orthokeratology on sub-basal nerve plexus

Ling-Han Li, Shu-Xian Zhang, Jing-Hua Liu and Xuan Li — 2018/12/17 9:54:35

As the morbidity of myopia increasing gradually, the prevention-control of myopia has been given more attentions. Orthokeratology(OK-lens), is now widely approved and used in clinical treatment as a non-surgical measure. The OK-lens directly contact the corneal anterior surface, therefore having some effects on the morphology and biological characteristics of the cornea. The purpose of this paper is to put forward suggestions and advices for clinic, by reviewing the influence of OK-lens on the corneal sub-basal nerve plexus in the current studies.

Application of posterior scleral reinforcement material in the surgical treatment of high myopia

Jing-Shang Zhang and Xiu-Hua Wan — 2018/12/17 9:54:35

Posterior scleral reinforcement surgery is a common method for the treatment for high myopia, which can strengthen the intensity of sclera and inhibit the progression of high myopia. The posterior scleral reinforcement materials are very important, including biological materials such as pericardium, donor sclera, umbilical cord, dura mater, acellular allograft dermis and so on; non biological synthetic materials such as polyester fiber, polyester mesh sponge and plasma-modified silicone graft and so on. These materials were used in the experimental animals and clinical patients, and showed obvious effect on controlling the progress of high myopia.

Latest progresses of limbal stem cell

Dian-Rui Li and Shan-Bi Zhou — 2018/12/17 9:54:35

The corneal epithelial cells are the outermost layer of the cornea. When they are turnover or trauma, the corneal epithelial cells are supplemented by continuous self-renewal of stem cells located in the basal epithelium at the corneoscleral limbus. If limbal stem cells are deficient(LSCD), this balance would be broken, resulting in corneal diseases. Currently, transplantation of cultured limbal stem cells is one of the best curative option of reconstruction of the ocular surface. This article reviews the recent progress on identification, different sources of stem cells, and expansion of limbal stem cells.

Research progress on anti-VEGF therapy for retinal capillary in diabetic macular edema

Jin Li, Wei Zhao and Pei Yan — 2018/12/17 9:54:35

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)agents are revolutionary in the treatment of retinal diseases, such as exudative age-related macular degeneration,diabetic retinopathy(DR), and retinal vein occlusion. Intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF agents can reduce macular edema significantly, but whether anti-VEGF therapy impairs retinal microcirculation and facilitates retinal vascular occlusion. This article reviews on the effect of anti-VEGF therapy on retinal capillary in diabetic macular edema, from three aspects of foveal avascular zones, areas of nonperfusion and retinal capillary density, using optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)and ultra-wide field fluorescein angiography(UWFA).

New progress in clinical treatment of diabetic retinopathy

Xue Li and Ping Zhang — 2018/12/17 9:54:35

Diabetic retinopathy is one of the serious complications of diabetes, which often results in decreased vision, visual field defects, vitreous hemorrhage,even traction retinal detachment, and blindness in the end. The disease is a major cause of blindness in diabetics, which seriously affects the quality of patients' life. This article reviews new progress in laser, drug and gene treatment of diabetic retinopathy.

Advances in the use of single-point lasers and multi-point scanning lasers to treat diabetic retinopathy

2018/12/17 9:54:35

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is the most common retinal vascular disease, seriously compromising visual function and quality-of-life. Retinal laser photocoagulation is one of the safest, most effective, and economical methods used to treat DR, but is associated with certain side-effects developing at the time of treatment. Given the continuous developments in diagnostic and treatment modalities, the complications associated with the use of traditional single-point lasers are becoming better understood. Today, the clinical demand for multi-point scanning lasers is increasing, but the effectiveness and safety of both treatments require further exploration. Here, we review the effects of laser treatment on vision, fundus fluorescein angiography, the visual field, visual function, macular edema, and the corneal nerve.

Function of planar cell polarity in lens development

Yi-Jia Chen, Jin-Yan Li, Shuai Ouyang and Li-Xia Luo — 2019/11/21 15:09:56

Regarded as a complex biological process, lens development involves a range of signal molecules and their crosstalk networks. Recently,the role of planar cell polarity(PCP)signaling pathway in lens development has attracted increasing attention. It has been reported that PCP is critical for lens morphology and transparency maintaining. The studies performed on PCP serve to provide guidelines on how to optimize the morphology of regenerated lens. This is thought as presenting an effective therapy for infant cataract from a clinical perspective. This article will give a comprehensive review of the role of PCP signaling pathways in the lens development.

Progress in systemic treatments of non-infectious uveitis

Yu-Qing Zhang, Yi Shao and Qiong Zhou — 2019/11/21 15:09:56

Uveitis has been generally defined as the inflammation occurring in the intraocular tissues. Among them, non-infectious uveitis is a T cell-mediated autoimmune inflammatory response. Through systemic treatments for non-infectious uveitis are abundant, the main principle is to suppress the immune response. In this review, we reviewed the history of non-infectious uveitis systemic therapy, detailed the current status of systemic treatment, summarized the pros and cons of each treatment regimen, and expected some new treatments for non-infectious uveitis.

Function of microglia in diabetic retinopathy

Qiu-Xue Yi, Jing-Fa Zhang and Lin Liu — 2019/11/21 15:09:56

Diabetic retinopathy(DR), one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus, is the leading cause of blindness in working-age population. DR, previously regarded as a microvascular disease, is also considered as neuronopathy and low-to-moderate inflammation in retina with research progression. Microglias, the resident macrophage in the inner retina, are responsible for surveillance of the microenvironment in retina. Under abnormal conditions, microglias are activated and interact with different types of cells in retina. In DR, microglias become activated, as evidenced by the activation of the key molecules or signal transduction pathways, such as the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells(NF-κB)and extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK)signaling pathways, which lead to the increased production of pro-inflammatory factors, chemokines, etc. At the same time, the proliferation and migration of activated microglia are enhanced, and microglias migrate to the outer retina. The over-activation of microglias causes neuronal cell apoptosis and blood-retinal barrier breakdown, resulting in vision loss.

Laboratory study of oxidative stress in dry eye

2019/11/21 15:09:56

Dry eye syndrome refers to a general term for various diseases in which tear fluid quality orabnormality or kinetic abnormality is caused by any cause, resulting in decreased tear film stability, accompanied by ocular discomfort and/or ocular surface tissue lesion characteristics. Dry eye syndrome is a multifactorial disease that is greatly affected by age and environmental factors. Among them, oxidative stress is closely related to age-related dry eye. In this article, based on animal experiments, the role of oxidative stress in dry eye syndrome was pointed out by establishing animal models of oxidative stress and monitoring the levels of biomarkers and antioxidant defenses indicative of oxidative damage in ocular surface tissue. In addition, some interventional studies have shown that oxidative stress may be a direct target for local treatment of dry eye. Certain substances may effectively reduce oxidative stress damage, thereby achieving the effect of treating dry eye. Further research on oxidative stress in recent years has shown that oxidative stress has an increasingly important role in dry eye, providing a basis for clinical intervention against oxidative stress.

Progress of gene research on autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa

Rui Wang and Ming Jin — 2019/11/21 15:09:56

Retinal pigmentosa(RP)is a hereditary blinding retinal disease whose pathogenesis is not fully understand. It is characterized by night blindness, progressive narrowing visual field and vision decreased. Bone spicule-shaped pigment,retinal vessel attenuation and pallor optic disc can be seen at the fundus.RP is geneticallyand phenotypically heterogeneous, autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa accounts for 5%-20% of RP. There are 43 pathogenic genes have been mapped in autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa(ARRP), 40 of them have been cloned, and new related pathogenic genes have been reporting. This article reviewsthe newest progress of the research in AGBL5, ARHGEF18, HGSNAT and ZNF408 gene relevant to ARRP.

Progress in the mechanism of Müller cells in the formation and prognosis of idiopathic macular hole

Zi-Yu Zhang and Tao Liu — 2019/11/21 15:09:57

Idiopathic macular hole(IMH)refers to the defect of retinal nerve epidermis in macular area with unknown pathogenesis. As present, pars plana vitrectomy combined with internal limiting membrane peeling has become a normal operation for the treatment of IMH, which enables most IMH patients to achieve anatomic healing, however, it is still unclear about the healing mechanism. The role of the glial cell activation in the pathological process of nervous system injury and disease has paid more and more attention. Nearly all the injuries and diseases of nervous system(including retina)are accompanied by the activation of glial cells; and Müller cells are the main type of glial cells in the human retina. In terms of anatomy and function, they are widely related to the cell bodies and processes of neurons in all layers of the retina, and play a supporting, nutritional and information transmission role in neurons. Numerous studies have shown that the activation and proliferation of Müller cells play a leading role in closed MH. It is reviewed in this paper that the role and its related mechanisms of Müller cells in the formation and healing of IMH.

Advances in drugs and surgical treatment of fungal endophthalmitis

Xing Chen and Xun Yang — 2019/11/21 15:09:57

The prognosis of fungal endophthalmitis is usually poor. Currently, it is confusing in the drugs and surgical treatment and has been explored and progressed. Traditional drugs include amphotericin B, fluconazole and flucytosine. A new generation of drugs includes liposomal amphotericin B, Voriconazole, and caspofungin. Vitrectomy combined with systemic, topical and intraocular application of drugs is particularly important for the treatment of fungal endophthalmitis. This article reviews the current and ongoing development of drugs and surgical treatment of fungal endophthalmitis.

Influencing factors of stereopsis function after strabismus operation

Yu-Meng Zheng and Li Zhang — 2019/11/21 15:09:57

Proper assessment of the establishment of stereopsis after strabismus surgery continues to be challenging for the strabismus surgeon. In view of the stereopsis, the timing of surgery for strabismus has been controversial because of concerns that it may result in an overcorrection or lateness. Recent literature on the strabismus surgeon has shown that the establishment of postoperative stereoscopic vision is closely related to the age of onset, types of strabismus, course of disease and ocular deviation. This review will summarize the recent points as below.

Application progress of transgenic mouse models of corneal neovascularization

2019/10/23 15:17:26

The invasion of the cornea by capillary or lymphatic vessels leads to corneal neovascularization and if not handled in time, it will seriously affect vision, the establishment and application of transgenic mouse models of corneal neovascularization provides a good platform for the study of corneal neovascularization mechanism, the screening of antiangiogenic drugs and the evaluation of treatments. Transgenic mouse model of corneal neovascularization is a very valuable and potential animal model. This paper mainly introduces the application of transgenic mouse models in the research of corneal neovascularization.

Advances in the treatment of macular corneal dystrophy

Wen-Qing Shi, Qi Lin and Yi Shao — 2019/10/23 15:17:27

Macular corneal dystrophy(MCD)refers to corneal stromal dystrophy, which can cause progressive visual field defects. MCD belongs to autosomal recessive disease. Mutation of CHST 6 gene is considered to be a pathogenic factor. In general, full-thickness penetrating keratoplasty has become a standard treatment for improving vision. Now more advanced surgical interventions such as deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty(DALK)and phototherapeutic keratectomy(PTK)have also been shown to be important in the treatment of MCD. Some new technologies, such as gene targeting therapy and enzyme replacement therapy, are also being studied as potential permanent solutions for MCD. The pathogenesis, genetic basis, clinical manifestations, treatment and prognosis of this disease are reviewed in this paper.

Research progress of Müller cells in diabetic retinopathy

Man Yang and Wei Tan — 2019/10/23 15:17:27

Müller cells are the most important glial cells in the vertebrate retina. They extend from the inner limiting membrane to the outer membrane through the entire retina, participate in the blood-retinal barrier, and actively participate in retinal development and promote the maintenance of retinal homeostasis through many intracellular mechanisms. Müller cells play an important role in the development of diabetic retinopathy. The pathophysiological changes in diabetic retinopathy remain to be further studied. This article reviews the pathophysiological changes of Müller cells in diabetic retinopathy and the recent research progress.

Effect of abnormal adipose tissue proliferation in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy

Wei Liu, Chao Ma, Hao-Yu Li, Lan Chen, Shan-Si Yuan and Kai-Jun Li — 2019/10/23 15:17:27

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy(TAO)is the most common orbital disease and is a specific autoimmune disorder, of which the etiology and pathogenesis is still unclear. TAO can affect the appearance and visual function of patients, and severe cases can lead to blindness. Tissue currently considered excessive expansion due to orbital fat is formed of one of the key pathological features TAO. The increase of orbital adipose tissue can directly lead to increased retrobulbar pressures and eyeball protrusion. As a new endocrine organ, adipose tissue can secrete a variety of adipocytokines, growth factors and protein molecules, some of which may be involved in the pathogenesis of TAO. The role of abnormal adipose tissue proliferation of TAO is reviewed from the expression of key proteins of adipose differentiation, autophagy, retrobulbar pressure and hypoxia.

Research progress in the application of bioengineering cornea

Li Lin — 2019/10/23 15:17:27

Corneal disease is one of the main ophthalmopathy that may lead to blindness in China. Infectious keratitis is the main cause of corneal blindness. For corneal infections that are difficult to control by drugs, corneal transplantation is the only hope to control the infection and restore the sight. However, the demand for suitable donor corneas is increasing much faster than the number of donors, leaving thousands of curable patients untreated and even lose their eyeballs. Thus, it's urgent to seeking new biomaterials for corneal donor. In recent years, there have come forward great progress in bioengineering cornea. Here, we reviews its application present in clinic and prospects for the future, exploring the feasibility of bioengineering cornea being the replacement of human corneal donor in corneal transplantation.

Changes of central corneal thickness after congenital cataract surgery and its effect on intraocular pressure measurement

Jiao-Jiao Kou, Ping-Jun Chang and Yun-E Zhao — 2019/10/23 15:17:27

Congenital cataract surgery could cause more complications, such as glaucoma, high intraocular pressure, iris adhesion, cystic mechanization etc. Among the complications, glaucoma could cause irreversible damage to optic nerve, which should be highly concerned by clinicians. However, it was difficult to obtain reliable data for the diagnosis of visual field and optic nerve damage in patients with congenital cataract. Therefore, accurate measurement of intraocular pressure was important for glaucoma diagnosis. Postoperative variation of corneal thickness was often found in congenital cataract, leading to inaccurate measurement of intraocular pressure. The article introduced the changes of central corneal thickness(CCT), intraocular pressure(IOP)and causes of variations after congenital cataract surgery.

Research progress on the pathogenesis of macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion and the effect of macular edema on visual function

Hong-Fang Yong, Hui Qi, Ying-Jie Wu, Qian-Qian Wu and Ling Zuo — 2019/10/23 15:17:27

Retinal vein occlusion(RVO)is a common retinal vascular disease. Macular edema(ME)secondary to RVO is the main cause of visual impairment in patients. The mechanisms of ME secondary to RVO are intricate and have not yet been fully elucidated. Many cells and cytokines are involved in it, which disrupt the balance between fluid entry and exit in the retina. This review discusses the complex pathogenesis of ME associated with RVO and the mechanisms by which ME affects visual function.

Advances in research on calcium channel inhibition mediating axonal stabilization for repair of optic nerve injury

Zhe-Hao Yu, Peng-Fei Wang and Xia Cao — 2019/10/23 15:17:27

Optic nerve injury is a common nervous system disease. Its basic pathological features are axonal degeneration and apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs), which causes numbers of symptoms including visual dysfunction. Axonal degeneration, including axonal selective degradation, Wallerian degeneration induced by axonal transection, and apoptosis-induced axonal degeneration(axonal apoptosis), is an important part of neurodevelopment, axonal remodeling, and injury response process. Axonal degeneration is one of the initial steps in many traumatic neurological disorders, and damaged axons are generally unable to regenerate, which leads to neuronal cell apoptosis. Neuronal apoptosis causing the degeneration of both cell bodies and axons commonly occurs during the development of brain, as a result of various neuronal damages. Studies in recent years have confirmed that calcium is the main regulator of axonal degeneration. When an optic nerve crush(ONC)occurs, the degree of acute axonal degeneration(AAD)can be reduced by using calcium channel inhibitors to prevent the influx of calcium ions into axons, which will also improve the survival rate of RGCs and accelerate the regeneration of axons.

Advances in mechanism, diagnosis and treatment of IgG4-related ophthalmopathy

Xiao-Lin Peng and Wei-Min He — 2019/10/23 15:17:28

IgG4-RD is a newly recognized chronic and systemic disease. IgG4-positive plasma cells play a part in the occurrence and development of this disease. “IgG4-related ophthalmic disease(ROD)” was proposed for the involvement of eyes in general. The clinical manifestations of IgG4-ROD are various due to different involved parts and have unique pathologic features compared with other organs. With a better understanding on this disease in recent years, diagnosis and treatment rate has been improved. In this paper, we will discuss the definition, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinicopathological features, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, serum biochemical indices, imaging examinations and treatment about IgG4-ROD.

Effect of anterior chamber depth on refractive shift after cataract surgery

Guang-Yao Yang, Jia-Qing Zhang and Li-Xia Luo — 2019/9/20 14:45:18

The fluctuation of anterior chamber depth(ACD)is one of the main causes of refractive shift after cataract surgery. Currently, there are numerous studies on the changes of ACD after cataract surgery worldwide. This article reviews the trend of the change of ACD after cataract surgery, and the influence factors and accompanying refractive shift.

Progress in the application of optic nerve sheath fenestration in the treatment of intracranial hypertensive optic neuropathy

2019/9/20 14:45:18

Optic nerve sheath fenestration(ONSF), also known as optic nerve sheath decompression, was first proposed by Wecker. The procedure involves cutting incisions or windows in the retrabulbar optic nerve sheath to release the cerebral spinal fluid from the subarachnoid space of the optic nerve, reducing the pressure surrounding the optic nerve. With the development of surgical instruments and procedures, the safety of ONSF has been significantly improved with infrequent complications. Through the past three decades, more and more ophthalmologists realized that ONSF is an effective surgical treatment to stabilize or improve visual loss in idiopathic intracranial hypertension(IIH). Additionally, much progress in the use of ONSF has been made on secondary intracranial hypertension due to cerebral venous sinus occlusion, Cryptococcal meningitis, and intracranial mass or tumors. In this paper we review the application of ONSF in IIH, and secondary intracranial hypertension. From the review, it indicates ONSF is a good surgical alternative for ophthalmologists. It also indicates that ONSF can be used to prevent or halt progressive visual loss associated with intracranial hypertension, particularly when other treatment modalities fail to protect vision.

Progress in the treatment of neovascular glaucoma

Zhi-Cheng He, Bo Jiang, Yong Wang and Chun-Sheng Shi — 2019/9/20 14:45:19

Neovascular glaucoma(NVG)is a refractory blinding eye disease that adds a heavy burden to society. The incidence of neovascular glaucoma is related to a variety of factors, such as retinal ischemia and hypoxia, inflammation and trauma. There are more than 40 diseases that can cause it to occur, among which the most common in clinical is diabetic retinopathy and central retinal vein occlusion. Because of its complex etiology and the pathogenesis remains unclear, clinical treatment is extremely difficult. This paper summarizes some related researches in recent years. Finally, the onset and treatment of neovascular glaucoma are elaborated in order to be expected to help clinical work.

Mechanisms of scar formation and research progress in anti-fibrosis therapy after glaucoma filtration surgery

Ya-Nan Kong, Hong Lu, Ying Chen, Na Li and Xing-Xing Liu — 2019/9/20 14:45:19

Filtering channels carring and subsequent obstruction are the main cause of operation failure after glaucoma filtration surgery. During the process of scarring, human Tenon fibroblasts are transformed into myofibroblasts and secrete a large amount of extracellular matrixproteins. The derangement of the collagen fiber is also observed. A large number of studies have been carried out by domestic and foreign researchers on the treatment of postoperative filtering channel scarring. In this review we summarize the mechanisms of scar formation after glaucoma filtration surgery and corresponding research progress in recent years.

Advances in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration with induced pluripotent stem cells

Yi-Jie Lu, Shan Qin and Bo Qin — 2019/9/20 14:45:19

Age-related macular degeneration is the main cause of blindness in middle-aged and elderly people, seriously affects the quality of life of patients, but there is no effective therapy. As the disease progresses, the retinal pigment epithelial cells gradually degenerate and eventually cause irreversible damage to vision. The emergence of induced pluripotent stem cells provides a source of transplantable retinal pigment epithelial cells, avoiding immune and ethical issues, but still needs to overcome many obstacles and difficulties.

Mechanism and protection of retina injured by blue light

Shan Qin, Yi-Jie Lu and Bo Qin — 2019/9/20 14:45:19

Blue light is an important part of natural light.The wavelength is mainly between 400nm and 500nm, which is a kind of short-wavelength light and a part of the high-energy visible spectrum. The damage of blue light refers to the photochemical action caused by radiation of this wavelength, resulting in damage to the retina. In the visible light, blue light has the highest sensitivity to the retina and the strongest penetrating power, so the photochemical damage is the strongest. The primary harm is to damage retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)and retinal photoreceptor cells. The research on the protection against the damage of blue light has been gradually carried out. In this paper, the research progress of its protective mechanism is discussed based on the currently study.

Progress in research on LCA2 gene therapy

Ru-Yi Zhao, Xue-Ting Luo and Wei Tan — 2019/9/20 14:45:19

Leber's congenital amaurosis(LCA)is a genetic eye disease that can cause blindness. Infants with LCA may have a severe low vision or loss of vision at the early stage. The LCA2 type of this disease is related to RPE65 mutation. According to previous studies, there is no effective treatment for genetic retinal diseases including LCA2. In recent years, with the advances in gene therapy technology, great progress in the treatment of genetic retinal diseases has been made, among which the most successful one is the gene therapy of LCA2. This paper briefly introduces the development of the gene therapy of LCA2, and reviews the correlation between age and injection type, dosage, injection method, measuring method as well as therapeutic effect and the stability of therapeutic effect in previous clinic trials, which provides reference and clinical treatment experience for the clinical application of the gene therapy of LCA2 in China.

Intraocular lens power calculation in eyes with previous LASIK/PRK

Hong-Yu Li, Jun Li and Hui Song — 2019/9/20 14:45:19

Calculating the intraocular lens(IOL)power in eyes with prior corneal refractive surgery(LASIK/PRK)is still a challenging task for all cataract ophthalmologists. The accuracy of the IOL power calculating is lower than virgin eyes, because the three generation formulae and traditional corneal instruments which measure central corneal radius of curvature in the paracentral 2.5-3.2mm zone are incorrect after myopic refractive surgery. There are three main sources of error in IOL calculation after refractive surgery: the radius measurement error, the keratometer index error and the IOL formula error. The purpose of the present paper is to describe the different available techniques to improve the accuracy of the IOL power calculation after refractive procedures.

Clinical application of Bromfenac sodium eye drops in ophthalmology

Chen-Chen Zhang, Yan-Xia Li and Ya-Juan Zheng — 2019/9/20 14:45:19

Topical ophthalmic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs)are used to treat ocular surface and anterior segment inflammation as well as postoperative management of pain and inflammation. As a new generation of NSAIDs, because of its unique molecule structure, bromfenac is both a kind of potent anti-inflammatory drug and a lipophilic molecule that can penetrate ocular tissues and as a result increase the duration of action. Bromfenac has an extensive global safety record as an anti-inflammatory drug, as well as in the management of ocular pain and inflammation following cataract and refractive surgery. Apart from the functions mentioned above, nowadays researchers have also discovered other ophthalmic applications of bromfenac sodium, and therefore reach a conclusion that bromfenac sodium eye drops are safe, effective and convenient in terms of ophthalmic treatment.This review summarizes recent application progress of bromfenac sodium eye drops in ophthalmology, and then gives prospect about its future application, hoping to provide a new idea for the clinical treatment in ophthalmology in the future.

New progress in classification and diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome

Ran Hao and Xue-Min Li — 2019/9/20 14:45:19

Sjögren's syndrome(SS)is a complex connective tissue disease, with an incidence only secondary to rheumatoid arthritis. The initial record was case reports in the late 19th century. In 1930, Henrik Sjögren proposed the conception of “Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca”for the first time, and preliminarily realized that SS was a systemic disease. Subsequently, the discovery of specific autoantibodies and the application of labial biopsy technique significantly improved the accuracy for SS diagnosis. As the understanding the disease improving, different classification criteria were proposed to improve the diagnostic accuracy. However, there still no classification criteria that can be applied as diagnostic criteria so far due to uncovered pathological mechanism of the disease. Currently, comprehensive managements are required with the cooperation of rheumatology, ophthalmology, and stomatology department. Further exploration of the pathogenesis and development of new diagnostic tools are expected to improve the diagnosis of SS. The paper aims to review the development of the classification criteria and to propose new ophthalmic examinations in order to improve the diagnosis of SS.

Roles of two-photon calcium imaging technology for visual cortex Ⅱ/Ⅲ layer neurons in model animals

Qian Li, Ai-Ling Bi, De-Zheng Liu, Hong-Sheng Bi and Xing-Rong Wang — 2020/8/19 19:18:38

Calcium is an important messenger in the mammalian nerve cells which mediates a variety of intracellular signal transduction pathways and plays critical roles in regulating the neuronal functions. Calcium signaling exerts its highly specific function in a defined sub-region of the cell, especially in the visual cortex of the brain. Detection of calcium signals in neurons is particularly important for the studying of neuronal function. The two-photon microscope has a unique advantage in the detection of calcium signal in the superficial cortex. In this paper, the application of two-photon in the in vivo detection of the visual cortical Ⅱ/Ⅲ layer of model animals are reviewed.

Development of lens surgery in the treatment of primary angle-closure glaucoma

Yun-Sheng Qiao and Jun-Yi Chen — 2020/8/19 19:18:38

The lens plays a crucial part in the etiology of primary angle-closure glaucoma(PACG). The changes in the thickness and position of the lens have been related to common structural deviations observed in PACG eyes such as: shallow anterior chamber, pupillary block and crowded anterior chamber angle. Lens extraction has long been used to treat PACG, which combined with anti-glaucoma surgeries remains a commonly employed therapy. This article aims to summarize the medical outcome and role of phacoemulsification with or without anti-glaucoma surgeries in the treatment of PACG.

Research progress of pseudophakic cystoid macular edema

Yu-Lin Shi and Guo-Xing Xu — 2020/8/19 19:18:39

Cataract is the most common blinding eye disease in our country. Cataract phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation is the first choice for cataract surgery, with advantages of a small incision, mild anterior chamber reaction, repaid recovery and small astigmatism of corneal. However, there are still some patients failed to achieve ideal visual quality after surgery due to various reasons even if the surgery is successful. Cystoid macular edema(CME)is one of the common complications in pseudophakic eyes affecting postoperative visual quality after cataract surgery. Recent studies on pseudophakic cystoid macular edema(PCME)are reviewed in this paper.

Recent advances in the role of proinflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of idiopathic optic neuritis

Ying-Xin Zi and Ming Jin — 2020/8/19 19:18:39

Optic neuritis(ON), which is the blinding optic nerve diseases that the young and middle-aged population are most susceptible to, is an optic neuropathy caused by various factors. Idiopathic optic neuritis(ION)occurs most frequently asmultiple sclerosis related optic neuritis(MS-ON)and neuromyelitis optica related optic neuritis(NMO-ON). ION has the characteristics of acute onset, easy recurrence, and serious dysfunction. Inflammation is an important mechanism of ION. By mediating inflammatory responses and participating in immune responses, proinflammatory cytokines, as one of cytokines which is a general term for a class of small molecule soluble peptides that regulate the immune system, have caused widespread concern in the pathogenesis of ION. This article reviews and discusses researches on the pathogenesis of proinflammatory cytokines-mediated ION at home and abroad in an effort to promote an in-depth study of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of ION.

Ocular surface diseases related to Demodex and their diagnosis and treatment

2020/8/19 19:18:39

Ocular Demodex infection is mainly manifested as ocular surface diseases, including meibomian gland dysfunction, dry eye disease, Demodex blepharitis, chalazion, keratoconjunctivitis, etc. The diagnosis is relatively simple and can be realized under the microscope, but it is easy to be misdiagnosed due to the subjective and objective factors such as similar symptoms, missing examination, experience diagnosis and treatment. There are many treatment methods for ocular Demodex infection, including external tea tree oil and other plant extracts, oral or external drugs, physical therapy(represented by strong pulse light therapy, moxibustion therapy), combined therapy, etc. In this paper, we reviewed the diagnosis and treatment of Demodex related ocular surface diseases, and discussed the latest research trends of this disease.

Application of protein chip and mass spectrometry in dry eye syndromes

2020/8/19 19:18:39

Dry eye syndrome is one of the most common ophthalmology diseases. With the improvement of non-invasive tear extraction methods, tear protein analysis becomes a best choice for the diagnosis and evaluation of efficacy of dry eye. Methods that have been used for tear proteomics research include protein chip technology and mass spectrometry. The relationship between the protein in the tear fluid and its concentration and different pathological conditions has important value in the research of dry eye syndromes. This article reviews the latest developments in the field, the application of tear proteomics research and current practical issues,it will provide highlights for the understanding of molecular mechanism of dry eye syndromes and benefits for potential molecular diagnosis of dry eye syndromes in the future.

Research progress in surgical treatment of high myopia with cataract

Che Xu, Jian-Feng Wang, Ning Li, Si-Jie Zhao, Qing Dai and Peng-Peng Zhao — 2020/8/19 19:18:39

The global incidence of high myopia is increasing year by year. High myopia is closely related to cataract, but high myopia is accompanied by special pathological changes,which make the operative difficulty and the incidence of postoperative complications of high myopia with cataract is much higher than common cataract. With the advent of the era of refractive cataract, postoperative visual quality requirements of patients are higher, and the challenges to ophthalmologists are also greater. Therefore, we need to pay more attention to the management of patients with high myopia combined with cataract. In this paper, the surgical methods, preoperative biological measurements, common complications during and after the operation of high myopia with cataract were reviewed.

Advances in research on NLRP3 pyroptosis in ophthalmology

Zhao-Wei Song, Zhi-Jian Li, Xiao-Hui Wang and Hua-Zhang Li — 2020/7/22 11:15:57

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain(NOD)-like receptor family contains Pryrin domain protein 3(NLRP3)inflammasome, which is an intracellular protein complex. Large release of ROS can activate the production of intracellular NLRP3 inflammasome. It consists of NLRP3, a cysteine protease recruitment domain(ASC),and a pro-caspase-1 precursor, can activate caspase-1 while being assembled. Then, the cytokines interleukin-1 and interleukin-18(pro-Il-1/18)are cleaved into mature forms by caspase-1 to perform their pro-inflammatory functions. pyroptosis refers to the programmed cell death of Caspase-1-dependent cells mediated by inflammasome. This article reviews the structure and function of NLRP3 inflammasome, its relationship with pyroptosis, and the research progress in ophthalmic diseases.

Clinical research status of iridocorneal endothelial syndrome

Yu-Lin Shi and Guo-Xing Xu — 2020/7/22 11:15:58

Iridocorneal endothelial(ICE)syndrome presents a group of ocular pathologies mostly characterized by corneal endothelial abnormalities and iris atrophy. Iridocorneal endothelial syndrome is typically a unilateral and generally not involving genetic condition, frequently affecting women in early to middle adulthood. There is no treatment for absence of symptoms in early stages. When complicated with corneal edema and secondary glaucoma, treatment is mainly symptomatic. In this group of diseases, there are many similarities and some differences in their pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and treatment. So far no universal information on these features has been published. Recent clinical studies on iridocorneal endothelial syndrome are reviewed in this paper.

Progress in glaucoma and microcirculation changes

Dan-Ning Long and Ya Mo — 2020/7/22 11:15:58

Glaucoma is a major cause of visual dysfunction worldwide. It is a group of diseases involving the optic nerve and related structures. It is characterized by visual field defects and optic disc depression, which ultimately lead to irreversible blindness. Many years of research have found that the pathogenesis of induced glaucoma is mainly mechanical compression theory and vascular theory(microcirculation). In view of the current clinical research and further development of diagnosis and treatment, the latter has become the focus and development direction of modern research. Patients with glaucoma will have a decrease in blood vessel density in the corresponding parts such as the optic papilla and optic disc. Examination techniques such as deep convolutional neural network and OCT-A can objectively explain the changes in the corresponding parameters of their microcirculation and can monitor the progress of glaucoma. Therefore, this article discusses from the aspects of glaucoma and microcirculation, aiming to expand the clinical understanding of glaucoma microcirculation, so as to further guide the clinical.

The treatment of the congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction

Shu Han, Hui Zhu and Xiao-Jun Zhang — 2020/7/22 11:15:58

Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction(CNLDO)has an incidence rate of 5.7% and there are many clinical treatments for the disease. But these treatments have been taken very randomly. Therefore, it is still a controversial topic on how to choose the best treatment. This paper will discuss the treatments of CNLDO so as to know the characteristics of each treatment for better clinical services.

Research progress on application of artificial intelligence in pediatric ophthalmology

2020/7/22 11:15:58

In recent years, artificial intelligence(AI)technology has developed rapidly, and its practice and application in the medical field have brought new possibilities to the development of the medical industry. In the field of general ophthalmology, AI technology based on machine learning(ML)has greatly improved the efficiency of diagnosis, but less progress has been made in pediatric ophthalmology. At present, AI technology has been applied to the automatic detection of retinopathy of prematurity(ROP), pediatric cataracts, inspection of strabismus and refractive error, prediction of high myopia in the future, diagnosis of dyslexia through eye tracking and research of ophthalmic images. This article reviews the current status, progress, and future development of AI in pediatric ophthalmology.

Recent advances in research on delayed corneal epithelial wound healing in diabetes

Yan-Ni Wu and Qi Zhang — 2020/7/22 11:15:58

Delayed healing of diabetic corneal epithelial wound is a commonly encountered condition, and persistent corneal epithelial defects may give rise to recurrent epithelium erosion, corneal ulceration, and subsequent perforation as well as affecting visual loss. The current review focused on the pathological basis, updates of the pathogenesis, and recent advances in the treatment of delayed healing of diabetic corneal epithelial wounds, wherein the roles of hyperglycemia, tear film, proteases, cytokines, corneal nerves and genes were elaborated, and the latest views on treatment strategies, for the delayed healing were summarized as well. Recent advances in research on delayed corneal epithelial wound healing in diabetes mellitus.

Research progress in retinal vein occlusion

Ling-Na Li and Zhi-Jun Dong — 2020/7/22 11:15:58

Retinal vein occlusion(RVO)is a common disease of retinopathy disorder, which is second only to diabetic retinopathy in the blinding rate. It can result in macular edema, neovascular glaucoma and other serious damage which all impair the visual function, even causing permanent, irreversible vision loss. In recent years, there is a deeper understanding of its occurrence and development with a large number of scholars have further study of RVO. This article reviews the pathogenesis, influencing factors of vision and treatment of RVO.

Research progress in clinical application of a swept-source optical coherence tomography biometer OA-2000

Bo Liu, Xuan Liao and Chang-Jun Lan — 2020/7/22 11:15:58

With the advances in cataract phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation, more and more attention has been paid to the postoperative effects by both clinicians and patients. Meanwhile, the instruments for the preoperative measurements are also evolving. Various types of ocular biometers have emerged, which have evolved the principles from ultrasound to swept-source optical coherence tomography(SS-OCT). The OA-2000, a new type of SS-OCT based ocular biometer with fully automatic three-dimensional scanning, has the advantages of simple and safe operation, high resolution, excellent repeatability, fast measurement and good tissue penetration. It can obtain multiple ocular biological parameters in one measurement, which enables a wide application prospect. Here, we review the measurement principle and clinical application of OA-2000.

Research progress on inflammatory factors of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy

2020/6/22 14:51:54

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy(TAO)is the most common orbital disease in adults. Its ocular damage is becoming more and more serious, which causes great harm to the physical and mental health of patients. The pathogenesis of TAO is very complex and has not yet been fully elucidated. The classical theory is the theory of co-antigens. In view of the drawbacks of existing treatment schemes, it is of great significance to study the factors related to TAO and explore better treatment methods for TAO patients. In recent years, the relationship between inflammatory response and TAO has been found, therefore this article reviews the research on TAO-related inflammatory factors.

Research progress and clinical application of the new presbyopia-correcting intraocular lens

Li Yang, Chang-Jun Lan and Xuan Liao — 2020/6/22 14:51:54

Cataract surgery has become a refractive surgery, which has attracted much attention on postoperative functional vision and visual quality, and promoted the continuous development and improvement of intraocular lens(IOL)materials and design. The traditional presbyopia-correcting IOL has achieved distance and near visual acuity initially, while in recent years the new presbyopia-correcting IOL has further improved the visual experience of patients. This article reviews the progress to provide reference for clinical practice.

Influential factors of dry eye after cataract surgery

Jie Zhang, Yong Zhao and Yan Wang — 2020/6/22 14:51:54

At present, with the intensification of China's population aging, more and more cataract patients choose surgical treatment, and the incidence of postoperative dry eye is also increasing. Therefore, in addition to paying attention to the postoperative vision recovery of the patient, we should pay close attention to the ocular surface. In order to improve the understanding of dry eyes after cataract surgery, this article reviews the influencing factors of dry eyes after cataract surgery in order to provide a reference for clinical prevention and treatment of dry eyes after cataract surgery.

Clinical application of OCTA in diabetic retinopathy

Cheng Qin and Xiao-Hui Liu — 2020/6/22 14:51:55

Diabetic retinopathy is the most common disease of microvascular diseases caused by diabetes. It is harmful to vision in the late stage. If not treated in time, it can cause blindness. The diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of diabetic retinopathy were mainly based on fundus fluorescein angiography. There are some limitations in the clinical application because of the side effects of its operation, such as invasive, allergic and adverse reactions. Recently, optical coherence tomography has become more and more popular among ophthalmologists for its noninvasive, rapid and high resolution fundus angiography. It cannot only display the choroidal vascular network information in layers, but also quantitatively analyze the changes of blood flow in the macular region. For the first time, the blood flow analysis of optic disc and macular area in vivo has reached the level of tissue anatomy. It has wide application prospect and is more and more favored by ophthalmologists. In this paper, the clinical application of octa in diabetic retinopathy was reviewed.

Application of OCTA in the detection of retinal microvascular changes in Alzheimer's disease in preclinical stage

Yu-Ling Tang, Xuan Liao and Chang-Jun Lan — 2020/6/22 14:51:55

Alzheimer's disease(AD)is one of the most common causes of Dementia in the world, with symptoms often appearing years after the degenerative changes in the brain. Therefore, the early diagnosis of AD is difficult and the previous diagnostic methods are generally invasive. Considering that most patients with AD are accompanied by visual impairment, the retina can be regarded as a window into the brain. Recently, optical coherence tomography(OCTA)can be used for noninvasive and rapid assessment of structure within different vascular plexuses in the retina and choroid. This improves our understanding of neurological diseases, and more likely contributes to the early diagnosis of AD patients. This paper reviewed the relevant literatures on the application of OCTA in the study of neurological diseases, as well as the structure and function of the brain and retina in patients with AD.

Early screening of amblyopia in preschoolers

Ying Zhang, Ying Wen, Ai-Ling Bi and Hong-Sheng Bi — 2020/6/22 14:51:55

Amblyopia is a disease which is caused by abnormal visual experience during the critical period of the visual development, and it has no organic diseases of the eye. Visual examination is an important part of the screening and diagnosis of amblyopia. However, the vision test is limited for the young children who can't express verbally. Refraction error and anisometropia are most common risk factors for amblyopia. In recent years, the early screening of amblyopia has been extended to the early screening of amblyopia-related risk factors. Moreover, the screening methods and technologies for amblyopia have also been developed and updated. In this paper, the methods of vision examination and refractive screening for amblyopic patients are reviewed.

Development of stage and clinical treatment for adenoid cystic carcinoma of lacrimal gland

Tian-Ming Jian and Feng-Yuan Sun — 2020/6/22 14:51:55

Adenoid cystic carcinoma of lacrimal gland is the most common malignant epithelial tumor of the lacrimal gland, and surgical treatment alone shows unsatisfactory result. In recent years, as the application of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, changes have happened in the treatment modality for adenoid cystic carcinoma of lacrimal gland. On one hand, clinical staging is gradually refined, which promote the application of standardized comprehensive treatment. On the other hand, neoadjuvant therapies, such as proton radiotherapy, neutron radiotherapy and intra-arterial cytoreductive chemotherapy, can further improve the application of eye-sparing surgery, decrease the rate of local recurrence and metastasis, and prolong the disease-free survival. In this review, we attempt to arrive at some general insights regarding the progress of treatment in adenoid cystic carcinoma of lacrimal gland, in order to provide new reference basis.

Research progress of contrast sensitivity detection

Ning Cao, Xiu-Zhen Lu, Ai-Ling Bi and Hong-Sheng Bi — 2020/6/22 14:51:55

Contrast sensitivity(CS)has been widely studied in the research of ophthalmology and optometry. Compared with visual acuity(VA)test, CS assessment can fully and accurately reveal the state of visual function, which has become an important indicator for the prediction, diagnosis of eye diseases and for the evaluation of the disease progression and therapeutic effect. To improve the accuracy of CS measurement, CS detection methods have been constantly improved and innovated, mainly including objective examination and subjective psychophysical examination. Both methods have their advantages and limitations and the main target population is slightly different. With the development of the current Internet Plus, the CS detect software based on computer technology has been successively developed by many research institutions, which provide more convenient detection methods. Therefore, this paper reviews the visual standard design, measurement requirements and main applicable characteristics of common CS detection.

Application of artificial intellengence and deep learning in opthalmology

Lu-Lu Xiao and Xiao-Yan Dou — 2020/6/22 14:51:55

With the development and prevalence of artificial intelligence(AI), the application of AI has become a global trend in medical field recent years. The combination of AI and clinical medicine is becoming a hot spot in medical research. It is remarkable that the AI based on deep learning(DL)has achieved great accomplishments in image recognition, speech recognition and natural language processing, especially the application of convolutional neural network(CNN)in image recognition. CNN has been applied to the detection and diagnosis of various of ophthalmological diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration. Meanwhile, there are many public databases on ocular including large amount of images of fundus photographs, optical coherence tomography and visual field for researchers to train and test the AI algorithms. However, training the algorithm based on AI technology is still costly and time-consuming. The medical ethic of AI is another challengefor its application. Although DL has bought revolutionary change in ophthalmology field, it still has a long way to go for its world wide application. The article aims to synthesize the researches on the applications of AI technology in ophthalmology, and give a review on the present situation, existing problems and future outlook.

Progress in experimental research of retinitis pigmentosa

2020/5/25 15:42:59

Retinitis pigmentosa is an inherited eye disease. The inheritance methods include autosomal dominant inheritance, autosomal recessive inheritance, and sex-linked recessive inheritance. Currently, there are more than 3,000 mutation sites, which makes clinical treatment of this disease difficult. Ophthalmologists are committed to exploring the treatment of retinitis pigmentosa, and have conducted a large number of experimental studies, mainly including drug treatment, cell transplantation, gene therapy, etc. Drug therapy includes traditional Chinese medicine, antioxidants, anti-apoptotic agents, neurotrophic factors, etc. Compared with other treatment methods, it is non-invasive and convenient and cheap, but its mechanism of action needs further research. Cell transplantation is considered an effective method for the treatment of retinitis pigmentosa, but it may cause preretinal membrane and macular folds. Although gene therapy has certain limitations, with the development of gene editing technology and new gene delivery vectors, it will become one of the most promising treatments for retinitis pigmentosa in the future. This article reviews and prospects the recent experimental research on retinitis pigmentosa.

Research progress on the effect of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells on retinal neovascularization

Xiao-Ying Yang and Guo-Xing Xu — 2020/5/25 15:42:59

Retinal neovascularization is a pathological feature of many retinal diseases, such as retinopathy of prematurity and diabetic retinopathy, which can lead to severe vision loss or even blindness. Inhibition of retinal neovascularization is a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of these retinal diseases. At present, there are several therapeutic strategies for inhibiting retinal neovascularization, including laser blocking, inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), and transplantation of stem cells. With the deepening of stem cell research, people find that although stem cell therapy has great potential, there are also technical obstacles such as low viability of transplanted cells and congenital heterogeneity. Current studies have found exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs). They have similar functions as MSCs, and their sizes are small and easy to pass through biofilm, which provides a new idea for cell therapy. This paper reviews the recent progress of exosomes on retinal neovascular diseases.

Advances in research on risk factors of meibomian gland dysfunction

Bo-Wen Li and Mei Xu — 2020/5/25 15:42:59

Meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD)is mainly characterized by terminal duct obstruction and/or qualitative/quantitative changes in the glandular secretion, resulting in the alteration of tear film and ocular surface diseases. It covers several meibomian gland diseases ranging from congenital to acquire. With the progress of clinical research, recent studies indicate there are many risk factors related to MGD, including ophthalmic diseases, systemic diseases, therapeutic approaches(topical/systemic medication, surgery)and even environmental factors. Thus, a proper understanding of the various risk factors acting on MGD will be helpful to the clinical diagnosis and treatment of MGD.

Functional research progress of UBIAD1 and pathogenesis of SCCD

Zhen-Hong Su, Yu-Di Huang, Jun-Lin Zhang, Jun-Feng Tao, Chao Yuan and Ju-Min Xie — 2020/5/25 15:42:59

The molecular basis of schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy(SCCD)is UBIAD1 gene mutation. The pathogenesis of SCCD includes conformational change of UBIAD1 protein which leads to loss of combination with GGpp compounds. UBIAD1-HMG CoA reductase complexes can't be separated, and the rate-limiting enzyme can't dissociate from endoplasmic reticulum to cytoplasm, which results in loss of recognition and degradation by the proteasome. The direct consequence is the gradual accumulation and biosynthesis of cholesterol and non-sterol isoprenoids compounds in the cell. This paper reviews the clinical manifestation, molecular basis, pathogenesis of SCCD and the function of UBIAD1 which provide guidance for molecular diagnosis and treatment of SCCD and pave the way for elucidating the function of UBIAD1 in vivo.

A great progress in the treatment of neovascular glaucoma

Qin-Yun Xia, Zhen Chen and Yi-Qiao Xing — 2020/5/25 15:43:00

Neovascular glaucoma(NVG)is a common refractory glaucoma in ophthalmology, which is usually secondary to central retinal vein occlusion(CRVO), diabetic retinopathy(DR), long-standing retinal detachment, ocular tumors, etc. Previous treatments mainly included panretinal photocoagulation(PRP), drugs, anti-glaucoma surgery or ciliary destruction, but the therapeutic effect was unsatisfactory. With the continuous development and application of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)drugs, combination therapy of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)drugs has been proposed gradually, and the success rate of NVG surgery has been increased significantly, and NVG can be controlled. The treatment progress of NVG in recent years will be described in detail.

Research progress of advanced glycation end products in glaucoma

Ming-Yue Han, Hong-Liang Dong, Jin-Lu Yu and Qiang Wang — 2020/5/25 15:43:00

Advanced glycation end products(AGEs)accumulate in various tissues in the body, and induce a series of biological responses by regulating the expression of related factors and activating signal pathways, causing age-related diseases and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Atherosclerosis. Glaucoma, which is the leading cause of vision loss after cataract worldwide, is a degenerative disease of the optic nerve that ultimately leads to irreversible visual field loss. The accumulation of excessive AGE sin the retina and other eye tissues of glaucoma patients activates signal pathways and triggers biological responses, causing damage to the structure and function of tissues and cells, and participating in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. This article mainly describes the latest progress of AGEs in glaucoma pathogenesis, treatment, screening and other related research, and provides new ideas and research methods for the prevention and treatment of glaucoma.

Advances in study of complement activation and autophagy on age-related macular degeneration

Yu-Lu Liu and Xin-Rong Xu — 2020/5/25 15:43:00

Age-related macular degeneration is a macular disease which incidence increases with age. Currently, it is believed that its pathogenic factors are related to patients' age, heredity, smoking, oxidative stress, immune inflammatory response, RPE cell aging and metabolic abnormalities. Complement system plays an important role in the body's defense against infection, immune regulation and inflammatory response. Immune inflammation caused by abnormal activation of complement system is considered to be an important cause of ARMD in recent years. Autophagy also plays a role in ARMD. Normal autophagy is an important way for cells' self-protection and maintenance of homeostasis. When autophagy is blocked, oxidative stress can be aggravated, which will lead to the development of ARMD. The balance regulation between complement activation and autophagy is an important method to control the development of ARMD.

Research status and progress of miR-15a in ophthalmological diseases

Yu-Bo Li, Feng Wang and Ying Su — 2020/5/25 15:43:00

miRNA-15a(miR-15a)is a non-coding small molecule RNA located on 13q14 gene. It affects the growth, development, differentiation and apoptosis of all organs and cells of the whole body. As the study progressively deepened, it was found that the role of miR-15a in different tissues and cells was not entirely consistent. Sometimes it plays a role in suppressing cancer, and sometimes it promotes cancer. The signal pathways it affects are complex and diverse. With the deepening of biological research into cell signaling pathways, miRNA-15a has become a miRNA more extensively studied. But in the ophthalmology, the corresponding research is not much. In this article, we mainly focus on the mechanism of miR-15a and its current research situation in ophthalmic diseases, so as to provide a reference for further study and their treatment.

Progress in the application of artificial intelligence in ophthalmology

Huan-Huan Hei and Hui-Qin Wu — 2020/5/25 15:43:00

With the continuous development of economic globalization, the relationship between artificial intelligence and medical decision-making has become more and more close, and it has shown it's unique advantages in the field of ophthalmology. At present, artificial intelligence is more widely used for diseases of the retina(diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinal vein occlusion, premature retinopathy)and front section disease(cataract, glaucoma, anterior segment)in the diagnosis and treatment. The purpose of this review is to understand the application progress of artificial intelligence in ophthalmology, and to point out the potential challenges and prospects of artificial intelligence, so as to provide more information for the further development of artificial intelligence in ophthalmology.

Research progress of ophthalmic examination in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease

Han-Yun Wu and Li Zhang — 2020/5/25 15:43:00

Alzheimer's disease(AD)is a neurological degenerative disease that is insidious onset. The main pathological features are deposition of amyloid β(Aβ)and intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau protein. In recent years, studies have found that the manifestations of AD exist not only in the brain but also in the eyes, such as impaired visual function, changes in the pupil, Aβ deposition in the lens, changes in the retina and choroid, and so on. These ocular manifestations provide clues to the early diagnosis of AD and have positive clinical and social significance. Therefore, this article reviews the ocular manifestations of AD and their use as biomarkers for diagnosis and progression.

Progress in genetic research on keratoconus

Li-Yan Xu, Kai-Li Yang and Sheng-Wei Ren — 2020/4/26 11:24:09

Keratoconus is a corneal disease characterized by corneal ectasia, progressive corneal thinning, conical protrusion and irregular astigmatism. Several studies have indicated that keratoconus is a complex disease with genetic heterogeneity. Genetic studies on keratoconus involving nuclear genome, mitochondrial genome and epigenetics were increasing. This article reviews the recent progress in genetic research on keratoconus.

The glycocalyx barrier function in ocular surface and its alteration in dry eye disease

2020/4/26 11:24:09

Some studies have shown that the glycocalyx barrier formed by highly glycosylated mucin and galectin-3 in the epithelial cells of the eyeball is important for the maintenance of moisturization and lubrication of the surface of the eye. The decrease in the wettability of the eye surface and the shortening of the tear film breakup time in dry eye patients are closely related to the damage of the glycocalyx barrier. This article outlines the composition of the glycocalyx barrier on ocular surface and its changes in the dry eye patients. It will also introduce a new method for assessing the damage of the glycocalyx barrier in dry eye patients. Finally, two ophthalmological drugs, which target regulating the abnoemality of transmembrane mucins in dry eye disease will be mentioned.

Etiology and treatment of secondary glaucoma after vitreoretinal surgery

Ya-Qun Cai and Xu Zhang — 2020/4/26 11:24:09

Surgical treatment of vitreoretinal diseases, including scleral buckling, vitrectomy, and vitreous cavity gas injection or oil injection,may lead to increased intraocular pressure after surgery. If not treated promptly, it may develop into secondary glaucoma and lead to permanent vision loss. The causes of secondary glaucoma after vitreoretinal surgery are complex and varied. Different treatment methods can be used according to the different causes of the patients. Early glaucoma is mainly treated with drugs or lasers, while patients with advanced glaucoma are treated with multiple surgeries. However, the failure rate of traditional trabeculectomy is high, and glaucoma drainage valve implantation can effectively reduce intraocular pressure. This article reviews the pathogenesis of high intraocular pressure after routine vitreoretinal surgery and the current research progress in treatment at home and abroad.

Progress of research on scaffold of tissue engineering conjunctiva

Jun-Jie Tang, Xiao-Yong Liu, Qing Zhou and Jian Chen — 2020/4/26 11:24:09

Conjunctival reconstruction is commonly used in severe conjunctival defect caused by chemical or thermal burns. The problems of conjunctival transplantation, including shortage of autogenous conjunctiva and immunological rejection of xenogenous conjunctiva or materials, could be solved by tissue engineering conjunctiva. A scaffold material with well biocompatibility and sufficient biomechanical property plays a critical role in the construction of tissue engineering conjunctiva. In this review, the latest research progress and the existing problems of scafflod materials in tissue engineering conjunctiva were summarized.

Research progress of extracellular high mobility group box 1 in common ophthalmic diseases

Yong-Ying Zhou and Xuan Li — 2020/4/26 11:24:09

High mobility group box 1(HMGB1), which belongs to a high mobility group box that known for high mobility in electrophoresis, has been researching most intensively. Recently, researches have revealed that extracellular HMGB1, as a damage-associated molecular pattern(DAMP), is involved in the pathophysiology of tissue damage repairin a variety of common ocular diseases, namely, dry eye, keratopathy, glaucoma, uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration, thereby negatively affecting the healing of the disease. Silencing the function of extracellular HMGB1 is expected to be a new way for these ophthalmic diseases. This thesis reviews the research progress of extracellular HMGB1 in common ophthalmic diseases.

Research progress of Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy in molecular basis and clinic

Jun-Feng Tao, Yu-Di Huang, Jun-Lin Zhang, Zhen-Hong Su and Ju-Min Xie — 2020/4/26 11:24:09

Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy(SCCD)is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder that occurs in bilateral corneas and is associated with crystalline opacification. SCCD is an inherited eye disease and distributes equally in both man and woman. Clinical research revealed that corneal crystalline turbidity resulted from the abnormal accumulation of cholesterol, phospholipid and other lipids in the corneal epithelium and stroma. The occurrence of SCCD is related to abnormal lipid metabolism caused by UBIAD1 mutation, but the molecular basis of the disease is unknown. This paper reviews the discovery and developmental history of SCCD, the molecular basis of SCCD and its clinical research, which provides guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of SCCD and the elucidation of pathogenic molecular mechanism.

The role of TLR4 in the mechanism of optic nerve injury in glaucoma

Qian Li, Li-Yu Zhang and Yu-Xin Xu — 2020/4/26 11:24:09

Glaucoma is a kind of irreversible blind disease characterized by atrophyand depression of optic papilla, visual field defect and vision decline. The essence of optic nerve injury is the death of optic ganglion cells. Although controlling intraocular pressure through drugs and surgery can play a certain role in the treatment of glaucoma, how to fundamentally prevent the further development of glaucoma is still in the exploratory stage. Therefore, studying the mechanism of optic nerve injury in glaucoma is very important to treat glaucoma. In recent years, the immune mechanism on optic nerve injury in glaucoma has become a hot. In this paper, how TLR4 induces optic nerve injury in glaucoma patients was reviewed, with different immune pathways and interaction with the neuroglial.

Research progress on soluble anti-Secretogranin Ⅲ in fundus neovascularization

Bin-Bin Yang, He Jin and Zhi-Xiang Ding — 2020/4/26 11:24:09

Scretogranin III(Scretogranin III, Scg3/SgIII)is a newly discovered angiogenic factor. Related studies in vivo and in vitro have confirmed that Scg3 plays an important role in the formation of fundus neovascularization. In recent years, some progress has been made in the treatment of fundus neovascularization with Scg3 antibody. It's mechanism of action is different from Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF). Scg3 is only expressed in pathological neovascularization, but in normal blood vessels, never be expressed, it is a newly discovered angiogenic factor with high selectivity. This paper summarizes the latest progress about its molecular structure of Scg3, signal transduction pathways and their applications in retinal neovascularization, the aim is to provide a new treatment idea for retinal neovascularization and choroidal neovascularization.

The role of Sirtuins in the study of eye diseases

2020/4/26 11:24:10

In a variety of eye diseases, such as glaucoma, macular degeneration and other diseases, the occurrence of oxidative stress is very common, oxidative stress can cause cell damage and apoptosis. The Sirtuins family(histone class III deacetylases), as regulators of a variety of cells, is widely expressed in various organs of the human body. Homologous genes of sirtuins(SIRT1)are also widely expressed in the eyes, and their expression and activation can play an anti-oxidative stress role, prevent cell senescence and damage, and thus prevent the progression of disease. This paper discusses the mechanism and expression of Sirtuins family in glaucoma, senile macular degeneration, optic neuritis and senile cataract.

Application advancement of corneal cross-linking inpediatric keratcoconus

2020/3/25 14:45:38

With a new therapy of keratoconus in recent years-corneal cross-linking, the pediatric keratoconus have characterized by corneal dilatation, central thinning, protrusion and conical shape in the children' eyes. By analyzing the epidemiological characteristics of keratoconus and the current methods of treating pediatric keratcoconus, this paper discusses the role of different CXL protocols in the clinical application of pediatric keratcoconus, thus providing some help for the choice of clinical treatment methods.

Image characteristic and diagnostic value of OCTA in patients with age related macular degeneration

Rui-Rui Ma, Yan Teng and Ming-Ming Yang — 2020/3/25 14:45:39

Optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)is a rapid and non-invasive imaging tool, which can provide real-time flow imaging of retina and choroid. Compared with traditional angiography, OCTA can produce more detailed and high-resolution vascular images without increasing the risk due to contrast medium. Age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)is one of the major senile blinding eye diseases in the world, OCTA can well display the image of choroidal neovascularization and provide the possibility for early diagnosis and intervention. This review summarizes the OCTA image characteristics and clinical diagnostic value in patients with ARMD.

New progress in the study of retinitis pigmentosa

Yue Wang and Guo-Xing Xu — 2020/3/25 14:45:39

Retinitis pigmentosa(RP)was known as pigmentation retinitis even. RP is a group of hereditary eye diseases that cause irreversible visual impairment due to progressive loss of function of retinal pigment epithelial cells and progressive apoptosis of photoreceptors. Because of its heterogeneity in phenotype and heredity and complex pathogenesis, there is currently no single effective treatment. This article mainly elaborates on the progress in the treatment of retinitis pigmentosa in recent years.

Progress in the treatment of uveitis

Xing-Xing Liao and Guo-Xing Xu — 2020/3/25 14:45:39

The uveitis is a clinical common involving the iris, ciliary body, vitreous body, choroid, retina and retinal blood vessels, a group of inflammatory disease causes complex, due to the pathogenesis of uveitis did not clarify clearly, looking for effective treatment of uveitis drugs has been the main direction of ophthalmic research, in addition to the traditional glucocorticoid, cycloplegia agent, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(nsaids), immune inhibitor has a good curative effect on uveitis, along with the development of molecular biology, a new type of biological agents, gene therapy, could fairly claim a place in the history of Chinese medicine in the treatment of uveitis. This article aims to review the latest progress in the treatment of uveitis.

Research progress on diagnosis of glaucoma associated with corneal refractive surgery

Ting Cao, Hai-Jian Hu and Xu Zhang — 2020/3/25 14:45:39

Given the popularity of corneal refractive surgery and an aging population of patients who have undergone this procedure, those patients will likely require the diagnosis, follow-up, and management of glaucoma in the future. Since glaucoma examination metrics such as intraocular pressure depend largely on corneal properties, patients who plan to undergo corneal refractive surgery must also undergo a thorough glaucoma examination in order for the ophthalmologist to monitor the development and progress of glaucoma. This article presents an overview of related research on the diagnosis of glaucoma before and after corneal refractive surgery in order to provide reference for clinical work.

Differences in clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters of primary and recurrent pterygium

Yun-Zhi Shen, Mi Xu and Song Sun — 2020/3/25 14:45:39

Pterygium is a common conjunctival disease which is mainly attributed to chronic ultraviolet light exposure. Previous studies have focused primarily on the clinical characteristics, surgical management and the pathogenesis of pterygium, but the differences between primary pterygium and recurrent pterygium have been less frequently documented. This article reviews the differences in clinical manifestations, histopathological findings, and laboratory parameters between primary pterygium and recurrent pterygium and summarises the latest findings regarding these differences.

Research progress of lacrimal drainage system

Yong Zhang, Lin Chen and Sha Li — 2020/3/25 14:45:39

Lacrimal drainage is the process of drainage tear from eye surface to nasal cavity and its mechanism is complex. It requires not only the coordination of gland and muscle system of eyelid, but also the joint participation of lacrimal secretion system and drainage system. For hundreds of years, the function and mechanism of lacrimal drainage system has been concerned by ophthalmologists. Many representative viewpoints have been put forward and great progress has been made. It has important clinical significance to improve the diagnosis and treatment of lacrimal passage diseases. This paper reviews the anatomical background, mechanism, problems and prospects of lacrimal drainage system.

Advances in CT-based anatomical parameters of nasolacrimal duct in nasolacrimal duct obstructive diseases

Xin Liu, Ya Mo and Xiu-Rong Huang — 2020/3/25 14:45:39

Nasolacrimal duct obstructive disease is a common ophthalmological disease with high clinical incidence. It is caused by inflammation or other reasons that nasolacrimal duct obstruction is partially or totally impassable. The main manifestation is epiphora. Secondary dacryocystitis can cause pyorrhea and secondary dacryocyst cyst can lead to enlargement of lacrimal sacand swelling of inner canthus. Opening obstructive nasolacrimal duct is the key to treat nasolacrimal duct obstructive disease. Tract-related anatomical parameters are very important in the diagnosis and treatment of nasolacrimal duct obstructive diseases. CT is one of the common methods of imaging examination of lacrimal duct, which is convenient for measuring the relevant anatomical parameters of nasolacrimal duct. This article reviews the research progress of CT measurement of nasolacrimal duct related anatomical parameters in nasolacrimal duct obstructive diseases in recent years, including the length and width, area, volume and angle of nasolacrimal duct and lacrimal sac, and summarizes the correlation between related anatomical parameters and nasolacrimal duct obstructive diseases in order to better guide clinical practice.

Application of optical coherence tomography angiography in ophthalmology

Ya-Xuan Xue and Fang Cheng — 2020/3/25 14:45:40

Optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA), as a new non-invasive and non-contact blood flow imaging technique, is becoming more and more popular in clinic. This technique does not need intravenous injection of contrast agent, only by detecting the normal movement of red blood cells in capillaries, it can realize the detection of flowing blood and the morphological evaluation of tissue, and has the advantages of high speed, non-invasive, three-dimensional imaging and so on. At present, OCTA is used in the evaluation and diagnosis of many diseases in ophthalmology. This paper reviews the clinical application of OCTA in ophthalmology.

Updates on managements for keratoconus

2020/3/13 19:43:57

A variety of therapeutic methods can be used to treat keratoconus. This article provides practical information for clinicians to make the most appropriate choices by reviewing the treatment of keratoconus. Search for keywords such as “keratoconus” “contact lenses” “corneal collagen cross-linking” “Intacs(corneal ring)” “keratoplasty” “gene therapy” “irregular astigmatism” through a database. According to the related literature, the treatment methods of keratoconus are reviewed. Glasses and contact lenses can be used for early keratoconus, while bowman layer transplantation, penetrating keratoplasty(PK), deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty(DALK), conductive keratoplasty and gene therapy can be used in advanced disease. In addition, cross-linking can prevent keratoconus progression, and intrastromal corneal ring segments(ICRS)reduce refractive error for therapeutic purposes by flattening the deformed cornea. In general, the development of ophthalmic diagnostic techniques and treatments can slow the progression of keratoconus, thereby reducing the need for corneal transplantation in patients with advanced keratoconus. Choosing the right keratoconus treatment can help patients with vision recover and prevent blindness.

The pathogenesis and antioxidant treatment of age-related macular degeneration

Zi-Wen Sun, Yang Tang, Chen Chen and Zhu-Lin Hu — 2020/3/13 19:43:57

Aged-related macular degeneration(ARMD)is prone to occur in the people who aged 50a or older. The disease can lead to partial or even complete loss of sight in single or both eyes progressively. The pathogenesis of ARMD is still unclear, but the previous studies have shown that oxidative stress plays an important role. The mechanism of antioxidants on ARMD has gradually become a hotspot in recent years. In this paper, we briefly reviewed the mechanism of ARMD caused by oxidative stress and the application of antioxidants on ARMD.

Research progress of microglia in eye disease

2020/3/13 19:43:58

Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system(CNS). Microglia constantly monitor the pathological changes of the surrounding microenvironment. Activated microglia play key roles in tissue protection and injury under the stimulation of various injury factors. Abnormal activation of microglia mediates retinal inflammation and aggravates the original ophthalmic diseases. Our growing understanding of the mechanisms of the interaction between microglia and retinal cells is identifying potential cellular and molecular targets for therapeutic interventions that may be apply to optic nerve injury, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma and other diseases in the future. In this review, potential links between ophthalmic diseases and microglial activity will be explored.

Research progress of corneal collagen cross-linking in the treatment of keratoconus

Jin-Jing Li, Jin-Song Xue, Qin Jiang and Ying-Nan Xu — 2020/3/13 19:43:58

Corneal collagen cross-linking(CXL)is a new treatment for corneal diseases such as primary or secondary keratoconus, infectious keratitis and bullous keratopathy. CXL is used to increase the biomechanical stability of the stromal tissue and prevent the progression of keratopathy based on Laws of Photochemistry, which is widely used in clinical practice at present. Currently, commonly used method in clinical practice is the traditional “epithelium-off” corneal cross-linking method(dresden protocol), but the classical method takes a long time, and there may be postoperative complications such as poor healing of the corneal epithelium and infection. In recent years, a number of studies have improved the classical method, such as the choice of riboflavin solution immersed in the cornea, increasing the energy of ultraviolet light to shorten the accelerated cross-linking time of irradiation and cross-epithelial CXL. Thus, this paper reviews clinical and basic researches of the current use of non-classical CXL in the treatment of keratoconus.

Research progress in gene therapy for wet age-related macular degeneration

Yi Zhang, Wen-Jun Wang and An-Huai Yang — 2020/3/13 19:43:58

Wet age-related macular degeneration is a severe and blinding disease with progressive central visual impairment, accounting for about 10%-15% of age-related macular degeneration. In recent years, with the deepening understanding of its pathogenesis, especially the discovery of anti-VEGF family, the clinical popularization of new drugs has brought benefits to patients. However, this treatment mode requires frequent intraocular injection, and many patients must continue to use it indefinitely to preserve their vision. Gene therapy can provide long-term stable anti-VEGF activity, which has become a new hotspot of research. Several methods of gene therapy are summarized as follows.

Research progress of visfatin in diabetic retinopathy

Yi-Nan Shao and Qiang Lu — 2020/3/13 19:43:58

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is a chronic retinopathy secondary to diabetes that can cause permanent loss of vision in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The occurrence of DR is associated with retinal microvascular dysfunction, retinal tissue edema, bleeding, and secondary neovascular proliferation. Studies have shown that patients with diabetes have high expression of visfatin in adipose tissue, liver and kidney, and that the factor may be present in retinal tissue, which has a certain regulatory effect on the development of diabetic retinopathy. This review focuses on the relationship between visfatin and diabetic retinopathy.

Progress in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy

Ling Deng, Ying-Zhe Pan and Hui Wang — 2020/3/13 19:43:58

Currently, the main methods for treating diabetic retinopathy(DR): laser photocoagulation, medication, pars plana vitrectomy(PPV). The advantages of traditional laser photocoagulation are: relatively safe, long-lasting effect, but laser damages the visual quality of patients; PPV can save the vision of some patients, the risk and trauma of the surgery are greater. Although pharmacotherapy is applicable in the early stages of DR, glucocorticoids cannot be used as the main treatment because of their definite side effects; anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)drug therapy can block diabetes from the pathogenesis. The occurrence and development of sexual retinopathy, however, the efficacy is relatively short, and the potential dangers and systemic side effects of repeated treatment still require further large-scale studies.

Research progress of dry eye with meibomian gland dysfunction

Wei Zhou and Juan Cheng — 2020/3/13 19:43:58

Meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD)is a general term for various abnormal meibomian glands. Meibomian gland secretes meibomian ester to moisten the eye surface and maintain the stability of tear film. In this article, the etiology, pathology and related treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction were reviewed by referring to related literatures.

Analysis of visual loss after non-ocular surgery

En-Hui Yi, Zhao-Jiang Du and Yi Wang — 2020/3/13 19:43:58

Visual loss after non-ocular surgery(VLNOS)includes postoperative visual loss and perioperative visual loss after non-ocular surgery. The former accident consists of the blindness during a surgery or after a surgery, and the latter accident shows the acute visual loss in perioperative period. VLNOS can be appeared in a prone spinal surgery, cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, head and neck surgery, and facial micro-plastic injection treatment, which is a rare, extremely serious complication. VLNOS is divided into predictable and unpredictable condition. Doctors of related subjects have pay attention to VLNOS, and begin to study the possible reasons, and take positive precautions.

Research on the formation mechanism and measurement method of stereoscopic vision

Kuan-Xiao Hao and Zi-Xiu Zhou — 2020/3/13 19:43:58

Stereopsis is to perceive vision depth through the subtle three-dimensional differences between two eyes, and it is closely related to human working and living. There are different visual cortices in the cerebral cortex, which are involved in the formation of stereo vision, and process different visual information received. Clinical evaluation of stereo vision is needed to guide clinical decision-making. Traditional assessment is mainly based on static stereoscopic acuity, while binocular disparity appears dynamically with time in daily life. Nowadays 3D technology has been used to evaluate stereo vision. This paper mainly reviews the development mechanism and measurement methods of stereoscopic vision.

Research progress of descemetorhexis without endothelial keratoplasty promoting corneal endothelial regeneration

Yu Xiao and Yan-Ning Yang — 2020/1/19 11:26:20

Endothelial dysfunctionis traditionally considered irreversible, and endothelial keratoplasty(EK)is almost the only treatment available. Recently, however, a surgery called descemetorhexis without endothelial keratoplasty(DWEK)can regenerate the central corneal endothelial cells in patients with Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy(FECD), and local Rho-associated kinase inhibitor can enhance its efficacy.

Function of vascular endothelial cells in retinal budding angiogenesis and its regulatory mechanism

Mu-Di Yao, Ting-Ting Sun and Qin Jiang — 2020/1/19 0:00:00

In the progress of retinal angiogenesis, sprouting angiogenesis plays an important role in retinal normal development and neovascular diseases. The structural and functional integrities of vascular endothelial cells are essential condition of sprouting angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial cells possess various subtypes, each of which plays a different role in sprouting angiogenesis. Many mechanisms participate in the regulation of endothelial cells under physiological and pathological conditions, such as biological signaling pathway, metabolism, immune inflammation and non-coding RNA. In this review, we provided a brief overview of the role and the related regulatory mechanisms of vascular endothelial cells in retinal sprouting angiogenesis.

Research progress on genetic mutation of congenital cataract

2020/1/19 11:26:20

Cataract is a kind of eye disease that causes lens metabolic disorder and protein degeneration and turbidity due to various reasons. Congenital cataract is especially serious. It is a common eye disease that affects the visual development of infants. It can inhibit the development of visual pathway and cause permanent blindness. About one-third of the cases are genetically related, of which autosomal dominant inheritance is the most common genetic mode. It's occurrence and development may be related to genes involved in lens development. Up to now, hundreds of mutation sites in more than 40 genes have been found to be associated with congenital cataract. This article will review the genetic research progress of congenital cataract.

Research progress of intravitreal Dexamethasone implant in the treatment of non-infectious uveitic macular edema

Xiao-Guang Zhang, Ji-Jun Yang, Lei Liu, Wei Shi, CaiHanQiQiGe and Gui-Sen Zhang — 2020/1/19 11:26:21

Macular edema(ME)is a typical non-specific complication of uveitis, one of the common causes of visual impairment in patients with non-infectious uveitis(NIU). The treatment of uveitis related ME is still challenging in clinic. Various agents, such as corticosteroids, anti-vascular endothelial growth factors, and immune-modulators, have been used for combating uveitis related ME. However, there is not enough evidence to support the efficacy of any of these agents. Intravitreal dexamethasone implant(IDI, Ozurdex^©; Allergan Inc, Irvine, CA)is a widely administered corticosteroid for the long-term management of uveitic ME in certain cases. Recent studies have demonstrated that IDI effectively improves uveitis related ME, and this effect could be sustained for at least six months with close monitoring and retreatment, as needed. Currently, we reviewed major clinical studies about IDI in eyes with NIU and briefly overviewed their results.

Research progress in punctate inner choroidopathy

Hong-Li Ma — 2020/1/19 11:26:21

Punctate inner choroidopathy(PIC)is an infrequent idiopathic chorioretinopathy, frequently affecting young myopic women. There are multiple, small, round, yellow-white or gray punctate lesions in the retinal pigment epithelium and the choroidal lining, in the absence of anterior ocular segment or the vitreous body inflammation. In general, most patients have good prognosis and a few patients will be caused severe vision loss if complicated by choroidal neovascularization(CNV)and subretinal fibrosis. This article reviews the etiology, pathogensis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and differential diagnosis and treatment of PIC.

Research status of congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium

Xiao-Fang Yin, Zu-Ke Ye, Shu-Ke Luo and Yan Lu — 2020/1/19 11:26:21

Congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium(CHRPE)is a rare fundus lesion. It usually does not cause serious clinical symptoms. However, incorrect diagnosis and treatment frequently occurred clinically because most ophthalmologists have little knowledge about it. Thus, we conducted the current study to investigate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of CHRPE, to provide evidence for differential diagnosis clinically and further guideline for treatment and follow-up.

Advances in risk factors for non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy

Mei-Jiao Liu and Li-Qiong Zhang — 2020/1/19 11:26:21

Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is an acute optic nerve disease that seriously impairs the visual function of middle-aged and elderly people. It is generally believed to be caused by ischemia of the short ciliary artery supplying the optic disc plate area and the posterior area of the sieve plate. The disease is associated with a variety of factors, such as diabetes that affects the systemic microcirculation, hypertension and respiratory sleep apnea syndrome that has been widely studied recently, and so on. Moreover, it was also found that genetic susceptibility, drugs, surgery and ocular diseases were all associated with the occurrence and development of the NAION. In this paper, the latest researches on these factors are reviewed.

Advances in research on microRNAs regulating the development of myopia

De-Zheng Liu, Da-Dong Guo, Qian Li, Shan-Shan Wu and Xing-Rong Wang — 2020/1/19 11:26:21

Myopia is one of the most common eye diseases in the world. MicroRNAs(miRNAs)are small, non-protein-coded single-stranded RNAs with a length of about 20-25 nucleotides,which are widely involved in the process of post-transcriptional regulation of many physiological and pathological processes of organisms. It has attracted extensive attention for the regulation role of miRNAs in the process of induction and development of myopia in recent years. This article reviews the regulatory role and related signal pathways of miRNAs in the development of myopia. It will provide highlights for the understanding of molecular mechanism of myopia and benefit for potential molecular diagnosis of myopia in the future.

Effect of dopamine and its receptors on the development of visual deprivation myopia

Yu Deng, Ying-Xin Zi, Ya-Li Qin, Zi-Qiang Liu, Lu-Qi Nong and Ming Jin — 2020/1/19 11:26:21

Myopic population of China is already nearly 600 million, the rate of teenager myopic occupies the first place in the world, myopia hsa already became one of the main diseases that endangers our adolescent's health. Dopamine is the main catecholamine in retina. Many studies have found that increasing the content of dopamine can effectively inhibit the development of myopia. Form-deprivation myopia is a classical method of myopia modeling. By observing the influence of dopamine and its receptors on the development of form-deprivation myopia, its role in the development of myopia can be reflected, and it is of great significance to guide and control the occurrence and development of myopia. In this paper, the effects of dopamine and its receptors on the development of form-deprivation myopia were reviewed in order to provide reference for the prevention and treatment of myopia.

Clinical significance and recent research advances of anti-VEGF treatment in ophthalmology

Li Peng, Qing Xie and Min-Hua Chen — 2020/1/19 11:26:22

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)drugs have been used to treat various ophthalmic diseases, especially in the treatment of vascular proliferative ophthalmopathy. Anti-VEGF drugs can significantly inhibit the formation of new blood vessels and reduce retinal edema, thereby improving the patient's vision. However, their long-term therapeutic effect and safety require longer-term follow-up and research. This article reviews the application and research progress of anti-VEGF drugs in ophthalmology and provides references for clinical application and further research.

Reason for the particular sensitivity of rats' ocular tissues to endotoxin

2019/12/20 14:53:55

Endotoxin-induced uveitis(EIU)has been established as a common model of a special kind of human uveitis, which has been linked to the infection of Gram-negative bacilli. Despite the florid ocular inflammation, there are no significant histopathological abnormalities in other organs or tissues of rats during EIU induced by systemic injection of endotoxin. The phenomenon that rats' ocular tissues are electively affected by endotoxin may reveal some unknown particular sensitivity of rat's ocular tissues. This article would review published papers on the reason for the particular sensitivity of rats' ocular tissues to endotoxin, which might help to provide new ideas for clinical treatment of human uveitis.

New progress on transforming growth factor β in ocular fibroproliferative diseases

Yue-Qi Bao and Yu Song — 2019/12/20 14:53:55

Fibrotic disease can disrupt the normally transparent ocular tissues resulting in irreversible loss of vision. A common feature in fibrotic eye disease is the transdifferentiation of cells into myofibroblasts that can occur through a process known as epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Transforming growth factor β has a central role in fibrogenesis by modulating the fibroblast function, inducing myofibroblast transdifferentiation and promoting extracellular matrix accumulation. It has been implicated in numerous fibrotic eye diseases. This article aims to introduce the new progression on TGFβ and fibrotic ocular diseases and its clinical significance for providing the reference in clinical practices.

microRNAs in corneal neovascularization

Xiao-Ping Zhang, Chen Wang and Guo-Hu Di — 2019/12/20 14:53:55

Corneal avascularity is critical for its immune privilege and optical transparency. It remains avascular in spite of being surrounded by vessel-enriched conjunctiva. The endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors are responsible to the cornea's avascularity.MicroRNAs(miRs)are a class of endogenous small non-coding RNAs. Some miRs, such as miR-184, 204, and 21, are involved in the process of corneal neovascularization. In this article, we summarized the studies of miRs related to corneal neovascularization in order to provide a useful guidance for future therapy and research.

Research progress in pathogenesis of diabetic keratopathy

Rong Wu and Xiao-He Lu — 2019/12/20 14:53:55

Diabetic keratopathy is one of the common complications of diabetes in the eye, the main clinical manifestations include dry eye diseases, punctate keratitis, slow regeneration of cornea epithelial, recurrent epiththelial erosions, degeneration of corneal sensitivity and corneal edema. The main pathogenesis is AGES, polyol pathway, the changes of proteinases, etc. This article mainly reviews the pathogenesis of its main clinical manifestations,expect to provide new ideas for clinical treatment.

Progress on non-infectious corneal ulcering after uneventful phacoemulsification cataract surgery

Hai-Long He, Xin-Tong Liang, Jin-Da Wang and Xiu-Hua Wan — 2019/12/20 14:53:55

Non-infectious corneal ulceration after uneventful phacoemulsification cataract surgery is a rare complication after cataract surgery. It may be associated with autoimmune conditions and neurotrophic corneal epitheliopathy in patients. Rheumatoid disease, arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, Crohn's disease, tuberculosis and using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are all high-risk factors for corneal ulceration after cataract surgery. This article reviews the cases report and clinical manifestations, mechanism of occurrence, prevention and treatment of corneal non-infectious ulceration after cataract surgery.

Research progress of pharmacogenetics with wet age-related macular degeneration

Si-Meng Zheng and Lu Zhang — 2019/12/20 14:53:55

Age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)is a multifactorial disease, genetic factors play important roles in the pathogenesis of the disease. To date, intraocular injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs is the first choice for the treatment of wet ARMD, but the response is variable. This review summarizes vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)gene, complement factor H(CFH)gene, age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2(ARMS2)gene and high-temperature requirement A-1(HTRA1)gene single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNP)in the study of pharmacological genetics of wet ARMD. It is still worthy of further investigations that the genetic mechanism of the disease, so that we can provide individualized treatment sequences and predict the response to anti-VEGF therapy.

Current advance in the application of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs in wet age-related macular degeneration

Ling-Yi Ouyang and Yi-Qiao Xing — 2019/12/20 14:53:56

Age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)is one of the main causes which lead to irreversible blindness. Wet ARMD, which is featured by choroidal neovascularization(CNV), takes up 90% in ARMD related blind patients. With the increasing population of aged people in China, wet ARMD has become a severe social and medical issues. Currently, management aiming at wet ARMD is the applications of anti-VEGF agents. Anti-VEGF drugs not only postpone the development of CNV, but also preserve the visual function, improve the prognosis, and reduce the incidence of blindness. However, we still need to focus on the non-response during treatment, long-term maintenance, drug resistance, adverse reactions, and economic effectiveness. Here we review the recent clinical medications on wet ARMD.

Advances in the treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy

Lian Chen and Peng Zhang — 2019/12/20 14:53:56

Central serous chorioretinopathy(CSC)is a disease that associated with multifactors. The specific pathogenesis is not yet clear. Except for subthreshold micropulse laser treatment and reduced dose photodynamic therapy(PDT), drugs based on etiology of CSC, such as anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), methotrexate, eplerenone, anti-helicobacter pylori, have been applied to experimental treatment. The purpose of this article is to review the literature in the treatment of CSC, and to provide reference for clinical treatment of CSC.

Recent treatment advances in aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity

Chun-Liu Tian, Juan-Mei Zhang, Dan Zhang, Ya-Nan Ji, Lin-Lin Zhang and Jun Zhao — 2019/12/20 14:53:56

The most severe form of rapidly progressing posterior retinopathy of prematurity(ROP)is aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity(AP-ROP). It is a rare disease, usually progresses to stage 5 without through the classic stage 1-3, eventually leading to irreversible loss of vision. The therapeutic approaches mainly include laser photocoagulation, intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)drugs and vitrectomy. In this article, we reviewed the above advances of AP-ROP treatment.

Analysis of the factors affecting visual function after retinal detachment

Ke Zhang and Zao-Xia Liu — 2019/12/20 14:53:56

Surgery is the most effective treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment(RRD)which is the most common type of retinal detachment. Nowdays, the postoperative retinal anatomic reattachment is evaluated by indirect ophthalmoscope, optical coherence tomography(OCT), ocular ultrasonography and etc. which are also helping ophthalmologist in diagnosis of RRD. Postoperative visual function is mainly confirmed by the best corrective visual acuity(BCVA), which is mostly chosen by ophthalmologist in prognosis evaluation. However, there were patients with terrific postoperative retinal anatomic reattachment, who should have achieved the BCVA. The factors and the probable mechanism which affect the postoperative visual function of RRD would be summarized in this paper.

Process in application of subthreshold micropulse laser

Hong-Kun Zhao, Yue Zou and Yun-Qin Li — 2019/12/20 14:53:56

Subthreshold micropulse laser(SML)consists of short repetitive pulses of laser. This kind of treatment is safe and cheap, and contrary to conventional laser photocoagulation(LPC), SML doesn't involve destruction of retinal cells and leave no scars. The possible mechanism of SML is to stimulate retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)cells for the production of heat shock proteins(HSPs)and regulate its metabolism and improve its function. The clinical indication of SML includes central serous chorioretinopathy(CSC), diabetic retinopathy edema(DME), nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR)and proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR)and macular edema(ME)secondary to retinal vein occlusion(RVO). This article discussed the mechanism and safety of SML and reviewed the updates of its application.

Research progress of lysyl oxidase and ophthalmic diseases

Man Yang, Wei Tan, Xiao-Yan Zhu, Hai-Lun Zhou and Fan Hang — 2020/11/19 16:34:46

Lysyl oxidase(LOX), an amino oxidase with copper binding site outside the cell, has been confirmed that may be involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases by a large number of studies. At present, although the potential mechanism of common variants of LOX in the development of disease is still unknown, but the potential role may be to affect the biological activity of LOX through tissue-specific alternative splicing or expression regulation.However, no matter under normal or pathological conditions, there is still little information about LOX in eye tissue yet.In recent years, it has been found that LOX may be involved in the occurrence and development of many eye diseases in related studies. Based on this, the review will summarize the research progress of eye diseases in which LOX is involved of recent years.

Research progress in markers of limbal stem cells

Li-Na Xu, Yu-Xi He, Yan Zhang and Shu-Rong Wang — 2020/11/19 16:34:47

The continuous proliferation and differentiation of limbal stem cells(LSCs)maintain the integrity and homeostasis of the corneal epithelium, which plays an important role in protecting the cornea and maintaining corneal transparency. Currently limbal stem cell deficiency(LSCD)is one of major causes of blindness in corneal diseases, and transplantation of LSCs is the hot therapeutic option. The effectiveness of transplantation mainly depends on the proportion of LSCs to the total transplanted cells, so it is very important to clearly identify LSCs. There are many markers of LSCs, but their specificity is controversial. Therefore, one of the main challenges in LSCs transplantation is the lack of definitive cell markers. In this paper, the latest research progress of LSCs markers is reviewed.

Application and development of in vivo confocal microscopy in the diagnosis of microbial keratitis

Jian Lyu, Si-Ming Zeng, Li Jiang, Lan-Jian Li and Fan Xu — 2020/11/19 16:34:47

Microbial keratitis(MK)is a common corneal blind eye disease in the world. Severe keratitis can cause irreversible complications and even lead to blindness. Rapididentification of pathogen is the key for early and accurate MK treatment and a large of clinical data indicated that identifying the type of infected microorganisms accurately and quickly is still a challenge for ophthalmologists. The in vivo confocal microscopy(IVCM)is a non-invasive imaging technology that can provide high-resolution images of all corneal layers in a fast and real-time manner, has been used in the diagnosis and follow-up of corneal diseases. In recent years, with the intersection and integration of disciplines, artificial intelligence has been used to identify the characteristic structures in microbial keratitis IVCM images, which has brought important value for accurate and rapid diagnosis of microbial keratitis. Therefore, this article will review the characteristics of confocal microscopy in the diagnosis of microbial keratitis and the application of artificial intelligence in the diagnosis of microbial keratitis. It is of great significance to promote the diagnosis and treatment of keratitis in the future.

Research status of virus-related corneal endotheliitis

Yan-Ling Li, Wang-Ming Su and Xiao-Hui He — 2020/11/19 16:34:47

The virus-related corneal endotheliitis has diverse inducement, complex etiology, unclear pathogenesis, diverse clinical manifestations. There is no unified classification at present. Auxiliary diagnosis technology is improving constantly, loop-mediated isothermal amplification and all kinds of PCR have a certain auxiliary role in the diagnosis of this disease. But the diagnosis also mainly relys on history and clinical manifestation in clinic. Anti-viral drug and glucocorticoid are the main treatment. Virus-related corneal endotheliitis has high recurrence rate, so there is an urgent need to research new drugs and new treatment. Experiment researches of genetic engineering drugs, such as vaccines, unwinding-primers enzyme inhibitors, and chemokine receptors, bring hope to the treatment of virus-related corneal endotheliitis. The purpose of this article is to review the related research of virus-related corneal endotheliitis.

Culture methods of inducing embryonic stem cells to differentiate into retinal pigment epithelial cells

Ge Zhang, Han Zhu, Jing-Wen Zhang, Yu-Di Xu, Ming-Xuan Duan, Ge Zhang — 2020/11/19 16:34:47

Retinal degenerative disease can lead to decreased vision, which is a blinding ophthalmopathy caused by irreversible damage or apoptosis of retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)cells or photoreceptor cells, often resulting in visual impairment or even blindness. Human embryonic stem cells(hESCs)are a kind of multi-directional differentiation cells. By appropriate methods, hESCs can be differentiated into various retinal cells. Since human PRE cells cannot be regenerated, studies have shown that the clinical treatment of retinopathy with stem cell derived RPE cell transplantation has practical prospects and has made a breakthrough in recent years. Due to the limitations of multiple factors, the selection of methods and the complexity of induction conditions, the efficiency of induced differentiation of RPE and the survival rate after transplantation vary greatly and are unstable. Therefore, the current researches should focus on how to integrate different culture methods, take advantages and eliminate disadvantages, so as to improve the directed differentiation efficiency of hESCs, as well as the number and quality of induced cells, thus reducing culture pollution and immune rejection and so on. Here, we will summarize the current examples of various culture methods and give a review from different perspectives.

Research progress of mitochondrial ferritin and age-related macular degeneration

Zhi-Yu Xu, Jing Dong and Lu Zhang — 2020/11/19 16:34:47

Age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)is a major cause of irreversible visual impairment in the elderly in developed countries. Recent studies have shown that mitochondrial ferritin(FTMT)is thought to have an antioxidant effect through iron regulation. Therefore, this paper discusses the effects of FTMT on HIF-1α, FTMT gene mutation, and FTMT protection against oxidative stress on the progression of ARMD, so as to better understand the pathogenesis of the disease and contribute to the prevention or evaluation of the disease.

Research progress in the pathogenesis of dry eye associated with diabetes

Jia-Xin Han, He Wang and Jian-Xin Guo — 2020/11/19 16:34:48

Diabetes mellitus(DM), as one of the most serious health problems all over the world, can cause the corneal nerve damage, changes in tear composition, tear film dysfunction, increased tear osmotic pressure, immune inflammation, and apoptosis in the eye, thus increasing the risk of ocular surface diseases. Among which, the ocular surface disease is marked by the high incidence of dry eye. In this article, the relevant factors, prevalence and pathogenesis of diabetes-related dry eye are reviewed to provide ideas for clinical treatment.

Research progress on pathology of chronic dacryocystitis

Ya-Ya Bai, Jing He and Qing-Wei Du — 2020/11/19 16:34:48

Chronic dacryocystitis(CD)is a disease caused by microorganism infection secondary to nasolacrimal duct stenosis or obstruction. Its pathological changes are of great significance to the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of patients. This paper summarizes the characteristics of the pathological changes of the lacrimal drainage system and surrounding tissues by reading a large number of domestic and foreign literatures on chronic dacryocystitis in recent years, aiming at improving clinicians' understanding, doing better diagnosis, treatment and prognosis judgment, and providing ideas for further research.

Research progress of anterior segment ischemia after extraocular muscle surgery

Xiao-Hui Zhang, Ning Wang and Heng Li — 2020/11/19 16:34:48

Anterior segment ischemia(ASI)is a rare but serious complication after extraocular muscle surgery. Due to its complex clinical manifestations, it is easy to be misdiagnosed. If not treated in time, it may lead to blindness such as vision loss. This paper mainly reviews the concept, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnosis and treatments of ASI after extraocular muscle surgery, so as to improve people's understanding of ASI and minimize or avoid the occurrence of ASI in clinical work.

NEI-VFQ-25 questionnaire used in corneal transplantation outcome analysis

Xin-Yue Li, Yan Shi and Hong Zhang — 2020/10/22 16:19:26

Corneal disease is a common disease that causes blindness, and keratoplasty is the main method for the treatment of corneal blindness. Visual function examination alone cannot fully evaluate the impact of surgery on patients, while the vision-related quality of life scale covers all aspects of visual indicators, which can more comprehensively reflect the feelings of patients. In recent years, it has gradually become a common method to evaluate the therapeutic effect of keratoplasty. This paper briefly reviews the research progress of NEI-VFQ-25 scale in corneal transplantation in recent years.

Study on the mechanism of maintaining homeostasis of corneal epithelium in diabetic patients

2020/10/22 16:19:26

Keratopathy is closely related to diabetes, and severe cases pose a threat to vision. At present, the treatment of diabetic keratopathy focuses on preventing infection and promoting the optical healing environment. A comprehensive understanding of disease progression from the cellular level is essential for identifying and developing potential therapeutic agents. This article reviews the phenomenon of diabetic corneal epithelium disorder and its subsequent maintenance of homeostasis, and discusses its rationality.

Anti-VEGF therapy in retinopathy of prematurity

Qin Peng, Jun-Yong Wang and Qiu-Ping Liu — 2020/10/22 16:19:26

Retinopathy of prematurity(ROP)is an immature proliferative retinal vascular disease that may lead to permanent blindness in preterm infant. Retinal laser photocoagulation is used for ablation of peripheral retina and treatment of ROP, however, it is destructive. Especially for the cases with lesions in Zone I region, retinal laser photocoagulation may cause severe complications. Recently, studies have demonstrated that vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)plays a causal role in the pathogenesis of ROP, and intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF agents can not only effectively impede ROP progression, but also gain timing for revascularization of a vascular retinal region. This article reviews the treatment indications, drug selection, injection site, dosage recommendation, follow-up of efficacy and complications of intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF agents in the treatment of ROP.

Retinal microcirculation detection technology and its clinical application

Hou-Jian Zhang, Qian-Min Ge and Yi Shao — 2020/10/22 16:19:26

Various eye diseases, especially retinal disease, can change the retinal microvascular. In addition, the disease such as cardiovascular disease that involves systemic vascular change also exist the change of retinal microcirculation. Therefore, the change of retinal microvascular system is important diseases index which not only an auxiliary diagnostic index for ocular diseases, but also an important index for the evaluation of systemic diseases. This paper briefly reviews the detection methods of retinal microcirculation examination and the clinical application of these methods.

The mechanism and treatment of blood-retinal barrier injury

Min Li, Shi-Wen Mo, Yi Li and Quan-Peng Zhang — 2020/10/22 16:19:26

The blood-retinal barrier(BRB)plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the retinal microenvironment. Many diseases can lead to the damage of BRB, such as diabetic retinopathy, acute glaucoma and retinopathy of prematurity. At present, the molecular mechanism of BRB injury has not been fully explained. This paper briefly reviews the structure and function of blood-retina barrier, the damage mechanism of blood-retina barrier caused by various ocular diseases, and the therapeutic countermeasures of drug therapy, laser therapy and surgical treatment.

Pathogenesis and treatment progress of idiopathic macular hole

Li Liu, Li-Bo Xiao, Dan-Yang Yu, Kang-Wei Jiao, Jun Li, Jie Zhao and Zhu-Lin Hu — 2020/10/22 16:19:27

Idiopathic macular hole(IMH)refers to a full-thickness tissue defect of the retinal neuroepithelial layer in the macular region without obvious etiology. At present, with the gradual deepening of the understanding of IMH and the continuous innovation and improvement of its treatment methods, its treatment technology has also matured and diversified. Studies have shown that early IMH with small diameter can be observed and followed up. The Ocriplasmin has been approved for use in patients with small to medium sized macular holes and vitreomacular adhesion(VMA); internal limiting membrane(ILM)removal can improve anatomical closure rate. However, for IMH with a diameter of less than 250μm, it is uncertain whether ILM removal is always required. This paper discusses the pathogenesis, stages, classification and current treatment of IMH. Based on the characteristics of IMH and patient differences, an evidence-based medicine method is proposed to select the best and most practical treatment plan for individual patients.

New progress of gene detection in diabetic retinopathy

Rui-Juan Guan, Ling Li, Xin Yan and Tian-Peng Gao — 2020/10/22 16:19:27

At present, gene detection technology has become increasingly mature and integrated with multi-disciplinary, which provides help for clinicians to diagnose, treat andprognosis of the disease. In recent years, gene detection technology in diabetic retinopathy(DR)has made some progress, mainly applied to the risk factors of diabetic retinopathy and follow-up personalized treatment plan. Therefore, we summarize and analyze the gene loci related to diabetic retinopathy that can be detected by gene detection technology.

Research progress on the pathogenesis of pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis

Lan Wang, Yan Li, Zi-Wen Sun and Zhu-Lin Hu — 2020/10/22 16:19:27

Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis can be described as one of the most common keratitis in clinical practice. It is characterized by an acute onset, fast development and hard to be treated entirely. Once failed to get prompt treatment, it would cause corneal ulcer, in an extreme case, blindness. In order to enhance the probability of treatment, it is meaningful to study the pathogenesis of pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis further. The article reviews the pathogenicity of pseudomonas aeruginosa, and how the immunoreaction of host works in the pathogenesis of pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis, thereby to provide theoretical basis of new methods for the treatment of pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis.

Inflammation and oxidative stress in dry eye

Hui Liu and Shao-Zhen Zhao — 2020/10/22 16:19:27

The incidence of dry eye is increasing worldwidely, and its pathogenesis is unclear yet. Studies have shown that oxidative stress is an important factor leading to many acute and chronic diseases and aging. The ocular surface contribute the first line of defense to the eye from oxidative stress, which is caused by the imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species and anti-oxidative system. This review focuses on the evaluation of the influence of inflammation and oxidative stress emphasizing their relation with the pathogenesis of dry eye and anti-inflammation strategy.

Research progress of visual snow syndrome

Huan Li, Jing-Jiang Liu and Wei Wang — 2020/10/22 16:19:27

A systematic review of visual snow syndrome(VSS)was introduced in this article. Scientists don't know what caused visual snow syndrome for sure, but studies have shown that patients with VSS experience continuous television-static-like tiny flickering dots in the entire visual field and additional visual symptoms such as palinopsia, entoptic phenomena or photophobia or nyctalopia. Literature in recent years on the clinical and pathophysiological researches of VSS was reported, and in the latest literature, the VSS was more inclined to be seen as a visual processing disorder. It should be distinguished from the migraine and other diseases. In terms of treatment, current studies focused on experimental studies. Some case reports showed that anti-Seizure medications, antidepressants, or acetazolamide and colored filter-sheet may be effective in eliminating symptoms.

Research progress on the pathogenesis and eye structure of amblyopic patients

Chun-Mei Li and Li Zhang — 2020/10/22 16:19:27

Amblyopia is a common ophthalmic disease in the critical periodof children's visual development, and its pathogenesis is complicated. The traditional idea is that amblyopia does not cause obvious changes in the organic structure of the eyeball. However, with the deepening of research in recent years, researchers have found that amblyopia patients not only have different brain anatomy, but also have different eye structure from normal people, which provides a new way to explore the pathogenesis of amblyopia. This paper summarized the pathogenesis and ocular structural changes of amblyopia patients, and summarized the pathogenesis, choroidal thickness(CT), ocular vascular area and density, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness(RNFL), and ocular structural changes after occlusion therapy in amblyopia patients.

Research progress on the role of long non-coding RNAs in eye diseases

Xin-Ling Xu, Nai-Fang Hou and Xin-Ling Wang — 2020/9/17 16:45:30

Long non-coding RNAs(LncRNAs)refer to RNAs that are longer than 200 nucleotides and cannot encode a protein. With the application of next-generation sequencing technology, whole-genome analysis shows that LncRNAs can regulate gene expression in immune response, epigenetic, gene transcription and post-transcriptional levels, thereby participating in the maintenance of cell proliferation and apoptosis, tissue homeostasis and other physiological processes. LncRNAs have been shown to involve in initiation and development of a variety of human diseases in recent years. This article reviews the research progress of LncRNAs in common diseases of ophthalmology, in order to early diagnosis and treatment of related ophthalmic diseases.

Approach discussion of the differentiation of stem cells induced to retinal pigment epithelial cells

Jin Chen and Guo-Xing Xu — 2020/9/17 16:45:30

In recent years, stem cell research and application in the field of ophthalmology has been highlighted, embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells can be targeted induced to differentiate into retinal pigment epithelial cells(RPE cells), which can obtain transdifferentiation of RPE cells source, through the body stem cells and retinal pigment epithelium cells transplantation is expected to be used in a variety of alternative treatment of the degenerative diseases of the retina. In this paper, the methods and application of various stem cells induced differentiation into RPE cells were discussed.

Progress in research on persistent corneal epithelial defects

2020/9/17 16:45:31

Persistent corneal epithelial defect(PED/PCEDs)is an eye disease that fails to form corneal epithelium rapidly even after 10-14d of corneal injury. Corneal protective epithelial destruction and stromal layer damage can easily lead to eye infection, stromal ulcer, perforation, scar formation, and even blindness. At present, clinicians still face considerable challenges in treating PED patients. Standard treatments such as wearing bandaged contact lenses and using artificial tears, while newly developed drugs can promote the formation of various growth factors to re-form the cornea, and further cooperate with the corresponding surgery to provide innervation for the cornea. In order to achieve the effect of treatment. In addition, treatment should be carried out as soon as possible after the diagnosis of PED to avoid secondary complications. This article reviews the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, clinical manifestation, treatment and prognosis of persistent corneal epithelial defect.

Progress in the application of multifocal electroretinogram in retinal diseases

Jun-Wen Wang and Tuo Li — 2020/9/17 16:45:31

Multifocal electroretinogram(mf-ERG)is a common type of electroretinogram. It can objectively, accurately and quantitatively detect the function of each tiny part of the retina, so it is widely used in clinical, especially in retinal diseases. It not only plays an important role in the diagnosis and efficacy evaluation of retinal diseases, but also has an important value in the follow-up and prevention of diseases, even the scope of its application can be extended to basic research. Therefore, this paper reviews the application of multifocal electroretinogram in retinal diseases.

Application of contrast sensitivity test in ophthalmic research, diagnosis and treatment

Ning Cao, Xiu-Zhen Lu, Qi Lu, Ai-Ling Bi and Hong-Sheng Bi — 2020/9/17 16:45:31

Contrast sensitivity(CS)is regarded as one of the most comprehensive index to measure human spatial vision recently, which can completely and accurately reveal the patients' visual function, and provide an important reference basis for the early diagnosis,disease progression and efficacy evaluation of ophthalmopathy. Studies have found that the damage mechanism of CS is different in different ophthalmopathy, and the influence degree to each spatial frequency area is also slightly different. Therefore, this article reviews the research of CS detection in eye diseases.

Research progress of long non-coding RNA in eye diseases

2020/9/17 16:45:31

Long non-coding RNA(lncRNA)is defined as untranslatable(non-coding)RNA that is over 200 nucleotides and is transcribed from the human genome. With the successful completion of the human genome sequencing and mapping, in subsequent ENCODE study, we found that about 75% of the genome sequence can be transcribed into RNA, and most of the transcripts are non-coding RNA. New research in recent years has found that lncRNA is involved in many important physiological and pathological processes in the body, such as cell development, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, such as cell cycle regulation, cell metabolism, apoptosis, and reprogramming of induced peripheral stem cells. And epigenetic regulation and other biological functions, and differential expression play an important role in the occurrence of various human diseases, such as malignant tumors, inflammatory and immune diseases. Recent studies have shown that lncRNA is related to the pathogenesis of ophthalmic diseases. This article aims to review the latest progress between the abnormal expression of lncRNAs and eye diseases in recent years.

Research progress on the risk factors and pathogenesis of climatic droplet keratopathy

Zhi-Xiang Hua and Jin Yang — 2020/9/17 16:45:31

Climatic droplet keratopathy(CDK), an acquired corneal degenerative disease, is characterized by oil droplet deposits and banded opacity in the pre-corneal elastic layer and stroma layer, which can severely affect the visual acuity of patients. Recently, many studies have indicated that various factors caused the occurrence and development of CDK. However, the pathogenesis and specific pathogenesis of the disease remain unclear. So this article aims to summarize four aspects of the CDK, including the epidemiological characteristics, the morphology of corneal lesions, the composition of corneal deposits and the ocular surface micro-environment, and then provide a reference for ophthalmologists to acknowledge and explore CDK deeply.

Advances of anti-glaucoma Chinese herb monomers

2020/9/17 16:45:31

Glaucoma is an eye disease characterized by progressiveretinal nerve damage and impaired vision, which is the top one irreversible blinding eye disease. The pathologic intraocular pressure elevation is its key risk. At present, the clinical medicine with intraocular pressure reducing and retinal nerve protection effects focused on symptomatic therapy with unsatisfied effects. Chinese herb monomers have advantages of both Chinese herbs and chemical drugs. Chinese herbs and Chinese herb monomers have favorable effects on glaucoma therapy, especially on retinal nerve protection, which provides a vast room for new drug development. The paper summarized applications and mechanism of representative anti-glaucoma Chinese herbal formulas, Chinese herbs and especially Chinese herb monomers, which would provide references for clinical therapy and new drug development for glaucoma.

Advances in the research on correlation between ocular biometry parameters and primary angle-closure glaucoma

Meng-Nan Wu and Ren-Yi Wu — 2020/9/17 16:45:32

Primary angle-closure glaucoma(PACG)is one of the most common types of sight-threatening glaucoma. Patients with PACG often have abnormal ocular anatomical variations when compared to normal subjects. With the development of ophthalmic imaging technology, the knowledge is accumulating on the correlation between ocular biometric parameters and PACG pathogenesis and development. It is now known that parameters such as the anterior chamber(AC)depth, AC area, AC volume, AC width, AC angle parameters, iris parameters, lens thickness and positioning, lens vault, ciliary body positioning and thickness, and choroid thickness are all correlated with the pathogenesis of PACG. The associations between PACG and corneal thickness, corneal curvature and corneal diameter need to be further confirmed. Research on the ocular biometry measurement plays important role in the prevention and treatment of PACG.

The application of optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic microangiopathy

Xiao-Hao Li, Li Zhang, Ting-Ting Sun and Wei Zhang — 2020/9/17 16:45:32

Diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy are the two most common and serious microvascular complications in diabetic patients, and they are the main causes of blindness and end-stage renal disease. Retinal blood vessels are the common damage targets of early diabetes and the only living blood vessels in the human vascular system that can be directly observed in naked eye. The changes in their morphological structure or function directly or indirectly reflect the microvascular lesions caused by diabetes. Especially, in recent years, the development of optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA), a new and non-invasive technology, has made its breakthroughs in angiography resolution, vascular depth and vascular morphology, and it can provide objective quantitative data. It has certain application value in diabetic microangiopathy. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to review OCTA and its application in diabetic microangiopathy.

Research progress of anti-neovascularization drugs in the relationship between ophthalmology and oncology

2020/9/17 16:45:32

The formation of neovascularization is not only the common pathological change of many important eye diseases, but also the basis of tumor growth and metastasis. this article introduced the relationship, application and related research of anti-angiogenic drugs in the field of ophthalmology and oncology, it also introduced the new ways of administration, facing problems and challenges now, as well as the benefits and side effects of neovascularization drugs in ophthalmology application. Through the discussion of this article, we should strengthen the communication and cooperation between ophthalmologists and oncologists in basic and clinical aspects.

Research progress of erythropoietin in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy

Dan-Dan Liu, Guo-Tong Xu and Jing-Fa Zhang — 2021/8/18 21:32:59

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is the most common complication of diabetes mellitus and remains the leading cause of blindness in working-age population. DR affects almost all the retinal cells, leading to the disruption and dysfunction of neurovascular unit and the neural-glial network. Erythropoietin(EPO), a glycoprotein hormone, plays a pivotal role in neuroprotection, neurotrophy, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis and anti-oxidation etc., in various central nervous system diseases. This review discussed the protective effect of EPO in DR so as to provide new options for DR treatment.

Research progress of Dexamethasone sustained release in the treatment of diabetic macular edema

Yuan-Yuan Xue and Xiao-Long Chen — 2021/8/18 21:32:59

Diabetic macular edema(DME)is the foremost cause of vision impairment and even blindness in patients with diabetes mellitus. Nowadays, the approach in the treatment of DME involves laser photocoagulation, intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF agents or triamcinolone acetonide. However, they still have some limitations. In recent years, dexamethasone intravitreal implant, as a new treatment option, has brought therapeutic hope to DME patients who have poor response to other methods. Meanwhile, it has the advantages of good clinical efficacy, long duration, acceptable safety and good patient tolerability. In this paper, the research advances in dexamethasone intravitreal implant for DME are described.

Rotational stability of Toric intraocular lens and its influencing factors

Shu-Rui Ke and Can Li — 2021/8/18 21:32:59

With the development of refractive cataract surgery,Toric intraocular lens(Toric IOL)has been widely used in the treatment of cataract patients with regular astigmatism. And the rotational stability of Toric IOL has been paid more and more attention. This article reviewed the evaluation method of the rotation stability, and analyzed various related influencing factors.

Research status in the diagnosis of primary open angle glaucoma

Yan Wu and Lu Yang — 2021/8/18 21:32:59

Glaucoma is a global blindness-causing disease characterized by visual function damage. Primary open angle glaucoma, also known as chronic open angle glaucoma, is not easily detected in the early stages of its occurrence and development, delaying treatment. Early diagnosis of the disease is helpful to reduce the rate of blindness. In recent years, new progress has been made in the diagnosis of primary open angle glaucoma, including optical coherence tomography, deep learning algorithms and biomarkers. This article will give an overview of these.

Research progress of choroidal thickness in rheumatic immune diseases

Li Ru and Lin Zhang — 2021/8/18 21:32:59

Rheumatic immune disease, as a group of recurrent systemic diseases, involves the vascular system through inflammatory factors. Eye reaction can be used as a sign of rheumatic immune reactivation or disease aggravation, together with the first systemic manifestation of rheumatic immune disease. As a part of the most abundant blood flow in the eyes, choroid is an excellent evaluation index for ocular involvement, and it is greatly affected by systemic vascular diseases. And optical coherence tomography provides a scientific and accurate measuring tool for the observation of choroid thickness. However, whether changes in choroid thickness can be utilized as markers of disease activity, and progression, our results require further research. In this paper, the changes of choroid thickness in rheumatic immune diseases are analyzed.

Process in the treatment of non-infectious uveitis with Adalimumab

Chuan-Hong Zhang, Shu-Xian Hu, Yan-Ting Pan, Yu-Ting Li and Li-Ping Xue — 2021/8/18 21:32:59

Uveitis is a clinically common refractory blinding eye disease with complicated etiology and pathogenesis that is difficult to treat and prone to recurrence. It is currently considered to be closely associated autoimmune inflammatory response. Tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)acts as a key pro-inflammatory factor in development and progression of uveitis. Adalimumab(ADA)is a fully humanized recombinant anti-immunoglobulin monoclonal antibody targeting TNF-α, and exerts its biological effects by specifically binding to TNF-α and blocking its binding to tumor necrosis factor receptors(TNFR-1/TNFR-2). This paper reviews the clinical research progress on the mechanism, efficacy and safety of ADA in the treatment of non-infectious uveitis.

Research progress on risk factors of age-related macular degeneration

Jin-Shou Yang, Ling Li and Rui-Juan Guan — 2021/8/18 21:33:00

Age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)is a progressive fundus disease which seriously damages the vision and visual function. It is one of the important causes of blindness in the elderly. With the development of aging population, ARMD has become a serious public health problem. With the continuous research of scholars at home and abroad, it is found that ARMD is often affected by a variety of risk factors, such as age, heredity, environment, diet and so on. Understanding the risk factors of ARMD and taking effective preventive measures are of great significance to reduce the incidence of ARMD and delay the disease progression. This article makes a brief review on the risk factors of ARMD.

Analysis of influencing factors on the prognosis of visual function in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

Si-Yuan Liu, Wen-Fang Zhang, Ning Du and Yi Yang — 2021/8/18 21:33:00

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment(RRD)is the separation of the retinal nerve sensory layer and the pigment epithelium layer caused by retinal tears. It is a kind of ophthalmic emergency. If it is not treated in time, the blinding rate is close to 100%. Surgery is an important way to treat RRD. With the deepening of disease awareness and the improvement of retinal reattachment techniques, RRD reattachment has achieved a higher anatomical success rate, but in clinical, the postoperative visual experience of patients is still not ideal. This article mainly summarizes the influencing factors of RRD visual function prognosis and provides guidance for clinical treatment.

Research progress in the selection of surgical methods and complications of orbital decompression in the treatment of Graves ophthalmopathy

He Xu, Tong Wu, Feng-Yuan Sun and Dong-Run Tang — 2021/8/18 21:33:00

Graves ophthalmopathy(GO)is the most common and relatively complicated orbital diseases, and the incidence rate is increasing year by year. Severe GO may present with exposure keratopathy, diplopia and compressive optic neuropathy, which seriously affects influences patients quality of life. At present, orbital decompression is an effective method in the treatment of moderate and severe GO, and with the continuous expansion of indications for orbital decompression, more and more patients with mild and moderate GO with exophthalmos require surgical treatment to improve the appearance. There are many different surgical techniques for orbital decompression, and which one can achieve patients' maximum benefit is a frequently encountered clinical problem for ophthalmologist. With the gradual increase of the amount of surgery, complications become increasingly prominent, which affect postoperative satisfaction of patients. In order to deepen the understanding of complications, avoid or reduce the occurrence of complications, and optimize the operation plan, this paper reviews the relevant literature at home and abroad in recent years, and summarizes the selection of operation methods and operation related complications of orbital decompression in GO patients.

Research advances of chemokine receptor CX3CR1 and microglia in retinal degenerative diseases

Yu-Lin Qi, Xi-Yu Jia and He-Jiang Ye — 2021/7/21 22:23:10

Retinal degenerative diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration are the main clinical blinding eye diseases with complex etiology and irreversible damage to vision. CX3CR1 is a specific receptor of the chemokine CX3CL1. Both of them participate in various physiological functions and pathological changes of the whole body through regulating the immune system of the body. In recent years, studies have pointed out that CX3CR1 regulates the activity and function of retinal microglia, which play an important role in the process of retinal degenerative diseases. In this paper, the structure and function of the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 and the role of microglia in retinal degenerative diseases were reviewed, so as to provide ideas and directions for future research and treatment of such diseases.

The role of retinal microglia in diabetic retinopathy

Xiu Li and Chang Liu — 2021/7/21 22:23:10

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is one of the most common chronic microvascular complications of diabetes. Due to its complex pathogenesis, DR has been an extensively international investigated topic over the past few decades. Neurodegeneration, inflammation and vascular alternately regeneration and injury could promote pathogenesis of DR. Recently more and more evidence showed that DR retinal chronic low rate could be a key factor in DR, which is a more early manifestation of DR. However, the exact molecular mechanism of its inflammation is not still clear so far. In this article, we will review the role of inflammation and its intervention mechanism in DR.

Research progress of Chinese herb monomers in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy

2021/7/21 22:23:10

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is a common chronic complication of diabetes mellitus, which cause irreversible damage of microvessels in the retina. DR is a leading blindness eye disease among diabetes mellitus. The pathogenesis of DR is mainly related to oxidative stress, inflammation and neovascularization. DR patients are treated with laser photocoagulation, vitrectomy and medicine in clinical trials. The traditional Chinese medicine and Chinese herb monomers have unique efficacy in the treatment of DR, especially in retinal protection, which provides valuable supplement. The paper summarized application practice and mechanism of representative Chinese herbal formulas and Chinese herb monomers in the treatment of DR, which would provide references for the clinical treatment and new drug development of DR.

Research progress of circular RNA in ophthalmic diseases

Lian Shu, Xiao-Xiao Chen and Xing-Huai Sun — 2021/7/21 22:23:10

With the rapid development of molecular biology technologies such as whole-genome testing in the past decade, non-coding RNA has been deeply explored. Circular RNA(circRNA)gradually becomes a hot topic in recent years, which plays an important role in the occurrence and development of a variety of diseases, and relevant studies have been carried out in ophthalmological diseases. This article will review the mechanism, basic research, and clinical findings of circRNA in various ophthalmic diseases, and briefly discuss the potential clinical significance of circRNA in ophthalmic diseases.

Research progress on mechanism and signal pathway of ocular pruritus

2021/7/21 22:23:11

Ocular pruritus is one of the common symptoms of ocular surface diseases. People know little about the mechanism of ocular pruritus. In clinical practice, eye drops can only be used to relieve eye discomfort. Eye itch often makes patients feel extremely painful and uncomfortable. The itch is afferent from primary neurons, mainly small-diameter unmyelinated afferent neuron fibers, whose cell bodies are located in the dorsal root ganglia or trigeminal ganglia. These neurons transmit the itch from the skin to the central nervous system. In the spinal cord, these afferent nerves synapse with secondary neurons in the dorsal horn and send signals to the brain. Pruritus sensory neurons are generally considered to be a subgroup of pain neurons. Intensity coding theory suggests that at low emissivity, neuronal activity can cause the sensation of itching. With the advancement of molecular biology and neuroscience technology, it was discovered that one of the main functions of Mrgpr(mas-related G protein-coupled receptor)protein is pruritus, and most of Mrgprs(all MrgprA, MrgprB and MrgprC subfamily members, and MrgprD)are almost exclusively expressed in specific dorsal root and trigeminal ganglion neurons. This review will introduce the mechanism and signal pathways of ocular pruritus, as well as the role of Mrgpr protein in ocular pruritus, and provide help for the treatment of ocular pruritus.

Screening status of retinopathy of prematurity in China

Hai-Tao Jiang and Guo-Ren Li — 2021/7/21 22:23:11

Retinopathy of prematurity(ROP)is an avoidable and controllable oculopathy of blindness and low vision in children. Screening is the premise and a key measure for early detection, intervention and treatment. It is of great significance to reducing the blindness rate and visual impairment of children. The main of this review is to review the current situation on screening and morbidity of ROP in China, and to provide reference for preventive and treatment of ROP.

Role of inflammatory regulators in neovascularization of diabetic retinopathy

Jia-Yu Chen, Yan Teng and Ming-Ming Yang — 2021/7/21 22:23:11

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is one of the common diseases that can lead to blindness, and its complicated pathogenesis has not been elucidated completely at present. Many studies have emerged that chronic inflammation plays a prominent role in the pathogenesis of DR. That many “hot spots”of inflammatory molecules, such as IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and MCP-1,are involved in the part of essential mechanism of disease through complex and intertwined inflammatory pathways in the recently research. Above inflammatory factors and angiogenic factors will promote each other, especially when pathological neovascularization occur, which is greatly increasing in severity of the disease. The article made a general debate about the effect of inflammation in DR, and the relationship between inflammation and neovascularization.

Research progress of myopic retinoschisis

Hai-Feng Ji, Ji-Ke Song, Hao Zhang, Ying Wen and Hong-Sheng Bi — 2021/7/21 22:23:11

Myopic retinoschisis(MRS)is a major complication of pathological myopia. The pathogenesis of MRS is not yet fully understood and it can be the result of a number of different factors. The posterior vitreous cortex and the internal limiting membrane(ILM)are thought to play a role in the formation of the retinal splitting. In addition, retinal arteriole traction has been associated with axial length extension and the pathogenesis of MRS. The diagnosis of MRS is done by using optical coherence tomography(OCT), B-mode ultrasound and ultra-wide field fundus autofluorescence(UWF-FAF). The main treatment methods of MRS are pars plana vitrectomy(PPV)and the macular buckling technique(MB). This article reviews the pathogenesis, the course and the diagnostic methods of MRS, as well as, the treatment progress.

Research progress in pachychoroid spectrum disease

Jing Shen and Bing Xie — 2021/7/21 22:23:11

Choroidal thickening spectrum diseases include pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy(PPE)central serous chorioretinopathy(CSC), pachychoroid neovascularization(PNV)and polypoidal choroidal-vasculopathy(PCV). PPE refers to permanent abnormal increase in choroidal thickness. It is manifested as dilatation of large choroidal vessels(Haller layer)oppressing the surrounding middle vascular layer(Sattler layer)and capillary layer(Choriocapillaris layer), resulting in insufficient blood supply to the retinal pigment epithelium and causing a series of retinitis pigmentosa. The other three diseases can progress from the pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy. The study of the pathogenic characteristics and imaging changes of choroidal thickening spectrum diseases will help to explore the diseases' pathogenesis, providing reference for early clinical diagnosis, prevention and treatment.

Research progress of biomarkers in adenoid cystic carcinoma of lacrimal gland

Tian Li and Zhi-Jun Dong — 2021/7/21 22:23:11

Adenoid cystic carcinoma of lacrimal gland(LGACC)is the most common malignant epithelial tumor of the lacrimal gland, which is characterized by high recurrence rate, easy metastasis and poor prognosis. Although the current clinical treatment modalities for adenoid cystic carcinoma of lacrimal gland mainly include surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, its survival rate is still low. Therefore, it is particularly urgent to further study the pathogenesis of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland and find out the biomarkers for adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland. In this paper, we will review the research progress in biomarkers of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland.

Interpretation of management guidelines for Graves Ophthalmopathy in 2019

Yi Shao, Si-Yi Chen and Xu-Lin Liao — 2021/7/21 22:23:11

Graves ophthalmopathy(GO)is an autoimmune disease, mostly accompanied by orbital tissue inflammation. The practical guideline was produced by a research team of members from different scientific disciplines. The article provided a thorough interpretation of the management guidelines in GO and intended to provide direction for diagnosis of GO in daily clinical practice and improved the curative effect and medical service quantity of GO patients.

Research progress on effect of IL-17 in ocular diseases

Lan Wang, Yan Li, Zi-Wen Sun and Zhu-Lin Hu — 2021/7/21 22:23:11

Interleukin-17(IL-17)is an important pro-inflammatory factor in autoimmune diseases and many inflammatory diseases. Studies have shown IL-17 plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of eye disease. This paper reviews the function and mechanism of IL-17 in keratitis, dry eye, uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration, providing new ideas and targets for the treatment of these diseases.

Research progress of photoreceptor transplantation in retinal degenerative diseases

2021/6/24 15:27:59

Retinal degenerative disease is a major disease that affects human vision. It damages human photoreceptor cells and damages human vision. And the mammalian retina does not have the ability to regenerate, once the disease will seriously affect people's normal life. At present, there is no clear way to prevent and alleviate these diseases, but the transplantation of photoreceptors to supplement the damaged photoreceptors in the retina can treat retinal diseases. In this paper, we will discuss the current situation and techniques of photoreceptor transplantation to restore vision in retinal degenerative diseases.

Research progress on the mechanism of diabetic retinal neurodegeneration

Xiao-Feng Long, Wei Tan and Man Yang — 2021/6/24 15:28:00

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)has always been considered as microangiopathy. However, a large number of studies have confirmed that DR can not only cause retinal angiopathy, but also cause retinal neurodegeneration. Recently, more and more evidence also shows that retinal neurodegeneration occurred before retinal angiopathy in the early stage of DR, and retinal neurodegeneration may be involved in the occurrence and development of microvascular abnormalities. At present, the mechanism of diabetic retinal neurodegeneration is not very clear. This paper reviews the research progress on the mechanism of diabetic retinal neurodegeneration in recent years.

Progress in the pathogenesis and treatment of Coats disease

Xin Wang and Yan Cui — 2021/6/24 15:28:00

Coats disease is characterized by abnormal dilation of retinal capillaries and exudation of the inner and outer layers of the eye retina. It can be mostly seen in male teenagers. So far, there have no clear etiology and pathological mechanism. The common treatment methods of Coats disease, which are the laser photocoagulation, cryotherapy, drug therapy, combination therapy(anti VEGF drugs combined with laser), surgical treatment(simple vitrectomy and or scleral drainage)and traditional Chinese medicine and other emerging treatment methods. The traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine on the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease and the treatment of traditional Chinese and Western medicine were systematically reviewed in this paper.

Molecular pathologic mechanism associated with ischemic optic neuropathy

Jing-Ying Wang, Ying Wang, Zi-De Zhao, Si-Yu Long, Wan-Yu Sun and Zhi-Yi Zhou — 2021/6/24 15:28:00

Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy(NAION)is caused by ischemia of the short posterior ciliary artery that supplies the lamina area of the optic disc. It usually occurs in over 50-year-old people. It is acute optic neuropathy and featured with acute, monocular, and painless vision loss, which frequently results in severe permanent vision damage and visual field defects. This disease is attracting increased attention of clinical researchers. This paper overviews the current molecular pathology of NAION from these aspects, including pathogenesis, pathological changes, relevant protein molecules and susceptibility genes in previous studies. This paper lays a theoretical foundation for future research on the pathological mechanism and the treatment of NAION.

Progress in clinical research of congenital membranous cataract

Li-Yao Sun, Ping Liu and Hong-Yan Ge — 2021/6/24 15:28:00

Congenital cataract is one of the leading causes of childhood blindness and congenital membranous cataract is a rare and special type of congenital cataract. The lens fibre of congenital membranous cataract is degenerative and its cortex is absorbed gradually. Congenital membranous cataract also has another name, pseudoaphakia, due to the similar phenotype with posterior capsule opacification after cataract surgery, but without intraocular refractive power. There are few reports on congenital membranous cataract at home and abroad, and the research on the pathogenesis of congenital membranous cataract is even less. Clarifying the pathogenesis of congenital membranous cataract, especially the genetics, is very helpful for us to understand the pathogenesis of congenital cataract and the molecular mechanism of lens development.

Advances in the structure and function imaging of aqueous humor outflow

Ya-Di Li, Yan-Hua Chen, Zi-Wen Sun, Nan-Yu Li and Zhu-Lin Hu — 2021/6/24 15:28:00

As one of the important contents of eyes, aqueous humor is always in dynamic circulation. When any part of the outflow is blocked, the aqueous humor outflow(AHO)circulation will break down, and followed by the increase of intraocular pressure, the damaged visual function, and the optic nerve injury. At last, the glaucoma occurs. Therefore, it can promote to locate the blocked part by observing the structure of the AHO and evaluating its function state, so as to clarify the pathogenesis of primary open angle glaucoma. Current imaging techniques for AHO pathway include optical coherence tomography(OCT)and angiography of outflow. This article will review the research progress of structure and function imaging of AHO.

Role and damage mechanism of retinal pigment epithelial cells in dry ARMD

Jia-Min Meng, Jian Li and Hong-Bing Zhang — 2021/6/24 15:28:01

Age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)is a major cause of irreversible loss of central vision in the elderly. Typical characteristics of ARMD consist of retinal pigment epithelium(RPE), degenerative changes of choroidal capillaries and vitreous warts in macular area. Clinical ARMD is divided into two subtypes: non effusive(dry or atrophic)and effusive(wet or neovascular). The occurrence of the disease is the result of the interaction of many factors, such as age, environment, heredity, smoking, oxidative stress and cardiovascular dysfunction, etc. In view of the important role of RPE cells in pathogenesis of ARMD, the effects and possible mechanisms of blue light, smoking, oxidative stress, lipofuscin accumulation, chronic inflammation and protein homeostasis on the onset of dry ARMD are summarized by focusing on RPE cells. This will provide new ideas to help understand and prevent the occurrence of dry ARMD.

Research progress of gene therapy for retinitis pigmentosa

Fang-Yuan Deng, Meng-Yu Han, Ting-Ting Deng and Ming Jin — 2021/6/24 15:28:01

Retinitis pigmentosa(RP)is a hereditary retinal disease characterized by degeneration of retina rods and cones photoreceptor cells and degeneration of retinal pigment epithelial cells. The age of onset and progression of RP are genetically related and influenced by the environment. Gene therapy uses vectors in delivering therapeutic genes to genetically modify target cells, so as to correct or replace the disease-causing RP genes. This article introduces the research progress of vectors in RP gene therapy, and review the efficacy and safety of gene therapy on five common genotypes(RHO, PDE6B, MERTK, RLBP1, RPGR).

Progress in diagnosis and treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction associated with dry eye

Dong-Dong Jiang and He Jin — 2021/6/24 15:28:01

Considering the increased use of electronic devices, the incidence of dry eye disease(DED)has been rising. The condition has seriously affected people's work and lives. DED, the most common ocular surface disease, can be caused by many factors. The meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD)is one of the main factors. Either abnormal secretions from the meibomian gland or an obstruction of the gland ducts can lead to evaporative dry eye. By summarising the relevant literature, this review addresses the aetiology, pathology, diagnosis and treatment of DED associated with MGD.

Progress in the construction of inner blood retinal barrier model in vitro

Chen Yuan, Mei Zhang and Xue-Jun Xie — 2021/5/20 16:38:36

The blood-retinal barrier is an important structural basis for maintaining the homeostasis of the retinal environment, but there is still a lack of further research on its complete structure and function. The in vitro blood-retinal barrier model has the characteristics of controllable, efficient, fast and stable, and has become an effective tool to study the specific structure and function of the barrier. This paper mainly reviews the structure, function and in vitro model of blood-retinal barrier, which is helpful to promote the study of physiology, biochemistry, pathopharmacology and clinic of blood-retinal barrier. It also provides a common and key experimental basis for the study of fundus vascular diseases such as diabetic retinopathy.

Current research of microinflammation on retinal degenerative diseases

Meng-Mei He and Jian Zhou — 2021/5/20 16:38:36

Retinal degenerative diseases are kinds of leading cause of blindness characterized by photoreceptor apoptosis and progressive neuronal degeneration. A large body of research has shown the evidence of inflammation reaction in such diseases. Retinal neuroinflammation may be a main factor resulting in apoptosis of photoreceptors and neurodegeneration of retina. In addition, the inflammatory response is not only detected in the retina, but also in aqueous humor, vitreous and even in blood, which forms a persistently very low degree, and chronic inflammatory environment. In this review, we focus on the development of microinflammatory response and its predictor for disease outcomes.

Monitoring methods of chloroquine induced retinopathy

Yi Shao, Yan-Kun Shen and Hui-Ye Shu — 2021/5/20 16:38:36

Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine play more and more important roles in the treatment of rheumatism, skin diseases and autoimmune diseases. Irreversible macular diseases,retinopathy and even permanent blindness are common side effects of them. High dose per kilogram of body weight, duration of treatment, presence or absence of keratosis and renal or liver dysfunction are all related to this. Therefore, the examination of the two kinds of drug lesions is also relatively complicated. FAF and SD-OCT are required for wide field examination. For patients with complicated retinopathy, multifocal electroretinogram and the like are also required for diagnosis. The specific examination methods need to be determined by clinical ophthalmologists according to the patient's medication and preliminary examination.

Therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on ocular diseases

Ya-Peng Wang, Jiang-Wei Li, Jun Peng, Ya-Sha Zhou, Da Long and Qing-Hua Peng — 2021/5/20 16:38:36

Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)are pluripotent stem cells which are derived from avariety of tissues and have the potential for multidirectional cell differentiation and self-cell renewal. They can play a therapeutic effect on a variety of eye diseases. Studies have shown that the biological functions of MSCs are closely related to their secreted exosomes(MSC-Exo). Compared with MSCs, the biological performance of MSC-EXO is more stable and non-tumorigenic. Therefore, MSC-EXO is expected to be an effective substitute for the biological function of MSCs. In this paper, the application progress of MSC-EXO in ocular diseases is discussed in order to provide ideas and reference for the treatment of MSC-EXO in ocular diseases.

Study progress in clinical diagnosis of high myopia with glaucoma

Yang Yu, Qin Jiang and Guo-Fan Cao — 2021/5/20 16:38:37

Numerous studies have indicated that high myopiais associated with a higher risk for glaucomatous optic neuropathy. However, structural and functional changes induced by glaucoma can be confounded by high myopia because the latter itself can cause a series of retinal and nerve fiber layer damage. In order to find glaucomatous changes in high myopia and reduce the potential of missed diagnosis or misdiagnosis, a deep understanding of clinical features of high myopia with glaucoma was needed. This artical summarizes the functional roles and potential difficulties of classical stuctural and functional investigations in diagnosis of high myopia with glaucoma. This review is also introduced some possible solutions to navigate this diagnostic dilemma.

Research progress in imaging research of amblyopia

2021/5/20 16:38:37

Ophthalmology is a subject that mainly applying the imaging examination to diagnose. With the development of modern medicine, the study in clinical imaging of ophthalmology has made a great progress recently. Amblyopia is one of the common eye diseases, which usually result in devastating loss of vision. Sum of imaging technologies such as magnetic resonance imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging, optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography have been extensively used in the field of amblyopia. Then that contributed to stimulate the development of the related imaging studies. In this article, we summarized and overviewed the rencent progress of clinical imaging studies in various types of amblyopia.

Advances in study on mutations of congenital cataract-related lens protein genes

Yue Hai, Chang-Jun Lan and Xuan Liao — 2021/5/20 16:38:37

Congenital cataract is the most common cause of visual impairment and blindness in children worldwide, with about a quarter is related to genetics. To date, more than 100 gene mutations have been found in inherited congenital cataracts. As the most important component of the crystalline lens, the gene mutation of lens protein is closely related to congenital cataract. A large number of studies have confirmed that the pathogenic genes associated with congenital cataract include α/β/γ lens protein gene, membrane protein gene, cytoskeleton protein gene, and so on. About half of the mutations occurred in the lens protein genes, and the gene mutation may affect the stability, solubility and oligopoly of the protein, as well as interfere with the orderly arrangement of lens fibers, and lead to lens opacity. In this paper, the research progress of lens protein genes related to congenital cataract in recent years is reviewed.

Progress in the study of signal transduction pathways related to the pathogenesis of glaucoma

Meng-Han Xu and Tao Liu — 2021/5/20 16:38:37

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss in the world. Drugs and surgery can be used to control intraocular pressure, however, they can't reverse the apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells effectively. With the development of genetics and molecular biology, a large amount of research on the pathogenesis of glaucoma has been conducted. This review discusses the potential role of Rho/ROCK, TGF-β/Smad, PI3K/Akt, Nrf2/Keap1/ARE and BDNF/TrkB signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of glaucoma, and expects to provide new ideas and methods for the treatment of glaucoma.

Imaging application of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy

Mei Yang, Yu-Jiao Wang and Wei-Min He — 2021/5/20 16:38:37

Thyroid associated ophthalmopathy(TAO)is an autoimmune orbital inflammatory disease. Imaging methods play an important role in evaluating the change of orbital structures and differential diagnosis of orbital disease. In addition, imaging studies can also contribute to analyze the activity and severity of TAO and estimate compressive optic neuropathy(CON).

Research progress of circular RNAs in ocular proliferative diseases

Tian-Jing Yang and Yi Shen — 2021/5/20 16:38:37

Circular RNAs(circRNAs)comprise a novel class of non-coding RNAs that are found to be highly abundant in eukaryotic cells and have implicated in various cellular functions such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Recent advances have suggested that dysregulated circRNAs play a critical role in the pathogenesis of several proliferative retinal diseases including proliferative vitreous retinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinopathy of prematurity, and corneal neovascularization. Here, we review current knowledge about circRNAs and summarize new insights into potential functions of some aberrantly expressed circRNAs and possible future directions in ocular proliferative diseases.

TRPM3/miR-204 in the regulation of ophthalmic diseases

Rui-Xue Zhang and Yuan He — 2021/4/21 21:12:01

MicroRNAs(miRNAs)are one of the most important regulatory factors of gene expression, which involved in the growth, development, differentiation and apoptosis of various cells, tissues and organs. TRPM3 is located in human chromosome 9 and belongs to M sub-family of the transient receptor potential(TRP)channels. MiR-204 is located on TRPM3 intron 6 and participates in the regulation of post-transcriptional gene expression through cleavage or translation inhibition of target mRNAs. Studies have shown that TRPM3/miR-204 complex locus plays an important role in the occurrence and development of eye diseases such as cataract, glaucoma, corneal neovascularization, corneal wound healing, retinal diseases, optic nerve diseases and so on. In this paper, the biological function of TRPM3/miR-204, its expression and regulation in the eyes and its correlation with a variety of ophthalmic diseases are reviewed.

Research progress on the exosomes in ophthalmic diseases

Jia-Wei Luo, Guo-Wei Zhang, Li-Hua Kang and Huai-Jin Guan — 2021/4/21 21:12:01

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles of sizes ranging from 50-150nm in diameter. Exosomes can deliver bioactive molecules(e.g. proteins, lipids, DNA, microRNA, etc.)into target cells which play an important role in cell-cell communication. Researches demonstrated that exosomes mediated cell-cell communication can impact cell apoptosis, invasion, migration, immune response and oxidative repair ability of recipient cells. Recently, researches on exosomes developed rapidly in the field of ophthalmology. This review summarized the latest research progress of exosomes in ophthalmic diseases.

Application progress of genomics in dry eye research

Hu-Xing Shen, Wei-Ping Gao, Qing-Bo Wei and Qian Xu — 2021/4/21 21:12:01

Dry eye is a common ocular surface disease accompanied by ocular discomfort, which severely affects the work and life of patients. There are numerous causes of dry eye, and the disease is easy to recur, which is difficult to cure effectively. With the application of polymerase chain reaction(PCR)and western blotting in study of dry eye, genomics events such as metagenomics, genetically engineered animals and gene transfection have been further explored in dry eye research. Advances in the application of genomics for dry eye are summarized, in order to provide an important basis for further revealing the risk factors and pathogenesis, and exploring new drugs and therapies for effective treatment of dry eye.

Research progress on the relationship between dry eye and sleep deprivation

Ding-Meng Zhao, Jia-Wei Yang and Si-Quan Zhu — 2021/4/21 21:12:01

Recent years, due to social and economic development, the popularization of electronic products and increasing work pressure of people, which resulting in the increasing of prevalence of sleep deprivation(SD)and dry eye(DE). This phenomenon not only affects people's physical and mental health, but also causes a certain burden on the social economy. Moreover, a series of studies show that sleep disturbance is one of the independent risk factors leading to dry eye of folks. Therefore, the influence of sleep factors should be considered in the diagnosis and treatment of dry eyes. At present, the mechanism of ocular surface lesions and how sleep disorders cause dry eye are frontier topic in the field. In this paper, we specifically analyze the correlation between sleep disorders and dry eye. Furthermore, the mechanism of this correlation is summarized. It can help to analyze the influence of improving the effect of sleep and provide a new way of diagnosis and treatment for ophthalmologists.

Current status in diagnosis and treatment of recurrent retinal detachment in silicone oil-filled eyes

Ke Wei, Yong-Rong Li and Qin Wang — 2021/4/21 21:12:01

Recurrent retinal detachment in silicone oil-filled eyes after vitrectomy is a special type of recurrent retinal detachment. Some patients require reoperation, which brings challenges for clinical work. The diagnosis and treatment of retinal detachment in silicone oil eyes have some characteristics. More attention should be paid to the identification of high-risk factors. Adequate doctor-patient communication and rational selection of treatment plan are essential for the prognosis of this disease.

Research progress in the treatment of retinal arterial macroaneurysm

Lu Chang, Wei He, Xin-Yan Xu, Jie Zhang, Rong-Yu Gao and Xu-Dong Huang — 2021/4/21 21:12:01

The retinal arterial macroaneurysm, also known as isolated aneurysm, is an acquired retinal vascular abnormality, which is characterized by fusiform or circular dilatation of the posterior polar retinal arteries, forming one or more aneurysms. Most of aneurysms are located on the temporal vessels of the retina. There are no clinical symptoms in the early stage. If the tumor ruptures and hemorrhage involving the macula, may suddenly appear central dark spots and vision loss. The hemorrhage may be located in the vitreous cavity, under the posterior vitreous boundary membrane, under the retinal inner boundary membrane, and subretinal region. Treatments for RAM include retinal laser photocoagulation, vitrectomy, intravitreal or intraretinal injection of tissue plasminogen activator, and anti-VEGF agent. In this paper, the latest research progress in the treatment of RAM is discussed and prospected.

Research progress of TLRs signaling pathway in pathogenesis of dry eye

Bao-Hua Li, Bo-Biao Ning, Yu-Jiao Wei, Xue-Feng Tang, Hui-Ling Ge and Fen-Yu Ma — 2021/4/21 21:12:02

Toll-like receptors(TLRs)are bridges of innate and acquired immunity. With the deepening of the research on the pathogenesis of dry eye, the induction and regulation of TLRs and signaling pathways in the immune response to dry eye have attracted more and more attention. Current studies have shown that the regulation of TLRs and signaling pathways helps to reduce or prevent the inflammatory response process in dry eye, so the regulation and control of TLR signaling pathways in the treatment and prevention of dry eyes has important significance. In this paper, TLRs and their signaling pathways are summarized in the pathogenesis of dry eye, and the effects of different intervention methods on the TLR pathway of dry eye are discussed, and the future development prospects and problems are also discussed.

Research progress of clinical application of posterior scleral reinforcement

Kuan-Rong Dang, Tong Wu and Hong-Jun Du — 2021/4/21 21:12:02

Posterior sclera reinforcement(PSR), also known as posterior sclera strengthening or posterior sclera bandage, is a kind of operation to fix biological or non-biological materials to the posterior sclera, with the aim to strengthen sclera and improve the blood circulation of the choroid and retina by using the traction of materials or the immune inflammatory stimulation, thereby delaying the continuous extension of the axis and improving visual function. The main indications of PSR include pathologic myopia(PM)and its related complications. In addition, PSR can also help to improve blood circulation at the posterior pole of the eye in patients with retinitis pigmentosa(RP), especially in conjunction with superficial temporal artery ligation. After more than half a century's development, PSR has been currently considered as one of the few and effective methods to treat PM and RP, but as a more traumatic operation, the stability of its clinical effect varies greatly, so there is still room for improvement in surgical procedures and materials used.

Research progress on choroidal thickness changes and related factors of secretive high myopia

Ya-Jun Han, Jing Shi, Xiao-Bo Tan, Liu-Yi Jing, Jie Yang and Xue-Mei Xu — 2021/4/21 21:12:02

High myopia is a serious eye disease that jeopardizes the visual function of children because of the irreversible changes it caused to the fundus of the eye. High myopia needs to be detected, diagnosed and treated as early as possible, if not intervened in time, it may cause further aggravation or even blindness. However, screening for myopia often encounters the situation that children with low myopia at first who are found to have high myopia fundus changes by further examinations, and these insidious high myopia changes are easily overlooked in the diagnostic process. The study aims to summarize the literatures on choroidal thickness changes and their influencing factors in myopia children, which in order to provide relevant evidence for clinical studies in children with secretive high myopia.

Research progress of microstrabismus

Hong-Xing Ren, Jing Cheng, Ai-Jiao Qin and Ming-Hua Shi — 2021/4/21 21:12:02

Microstrabismus is a kind of small angle strabismus, sometimes negative in cover test, accompanied by clinical characteristics such as abnormal retinal correspondence, eccentric fixation, amblyopia and rough stereopsis. Microstrabismus amblyopia treatment is very difficult, especially in eccentric fixation. In daily diagnosis and treatment, the microstrabismus often misdiagnosed due to the small squint degree and the negative coverage test, failed to be treated properly and in-time, the patient's eccentric fixation and fixation instability also been ignored, treated as normal amblyopia, while the result is not effective, sometimes even leads opposite effect, so it's important to recognize the microstrabismus.

Research progress on the abnormal brain structure and function of patients with strabismus

Ke-Li Mao, Li Liu, Li-Fei Chen and Xiao-Ming Lin — 2021/4/21 21:12:02

Strabismus is a common type of eye movement disorders, which is characterized by ocular misalignment and binocular visual dysfunction. Alignment relies on the normal structure and function of the visual and oculomotor systems. Any abnormalities of these regions may lead to strabismus. With the application of neurophysiological techniques and radioautography in the early years, the impairment of primary visual cortex was found, including decreased number of binocular neurons and metabolic changes of ocular dominant column. In recent years, the progress of functional magnetic resonance imaging has promoted to find more functional changes in human strabismic brains, especially in extrastriate cortex. In addition to the structural impairment of cerebral cortex and intercortical connections, functional remodeling of cerebral cortex was also observed in patients with strabismus. Besides, studies based on voxel-based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging provided more precise anatomical evidence for human brain abnormalities. To provide reference for further studies, we review the current literature on functional and morphological deficits within brain regions in strabismus.

Research advance in the correlation between diabetes mellitus and the non-retinal eye diseases

Bei-Lei He and Yuan He — 2021/3/25 20:05:42

Diabetes mellitus(DM)is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by sustained hyperglycemia, which can cause systemic macrovascular, microvascular and nervous system complications. The eye is one of the main organs affected by this disease. The ocular complications of DM include DR, however, non-retinal complications are also contained. This review provides an overview of the non-retinal eye diseases associated with DM, including diabetic keratopathy, dry eye, iridocyclitis, glaucoma, cataract, refractive error, optic neuropathy, iridocyclitis, asteroid hyalosis and so on. These ocular diseases may also lead to vision loss and should be taken seriously in diabetic patients.

Effect of diabetes on microenvironment balance in anterior segment

Qiu-Yu Li*, Jia-Xin Peng* and Yi Shao — 2021/3/25 20:05:42

Diabetic retinopathy caused by diabetes is one of the main causes of blindness and one of the most serious complications of diabetes. Recently, many scholars have foundthat in the early stage of diabetes before serious ocular complications, chronic injuries can still occur to anterior ocular tissues such as cornea, conjunctiva, meibomian glands etc. We review the impact of diabetes on the anterior segment of the patient with existing ophthalmologic examination techniques, which can help clinicians identify patients with early diabetes and then intervene and refer them, thus reducing the risk of long-term serious complications of diabetes.

Progress in the correlation between mucin and ocular surface diseases

Jia-Xin Peng*, Qiu-Yu Li* and Yi Shao — 2021/3/25 20:05:43

Mucin is the key factor to determine the stability of tear film and is crucial to maintain ocular surface homeostasis. Goblet cells can alter the secretion of mucin in corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells, contributing to dry eye disease and ocular surface inflammation. Based on the understanding of mucin biology, this review makes a summary on the potential relationship between mucin dysfunction and ocular surface diseases, and we hope to deepen the understanding of the importance of mucin and select the most appropriate treatment plan on the basis of ocular surface diseases.

Effect of light on refractive development

Guo-Dong Tang, Ji-Ke Song, Xiao-Feng Xie and Hong-Sheng Bi — 2021/3/25 20:05:43

In modern society, children and adolescents are experiencing an increasing incidence of myopia, resulting from the combined influence of genetic factor and environmental factor. Despite the influence of genetic factor, a great number of researches indicate that environmental factor has been playing a crucial role. Outdoor activity proves to be a major protective factor to reduce the incidence of children's myopia. Sunlight is one of the important ones among various factors of outdoor activity. The intensity, wavelength and rhythm of sunlight may all affect eyeball's refraction development. Varied sunlight environment may have different influences on eyeball's refraction development. The paper has summarized clinical and trial and animal experiment research results on how sunlight affects eyeball's refraction development, and it has offered references to further study on refractive error development mechanism and prevention strategy.

Research progress of the role of Rho/ROCK signaling pathway in the occurrence and development of ophthalmic diseases

Yi-Xian Hao, Hui-Xia Wei, Da-Dong Guo and Hong-Sheng Bi — 2021/3/25 20:05:43

The occurrence and development of ophthalmic diseases are closely related to the abnormality of cellular regulation and ocular tissue function, in which the relevant signaling pathways play an important role in the regulation of physiological functions. The Rho/ROCK signaling pathway is involved in a variety of cellular events, including cytoskeletal reorganization, cell adhesion, cell proliferation and angiogenesis, and also plays a significant role in cell cycle progression, cell differentiation and apoptosis. Studies have shown that the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway is widely distributed in ocular tissues, and its aberrant activation can affect the normal physiological function of ocular tissues, demonstrating it is closely related to the occurrence and development of ophthalmic diseases. This paper briefly reviews the role of Rho/ROCK signaling pathway in the occurrence and development of ophthalmic diseases, providing new insights into the clinical treatment of ophthalmic diseases.

Application and related study of Hirudo and extract thereof in ophthalmic diseases

Hui Huang, Yan-Lin Zheng and Yuan-Yuan Li — 2021/3/25 20:05:43

Hirudo is highly effective in promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, a vital medicine for breaking blood and removing blood stasis in ophthalmopathy. Presently, Hirudo is commonly used in ophthalmology for age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, cataract, retinal vein occlusion and other ophthalmic diseases, with the mechanism thereof possibly being related to anti-VEGF, improvement of microcirculation and anti-apoptosis. Further, although new functions have been found in Hirudo extract, such as transdifferentiation and inhibition of WERI-RB-1, these studies remain in the basic exploratory stage, and the specific molecular mechanism requires further verification. This paper concisely describes the application and research status of Hirudo and the extract thereof in ophthalmic diseases, so as to provide a new direction for further research on the treatment of ophthalmopathy using Hirudo and the extract thereof.

Research progress of optical coherence tomography angiography in the diagnosis and treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration

Hui-Hui Zhou and Miao-Qin Wu — 2021/3/25 20:05:43

Optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)is a quick, non-invasive imaging technology which can both qualitatively and quantitatively analyze retinal blood perfusion that is now more widely used in clinical practice. Choroidal neovascularization(CNV)is the main cause of loss of vision in the elderly and is caused by neovascular age-related macular degeneration(nARMD). Therefore, the detection of CNV in nARMD is of extreme importance. In this paper, the research progress of OCTA in diagnosing and treating nARMD was reviewed by analyzing the diagnosis, morphology, area and blood perfusion of CNV.

Screening and diagnosis of familial exudative vitreoretinopathy

Jie Ding and Jian-Yang Gong — 2021/3/25 20:05:43

Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy(FEVR)is an inherited vitreoretinopathy characterized by vascular dysplasia of periphery retina. Typical fundus findings consist of avascular periphery retina, increasing branching and abnormal anastomosis of retinal vessels. Having diversified clinical phenotypes, FEVR patients can be asymptomatic, which can often be missed, or with severe complications including retinal detachment, retinal folds, vitreous hemorrhage, causing vision loss. While FEVR had been thought to be rare in previous studies, the incidence was found to reach up to 1% in recent studies of fundus screening in the newborn. Diagnosis is usually based on clinical features, fundus fluorescein angiography, and detection of pathogenic genes. Ultra-wide-field imaging is a noninvasive and convenient way for the screening and diagnosis of FEVR. In this review,clinical features and diagnostic approaches of FEVR are concluded, and application value of ultra-wide-field imaging in its screening is discussed.

Application and research progress of tear proteomics analysis in ocular diseases

Man Wu, Ting Tan and Ping Wang — 2021/3/25 20:05:43

Tears are secreted by lacrimal and accessory lacrimal glands, mainly through eyelid and blink movement to form the watery layer of tear film. Tear proteomics is a difficult and hot topic whose main purpose is to detect high sensitive and specific biomarkers representing eye diseases or even systemic diseases so as to facilitate diseases diagnosis and assessment, as well as to achieve personalized treatment, improve prognosis, and design targeted follow-up experiments to understand the molecular mechanisms of the disease. It may have wider application prospects in eye diseases and some systemic diseases compared to existing routine fluid examinations such as blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid tests. Numerous studies have shown that many diseases have changes in the composition of tears. In this paper, we will review the progress of proteomics used to investigate the changes of the protein components of tears in different eye diseases.

Research advance of biological functions of selenium and selenoprotein in ocular diseases

Chun-Miao Wang and Rui-Jin Ran — 2021/3/25 20:05:44

Selenium is an essential microelement required as a nutrient by human organism to perform important biological functions, mainly in the form of selenocysteine. It plays an important role in improving human immunity and the myocardial nutritional blood flow, and preventing oxidative stress. Various ocular diseases are closely associated with selenium and selenoprotein due to the presence of high concentration of selenium. This article mainly aims to review the present research advance of biological functions of selenium and selenoprotein in ocular diseases, and provide some valuable reference for deeper study of selenium in human eyes.

Influencing factors of visual quality after small incision lenticule extraction

Chen Chen and Qin Long — 2021/2/24 14:14:52

The effectiveness, safety, stability and predictability ofsmall incision lenticule extraction(SMILE)have been proven by numerous studies. The postoperative visual quality has aroused more and more concern from the public. Recently, the influencing factors of visual quality after SMILE have been continuously reported, which offer further support for improving postoperative visual quality. This review mainly demonstrates the factors related to perioperative period that influence visual quality after SMILE performed on eyes of myopia or myopia astigmatism.

Advances in the study of POAG-related genes and central nervous system diseases

Ai-Jia Wang and Xu Zhang — 2021/2/24 14:14:52

In recent years, considerable progress has been made in the study of glaucoma, especially primary open angle glaucoma(POAG). A series of POAG genes has been identified through genetic linkage analysis and genome-wide association studies(GWAS), which significantly advanced the study of glaucoma genetics. The latest perspective suggests that glaucoma is a disease of the central nervous system(CNS). A large number of basic clinical studies have demonstrated the close association between CNS disease and glaucoma. Among these studies, discoveries related to genetics are of prominence.

Advance of neurodegeneration in diabetic retinopathy

Meng-Meng Jiang, Lin Liu and Jing-Fa Zhang — 2021/2/24 14:14:52

Diabetic retinopathy(DR), one of the most common complications of diabetes, has been widely reported as microangiopathy. However, retinal neurodegeneration was reported to occur early in DR and played a significant role in DR progression. Retinal neurodegeneration in DR was characterized as neuronal apoptosis and reactive gliosis. The mechanisms for its pathogenesis include hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, and inflammation etc. Furthermore, retinal neurodegeneration has a close relationship with the microangiopathy in the pathogenesis of DR.

Review about risk factors and treatment in retinal artery occlusion

2021/2/24 14:14:52

Retinal artery occlusion(RAO)is an ophthalmic emergency, including central retinal artery occlusion(CRVO), branch retinal artery occlusion(BRVO), ciliary retinal artery occlusion and retinal capillary microartery occlusion. The progression is fast and the prognosis is poor, with many risks involved, and there is still lack of standard treatment procedures. At present, the modern treatment procedures include traditional treatments, e.g. lowering intraocular pressure, high flow oxygen inhalation, blood vessels dilatation, antiplatelet aggregation, and other active treatments like thrombolysis, hyperbaric oxygen therapy and arterial intervention. This review summarizes recent advancement about risk factors and treatment in RAO.

Research progress on the protective effect of exercise on retinal cells and functions

Qian-Qian Zuo and Li-Na Liang — 2021/2/24 14:14:53

Physical exercise is a low-cost, easy-to-implement therapeutic intervention. In recent years, it has been found that exercise has a protective effect on retinal diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa. The mechanism may be related to enhancing retinal defence against oxidative stress, reducing glutamate secretion and inhibiting retinal cell apoptosis through BDNF/TrkB pathway. This paper reviews the recent literature related to the protective effect of exercise on retina from animal experiments, clinical studies and mechanism investigation.

Attachment process of capsular and intraocular lens and its effect on visual quality after cataract surgery

2021/2/24 14:14:53

The adhesion of capsule and intraocular lens(IOL)is a common phenomenon after cataract surgery. At present, there are increasing researches on the adhesion between the capsule and IOL at home and abroad. In this paper, we will review the adhesion process between the capsule and IOL, morphology, related factors that affect the adhesion, and its influence on the visual quality.

Advances in the management of cataract surgery in patients with diabetes

Yu-Meng Shi, Jin Yang, Guo-Qing Li, Jing Xu and Xiao-Lan He — 2021/2/24 14:14:53

With the growing population of diabetes patients on a global scale, the management of diabetic cataract has been attached more attention. Diabetic patients are often associated with fundus lesions, requiring early diagnosis and treatment for cataract duo to early onset and rapid progression of this disease compared to non-diabetics. Patients with diabetes also have an increased risk of developing postoperative corneal edema, diabetic macular edema and posterior capsular opacification etc., making cataract surgery technically challenging. Before surgery, patients should have good glycemic control and no evidence of ocular infection. An optimal operation timing and individualized treatment should be adopted to prevent vision-threatening complications and improve visual outcomes. This article provides an overview of diabetic cataract and related complications.

Research status of the formulas for calculating the degree of intraocular lens

Yu-Ting Zhang, Chun-Mei Zhao, Xiang-Yun Liu and Jia-Yu Wan — 2021/2/24 14:14:53

With the progress in refractive cataract surgery, the refractive effects after cataract surgery are more accurate and predictable. Various types of intraocular lens have been applied to clinical practice and there is an increasingly higher demand on the precision of intraocular lens(IOL)calculation formula. According to calculation principles and different parameters required, this article aims to give a review on the research progress of IOL calculation formula.

Research progress of stellate nonhereditary idiopathic foveomacular retinoschisis

Zi-Xia Zhou and Bin Zhang — 2021/2/24 14:14:53

Stellate nonhereditary idiopathic foveomacular retinoschisis(SNIFR)is a new catagory of foveomacular retinoschisis, defined by spokelike appearance on fundus which is similar to X-linked congenital retinoschisis, and without agenetic predisposition. SNIFR is most commonly unilateral and female predominance. The retinoschisis in SNIFR occurs primarily in outer plexus split(OPL), and coexists with inner retinal or peripheral retinoschisis in some cases. The characteristics of SNIFR on multimodal fundus imaging are summarized in the review. The pathogenesis of SNIFR is not yet elucidated. At present, there is not practicable systematic treatment for this disease. Topical dorzolamide therapy or vitrectomy may improve the vision and foveomacular retinoschisis.

Diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of ocular papilloma

Huan Jian and Wei-Min He — 2021/2/24 14:14:53

Ocular squamous cell papilloma is a common benign ocular tumor which has been associated with human papillomavirus(HPV)infection, ultraviolet(UV)radiation exposure, etc., but the pathogenesis still remains uncertain. The tumor often shows a fleshy or gray-white mass with a cauliflowerlike or spongylike appearance involving the conjunctiva, caruncle, limbus, eyelid or orbit. It can be diagnosed by combined examinations including high-resolution optical coherence tomography(HR-OCT), ultrasound biological microscope(UBM)and histopathological examination. Risk factors for local recurrence of ocular squamous cell papilloma may include location of the tumor, cellular atypia and ways of treatment. Surgery has historically been the mainstay of treatment. In addition, adjunctive therapies including cryotherapy, amniotic membrane transplantation, mitomycin(MMC), interferon α-2b(IFN α-2b)or 5-fluorouracil(5-FU)may also help to improve the local control. However, more studies are still needed to prove the effects of adjuvant therapy to surgery in ocular squamous cell papilloma.

Recent advances of exosomes in immune-mediated eye diseases

Xiao Liu, Shi-Si Ma and Jing-Xiang Zhong — 2021/2/24 14:14:53

Immune-mediated eye diseases(IMED)represent a kind of autoimmune eye diseases, such as thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, autoimmune uveitis and Sjögren syndromes. Owning to its complicated pathophysiological mechanisms, the efficacies of current therapeutic strategies for IMED are unsatisfactory, which may ultimately result in severe visual impairment. Exosomes are lipid bilayer vesicles secreted by cells that play an important role in cell-to-cell communication and immune regulation. Recent studies have shown that exosomes secreted by cells under pathological conditions are closely associated with the development and progression of IMED, and the exosomes derived from certain cells(such as mesenchymal stem cells)are deemed as promising therapy for IMED. Hence, we review the recent advances of exosomes in IMED.

Research progress of Müller cells and retinal nerve regeneration

Xi-Yu Jia, Shi-Han Lan, Ting Shan, He-Jiang Ye and Jie Chen — 2021/1/19 16:56:25

Retinal degenerative diseases, a type of blinding eye diseases in which retinal neuron apoptosis is the main pathological process. Neuronal cells cannot be regenerated after damage, Müller cells are important glial cells of the retina and involved in retinal development, damage, and regeneration process. In recent years, studies have proved that Müller cells are an endogenous alternative source for stimulating damaged retinal neurons and an excellent target for retinal nerve regeneration. This article reviews the related factors of Müller cells and retinal nerve regeneration, and provides a new direction for nerve regeneration research.

The role of autophagy in thyroid-related ophthalmopathy

Shan-Si Yuan, Wei Liu, Chao Ma, Lan Chen and Kai-Jun Li — 2021/1/19 16:56:25

Thyroid associated ophthalmopathy(TAO)is a type of orbital disease, it is caused by a specific autoimmune reaction, and is closely related to thyroid disease. Furthermore, TAO significantly affects the appearance and visual functionality of patients. Moreover, those with severe symptoms are at a risk of blindness, which makes it difficult for them to lead normal lives. However, its pathogenesis has not been fully established yet. Autophagy, is a process of phagocytosis and degradation of its own cytoplasmic proteins or organelles, this realizes the metabolic needs of cells and the renewal of some organelles. Previous studies have shown that, compared to normal people, the level of orbital autophagy in TAO patients is higher, and it plays an important role in the occurrence and development of the disease. This paper briefly describes the role of autophagy in the occurrence and development of TAO from three aspects, namely, inflammation, fat formation, and glycosaminoglycan(GAG)accumulation.

Research progress of maculopathy in pathological myopia

Meng-Ying Peng and Qiong Zhou — 2021/1/19 16:56:25

A series of fundus changes caused by excessive axial elongation in pathological myopia, especially maculopathy, are the main factors causing vision loss or blindness. In recent years, with the increasing prevalence of high myopia and pathological myopia, people pay more and more attention to the fundus complications of pathological myopia. It has become a big difficult problem to prevent the irreversible vision impairment caused by pathological myopia. The purpose of this review is to discuss the latest progress of fundus characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of maculopathy in pathological myopia from three aspects based on the latest classification of myopic maculopathy, namely ATN classification system, which considers atrophic(A), tractional(T)and neovascular(N)components.

Research progress of dry eye after corneal transplantation

Hong-Chang Xu, Yue Ma, Li-Ying Huang, Huan Liu and Xiao-Rong Zhang — 2021/1/19 16:56:25

Dry eye has become one of the relatively common complications following keratoplasty due to the surgical destruction of the ocular surface and long-term application of topical eye drops. Dry eye will result in corneal epithelial defects and further could decrease the survival rate of the grafts. In order to better understand dry eye following corneal transplantation and to provide clinical guidance for physicians, we reviewed recent domestic and international published literatures regarding its pathogenesis, clinical features, prevention and management.

Research advances in telemedicine program for diabetic retinopathy screening

Shu-Ting Li and Qiang Wu — 2021/1/19 16:56:25

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)remains a major cause of worldwide preventable blindness among working-age adults. DR screening programs are challenged by the rising burden of diabetes, unbalancing distribution of health resources and poor compliance with regular fundus examination. Teleophthalmology provide a viable method for rural remotely diabetic patients evaluated and monitored by the ophthalmologist at far location by exchange of medical data through electronic telecommunications technology. This review apply Wilson and Jungner's all 10 criteria of screening for chronic diseases to evaluate telemedicine screening program, summarizes and compares telemedicine screening programs according to American Telemedicine Association validation level.

Research progress on susceptibility to diabetic retinopathy and related gene polymorphism

Min Bao and Xiao-Hui Lin — 2021/1/19 16:56:25

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is a kind of multi-factor mediated diseases, currently accepted DR environment that is caused by chronic high blood glucose metabolic abnormalities caused by, but it is regulated by the genetic factors, is considered to be a classic case of complex diseases, can be attributed to genetic factors, environmental factors and the interaction of the results. Genetic studies on the occurrence and development of DR have achieved some results, but the specific pathogenic genes and their pathogenesis are still not clear. In this study, potential DR susceptibility genes and their polymorphisms have been identified so far, so as to provide reference for further study of DR pathogenic genes and their pathogenesis.

Advances of retinol dehydrogenase 5 in visual cycle and hereditary retinal diseases

Yu-Mei Mao, Qin Yang, Chang-Jun Lan and Xuan Liao — 2021/1/19 16:56:25

Retinol dehydrogenase 5(RDH5)is an NAD(H)retina-dependent oxidase. As a key enzyme in the visual cycle, it can initiate a series of enzymatic reactions to produce visual pigment, so as to achieve the conversion of photoelectric signal and participate in the formation of retinoic acid, etc. RDH5 mutation can greatly reduce the enzyme activity and even cause severe hereditary retinopathy, such as fundus albipunctatus, retinitis pigmentosa, and retinitis punctate albescens. In this paper, the research progress of RDH5 in visual cycle and hereditary retinal diseases in recent years is reviewed.

Research progress on the measurement of anterior segment parameter and calculation formula of IOL power of abnormal eye axis

Jiao-Jiao Liang, Jian Zhang and Hong Yan — 2021/1/19 16:56:26

The good effect of refractive cataract surgery depends on a variety of factors, mainly including accuratebiometrics before surgery and accurate calculation of intraocular lens(IOL)power. The accuracy of intraocular biometrics with abnormal eyes axis before surgery is lower. Moreover, compared with the normal eyes axis, the error of postoperative refractive state prediction is larger, which brings great challenges to obtaining the best postoperative visual quality. Recently, new optical biometrics have been used clinically, and individualized IOL power calculation formulas have been developed and applied, which makes the choice of intraocular lens power more accurate. This article reviews the latest research progress on the measurement of eye parameters and the selection of IOL power calculation formula in patients with abnormal axial cataract in the past 3a, in order to provide reference for clinical application.

Application and progress of binocular therapy in amblyopia

Rui-Ying Li and Xiao-Qing Li — 2021/1/19 16:56:26

Amblyopia is the leading cause of visual impairment in children. It is also one of the main causes of monocular vision loss in adults. It is effectively treated using correct treatment when initiated during the sensitive period of visual development. Historically, patching or other means of penalization following refractive correction has been the main treatment for amblyopia. With the advancing of exploration on the neural mechanism of amblyopia, binocular treatment has been proposed as an innovative method for the treatment of amblyopia. Different forms of binocular treatment were reported by researchers. This review will focus on the application and progress of binocular treatment in amblyopia.

Advances in the establishment and application of experimental models of optic neuritis associated with neuromyelitis optica

Meng-Yu Han, Zhi-Jun Wang and Ming Jin — 2020/12/22 18:57:46

Neuromyelitis optica(NMO)is an inflammatory central nervous system(CNS)astrocytic disease with high incidence, neuro-ophthalmic intercross, and humoral immune-dominated in Asian population. It has attracted much attention due to its high pathogenicity, high risk of recurrence, and poor prognosis. It is difficult for patients with NMO-associated optic neuritis(NMO-ON)to benefit from routine treatment, and they are often left with different degrees of optic nerve atrophy. One limitation of the study of NMO-ON is the deficiency of the experimental model. Therefore, the progress and application of NMO and NMO-ON experimental model are reviewed in this paper, aiming to explore the pathological mechanism and possible treatment of NMO visual impairment.

Research progress in the application of OCTA technology in primary glaucoma

Xiang-Xiang Yang, Yuan He and Jian Zhang — 2020/12/22 18:57:46

With the development of science and the progress of society,a revolutionary breakthrough-optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA), a non-invasive imaging-assisted examination method-has been achieved, in the study of hemodynamics of the fundus of primary glaucoma in recent years. This technology has many advantages compared with previous traditional inspection methods. It fully exercises split-spectrum amplitude decorrelation angiography(SSADA)to acquire three-dimensional blood flow images of the fundus. With characteristics of none invasion but fastness, repeatability, layered imaging and high resolution, it can stratify and quantify the fundus blood flow density, and is also used to monitor the early changes of glaucoma fundus blood flow, disease progression and evaluation of therapeutic effect. However, OCTA presents certain shortcomings in actual clinical applications. Before available to function more widely in the fields of glaucoma disease, this method demands further researches and development. This article gives an overview of the application and research progress of OCTA technology in primary glaucoma.

Research advancement of bone marrow and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of eye diseases

Chen-Yu Yu, Rong-Bin Liang and Yi Shao — 2020/12/22 18:57:46

Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)are multipotent cells with high proliferation ability that can differentiate into a variety of cell types. Thus great plasticity was provided for the regeneration of somatic cells in animal individual growth. Recently, MSCs have been applied to the treatment of traumatic and degenerative diseases on account of its distinct biologic peculiarity. The cells have tremendous potential in the clinical application. This article reviewed clinical treatment of ophthalmic diseases, administration route, methods of acquiring and security about two of MSCs derived from bone marrow and adipose tissue(BMSCs and ADSCs).

Advances in immunological mechanism of dry age-related macular degeneration

Huan Meng and Ming Jin — 2020/12/22 18:57:46

Dry age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)is a degenerative fundus disease whose pathogenesis is not yet fully clear. Dry ARMD with macular pigmentation disorder, drusen and geographic atrophy as main manifestations can lead to irreversible loss of central vision. It's reported that immune and inflammatory reactions play a key role in the development of dry ARMD, in which complement system, pattern recognition receptors, inflammasomes, and various cytokines in immune molecules are closely related to the occurrence of dry ARMD. In this paper, the latest researches on these immune molecules and dry ARMD will be reviewed.

Research progress of fibroblast growth factor 21 in diabetic retinopathy

Chang Liu and Wei Tan — 2020/12/22 18:57:46

As a newly discovered endogenous regulator, fibroblast growth factor 21(FGF21)becomes hot topic in recent professional research. It plays an important role in diabetic retinopathy recently. Moreover, FGF21 has attracted more and more attention in recent years. This paper discussed the molecular structure of FGF 21, biological function, relationship between FGF21 and inflammatory response and role in the pathological process of diabetic retinopathy.

Progress of posterior chamber implantable collamer lens implantation for the treatment of refractive errors

Lan-Jian Li, Fan Xu, Jian Lyu, Feng-Mei Li and Si-Ming Zeng — 2020/12/22 18:57:46

Refractive errors are a common ophthalmic disease, which can be corrected by wearing glasses, laser refractive surgery and so on. However, there are some limitations of these methods for treating high myopia, keratoconus, etc. The implantation of the posterior chamber implantable collamer lens(ICL)is one of the most common surgry for correcting refractive errors(mainly apply to high myopia and astigmatism). This study aim to explore the safety and effectiveness of implanting ICL to correct low to moderate and high myopia or hyperopia. This review will summarize the research progress of implanting ICL to correct refractive errors.

Advances of IOL Master 700 in cataract

Yue Peng, Xuan Liao and Chang-Jun Lan — 2020/12/22 18:57:47

In recent years, ocular biometers based on swept-source optical coherence tomography(SS-OCT)technology have emerged in ophthalmic practice. Compared with the earlier ocular biometers such as the partially coherent interference(PCI)based ones, the SS-OCT based devices have a higher signal-to-noise ratio, greater swept light wavelength, better tissue penetration, faster scanning speed, and better axial length(AL)detection rate for cataract patients. This review aims to summarize the advances of a widely used SS-OCT based device-IOL Master 700 in cataract.

Anti-VEGF therapy in pediatric retinal and choroidal disease

Yue Yin, Yi Chen and Zhi-Jun Wang — 2020/12/22 18:57:47

Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)is a key factor of the angiogenesis during embryonic period, and it is also an important mediator of the pathological neovascularization and vascular permeability in various ophthalmic diseases. With the increasing use of anti-VEGF therapy in adults, more and more clinical studies are focused on the application of anti VEGF therapy in pediatric retinal and choroidal diseases, including retinopathy of prematurity, Coats disease, familial exudative vitreoretinopathy, incontinence pigmented related retinopathy, sickle cell retinopathy, retinoblastoma and choroidal neovascularization caused by various causes. In this article, the application of anti VEGF therapy in these pediatric retinal and choroidal diseases was reviewed.

Progress on the relationship between acute respiratory viruses and eyes

Xiao-Lu Cao, Pei-Pei Jia, Ai-Ling Mao and Wei Wang — 2020/12/22 18:57:47

Respiratory virus infection remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with respiratory diseases. The respiratory virus is predominantly spread by air or droplet through the exposed mucosa. Meanwhile the ocular mucosa is also exposed to air, so more and more attention has been paid to the correlation between respiratory virus and human ocular diseases. In this paper, we will summarize the research progress of the relationship between some familiar respiratory viruses and human eyes.

Role of surfactant proteins in viral keratitis

Qi Wan, Zhi-Yong Zhang and Shuo Yang — 2021/11/22 20:59:16

Innate immunity plays an important role in viral keratitis. Recently, it has been found that surfactant proteins(SP)A and D in the innate immune system are essential in viral keratitis. SP can inhibit virus adhesion to host cells and further promote phagocytosis of virus through high affinity for virus ligands. In order to ensure the normal function of tissues in the early stage of virus infection, SP regulates immune cells to maintain a non-inflammatory state. However, when pathogen invasion increases, SP promoted inflammation and increased the immune cells to kill the pathogens. SP-A and SP-D could be expressed in cornea, conjunctiva. To play the role of anti-adenovirus, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus and other major eye pathogenic viruses, SP-A and SP-D combine with the virus to prevent entry into cells, promote phagocytosis, and directly kill the virus. SP-A and SP-D may be used as clinical diagnostic tools for viral infection. In the future, recombinant SP is expected to be used as an important means for the treatment of viral keratitis. Here, we review the innate immune function of SP-A and SP-D in ocular viral infection.

Mechanisms and influencing factors of cataract occurrence or progression after vitrectomy

Miao Zhang and Li-Xia Luo — 2021/11/22 20:59:16

Since first proposed by O'Malley in 1972, the revolutionary vitrectomy has brought ophthalmic surgery into a new era, bringing hope to countless patients with vitreoretinal diseases. With the development of surgical techniques, increased safety and effectiveness, and expanded surgical indications, vitrectomy has become the most common surgical treatment for various posterior segment diseases. Though there is a trend of decreasing in postoperative complications, the occurrence and progression of cataract remains the most common complication after vitrectomy. As cataract would compromise the postoperative vision and fundus observation, cataract extraction surgery is always inevitable, which seriously increases the burden of patients. The pathogenesis of cataract is till inconclusive. There are currently many hypotheses including increased oxygen partial pressure around the lens, destruction of the vitreous structure, and phototoxicity. This article reviews the incidence, mechanism and influencing factors of cataract occurrence or progression after vitrectomy, aiming to provide more evidence for further investigation of pathogenesis, prevention and treatment for post-vitrectomy cataract.

Research progress of artificial intelligence in glaucoma

Chao-Xu Qian and Hua Zhong — 2021/11/22 20:59:16

Currently, the early diagnosis of glaucoma and monitoring of disease progression is difficult and requires assessment of structural(fundus photo/ optical coherence tomography scan)and functional damage(visual fields)of the optic nerve head(ONH). It requires the clinical knowledge of glaucoma experts and is highly labor intensive. Artificial intelligence(AI)applications have been proposed to improve the understanding of glaucoma and help to reduce the time and manpower required for such clinical tasks. With the advent of deep learning(DL), many tools for ophthalmological image enhancement, segmentation and classification have also emerged. Especially in the last three years, a large number of algorithms suitable for analyzing the ONH structure and/or function, which have been proposed to help in glaucoma detection. AI tools have also been developed to predict the early progression of the disease. Bring the possibility of personalized precision treatment. However, these algorithms are yet to be tested in the real world. This review summarizes the diverse landscape of AI algorithms developed for glaucoma. We also discuss the current limitations and challenges that we need to overcome.

Application of OCT in the research of amblyopic fundus

Yuan Ma, Xue Wang, Yue Wang, Yue-Xia Wang and Yu Di — 2021/11/22 20:59:16

Amblyopia is a common eye disease in children. If not corrected and treated in time, it will cause irreversible damage to children's vision, resulting in loss of vision in one or both eyes. The pathogenesis of amblyopia is complex, and the specific pathogenesis is not clear at present, mainly focusing on the central theory and peripheral theory. Traditionally, there was no obvious organic change in the fundus of amblyopia patients. In recent years, optical coherence tomography(OCT)technology has developed rapidly. As a convenient and intuitive ophthalmic examination method, OCT has been increasingly used in retinal examination of amblyopia patients due to its advantages of safety, non-invasive, non-contact and rapid and clear. The abnormal anatomy structures of the amblyopia patients in fundus structure are also gradually been found. Providing some evidence and basis for peripheral theory of pathogenesis of amblyopia, amblyopia examine, postoperative evaluation and prognosis. In this article, the applications of OCT in retinal thickness, choroid thickness and vessel density are reviewed.

Application of metagenomics in the diagnosis of ophthalmic diseases

Jin-Xia Yu, Ying Wang, Jian-Xia Hao, Yan-E Gao, Hong-Sheng Bi and Xiao-Feng Xie — 2021/11/22 20:59:16

In recent years, metagenomics(MGS)is the fastest growing fields in microbiology, and has been broadly applied in the detection of pathogenic microorganisms. Comparing with the traditional poly merase chain reaction(PCR)-based detecting technology which relies on microbial culture, MGS can directly detect the sequences of the total microbial DNA from uncultured samples with the high-throughput sequencing platform. It can help the doctors identify the involved pathogens more quickly and provide better medication guidance. Among the known ophthalmic diseases, a lot of them are caused by the infection of pathogens and have many difficulties in clinical diagnosis and treatment. The development of metagenomics provides us a more effective and reliable way for detecting the pathogens of ophthalmic diseases. This article was aimed to review the development of MGS, applications and in the field of ophthalmology, as well as its current deficiencies and the possible development directions in the future.

Research progress of corneal thickness measurement

Li-Jun Tang, Qi-Zhi Zhou, Xiao Chen and Xin-Dan Meng — 2021/11/22 20:59:17

The thickness of the central cornea has an important influence on various eye diseases and operations such as keratoconus and other corneal diseases, glaucoma, and corneal refractive surgery. Obtaining accurate central corneal thickness is a topic that clinicians have been paying close attention to. It decides the operation method and operation parameters(cutting depth, cutting optical area size, etc.)of refractive surgery. Accurate measurement of central corneal thickness is a great concern to clinicians. At present, there are two kinds of measurement of corneal thickness: the first is ultrasonic measurement, such as traditional Type A ultrasonic corneal thickness meter and ultrasonic biological microscope; the second is optical measurement, including Pentacam, corneal endokeratoscope, optical coherence tomography, etc. Different measuring methods and instruments have their own advantages and disadvantages. However, the ultimate goal of developing corneal thickness measurement is easy operation and good repeatability. Therefore, based on the summarization of current clinically-used corneal thickness measurement instruments and of research progress of corneal thickness measurement, this paper aims at providing theoretical guide for clinical oculists.

New progress in femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery

Yong-Mou Zhou, Ying-Hui Ding and Ying-Li Lu — 2021/11/22 20:59:17

In recent years, with the extensive development of phacoemulsification and the gradual application of femtosecond laser technology in the field of cataract surgery, femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery(FLACS)has become popular year by year, and has been recognized and promoted by more and more doctors. Femtosecond laser technology has high accuracy, automation and repeatability, so it is quite suitable for cataract surgery characterized by precision operation, it can be used in cataract surgery for corneal incision and limbal incision, anterior capsule incision, lens fragmentation and other key operations. FLACS has broad application prospects and can greatly improve the predictability and safety of surgery. The emergence of FLACS is one of the most important developments in modern cataract surgery. With the continuous development of FLACS, cataract surgery will usher in new technological innovations. However, FLACS are relatively new, and longer term, more comprehensive data are still needed to better demonstrate their effectiveness in the future. We review the current research progress of FLACS.

Research progress on the mechanism of epithelial mesenchymal transformation in RPE cells and the treatment of PVR

Hai-Yue Cui and Hong Lu — 2021/11/22 20:59:17

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy(PVR)is a serious complication arisen from ocular trauma, diabetic retinopathy, vascular retinopathy, inflammatory retinopathy and other ocular diseases. It is also the most important reason for the failure of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment surgery, which is a great threat of visual function. A large number of studies have proved that the main risk factor for PVR is the damage of blood-retinal barrier, in which retinal pigment epithelial(RPE)cells are stimulated by cytokines in the vitreous cavity. RPE cells underwent epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT), which transformed into fibroblasts. The cell morphology changed, the tight junctions between cells disappeared, the cell polarity lost, and the proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities were enhanced. A contractile fibrous proliferative membrane is formed on the anterior surface or under the retina. The fibrous proliferative membrane will lead to the retina folds, pull the retina and lead to retinal detachment, which will eventually lead to vision loss or even blindness. Nowadays, plenty of studies investigating the prevention and treatment of PVR have been carried out at home and abroad. In this review, we briefly illustrated the signaling pathways related to epithelial-mesenchymal transformation in RPE cells and the treatment of PVR.

Clinical research advance of scleral lenses

Yu-Ling Zhong, Jing-Song Xue, Ying-Nan Xu, Yan Hu and Qin Jiang — 2021/11/22 20:59:17

Scleral lenses(SL)are large diameter rigidgas permeable contact lenses with vault cornea and limbus and used for daytime wear. In recent years, the study of SL has been gradually deepened, and SL are becoming increasingly used for the ophthalmology clinical practice. Compared with corneal rigid gas permeable contact lenses, SL rest on the sclera and form a fluid reservoir between the posterior surface of the lens and the anterior surface of the cornea, creating an ideal eye surface environment and with the advantages of non-contact cornea and corneal limbus, protecting cornea, correcting corneal irregular astigmatism, reducing high-order aberrations, delaying or avoiding part of ophthalmic-related surgical, correcting visual acuity of patients with irregular cornea, wide range of application, good stability and comfortable wearing. With the improvement of material, lens design technology, fitting techniques and ophthalmic imaging technology, the clinical application of SL is gradually increasing. This review will give a brief introduction of the historical development, indication, fitting and complications of SL.

Research progress of cells and molecules in corneal neovascularization

Yue-Lan Gao, Yu-Miao Pan and Yan-Ning Yang — 2021/10/22 21:57:37

Various ocular injuries can induce corneal neovascularization, which promote the development of diseases, causing corneal edema, impaired vision and even blindness. Therefore, with very important clinical significance, inhibiting corneal neovascularization can help to delay the progression of diseases and reduce corneal damage. This article will make the latest systematic discussion on the cells and molecules involved in corneal neovascularization, and analyze the possible inhibitory targets, hoping to provide references for scientific research and clinical practice.

Role of inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis and the progress of anti-inflammatory treatment of dry eye

Ning Ding, Wei-Min Deng and Wei-Ping Gao — 2021/10/22 21:57:37

Dry eye is a complex disease caused by multiple factors which pathogenesis is complex and diverse. At present, the tear film instability, the increase of tear osmotic pressure, ocular surface inflammation and neurological abnormalities are recognized as the pathogenesis of dry eye. Particularly, inflammation has been confirmed as the key mechanism for the pathogenesis of the dry eye. In this case, this study focuses on discussing the role of critical factors and cell mediators related to dry eye and the anti-inflammatory treatments for it to understand the inflammatory cascade of the dry eye more comprehensively.

Research progress of exosome-derived miRNA in ocular diseases

Yan Zhu, Mu-Di Yao, Xiang-Rui Meng and Qin Jiang — 2021/10/22 21:57:37

Exosomes, which are 30-200nm nano-sized vesicles, can be released by many cell types into the extracellular environment. Various biological active substances have been identified in the exosomal lumen, including proteins, mRNA, and microRNA(miRNA). miRNA is small non-coding RNA involved in post-transcriptional generegulation, participating in many biological activities. They can be selectively packed into exosomes, delivered to neighboring or distant cells, and regulate the functions of recipient cells. Accumulating evidence showed that exosome-derived miRNA play important roles in initiation, progression, and prognosis of diverse ocular diseases. Thus, exosome-derived miRNA are considered as potential biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis. This review summarizes the basic characteristics of exosome-derived miRNA and their research progresses in different ocular diseases.

Research progress on the role of Hippo signaling pathway in posterior capsular opacification

Yun-Yun Zhang and Zhi-Xiang Ding — 2021/10/22 21:57:37

Posterior capsular opacification is the most common complication after cataract extraction, which seriously influences the quality of life of patients. At present, there is no effective measure to prevent posterior capsular opacification. Surgery or Nd:YAG laser is often used in clinical, and a new treatment is urgently needed. Hippo signaling pathway is involved in the steady-state regulation of many mammalian cells and organs. Recent studies have shown that Hippo signaling pathway can regulate the proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and other behaviors of lens epithelial cells. Hippo signaling pathway may provide a new target in the treatment of posterior capsular opacification. This article reviews the composition, regulatory mechanism of Hippo signaling pathway and its application in posterior capsular opacification. In order to provide a broader idea for the prevention and treatment of posterior capsular opacification.

Research progress of trabecular meshwork cell oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of glaucoma

Jing-Yi Wu, Ya-Meng Liu and Xiao-Jing Pan — 2021/10/22 21:57:37

Glaucoma is a common irreversible blinding eye disease, pathological elevated intraocular pressure is the main clinical feature. The formation of intraocular pressure, related to aqueous circulation, will be pathologically elevated when the aqueous cycle is abnormal. Trabecular network, which plays a key role in maintaining normal intraocular pressure, is the main component of aqueous outflow channel. Imbalance of oxidative stress manifested as oxidation and antioxidant effects is a direct risk factor for elevated intraocular pressure in glaucoma. When it comes to the trabecular meshwork cells, a series of changes such as deposition and degeneration of extracellular matrix, autophagy and aging will eventually occur, and finally the dysfunction of trabecular meshwork cells and increased aqueous outflow resistance, causing intraocular pressure pathological elevated. In this paper, we reviewed the research progress on the relationship between oxidative stress in trabecular meshwork cells and the pathogenesis of glaucoma, in order to provide evidence for further research and reference for exploring the pathogenesis, prevention and treatment of glaucoma.

Research progress on the relationship between erythropoietin and retinopathy of prematurity

Heng Zhang, Xiao-Rong Li and Long-Li Zhang — 2021/10/22 21:57:37

With the development of perinatal medicine technology, the survival rate of premature infants has been greatly improved. The birth gestational age and birth weight of viable premature infants have also been continuously reduced. However, the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity(ROP)and anemia in premature infants has also been increased accordingly. Currently, recombinant human erythropoietin(rhEPO)can be used to treat anemia in premature infants. In addition to promoting bone marrow red blood cell production, erythropoietin(EPO)can also regulate angiogenesis and inhibit apoptosis of neural cells and so on. Therefore, when rhEPO is clinically used to treat anemia in premature infants, it may affect ROP on the other hand. The impact of EPO on ROP may be two-fold, which means it can not only protect but also aggravates ROP. This review summarizes the basic research and clinical research on the relationship between EPO and ROP and analyzes the effects of endogenous EPO, exogenous EPO and different initial time and dosage of EPO on ROP.

Application of artificial intelligence in retinal disease

Ai-Ping Yang, Xiang Lu and Yong-Wang Zhao — 2021/10/22 21:57:37

The retinal disease is one of the most important challenges in the field of ophthalmology. Its pathogenesis is complex and has a great damage to visual functional. It is the main cause of severe human vision. In recent years, the development of artificial intelligence(AI)is a powerful tool for analytics of retinal diseases. The application of AI to common retinal diseases mainly includes early screening, diagnostic grading, efficacy determination, treatment suggestions and prognostic development. However, any technology clinical application has its limitations. This article will be reviewed for the application of AI in retinal diseases.

Research progress of epithelial ingrowth under corneal flap after keratorefractive surgery

Yu-Lin Liu, Xia Jiang and Qing-Song Zhang — 2021/10/22 21:57:38

The epithelial ingrowth under corneal flap is one of the complications after keratorefractive surgery, of which the incidence has declined dramatically with the improvement of relevant facilities and surgical techniques. However, epithelial ingrowth results from traumatic flap displacement has been describing in the literatures from time to time. If the prompt and efficient treatment cannot be taken, the severe complications of epithelial ingrowth will occur such as the alternation of refraction and cornea keratolysis. In this article, we reviewed the research progress of epithelial ingrowth after keratorefractive surgery.

Refractive regression after corneal refractive surgery

Ting He, Wei Zhao and Yan-Nian Hui — 2021/10/22 21:57:38

Corneal refractive surgery is a method of correcting refractive errors such as myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism through corneal surgery. Refractive regression can often be seen in clinical practice, that is, refractive errors occur again after surgery. Refractive regression and the consequent poor visual quality often trouble patients. So far, different types and methods of corneal refractive surgery have the problem of refractive regression. It is believed that refractive regression is mainly related with epithelium thickening and change of corneal biomechanics. Refractive regression could be predicted and avoided by preoperative risk factors such as preoperative conditions and operative parameters, and can also be prevented by selecting appropriate refractive surgery and using medicine. Non-operative and enhancement surgery can be used to treat refractive regression that has occurred.

Application of optical coherence tomography angiography in ophthalmology

Hui-Li Chen, Li-Xin Mei, Qiao-Yun Dai and Cheng-Hua Wei — 2021/10/22 21:57:38

Optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)is a new noninvasive imaging method in ophthalmology. Based on optical coherence tomography(OCT), it has been gradually developed and applied in clinical practice. By scanning the red blood cells, OCTA can display the blood flow density and the structure and morphology of the fundus tissue, which has a high value in the diagnosis, treatment and efficacy of ophthalmological diseases(especially fundus lesions). With the advantages of high resolution, easy operation, rapid scanning and 3D imaging, OCTA has been applied in the evaluation and diagnosis of ophthalmic diseases(such as choroidal neovascularization, diabetic retinopathy, corneal and iris-related diseases, amblyopia, glaucoma etc.). This review is about the application of OCTA in ophthalmic diseases.

Research advances in the regulatory role of Notch signaling pathway in the occurrence and development of eye diseases

Meng-Xian Zhou, Tu-Ling Li, Xue-Wei Yin, Hong-Sheng Bi and Da-Dong Guo — 2021/9/16 22:17:07

The Notch signaling pathway is an evolutionarily highly conserved signaling pathway that exists in a wide variety of tissue cells and plays an important role in embryonic development, cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, as well as in the maintenance of multicellular biosynthesis, angiogenesis, and the development of various cancers. In recent years, it has been found that the Notch signaling pathway is abnormally activated in cataract, uveitis and other ophthalmic diseases, regulating the process of ocular disease development. This article provides a brief review of the regulatory role of the Notch signaling pathway in the development of ophthalmic diseases.

Research progress on visual impairment and optic nerve regeneration in zebrafish

Wei-Xin Chen, Ming Jin and Xu Zhang — 2021/9/16 22:17:08

Zebrafish has become a popular model for the study of ocular degenerative diseases due to its similarity with human visual system and its great potential of retinal regeneration. The degenerative diseases, especially retinal degeneration and optic nerve degeneration, can seriously affect visual acuity, also the regeneration and repair are very limited, which can lead to blindness in severe cases. In contrast to mammals, zebrafish can repair optic nerve axon damage and stimulate retinal Müller glial cells to differentiate into multifunctional progenitor cells, thereby, regenerating retinal neurons and nerve axons and restoring normal visual function. This review focuses on the application of zebrafish model in eye diseases and the key signaling pathways of zebrafish retinal neurons and Müller glial cells to initiate regeneration and repair in response to injury.

Progress of research on infantile nystagmus syndrome

Jia-Xing Pan and Long-Qian Liu — 2021/9/16 22:17:08

Infantile nystagmus syndrome(INS)is a congenital pathological nystagmus characterized by binocular involuntary conjugative oscillation and reverse optokinetic nystagmus. This condition is often accompanied by amblyopia, strabismus, and torticollis, affecting the visual function of INS patients. As the cause of the disease is unclear and cannot be completely cured, early detection and appropriate intervention of INS should be carried out. Based on domestic and foreign researches of INS, in this paper, we summarize INS etiology and occurrence mechanism. Furthermore, to provide a reference for clinical application and future research directions of INS, we have systematically introduced the most recent INS examination and treatment methods, and highlight the problems in relevant clinical practice.

Research progress on influencing factors of refractive error after cataract surgery for high myopia

Jin-Biao Cai, Jian-Feng Wang, Peng-Peng Zhao, Che Xu and Juan Li — 2021/9/16 22:17:08

High myopia is one of the major blinding diseases in China and even in the world, and high myopia with cataract is a kind of complex cataract with a high risk of blindness. At present, surgery is the only treatment. Because high myopia can lead to a series of complex changes in the eye, compared with the normal axial eye, it is easier to produce the refractive error and refractive drift after surgery. In this paper, the influencing factors of refractive error after cataract surgery for high myopia are reviewed, including the accuracy of preoperative biological measurement, the choice of intraocular lens calculation formula, and the change of effective intraocular lens position.

Advances in the study of visual pathway injury in glaucoma and the neuroplasticity of the visual system after injury

Yin-Wen Shi and Li Tang — 2021/9/16 22:17:08

Glaucoma is a group of diseases characterized by progressive optic nerve atrophy and visual field defects. Some evidence demonstrate that glaucoma's pathological damage affects the retina and optic nerve and involves the entire visual pathway. Recent studies have found that the nerve injury is not completely irreversible but has certain plasticity. Furthermore, studies have shown that neurons in the visual pathway of glaucoma can be repaired and remodeled under certain conditions to restore visual function, which offers a new way to treat glaucoma.

Research progress of clinical application of optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic retinopathy

Rao Fu and Da-Chuan Liu — 2021/9/16 22:17:08

Optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA), as a new imaging technology that has emerged in recent years, is characterized by non-invasiveness, high speed and high resolution. Compared with traditional contrast examination, OCTA is faster, safer and avoids the side effects and risks of traditional contrast agents. Now, OCTA has been gradually applied in the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of eye diseases. Through real-time imaging of retinal choroidal blood vessels, this article reviews the research progress of clinical application of OCTA in diabetic retinopathy.

Progress in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration

Ya-Xin Wang, Xiao-Yun Ke, Yan-Xia Chen and Bin Hu — 2021/9/16 22:17:08

Age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)is an important cause of visual impairment in people over 65 years old in western countries. It is the third leading cause of blindness in China and mainly affects central visual acuity. Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ARMD. Currently, intravitreous injection of anti-VEGF agents has been considered as the first-line treatment for ARMD. However, some patients still need repeated injection, or response negatively to anti-VEGF agents. Therefore, it is necessary to explore novel therapy to improve clinical outcomes and provide insights for neovascular ARMD treatment.

Research progress of macular hole

Tian-Yang Sun and Geriletu — 2021/9/16 22:17:08

Macular hole is a retinal disease that seriously threatens vision. With the progress of science and technology and the improvement of examination methods, understanding this disease has been further clarified. This article reviews the latest advances in pathogenesis, diagnosis, classification, healing process, prognosis, closure mode, and treatment macular hole, in order to help ophthalmologists formulate surgery.

Progress of Aflibercept of clinical application for neovascular age-related macular degeneration

Yun-Yan Zheng, Xiao-Hua Zhang, Min-Hua Chen, Qing Xie and Li Peng — 2021/9/16 22:17:08

Aflibercept is a recombinant human fusion protein that acts as a soluble decoy receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)family members. VEGF-A, VEGF-B and placental growth factor(PLGF)were included in VEGF family that could inhibit downstream signalling mediated by these ligands. Aflibercept binds to all isoforms of VEGF-A with high affinity, and presented a markedly higher affinity compared with ranibizumab or bevacizumab. Intravitreal injection aflibercept has been approved for the treatment of patients with age-related macular degeneration(ARMD). Numerous studies showed it could improve best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), reduce macular edema and with fewer complications that has been another choice for ARMD patients. However, studies of participation time with large sample are lacking, and relevant studies are limited in China. Contribution in clinical efficacy, advancement in selection and use of medicines, safety and limitations with aflibercept will be here summarized.

Latest progress of study on etiology of myopia

Jing-Yu Mu, Yan Wang, Meng Liu, Rui Zhang and Yun-Xian Gao — 2021/9/16 22:17:09

In recent years, with the development of social economy, the progress of science and technology and the change of life style, the prevalence of myopia has increased year by year and has a younger trend, and with the outbreak of COVID-19, children and adolescents attending short-distance online classes for a long time has accelerated the occurrence and development of myopia. Visual impairment caused by myopia and serious complications caused by high myopia have seriously affected people's quality of life, study and work. Therefore, the World Health Organization, the International Association for the Prevention of Blindness and China's health departments have put the prevention and control of myopia among children and adolescents on the agenda. However, the etiology is complex, and now it is considered to be related to genetic, environmental and other factors, which is briefly discussed in this review.

Research progress on ocular lesions of Stevens-Johnson syndrome

Yi Mu and Hong Zhang — 2022/9/2 14:23:09

Stevens-Johnson syndrome(SJS)refers to a type of adverse reactions of the skin and mucosa mainly caused by drug allergy, which can be life-threatening in serious cases. For SJS survivors, ocular damage are accepted as the most severe complications. In recent years, because of the extensive research of its genetic susceptibility and immune pathogenesis, varied susceptibility genes which are involved in the ocular complications of SJS have been discovered. However, further efforts are still needed to clarify relevant mechanisms due to the high ethnicity and drug specificity. Ocular lesions of SJS are prone to be neglected in the early stage, and patients often receive ophthalmic treatment after a severe visual loss. Especially in China, the ocular surface of most patients has already been seriously damaged when they went to the ophthalmology department, while existing treatments achieve unsatisfactory results in improving visual acuity. Therefore, recent research progress is reviewed in this article on etiology and treatment of SJS ocular lesions, in order to raise clinicians' awareness of ocular complications, and provide references for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and research in related fields.

Research progress of obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome and ocular surface diseases

2022/9/2 14:23:09

Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome(OSAHS)is a group of diseases which occurred in the upper respiratory tract with transient, recurrent, partial or complete obstruction during night sleep. It can affect the regulation of hemodynamics, endocrine systems and autonomic nerve, and then result in the reduction of body oxygen saturation, chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia. Beside being an independent risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, many studies have shown that it is also associated with ocular surface diseases in OSAHS, such as floppy eyelid syndrome, dry eye, keratoconus, etc., but there is still a lack of perfect systematic analysis. This paper reviews the relationship between OSAHS and relevant ocular surface diseases including pathogenesis,clinical manifestations and treatment progress, in order to reduce the ophthalmic complications of OSAHS patients in clinical diagnosis and treatment,and better improve the quality of life of patients.

Recent progress in the diagnosis of vitreoretinal lymphoma

Sha Tian, Kun Chen and Qing-Ping Wang — 2022/9/2 14:23:09

Vitreoretinal lymphoma(VRL)is a rare and aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and its early and correct diagnosis is still a great challenge because of its non-specific clinical presentation. For VRL diagnosis, pathological cytology is still the gold standard, but its diagnosis needs to combine with clinical manifestations, imaging features, immunological and molecular technology and so on. With the advancement of diagnostic technology, more efficient techniques of cytology and assistant diagnosis have been explored. Cytokines and interleukin score for intraocular lymphoma diagnosis(ISOLD), myeloid differentiation gene 88(MYD88)mutation and next-generation sequencing have higher diagnostic accuracy, so they have gradually become important auxiliary diagnostic methods and research hotspots.

Progress and research status of ocular venous air embolism caused by vitrectomy

Chuan Yu and Guang-Ming Wan — 2022/9/2 14:23:09

Ocular venous air embolism(OVAE)is a rare and fatal complication in vitrectomy. Due to the proximity of the surgical site to the heart and its level above the heart, OVAE may be the most severe complication in the venous air embolism(VAE)caused by surgery. With the development of vitrectomy, perfusion cannulas in the suture-free state may slide outward, and the perfused gas can enter the suprachoroidal space, which results in tearing of the vortex veins. Choroidal vascular wounds resulting from trauma and endoresection of choroidal melanoma can expose directly in the perfused gas during vitreous cavity gas-liquid exchange. This makes it possible that the pressurized gas enters the circulatory system through the torn vortex veins or the anomalous choroidal venous openings, which leads to OVAE. Nowadays, the definition, pathogenesis, clinical presentation and prevention of OVAE are being refined. However, most vitreoretinal surgeons and anesthesiologists are still unaware of this iatrogenic complication. It will be helpful to detect this complication early and make emergency management in time by increasing the awareness of OVAE and develop effective prevention strategies. The prevention and control principles of OVAE can be continuously optimized by the combination of clinical and laboratory studies. It will be conducive to the establishment and improvement of emergency treatment and preventive measures of OVAE to fully understand the pathogenesis and clinical characteristics of OVAE, to pay attention to the characteristics of secondary lesions of OVAE, and to attach importance to multi-disciplinary cooperation.

Interpretation of Consensus on the Optimal Treat-and-Extend Regimen of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration(2022 Taiwan, China)

Bin Wang, Hua-Feng Ma and Hui Li — 2022/9/2 14:23:10

In 2022, the Taiwan, China fundus disease expert group issued the Consensus on the Optimal Treat-and-Extend Regimens for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration. The following explanations are given to help Chinese ophthalmologists better to refer to and use the Consensus. The main contents are as follows: The treat-and-extend(T& E)regimen of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)treatment in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration(nARMD)should aim at maintaining long-term vision and reducing the number of injections. We can start the treatment by injecting once a month for consecutive 3mo. After the initial treatment, the treatment interval of patients with stable conditions can be gradually extended(2 or 4wk each time)until 16wk. If the disease is still steady after injecting 2 or 3 times at the most prolonged interval, we can suspend the treatment, and then the patient needs to be rechecked every 3-4mo; If the disease is active again, the treatment interval needs to be shortened and can be extended again after controlling the disease. We can adopt a relatively conservative approach for patients with apparent negative recovery factors. Complications such as subconjunctival hemorrhage, macular fibrosis and macular atrophy deserve our attention during treatment. In the future, we can explore the best injection scheme for nARMD patients with different subtypes and baseline conditions to realize personalized therapy.

Research progress on the role of Müller glial cells in retinal nerve injury

Sha Liu and Qin Jiang — 2022/9/2 14:23:10

Müller glial cells(MGCs)are the major type of glial cells in the retina which radiating across the entire retina. MGCs make a close contact with retinal neurons, interact, and contribute to retinal homeostasis. After retinal nerve injury, MGCs respond to retinal injury in a variety of regulatory ways to protect the inner retinal environment changes and damage, producing retinal neuroprotective effects, such as regulating neurotransmitters release, releasing neuroprotective factors and antioxidant factors and reprogramming for endogenous repair. However, persistent pathological stimulation in retina can also exacerbate MGCs' proliferation which participate in neuronal dysfunction or loss. Therefore, a proper understanding of the response of MGCs to pathological stimuli and their protective and damaging effects will have a great impact on revealing mechanisms of retinal nerve damage disease and guiding the treatment of the disease. This article reviews the role of MGCs in retinal nerve injury and repair and provides new strategies for retinal neuroprotection.

Advances in research on biological information of ophthalmology disease

Shuang Zhang, Gui-Ping Gao and Yun Zeng — 2022/9/2 14:23:10

Bioinformatics, an emerging discipline focusing on genomics and proteomics, is both comprehensive and interdisciplinary of biology, computer science, information engineering and statistics. In the ophthalmic biological genetic research, cornea, lens, aqueous humor, vitreous and retina are ideal bioinformatic research objects in the field of ophthalmic biological genes because of their abundance in biological information. Genomics testing techniques have the characteristics of high efficiency and accuracy, which helps us to screen the differentially expressed genes related to ophthalmic tumors and genetic diseases; Proteomics can help us analyze the protein expression profile and functional changes caused by the high and low gene expression in intraocular fluid or isolated cells in diseases states, revealing the mechanism of disease. This paper mainly summarizes the application of bioinformatics in ophthalmic diseases, and preliminarily envisage its impact on the current treatment, the existing problems and the development trend in the future.

Research progress on related factors of occult myopia

Xing-Yu Chen, Jing Shi, Xiao-Bo Tan, Jie Yang and Ruo-Ning Mi — 2022/9/2 14:23:10

Occult myopia refers to a special type of myopia, which is caused by the axial length beyond the normal range of children's normal age, and the corneal curvature is lower than the normal range of children with the normal age range of the vision. Because the vision of occult myopia children is within the normal range, it is easy to be ignored in myopia screening. Without timely myopia prevention and control, occult myopia is very easy to develop into dominant myopia, not only the visual development is seriously affected, but visual function will also produce irreversible changes. It is found that the axial length, corneal curvature, retina and chorioid of occult myopia are different from those of ordinary myopia. The change of these indicators can be used to assist the diagnosis and observe their development process. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the research progress at home and abroad on ocular axis length, corneal curvature, macular retinal thickness, macular choroidal thickness and other related factors in children with occult myopia, in order to provide references for related clinical research.

Research progress of the dopaminergic and cholinergic signaling pathways in myopia

Xiao-Ling Xiang, Qin Yang, Chang-Jun Lan and Xuan Liao — 2022/9/2 14:23:10

Myopia has become a global public health concern. However, its mechanism remains unclear. Dopamine and acetylcholine, as important neurotransmitters in retina, play a critical role in the formation and inhibition of experimental myopia by binding to specific receptors respectively. Simultaneously, the mechanisms of related signaling pathways during myopia have attracted much attention. Most studies have identified that dopamine and acetylcholine receptor antagonists could inhibit the development of experimental myopiato some extent. Furthermore, pharmacological experiments have suggested that the two signaling pathways cross and influence each other, and there may be common mediators. In this paper, we briefly reviewed the recent researches on dopaminergic and cholinergic signaling pathways and their association during myopia, to provide references for further insights into pathogenesis as well as the prevention and treatment of myopia.

Research progress of novel small molecule anti-VEGF drug Brolucizumab in the treatment of diabetic macular edema

Ke-Ke Hu, Tong Wu, Yan-Nian Hui and Hong-Jun Du — 2022/7/27 16:29:03

Diabetic macular edema(DME)has become the leading cause of vision loss in patients with diabetes. Currently, intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)therapy is the first-line treatment for DME. However, the economic burden and related complications brought by frequent injections should not be ignored. Therefore, the drugs with longer-lasting effects and longer injection intervals must be explored. Brolucizumab is a single-chain antibody fragment(scFv)with a high affinity for VEGF. Compared with other available anti-VEGFs, it has the characteristics of smaller molecular weight, higher tissue permeability and durable therapeutic effect. Clinical studies and real-world evidences showed that Brolucizumab is non-inferior to aflibercept in improving visual acuity in patients with DME. And Brolucizumab is more effective in regressing intra-retinal fluid and reducing central foveal thickness(CSFT)with longer injection interval. At the same time, Brolucizumab has a low incidence of adverse events and favourable safety after intraocular injection. This article reviews the latest progress of Brolucizumab in the treatment of DME.

Roles and perspectives of inflammatory factors in diabetic macular edema

Shi-Yue Qin, Guo-Xu Xu and Jing-Fa Zhang — 2022/7/27 16:29:03

Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in the working-age population, in which diabetic macular edema(DME)is the most common reason resulting in the vision impairment. Studies showed that inflammation factors play an important role in the pathogenesis and development of DME. Chronic hyperglycemia activates several biochemical pathways, leading to retinal hypoxia, oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Intraretinal inflammation-related cells, such as microglia, monocytes/macrophages, Müller cells and retinal pigment epithelial cells, become activated and release a large number of inflammation-related factors and mediators, including the complement system, vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), placental growth factor(PlGF), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-1β(IL-1β), IL-6 and IL-8, etc., resulting in the breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier and neuronal degeneration. In addition, up-regulatethe expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1)and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1(VCAM-1)by retinal vascular endothelial cells increased the adhesion of leukocyte and leukostasis, further aggravating retinal hypoxia and breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier, leading to the increased retinal vascular leakage and macular edema. Therefore, early treatment with anti-VEGF and anti-inflammatory are pivotal for the treatment of DME. In this review, we will discuss the role of inflammation factors in the pathogenesis of DME and the research status of the targeted drugs targeting inflammation, so as to provide reference for the treatment of DME.

Current status and research progress in the conservative treatment of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy

Xing Wang, Hui-Jing Ye and Hua-Sheng Yang — 2022/7/27 16:29:03

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy(TAO)is an autoimmune disease that is closely related to thyroid dysfunction. It is one of the most common orbital diseases in adults with complex clinical manifestations. As the disease progresses, it may manifest as proptosis, diplopia, exposure keratitis, corneal ulceration and compressive optic neuropathy, leading to irreversible visual impairment or even blindness. The treatment is lack of specificity and only focuses on clinical symptomatic treatment, the efficacy is uncertain. It is currently a problematic area of ophthalmology. Clinical first-line drug treatment is based on glucocorticoids. Second-line treatments, such as immunosuppressants and radiotherapy, all them have certain limitations. With the in-depth and comprehensive understanding of the disease, a variety of new targeted drugs represented by teprotumumab and rituximab have been developed for the pathogenesis of TAO. Their excellent roles in relieving inflammation and controlling the disease are the future research direction. In this paper, the current status and research progress of conservative treatment of TAO will be reviewed.

Role of complement system in the pathogenesis of uveitis

Hui Xiong, Ming-Ming Yang and Xu-Hui Yu — 2022/7/27 16:29:03

Uveitis is a group of inflammation diseases involving the iris, ciliary body, choroid, vitreous body, retina and retinal vessels, which can lead to visual deterioration and even visual loss. The pathogenesis of uveitis is complex and diverse, including infection, autoimmunity, trauma, physical and chemical injury, immune genetic mechanism and so on. Recent studies have shown that the activation of complement system is one of the pathogenesis of uveitis. Various complement proteins, including CFH, CFB, CFI, MAC, CD59 and so on, regulate host tissue damage through a rigorous mechanism mediated by the complement system. And studies have found that those complement proteins are involved in the occurrence and development of uveitis at the gene level and biological function. In addition, complement components like C2, C3, C4 and C5 can affect the pathogenesis of uveitis in terms of copy number variation, gene polymorphism and the regulation of T-cell-mediated autoimmune response. Therefore, complement inhibition therapy and related gene therapy provide new ideas and targets for the treatment of uveitis.

Research progress of TGF-β in the formation of epiretinal membrane

Jia-Zhen Feng, Tao He and Yi-Qiao Xing — 2022/7/27 16:29:04

Epiretinal membrane(ERM)is a retinal disease characterized by a fibrocell membranes that can develop on the inner surface of the retina. The existing clinical guidelines and literature have reached a consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of ERM, but the explanation of their mechanism is still controversial. Transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)is a highly pleiotropic cytokine that plays an important role in wound healing, angiogenesis, immune regulation, cancer, inflammation and fibrosis diseases. Studies have increasingly shown that ERM is a kind of pathological changes in fibrosis that caused by the posterior vitreous detachment(PVD)and lead to the retinal inflammatory damage and epithelial to mesenchymal transition(EMT)of retinal pigment epithelial cells. A variety of cytokines regulate TGF-β-mediated EMT process by participating in the non-classical TGF-β-Snail pathway and the classical TGF-β-Smad pathway. At present, some drugs targeting cytokines related to the above pathway have entered the development stage, which is of great significance to provide new ideas for clinical treatment and prevention of ERM. This review reviews the progress of TGF-β related cytokines in ERM formation.

Research progress of omics technology in the field of diabetic retinopathy

Qi Zhou, Xin Xiong and Hong-Bin Lyu — 2022/7/27 16:29:04

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is one of the common and severe ocular complications of diabetes mellitus, representing a leading cause of blindness among working-age people. Currently, the pathogenesis of DR is not been explained, and the treatment effect is quite limited in advanced stage. In recent years, it has been revealed in some studies that DR could produce a particularly remarkable performance in genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, proteomics and metabolomics. With the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing and detection technology, different omics techniques can explore the occurrence and development mechanism of DR from different omics levels. This paper introduces the research progress of DR in different omics techniques,as well as the new direction of integration analysis in multiomics with DR, and finally discusses the current existing problems and future prospects of omics technology. Therefore, the application of different omics techniques to explore the occurrence and development of DR on different levels contributes a novel idea to unraveling the pathophysiological mechanism of DR and identifying new biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Research progress in the prevention and treatment of diabetic retinopathy based on retinal neurovascular unit damage and its coupling imbalance

Bao-Hua Li, Chao-Hong Guo and Cheng-Wei Guo — 2022/7/27 16:29:04

Diabetic retinopathy(DR), one of the common complications of diabetes, is a major cause of blindness. Traditionally, DR has been considered primarily a microvascular disease, and as research has progressed, it is now believed that disruption of the neuro-glia-vascular unit(NVU)and imbalance in its coupling mechanisms(coupling)play a key role in the early onset of DR. Understanding the cellular and molecular basis of NVU and how diabetes alters normal cellular communication and disrupts the cellular environment is important for the early prevention and treatment of DR. This paper summarizes the retinal NVU and its involvement in the molecular mechanism of DR pathogenesis, DR treatment based on retinal NVU repair, and discusses the future prospects and problems of DR.

Research progress on immune mechanism of dry eye

Yi Gao, Chao-Qun Wei, Yu Mi, Zhuo Chen and Hong-Yan Ge — 2022/7/27 16:29:04

The dry eye is a common ocular surface disease caused by multiple factors with multiple pathogenesis. With the increasing morbidity of dry eye in our country year by year, dry eye has gradually attracted people's attention. The pathogenesis of dry eye is more complicated whose critical influencing factors include inflammation, corneal and conjunctival epithelial cell changes, tear film composition changes, corneal nerve changes, and meibomian gland dysfunction and so on. The tear film hypertonicity leads to the hypertonicity of the ocular surface epithelial cells, stimulating the cascade of inflammation, which is the most critical part among the pathogenesis of dry eye. A variety of inflammatory mediators and immune cells are involved in this process, and more and more people have reached a consensus that the dry eye is an antigen-specific autoimmune inflammatory disease and they are closely correlated with each. In clinical treatment, various anti-inflammatory drugs and drugs promoting tear secretion mark the rapid development of drug therapy for dry eye to some extent, but dry eye treatment is not only to improve symptoms, but to carry out treatment according to specific etiology. Recently, researches on the immune mechanism of dry eye have been increasing. This article reviewed on the immune progress of dry eye to realize the clinical significance and systematically understand the role of which in the occurrence and development of dry eye.

Advances in orthokeratology for myopic anisometropia control

Mei-Juan Yuan and Quan Lin — 2022/7/27 16:29:04

Myopic anisometropia is a special type of refractive error. As the prevalence of myopia has rapidly increased worldwide in recent years, the prevalence of myopic anisometropia is also growing year by year. Anisometropia can cause aniseikonia of the retinal and fusion impairment, leading the problems such as asthenopia, monocular suppression, amblyopia, and stereopsis disorder, which results in negative effects on patients' work and life. Therefore, it is crucial for children to discover myopic anisometropia in early stage and take effective measures in time to delay the progression of it. At present, a wide range of research has been conducted to study the methods that control the progression of myopia among children. It has been found that orthokeratology lens(OK lens)can effectively slow the progression of myopic anisometropia. This article mainly reviews the mechanism of how orthokeratology control myopic anisometropia, its effect on delaying the progression of myopic anisometropia, and its impact on stereopsis among children with myopic anisometropia, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of myopic anisometropia in the future.

New research progress on changes of choroidal structure and blood flow in high myopia

Li-Jia Luo, Ke Liu and Xuan-Chu Duan — 2022/6/28 10:46:44

Myopia is the most common ametropia. High myopia, especially pathological high myopia, is often accompanied by a series of fundus pathological changes, such as Fuchs spot and choroidal neovascularization(CNV), etc, which can lead to serious damage of visual function. In recent years, it has been found that the changes of choroidal thickness and blood flow play a considerable role in the progression of high myopia. The change of choroidal thickness can directly reflect the abnormality of its structure and function. The choroidal thickness in high myopia is significantly thinner than that in normal people, and the thinning degree varies in different regions. At the same time, the choroid is the main source of blood supply to the eyes, and its blood flow directly determines whether the blood supply is sufficient to the eyes. Therefore, observing the changes of choroidal thickness and blood flow in high myopia is of great significance to explore the progress of myopia or observe its pathological changes. This review illustrates the choroidal structure, thickness and choroidal blood flow changes of high myopia. At the same time, it analyzes and discusses the new research progress and main existing problems in recent years, the new challenges and future research directions, hoping to provide help for clinical monitoring of the occurrence and progression in high myopia.

Research progress of visual quality after SMILE

Xin-Long Wei, Yang Lyu, Xin Zheng and Hong-Yun Yue — 2022/6/28 10:46:44

Femtosecond laser small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE)is one of the most advanced corneal refractive operations at present. Different from other traditional corneal refractive operations, SMILE achieves minimally invasive and valveless operation. Therefore, the evaluation of postoperative visual quality of SMILE also has its own characteristics, at present, the latest research at home and abroad has confirmed that the naked eye vision can be significantly improved and the refractive status is stable after SMILE. However, there are different understandings of the objective visual quality indexes and their influencing factors, such as higher-order aberration, modulation transfer function cut off(MTF cut off)and objective scatter index(OSI)after SMILE. This paper reviews the postoperative visual quality and its influencing factors after SMILE to provide clinical help.

Mechanical factors and mechanism of keratoconus pathogenesis

Yu-Ping Li and Qing-Yan Zeng — 2022/6/28 10:46:44

Keratoconus is a corneal ectatic disease characterized by progressive corneal thinning and protrusion. Its pathogenesis remains unclear. In vitro experiments have shown that mechanical stimulation may damage corneal stromal cells by increasing oxidative stress level and inflammatory factor concentration, resulting in a series of changes such as degradation of corneal extracellular matrix. Numerous clinical studies have confirmed that mechanical factors, including eye rubbing and eyeball compression caused by sleeping position, may play an important role in the process of keratoconus occurrence and development. They may affect the cornea by increasing the level of inflammatory factors in tear, causing changes in intraocular pressure, changing the biomechanical properties of the cornea, directly damaging corneal tissue by mechanical friction, and increasing the temperature of corneal epithelium. The main aim of this review was to describe the efforts of mechanical factors on corneal stromal cells, corneal tissue, and the possible role of mechanical factors in the pathogenesis of keratoconus, so as to provide a reference for the prevention and management of keratoconus.

Development of approaches to assess corneal astigmatism before cataract surgery

Shan Liao and Ke Liu — 2022/6/28 10:46:44

With the rapidly improvement of people's living standard and diversification life style, obtaining better visual quality has become a new goal of cataract surgery. Corneal astigmatism directly affects the selection of functional intraocular lens(IOL)in cataract surgery and the recovery of postoperative visual function. The types of corneal astigmatism are no longer limited to a single astigmatism value, but subdivided into anterior corneal astigmatism, posterior corneal astigmatism, total corneal astigmatism and corneal higher order astigmatism. The corresponding examination equipment and technology are also updated. According to the characteristics and application of different equipment, clinicians can select appropriate examination equipments to evaluate the preoperative corneal astigmatism, so as to provide reference for formulating more accurate refractive cataract surgery planning. It is important for the axis and power calculation of Toric IOL and the selection of multifocal IOL. This paper reviews the recent progress of corneal astigmatism examination before cataract surgery.

Research status of related factors affecting the prognosis of central retinal vein occlusion

Jin-Ying Peng and Gui-Ling Zhao — 2022/6/28 10:46:45

Central retinal vein occlusion(CRVO)is a common retinal vascular disease that severely affects visual acuity. Currently, ranibizumab, aflibercept and dexamethasone implant have been successful in treating macular edema associated with CRVO. However, there were still 1/3 patients with no significant improvement in vision after treatment, 30.7% patients with macular edema subsiding after treatment but recurring, and 28.1% patients with macular edema persisting after treatment. How to determine the prognosis of patients by their different clinical manifestations at the early stage of disease onset can help clinicians to better select treatment options for patients according to their specific disease conditions. Recent studies on the prognosis of CRVO treatment have focused on imaging markers including disorganization of retinal inner layers, retinal hyperreflective foci, subretinal fluid, ischemic index, leakage index, and biomarkers including VEGF, interleukin(IL)-6, IL-8, etc. This article reviews the progress of research on factors related to the prognosis of CRVO, with the aim of treating, managing and monitoring patients with CRVO more precisely and effectively.

Review of factors in pterygium pathology

Yang Chen, Chao-Qun Wei, Yu Mi and Hong-Yan Ge — 2022/6/28 10:46:45

Pterygium is an ocular surface disease formed by many factors and associate with a series of changes caused by ultraviolet irradiation and radiation, its pathogenesis is still uncertain. Elevated vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), inflammatory infiltrates, angiogenesis, oxidative stress, epithelial-mesenchymal cell transition(EMT), and tumor suppressor gene inactivation are currently recognized causes of pterygium. The mechanism of this factor in pterygium deveopment is still not completely understood. This review aimed to investigate the role of these factors in pterygium formation and provide targeted therapy and effective preventive measures for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Effects of Th17 and Treg cells with their balance on thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy

2022/6/28 10:46:45

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy(TAO)is an organ-specific autoimmune disease, which will cause a series of symptoms to significantly reduce the health level and life quality of patients. The pathogenesis of TAO has not been fully clarified. At present, there is a lack of unified and mature treatment scheme of it. Indeed, T-helper 17 lymphocyte(Th17)cells, regulatory T(Treg)cells and their imbalance are closely related to the immunological pathogenesis of TAO. It is currently believed that the cytokines secreted by Th17 cells can not only promote the inflammatory response of TAO and the fibrosis of orbital connective tissue, but also inhibit the adipogenic differentiation of TAO orbital connective tissue. In addition, Treg cells mainly exert immunosuppressive effect on TAO and delay the disease progression. At the same time, there is a dynamic balance relationship between Th17 and Treg cells, the imbalance of Th17/Treg cells can trigger the occurrence and development of TAO. This paper mainly expounds the influence mechanism of Th17, Treg cells and their balance on TAO, and analyzes the reasons for the differences between different research results, so as to provide some reference for the study of the pathogenesis and clinical treatment of TAO.

Research progress of radiotherapy for thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy

Xiao-Shu Tang, Hui-Li Li and Ren-Yue Liu — 2022/6/28 10:46:45

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy(TAO)is the most common orbital disease in adults, and its incidence is increasing year by year. The clinical manifestations include proptosis, eyelid retraction, ocular motility disturbance and visual impairment, which seriously damage the physical and mental health of patients. Treatment options for TAO mainly include glucocorticoids, radiotherapy and orbital decompression. Among them, the glucocorticoids are the mainstay of treatment for moderate-to-severe and active disease; Orbital decompression is mainly for patients with severe proptosis and increased orbital pressure leading to optic nerve compression injury; And radiotherapy is used for TAO patients who are intolerant of glucocorticoids and who refuse orbital decompression. Radiation therapy can effectively improve the clinical symptoms of patients by exerting a non-specific anti-inflammatory effect, and it is an important means of treating TAO. With the continuous update of computer technology and medical imaging, radiotherapy techniques have developed rapidly. The emergence of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy technology and intensity-modulated radiotherapy technology has made it possible to locate the lesions accurately. Recently, a large number of clinical results show that radiotherapy for TAO has good curative effects and manageable adverse reactions. This article reviews the mechanism of action, technical characteristic, clinical protocol, radiation dose parameter selection and complications of radiotherapy for TAO, in order to provide clinical reference for peers and formulate personalized TAO treatment plans.

Progress in opthalmic exanination and functional magnetic resonance imaging in pituitary adenoma

Qing Guo and Yan-Hua Pang — 2022/6/28 10:46:45

Pituitary adenoma, the most common benign tumor in brain, its symptoms mainly include impaired visual function and endocrine hormone disorder. Visual acuity decline and visual field defect are the first symptoms, because of the special position of pituitary and optic chiasma, patients are often first seen in the ophthalmology department. Visual field examination and optical coherence tomography(OCT)can determine the degree of visual field defect and fundus condition. Electrophysiology examination can determine whether the optic nerve is damaged. All of them can be used as evaluation indexes of visual function in patients with pituitary adenoma. As an imaging tool, functional magnetic resonance, a derivative technique, has been used to study the texture of pituitary adenoma and optic nerve integrity in recent years. These comprehensive and detailed examinations can determine the best time for treatment and improve quality of life for patients. This article reviews the application of ophthalmic examination(visual field, OCT and electrophysiology)and functional magnetic resonance in pituitary adenoma.

Progress of IOL calculation formulas for cataract patients with high myopia

Cai-Ling Shi and Wei Xiao — 2022/6/28 10:46:45

Cataract with high myopia is a kind of complicated cataract with highly blinding disease. Surgery has always been the only treatment, but there is always a difference between actual postoperative refraction and target refraction. The cataract patients with high myopia have increasing demands for postoperative refractive status and visual quality now. The intraocular lens(IOL)calculation formulas have been updating for higher predictive accuracy. A variety of alternative IOL calculation formulas can be applied to clinical practice. However, there is no consensus on the selection of a more suitable formula for cataract patients with high myopia. Based on the principles and clinical application of different formulas, this paper reviews the development of IOL calculation formulas and research progress of IOL calculation formulas for cataract patients with high myopia, in order to provide reference for clinical application.

The role and mechanism of miRNA in exosomes of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in retinal neovascularization

Lu Zhang, Ya-Fen Wang, Ya-Ting Ye, Qian Bai and Chang-Mei Guo — 2022/5/30 15:27:44

Retinal vascular diseases such as retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal vein occlusion, and other retinal vascular diseases, with abnormal proliferation of retinal neovascularization as the main pathological manifestation. Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells transmit biologically active molecules through paracrine action to mediate the exchange of materials and information between cells. Among them, miRNA and other contents play key roles in transmitting information to regulate the proliferation of endothelial cells, the formation of the lumen, and new blood vessels in an ischemic and hypoxic environment. And it can cross the blood-retinal barrier without causing immune and inflammatory reactions and has great potential in the treatment of ophthalmic diseases. This article summarizes the role and possible mechanism of miRNA in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in retinal neovascularization, with a view to broadening new ideas for the application of exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of ophthalmic diseases.

Ocular images for neurodegenerative disease analysis

2022/5/30 15:27:44

Retina and optic nerve both originate in brain, therefore they have the similar structure and functional characteristics of the brain. Exploring the performance of the central optic nervous disorder on the retina will be beneficial to uncovering the interaction mechanism between brain and eye. As an extension of the central nervous system, the retina contains ganglion cell, a special neuron, whose axon form the optic nerve and has access into the central nervous system. Therefore, the retina can be used as a mirror reflecting neurodegenerative diseases structurally and functionally. With the development of imaging technology, optical coherence tomography(angiography)has become the mainstream tool for ophthalmological clinical diagnosis due to its easy operation and low cost. In recent years, discovering biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases, especially Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and so on, in the retinal optical coherence tomography images has gradually become an emerging research direction. In this review, we summarized the research progress of neurodegenerative diseases analysis based on the retinal images in the past decade, and provide a prospect to inspire further research as far as possible.

Research progress of specific pro-resolving mediators in ocular surface diseases

Li-Xian He and Gang Tan — 2022/5/30 15:27:44

Specific pro-resolving mediators(SPM)are a class of lipid mediators that trigger and orchestrate the resolution of inflammation, which formed in cells by the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids. SPM pathway and receptors are highly expressed inocular surface, and constitute endogenous SPM networks which are important for maintaining ocular surface health and immune homeostasis. Recent evidence indicates that SPM and their analogs are essential mediators in promoting corneal wound healing, corneal nerve regeneration, and inhibiting the immune inflammatory response of corneal transplant rejection, allergic conjunctivitis and microbial keratitis. In addition, they are potential therapeutic drug targets of dry eye disease, and provide novel insight on the research and treatment of ocular surface diseases. Here, we will review and discuss evidence for SPM as important endogenous regulators of ocular surface health and disease and their therapeutic potential.

Application of perceptual learning in amblyopia treatment

Xiao-Tong Wu, Ai-Ling Bi, Xiu-Zhen Lu and Hong-Sheng Bi — 2022/5/30 15:27:44

Amblyopia is a common eye disease in children. In recent years, people have been exploring new treatments for amblyopia patients with poor results of the traditional treatment. In the field of visual cognition, some computer programs and video games are widely used to improve the functions of the visual system. Based on the perceptual learning, new methods such as video games, dichotomous stimulation, and stereo vision training are proposed to treat amblyopia. This article combines domestic and foreign research on perceptual learning and other emerging methods. The application of therapies in the treatment of amblyopia was reviewed, the effects of different methods in the treatment of amblyopia were analyzed. Combined with the existing problems, the future development of this field was further discussed.

New progress in pathogenesis and diagnosis in the treatment of persistent corneal epithelial defect

Tie-Zhu Lin — 2022/5/30 15:27:44

Persistent corneal epithelial defect(PED)can occur after corneal herpes simplex virus infection, corneal transplantation, and intraocular surgery in diabetic patients. Although the incidence is not high, it can cause serious consequences if not properly managed, such as corneal infection or exacerbation, stromal ulcers, perforation, scarring, and even loss of vision. The pathogenic causes of PED are diverse and can be mediated by multiple mechanisms. In clinical practice, even with aggressive treatment, the corneal epithelium in PED eyes is difficult to heal and presents a challenge for treatment. At present, the standard treatment for PED management mainly includes the use of bandage soft contact lenses and artificial tears, aiming at the barrier protection for the corneal epithelium. The new treatment mainly focuses on epithelial regeneration and corneal nerve re-innervation. In addition, several drugs and methods with potential therapeutic value have emerged in recent years. In this review, we talk about how are the PEDs spread, what causes them, how are they diagnosed and how are they treated. We also talk about some new therapies and research process.

New progress in the clinical application of ultrasound cycloplasty in the treatment of glaucoma

Zhuang Miao, Zheng-Dong Xu and Yue Yang — 2022/5/30 15:27:44

Ultrasound cycloplasty(UCP)procedure using high intensity focused ultrasound(HIFU)is a new non-invasive glaucoma treatment based on miniaturized transducers. In recent years, the safety and efficacy of UCP on various types of glaucoma have been well verified, and it has shown broad application prospects in the treatment of glaucoma. This article collects and reviews the relevant literature on glaucoma treatment by UCP, and summarizes the information on the development of equipment, composition and operation, treatment mechanisms, indications, efficacy and safety, with the purpose to provide relevant basis for clinical applications and future research.

Application of single-cell RNA-sequencing in age-related macular degeneration

Ning An, Fu-Yan Zhang and Bo Qin — 2022/5/30 15:27:44

Age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)is the most common eye disease that can cause irreversible loss of central vision in the elderly population. Since the complexity of the pathogenesis in ARMD, the underlying mechanism remains uncovered,and treatment limited. Conventional bulk transcriptome sequencing strategies can only provide the average gene profile in the dominant cells, while single-cell RNA-sequencing(scRNA-seq)is able to reveal the mRNA transcriptome at a single-cell level. The ScRNA-seq has been applied to discover novel cell subtypes, reveal intercellular heterogeneity, and unveil the process of cell differentiation.In this paper, we reviewed the technical principle of scRNA-seq and its application in retinal,choroid development and ARMD research, raised the defection of scRNA-seq and trended in emerging technologies,provided the new insights and perspectives for the in-depth study of retinal and choroid physiology, pathophysiology, and pathogenesis of ARMD diseases. It is hoped to provide theoretical foundation for the targeted therapy of ARMD.

Role of vascular endothelial growth factor and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the pathogenesis of proliferative vitreoretinopathy

Ke-Ke Hu, Hong-Jun Du and Yan-Nian Hui — 2022/5/30 15:27:45

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy(PVR)is a serious complication that occurs in the natural history of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment(RRD)or after retinal detachment surgery, often resulting in vision loss. Currently, there has no effective treatment. The pathological characteristics of PVR are the excessive inflammatory response and abnormal proliferation of various cells under the action of cytokines, which eventually form a layer of proliferative membrane around the retinal surface, and further lead to traction retinal detachment(TRD). In-depth studies on the pathogenesis of PVR will help to find promising molecular targets for its treatment. Recent studies have found that vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)of retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of PVR. This article summarizes the roles of VEGF and RPE cell EMT in the pathogenesis of PVR and the interaction mechanism between them, with the aim to provide new ideas for the treatment and clinical research of PVR.

Fundus imaging reveals relevant neurovascular pathology in visual migraine

Hai-Na Xue, Yan-Nian Hui and Peng Zhang — 2022/5/30 15:27:45

Migraine is acommon chronic neurovascular disorder, its pathophysiological mechanisms are not fully understood. There are various clinical phenotypes of migraine, among which visual migraine may present as visual aura. Retinal migraine and ophthalmoplegic migraine also belong to the category of visual migraine. Optical coherence tomography(OCT)and optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)can be used to detect the circulation of retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer, optic papilla, retina and choroid qualitatively and quantitatively. Based on above two imaging findings, studies have addressed that during visual migraine pathogenesis, the transitory and recurrent constriction of the retinal and ciliary arteries, which may cause ischemic damage to the optic nerve, retina and choroid in patients with migraine, with the subsequent reduction in thickness of retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer, and retinal microvasculature decrement. The fundus imaging examinations are helpful to improve our understanding on pathophysiological mechanisms of visual migraine, these imaging findings based on OCT and OCTA may serve as indicators to evaluate course and severity of visual migraine.

Recent advances in low-concentration Atropine for controlling myopia progression

Kun Zhou, Xiao Shang, Di Shen and Wei Wei — 2022/5/30 15:27:45

As the prevalence of myopia continues to increase, our society shows increasing interest in the visual impairment associated with myopia and methods for myopia control. Current methods for myopia control include atropine, orthokeratology, dual-focus contact lenses, multifocal contact lenses, and functional frame glasses, etc. Low-concentration atropine(0.01%, 0.05%)became the first-line medication which has been administrated and shown to be effective in controlling the occurrence and progression of myopia. Meanwhile, low-concentration atropine shows longer-lasting effects, less frequent adverse effects and higher patients' acceptance than high-concentration atropine. This article reviews the efficacy, safety, time-to-treatment, and effects when combined with other treatments to provide evidence for the clinical application of low-concentration atropine on myopia control.

Research progress on measurement of axial length and calculation of refractive force of intraocular lens

Yong Zhang, Xiao-Min Zhu and Lin Xie — 2022/4/24 18:49:23

The effect of cataract surgery is affected by various factors, such as the measurement of preoperative biological parameters, the formula for calculating refractive force of intraocular lens(IOL), surgical methods and surgical techniques. The axial length(AL)is an important parameter for calculating the refractive force of IOL. At present, the main methods of measuring AL are ultrasonic biometry and optical biometry, and these two methods have their own advantages and disadvantages and complement each other. The calculation formula of refractive force of IOL has been continuously updated in the past decades. In recent years, many new calculation formulas have appeared, such as the Barrett Universal Ⅱ formula(BUⅡ), the Kane formula, the Olsen formula, the Hill-radial basis function(Hill-RBF)formula, etc. This paper mainly summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of the two AL measurements, and compares the accuracy of the IOL refractive force calculation formula at different AL.

New progress on the pathogenesis research of primary angle-closure glaucoma

Han Hu, Xiao-Qin Wang, Hao Nie and Jie Li — 2022/4/24 18:49:24

Primary angle-closure glaucoma(PACG)is the most common type of glaucoma in clinical. It is characterized by progressive and irreversible development with high global incidence and high possibility of blindness. The pathogenesis of PACG is complicated. It is not only associated with the abnormality of the ocular anatomy, such as the small cornea, short eye axis and shallow anterior chamber, but also found that the abnormality of the lens, iris, ciliary body and choroid are related to the pathogenesis of PACG in recent years. Moreover, the occurrence of PACG is also closely related to genetic and psychological stress factors. Our study summarized some literatures and made a brief discussion on the pathogenesis of PACG from the three aspects of anatomical characteristics, genetic factors, and psychological stress. We hope to provide useful theoretical support for the early diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma.

A novel small molecule anti-VEGF drug Brolucizumab in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration

Tong Wu, Yan-Nian Hui and Hong-Jun Du — 2022/4/24 18:49:24

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(anti-VEGF)drugs have become the first choice for the treatment of intraocular neovascularization, but the inconvenience and possible complications caused by frequent intravitreal injection cannot be ignored. Therefore, it is necessary to seek new drugs with long-lasting effects, so as to reduce the number of injections. Brolucizumab, a novel small molecule anti-VEGF drug, has the advantages of stronger tissue penetration, higher drug concentration, smaller injection dose, long-lasting efficacy and longer injection interval. Registered clinical studies and real-world evidence showed that Brolucizumab is non-inferior to aflibercept in efficacy, while its ability to improve intraretinal/subretinal fluid is more significant, and it can maintain a longer dosing interval. In addition, Brolucizumab is safe and has a low incidence of serious adverse events, such as retinal vasculitis reported. Brolucizumab provides a new treatment option for neovascular age-related macular degeneration(nARMD). This article reviews the latest progress of Brolucizumab in the treatment of nARMD.

Research advances of modern and traditional medicine on dry age-related macular degeneration

2022/4/24 18:49:24

Age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)is one of the main causes of irreversible visual impairment in the middle-aged and elderly people, which severely impacts the patient's life quality and poses a substantial health economic burden on society. There are two types of late ARMD in clinic: wet ARMD and dry ARMD. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs, as first-line clinical drugs for wet ARMD, achieved remarkable efficacy. For dry ARMD, however, effective therapies are in the air. This review focuses on the potential drugs, biological therapies and traditional Chinese medicines that made significant progresses in clinical trials for dry ARMD, including anti-inflammatory drugs(doxycycline and FHTR2163), anti-oxidants(risuteganib and elamipretide), complement inhibitors(APL-2 and zimura), visual cycle modulators(ALK-001), neuroprotective agents(brimonidine), stem cell transplantation(MA09-hRPE and BMMF), gene therapy(HMR59), and traditional Chinese medicine(saffron, curcumin, quercetin and resveratrol). The new drugs exhibited favorable clinical efficacy and broad application prospects, which would foster hope for improvement and treatment of ARMD.

Progress in risk factors of diabetic macular edema

Xiao-Juan Su, Xiao-Dong Li, Hong-Yan Xie, Yan Li, Jun-Dong Wang and He-Jiang Ye — 2022/4/24 18:49:24

Diabetic macular edema(DME)is a severe ocular complication of diabetes and one of the leading causes of vision loss in diabetic patients. The pathogenesis of DME is complicated, and the key to treatment is controlling the systemic factors that cause the deterioration of DME. The existing studies have shown that the increased risk of DME is related to many factors. In this paper, the risk factors of DME were reviewed to provide theoretical support for the research and prevention of DME.

Advances in the study of MicroRNAs in diabetic retinopathy

Xiao-Dong Li, Hai-Yan Wu, Run-Xi He, Xue-Jun Xie and Ming-Chao Xu — 2022/4/24 18:49:24

MicroRNAs(miRNAs)are micromolecule non-coding RNA that play a key role in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression and are involved in regulating various biological processes such as cell differentiation, proliferation and metabolism.The expression of miRNAs varies significantly in the process of the occurrence and development of diabetic retinopathy(DR), many domestic and foreign studies have shown that miRNAs are closely related to the physiological and pathological mechanism of DR by regulating gene expression. Partial miRNAs that specifically expressed can regulate the level of oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the retina and affect the occurrence and development of DR. Therefore, the progression of DR can be delayed by enhancing or inhibiting these miRNAs. The combination of single or multiple miRNAs can serve as novel transcriptome biomarkers for DR, and it is also a potential effective target for future treatment of DR. Current detection of specific miRNAs in blood or body fluids is helpful for early intervention and follow-up of DR. Therefore, this review focuses on the research progress of miRNAs and their molecular mechanisms, therapeutic prospects and biomarkers involved in DR regulation.

Clinical application progress of Piggyback intraocular lens implantation

2022/4/24 18:49:24

With the continuous progress and development of modern surgical equipment, the types of intraocular lens and the continuous improvement of people's requirements for visual quality, cataract surgery has been transformed from traditional vision restoration surgery into a high-quality and high-demand refractive surgery. Piggyback intraocular lens implantation was originally a new surgical method for clinicians to implant two or more posterior chamber intraocular lenses in patients' eyes to correct hyperopia or secondary correction refractive errors after cataract surgery. With the birth and promotion of functional lenses in recent years, this surgical method has been applied to the field of refractive cataract surgery, which expanded the application of functional intraocular lens and achieved good postoperative effect. This review discusses the development and current clinical application of Piggyback intraocular lens implantation, and further expounds its development trend in the future.

Research advances of microperimetric biofeedback training for low-vision rehabilitation in macular diseases

Fu-Yan Song, Shao-Rui Wang, Li-Ying Hu, Lin-Ni Wang and Zhi-Qing Li — 2022/4/24 18:49:25

In clinical practice, many macular diseases in advanced stages such as age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)and Stargardt disease are manifested reduced visual acuity, unstable and even paracentral fixation resulting from the central scotoma followed by the scarring of neovascular fibres or the impairment of photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium, which cause great distress to patients' life, work and psychology. For a long time, there have been limited rehabilitation treatments for such patients. However, recent articles have indicated that biofeedback training by using microperimetry is expected to enhance neurosensory adaptation by achieving cortical plasticity, and makes better use of residual retinal function to help those with low vision associated with central scotoma consolidate or establish stable central or paracentral fixation, thereby improving visual function including visual acuity and reading speed. In order to improve the understanding of this rehabilitation therapy, this article will overview the mechanism and protocol of microperimetric biofeedback training(MBFT), the selection of the preferred retinal locus, the clinical application in macular diseases and its prospects.

Research progress of antibiotics in the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction

Sheng-Shu Sun and Yue Huang — 2022/4/24 18:49:25

Meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD)is a chronic, diffuse blepharoplasty that is characterized by obstruction of the terminal ducts of the blepharoplasty gland and abnormal lid ester secretion, which is a common ocular surface disease as well as the major cause of hyper evaporation type dry eye. MGD can cause ocular surface lid ester abnormalities and bacterial proliferation, which in turn leads to associated ocular symptoms. Physical therapies and medicines are widely used to treat MGD in clinics. Through the topical or systemic use of antibiotics that are effective anti-bacteria medicine, ocular surface symptoms caused by MGD-induced bacterial proliferation and abnormal eyelid lipids can be alleviated. Currently, the effectiveness of various types of antibiotics in treating MGD has been demonstrated. In this review, the mechanism, modality, and efficacy of various antibiotics in the treatment of MGD were highlighted and summarized from the perspective of topical or systemic use of antibiotics, which can provide promising guidance for clinical treatments of MGD.

Characteristics and management of solitary fibrous tumor in lacrimal drainage system

Chun-Hua Sun — 2022/4/24 18:49:25

Solitary fibrous tumor is a rare mesenchymal tumor originating from fibroblasts. It was first reported in the pleura. In recent years, more and more cases of solitary fibroma in the extra pleural area have been reported. It has been reported that the tumor can occur in almost all sites. The structure and function of the lacrimal drainage system has its particularity, and there are still few reports about solitary fibroma of the lacrimal drainage system. Therefore, this article summarizes the existing reports of solitary fibroma of the lacrimal drainage system to analyse its clinical characteristics and treatment.

Research progress of Sox2 gene in eye diseases

Zhu Liu, Jin-Hui Zhou, Qiang-Yuan Mu, Bei-Bei Liu, Jie Liu and Da-Qing Wang — 2022/4/24 18:49:25

Sox2 gene is a member of sex determination region of Y chromosome(SRY)related gene family, and it is one of the key transcription factors to maintain the pluripotency and self-renewal characteristics of embryonic stem cells. Sox2 participates in a variety of biological processes, such as regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis, and participating in the formation and development of tumors. However, the review literature on the role of Sox2 gene in eye diseases has not been reported. This article reviews the expression level of Sox2 gene, related signal pathways and clinical application potential, so that readers can understand more comprehensive the role of Sox2 gene in eye diseases, and to carry out more in-depth research.

Research of first-degree relatives of keratoconus

Ya-Wen Wang, Sheng-Wei Ren and Dong-Qing Zhao — 2022/3/24 15:57:50

Keratoconus(KC)is a progressive disease characterized by gradual corneal thinning and ectasia, resulting in irregular astigmatism, myopia, and mild to severe visual impairment. Although the pathogenesis of KC is still unclear, twin studies and family-based studies have identified that the occurrence of KC is closely related to genetic factors. First-degree relatives of KC patients including their parents, siblings and offspring are very important for the family aggregation analysis and polygenic analysis of diseases. This review summarized the current situation of clinical and genetic research about first-degree relatives of KC patients, hoping to deepen the understanding of clinical manifestations and genetic characteristics of first-degree relatives of KC, and to provide new ideas for exploring the role of genetic and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of KC.

Analysis of the influence of night-wear aspheric orthokeratology lens on ocular surface microenvironment

Yan-Yun Fan, Xiong-Gao Huang and Nan-Nan Zhao — 2022/3/24 15:57:50

Night-wear aspheric orthokeratology lens(refers to OK lens)is used to correct vision while sleeping at night, which is one of the few ways to prevent myopic children from wearing glasses during the day, so often recommended as the first choice in clinical practice for the myopic population of 8-16 years old. The main effect of OK lens is producing reasonable compression on the surface of the eye to reduce the curvature of the cornea. At present, as a recognized non-surgical method for the treatment of juvenile myopia, the lens material and the optometry level of OK lens have been continuously innovated and upgraded. Meanwhile,because OK lens directly cover the ocular surface, so long-term wearing definitely affects the ocular surface microenvironment, including meibomian glands, tear film, conjunctiva, cornea, ocular surface microorganisms and so on, and even causes the imbalance of these ocular surface microenvironments, thereby leading to the occurrence and development of ocular surface diseases. In order to expect clinicians to give comprehensive consideration when wearing OK lens for teenagers and increase the safety and effectiveness of wearing OK lens, this article analyzed the effects of wearing OK lens on ocular surface meibomian gland morphology, tear film morphology and function, conjunctival microcirculation, corneal cell morphology, ocular surface microorganisms and other factors.

Research progress on pathogenic genes of familial exudative vitreoretinopathy

Hua-Wei Jiang and Li-Wei Zhang — 2022/3/24 15:57:51

Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy(FEVR)is a severe clinically and genetically heterogeneous retinal disease which characterized by abnormal development of the peripheral retinal vessels. FEVR presents many clinical phenotypes, the main and typical feature is retinal folds. There are various inheritance modes with high genetic heterogeneity of FEVR including autosomal recessive, X-recessive, autosomal dominant recessive, and other scattered inheritance modes. So far, nine FEVR pathogenic genes have been reported: NDP, FZD4, LRP5, CTNNA1, TSPAN12, ZNF408, KIF11, CTNNB1, and JAG1 genes. These genes are mainly involved in signaling pathways such as Wnt, Notch, and Norrin-β-catenin. This article reviews the above nine FEVR pathogenic genes and their signaling pathways.

Research progress of targeted retinal photocoagulation in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy

Mei Fu, Zuo-Hui-Zi Yi and Chang-Zheng Chen — 2022/3/24 15:57:51

Targeted retinal photocoagulation(TRP)refers to targeted photocoagulation of the non-perfusion areas(NPA)of the retina, which can greatly reduce the risk of complications of panretinal photocoagulation(PRP). Ultra-wide field fluorescein angiography(UWFFA)can clearly show NPA of the far peripheral retina, which is conducive to precise positioning and implementation of TRP therapy. At present, the safety of short-term TRP treatment programs for proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR)is reasonable, but the long-term efficacy is still uncertain. In the future, TRP may become an early treatment option for some PDR patients, by delaying PRP to maintain the visual acuity and central field of vision. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)drugs are currently the first-line drugs for diabetic macular edema(DME), for which with retinal neovascularization(NV)or poor compliance, combined TRP therapy may be considered. The ischemic index(ISI)is used to quantitatively analyze NPA of the retina under the vision of UWFFA, which is expected to become an important index in the future to guide the selection of clinical TRP treatment options.

Pathogenesis and advances in treatment of diabetic dry eye

Jing Hu, Hong Li and Shan-Jun Cai — 2022/3/24 15:57:51

Diabetes is a disease that leads primarily to microvascular damage. In recent years, with the improvement of living standards, the number of diabetes patients has been increasing. The latest data is shown that about 9.3%(463 million people)globally have diabetes. Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of visual impairment and blindness among the working-age population. What have been progressively recognized in recent years is hyperglycemia can also lead to tear film instability, corneal nerve dysfunction, corneal sensitivity decreased, and tear osmolarity increased. The etiology and mechanisms of ocular surface dysfunction caused by diabetes are diverse and complex, including hyperglycemia destabilizing the tear film, disturbances in connectivity between dendritic cells and neurons, and inflammatory cytokines inducing damage to the lacrimal glands, leading to impaired tear secretion. This article is intended to review recent progress and mechanisms in diabetic dry eye and the general conditions of patients that ophthalmologists should consider during the diagnosis and treatment of the diabetic dry eye.

Progress in diagnosis and treatment of ocular toxocariasis

Hao Sun, Jiao Li, Da-Dong Guo and Xing-Rong Wang — 2022/3/24 15:57:51

Ocular toxocariasis(OT)is an ocular parasitic disease involving ocular tissue infection by the ascarid-omatidae nematode. OT is usually caused by toxocara canis or toxocara cati. Susceptible population are more likely to be affected by their own hygiene, the frequency of exposure to dogs and cats, and the consumption of food or water contaminated with toxocariasis larvae. Most cases have been reported worldwide in children, but cases in adults have also been reported in recent years, which may be due to the lack of systematic induction and summary of its diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. In this paper, the four clinical manifestations of OT, advanced noninvasive diagnostic techniques, and laboratory immunological tests were sorted out and supplemented by reviewing domestic and international literature. Meanwhile, this paper introduced the treatment progress of OT in recent years, such as the combination of anthelmintic and hormone, and the application of intravitreal injection and vitreous surgery. It is expected that clinicians should pay more attention to this disease, improve the accuracy of early diagnosis of toxocariasis and protect patients' vision.

Research progress of choroidal thickness and myopia prevention and control

Dong-Xue Du, Ji-Ke Song and Hong-Sheng Bi — 2022/3/24 15:57:51

Myopia refers to the refraction state in front of macular fovea when the external parallel light falls through the refractive system of the eye. Myopia has seriously affected the healthy growth of teenagers,so that prevention and control of myopia have become a hot issue of social concern. Studies generally agreed that myopia has a close relationship with choroid changes, and the choroid thickness shows a gradual thinning trend with the increase of diopter and ocular axis. Evidence-based medical studies have proved that effective methods for myopia prevention and control(orthokeratology, defocus lens, atropine eye drops, illumination, posterior scleral reinforcement, etc.)showed choroid thickening effect, suggesting that choroid thickening is a protective factor for myopia control. In order to provide a reference for the change of choroid thickness as an evaluation index of myopia prevention and control efficacy, this paper reviews the effect of current effective methods of myopia prevention and control on choroid thickness.

Advances in pathogenesis and clinical features of HIV-associated neuroretinal disorder

Yue Zou, Ying-Xing Zhu, Li-Bo Xiao and Yun-Qin Li — 2022/3/24 15:57:51

Ocular diseases in human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)infected patients have attracted increasing attention due to their impact on quality of life. As HIV treatment continues to improve, opportunistic eye infections are decreasing, while HIV-associated retinopathy is becoming a growing concern. HIV-associated retinopathy, including a series of structural changes in the retina and optic nerves(thinning of the nerve fiber layer, changing in blood vessels), has been found to cause decreased visual sensitivity, visual field defect, color vision disorder. However, the pathogenesis of HIV-associated neuroretinal disorder has not been fully clarified, and the existing findings may be related to direct destruction of retinal optic nerve tissue by HIV virus, chronic inflammation, and destruction of the blood-retina barrier. Understanding the pathological characteristics and possible mechanisms of HIV-associated neuroretinal disorder is expected to provide new ideas and approaches for the treatment of the disease and improve the quality of life of HIV-infected patients.

Research progress on internal limiting membrane flap in refractory macular hole surgery

Juan Yang, Lei Du and Yi-Qiao Xing — 2022/3/24 15:57:51

Refractory macular hole(MH)mainly includes large MH, high myopia MH, persistent MH, recurrent MH, and traumatic MH. Compared with ordinary MH, the closure rate in patients with refractory MH through conventional vitrectomy combined with internal limiting membrane(ILM)peeling is greatly reduced. Currently, the ILM flap technique has gradually been applied for the treatment of refractory MH and achieved higher MH closure rate and better visual function recovery. The ILM flap technique has many variations, including the difference of size, shape, number, and method in which the flaps put on the MH, but each has its own advantages, disadvantages and application limitations. So far, there is no recognized standard procedure for the treatment of refractory MH. This paper reviewed the surgical methods and therapeutic effects of ILM flap technique appeared in domestic and foreign literature, which is aimed to provide a reference for the selection of clinical procedures for refractory MH by new ILM flap technique needs to be explored in the future.

Progress in the diagnosis and treatment of congenital lacrimal duct disease

Yong Zhang, Jiang Zhang and Sha Li — 2022/3/24 15:57:52

Congenital lacrimal duct disease is caused by congenital dysplasia of nasolacrimal system, which usually involving bone, mucous membrane or membranous structure. It can be divided into upper lacrimal duct system and lower lacrimal duct system or both. Its clinical manifestations are mostly epiphora, or it can be combined with pyorrhea. In recent years, more and more studies are devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of congenital lacrimal duct disease, but the views of all parties are different. Therefore, in order to obtain better serve the clinical, this article reviews the latest diagnosis and treatment progress of congenital lacrimal duct disease.

Research progress of oxidative stress in diabetic keratopathy

Yu-Qing Huang and Yan-Ning Yang — 2022/2/24 14:17:21

It is estimated that currently, about 46%-64% of patients with diabetes mellitus(DM)suffer from diabetic keratopathy(DK). With the increasing prevalence of DM, DK has gradually been concerned by ophthalmologists. Nevertheless, its pathogenesis is not yet clear. Oxidative stress is a pathological process that causes excessive production of reactive oxygen species(ROS)and reactive nitrogen species(RNS)in the body, which damages tissues and cells. It participates in the occurrence and development of many diseases, including the ocular complications of DM. This study aims to review the research progress of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis and the treatment of diabetic corneal lesions, thus providing references for clinical diagnosis and treatment of DK.

Research progress on the role of microRNAs in diabetic retinopathy

An-Min Zhu and Wei Tan — 2022/2/24 14:17:21

The microRNAs(miRNAs)is a non-coding small RNA molecule with the function of regulating gene expression, which can be released by cells and tissues in various biological fluids, including serum or plasma. A large number of studies have confirmed that the expression of different miRNAs in diabetic retinopathy(DR)can be specifically increased or decreased. Recently, more and more evidence shows that some miRNAs in serum and plasma are specifically expressed in DR and participate in the occurrence and development of DR, and can become biomarkers for the diagnosis of DR and monitoring of DR progress. In addition, the regulation of these miRNAs levels may delay the progression of DR for early intervention in patients with DR. miRNAs is expected to become a new therapeutic target for DR. This paper mainly reviews the progress of miRNAs in the diagnosis and monitoring of DR and possible new therapeutic targets in recent years.

Correlation between myopia and choroidal thickness

Cong Han, Yi Yang and Wen-Fang Zhang — 2022/2/24 14:17:21

Myopia is a global public problem that causes visual impairment. Its occurrence and development are often accompanied by changes in the various structures of the eye, especially pathological myopia, which involves degenerative changes in the sclera, choroid, and retina. In recent years, with the increasing prevalence of myopia, the exploration of pathological mechanism and the prevention and treatment of myopia have become an important issue that cannot be ignored in the world. The occurrence and development of myopia involves the participation of many factors and can cause serious visual damage. As an important vascular tissue in the eye, the thickness change of choroid has been proved to play a vital role in the occurrence and development of myopia. In order to comprehensively and effectively prevent and control the occurrence and development of myopia, especially high myopia, the change of myopic choroidal thickness and its related mechanisms should be one of the main directions of the pathological mechanism of myopia. This article reviews the research of changes of myopia choroidal thickness by domestic and foreign scholars in recent years, to discuss the relationship between choroidal thickness, choroidal vasculature, choroidal molecular changes and myopia, myopia-related complications, and myopia-related visual impairment. Provide new ideas on prevention and intervention of myopia.

Research progress of posterior seleral staphyloma in high myopia

Chen-Ying Qu, Hong-Sheng Bi and Ji-Ke Song — 2022/2/24 14:17:22

High myopia complicated with fundus lesions is one of irreversible blinding eye diseases. Posterior seleral staphyloma(PSS)is one of the most basic pathologies in a series of complications of high myopia. This article reviews the pathogenesis, examination methods, classification and treatment of PSS in high myopia by sorting out domestic and foreign literature, providing a better understanding of the prevention and control of PSS.

Research progress on the regulation mechanism of the eye's biological clock

Qi Zhou, Yu-Lin Qi, Yu-Yu Xue and He-Jiang Ye — 2022/2/24 14:17:22

The circadian rhythm is a set of autonomous endogenous oscillators resulting nearly 24h cycles. The biological clock, including central and peripheral biological clock, is a clock system that regulates the circadian rhythm of the body. The biological clock gene and its encoded protein constituent the transcription-translation oscillation loop, which could regulate the circadian rhythm of biochemical, physiological, and behavioral processes through neural and humoral pathways. The mammalian eyeball contains a complete biological clock system, thus controlling the circadian rhythm of important physiological functions and various parameters of the eyeball. Abnormal circadian clock genes caused by various reasons will affect the circadian rhythm and may lead to the occurrence and development of the ocular diseases. Therefore, the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of ocular diseases are characterized by diurnal variation. The change of circadian clock gene expression is not only involved in the pathophysiological process of ocular diseases, but also may be an important target for the prevention and treatment of diseases. This article introduces the circadian rhythm characteristics of corneal disease, glaucoma and myopia and the related biological clock regulation mechanism. Further research on the circadian clock provides a new strategy for the prevention and treatment of ocular diseases.

Research progress of aquaporins on the ophthalmic diseases

2022/2/24 14:17:22

Aquaporins(AQPs)is a family of transmembrane channins with low activation energy, high selectivity and rapid transport of water molecules, widely expressed in eye tissues. It was found that AQPs has physiological functions in eye tissue including maintaining the internal lens circulation homeostasis, participating in atrial aqueous circulation, mediating retinal signaling and promoting damage repair. Mutations or abnormal function of AQPs can lead to the occurrence of various ophthalmic diseases. If the expression and function of AQPs can be changed by using certain drugs or technical means, it is expected to become a new target for the treatment of ophthalmic diseases in the future.

Research progress of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in ocular diseases

Zhi-Shang Meng, Wen-Yi Wu and Jing Luo — 2022/2/24 14:17:22

Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition(EndoMT)is a change in the transformation or differentiation of endothelial cells into mesenchymal cells under physiological or pathological conditions, accompanied by changes in phenotype and function, and is an important part of fiber repair. It is widely involved in the pathophysiological process of embryonic development, tumor invasion and a variety of fibrotic diseases. Research on the role of EndoMT in ocular diseases has also made some progress. This article will review the basic biological characteristics, mechanism and research results of EndoMT in ophthalmological diseases, intending to theoretically reveal its possibility as a treatment target and a key point of regenerative medicine technology in related diseases, provide a reference for clinical practice and scientific research.

Reasons and corrections of refractive error after cataract surgery

Li Yang, Chang-Jun Lan and Xuan Liao — 2022/2/24 14:17:22

Accurate target diopter is necessary for refractive cataract surgery to achieve satisfactory postoperative results. Although the measurement accuracy of ocular biological parameters, the prediction accuracy of the intraocular lens calculation formula, and the advancement of surgical technology and equipment are constantly improving, it still can be affected by pre-, intra-, and post-operative factors. Some patients still need optical products or even surgical correction for the occurrence of posterior refractive errors. This article briefly reviews the possible reasons and correction methods of refractive errors after cataract surgery.

Analysis of the causes of high intraocular pressure after implantation of V4c implantable contact lens

Bao Shu, Xiao-Hua Lei, Li Jiang and Qian Chen — 2022/2/24 14:17:22

High intraocular pressure is the most concerned complication of the implantation surgery of V4c implantable contact lens(ICL). According to the appearance time of intraocular pressure elevation, it can be divided into three periods: the early period(1wk after surgery), the middle period(1-4wk after surgery)and the late period(1-3mo after surgery). During the early period, the intraocular pressure increase is mainly caused by the residue of the intraoperative viscoelastic. In the middle period, the application of the hormone drugs results the elevation of the intraocular pressure. Furthermore, during the late period, persistent increasing of the intraocular pressure may cause the secondary glaucoma. Identifying the mechanism of different periods of intraocular pressure rise correctly and thus formulating a reasonable treatment plan, is of great significance for the prevention of glaucoma and other long-term vision threatening complications. Therefore, this article reviews the appearance time and mechanism of the intraocular pressure rise after surgery.

Techniques and application of early diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy

Yu-Ru Yin and Bo-Jun Zhao — 2022/2/24 14:17:23

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is a common clinical condition caused by hyperglycemia, leading to retinal microvascular damage and neurodegeneration. With the development of advanced technologies, handheld electrophysiology(RETeval), optical coherence tomography(OCT)and optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)have been extensively studied and applied in early diagnosis of DR. These technologies are non-invasive and quantifiable, assisting in DR diagnosis in a fast and convenient manner. In this review, the principles and applications of RETeval, OCT and OCTA will be discussed in detail.

Research progress on the role of circular RNA in eye diseases

Li-Rong Zou and Xin-Ling Wang — 2022/1/27 16:19:51

Circular RNA(circRNA)is a single-stranded covalently closed RNA molecule produced by reverse splicing, which is an evolutionarily conserved and stable transcript, and widely exists in various eukaryotic cells. CircRNA is more stable and conserved than linear transcripts because of the absence of 5'cap and 3'polyadenylation tail in circRNA. A variety of bioactive processes are regulated by circRNA, such as cell differentiation, proliferation, angiogenesis and cell apoptosis. CircRNAs were shown to be key regulators of various diseases, especially cancers, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular. Recently, with the rapid development of RNA high-throughput sequencing technology, accumulating evidence shows that there are multiple differentially expressed circRNAs in ocular tissues and they play important roles in initiation, progression, and prognosis of diverse ocular diseases, such as glaucoma, cataract, retinopathy, ocular tumors and ocular immunologic diseases. In this article, the research on the relationship between circRNA and ophthalmic diseases in the recent years is briefly reviewed, and the purpose is to provide reference for its clinical treatment and prognosis.

Research progress of the metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 in eye diseases

Yuan Yuan and Wei Tan — 2022/1/27 16:19:51

Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1(MALAT1)is one of the first identified LncRNA associated with human diseases. Unlike most members of the LncRNA family, MALAT1 is found in almost all human tissues and expressed at a relatively high level. At present, MALAT1 is known to play a vital role in the pathophysiological process of many diseases such as tumors, cardiovascular diseases, and nervous system diseases. In recent years, studies have found that MALAT1 may be involved in many ocular diseases(such as diabetic retinopathy, cataracts, glaucoma, retinoblastoma, neonatal retinopathy, etc.)play an important role in the pathological development process, and it is expected to become an effective target for the diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases. This article summarizes the research progress of eye diseases in which MALAT1 has participated in recent years.

Research progress on brain-derived neurotrophic factor in ocular diseases

An-Min Zhu, Wei Tan and Jiang-Ni Wu — 2022/1/27 16:19:51

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)is a basic protein, and a member of neurotrophic factor family, which plays an important role in the development, differentiation and maintenance of neurons. A large number of studies have confirmed that BDNF is involved in the occurrence and development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alheimer's disease, and has a neuroprotective effect. In the retina, BDNF is mainly produced by retinal ganglion cells, amacrine cells, astrocytes, retinal glial cells(Müller cells)and photoreceptors. In recent years, related studies have found that BDNF is involved in the occurrence and development of glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy(DR)and other ocular diseases, and may have a diagnostic role, which will be beneficial to early intervention of patients to avoid the development of advanced glaucoma or DR. On the other hand, BDNF-based therapies have achieved good results in in vitro and in vivo experiments of glaucoma, DR and amblyopia, which may provide more choices for the treatment of these ocular diseases. In this manuscript, the research progresses of BDNF in ocular diseases in recent years were reviewed.

Research progress on animal model of mixed infection of microorganisms keratitis

Yu-Ting Li, Yan Li, Lan Wang and Zhu-Lin Hu — 2022/1/27 16:19:51

Microbial mixed infectious keratitis is an ocular surface disease caused by corneal infection, which has an acute onset and rapid progression and can lead to blindness in severe cases. Establishing an animal model of microbial mixed infectious keratitis is conducive to exploring its pathogenesis, prevention, clinical diagnosis and treatment. This article reviews the methods of making animal models of mixed infectious keratitis with microorganisms and the diagnostic methods after successful modelling infections, aiming to provide references for the further development and research of animal models of the disease.

Research progress on the diagnostic techniques of early keratoconus

Yue Xu and Xiao-Feng Zhang — 2022/1/27 16:19:51

Diagnosis of early keratoconus(KC)contributes to identifying potential patients before typical clinical symptoms. It also contributes to timely intervention of the progress of disease and improvement of long-term prognosis. Hence, it is crucial to prevent iatrogenic corneal ectasia and reduce the burden of keratoplasty. There are diverse kinds of early KC diagnosis techniques, including corneal topography, corneal aberrations, epithelial and corneal thickness measurement, corneal confocal microscopy, corneal biomechanics, and genetic examination. Since it is often difficult to ensure sufficient sensitivity and specificity with single technique, multiple techniques are beneficial to evaluate the cornea comprehensively, which may become the development tendency of early KC diagnosis in the future.

Research progress of the iris mechanism in primary angle-closure glaucoma

Wen Yao, Jun-Ya Zhu and Guo-Fan Cao — 2022/1/27 16:19:52

Primary angle-closure glaucoma(PACG)is an irreversible disease-causing blindness, the damage of optic nerve is caused by elevated intraocular pressure(IOP)as a result of angle-closure. Angle-closure is a fundamental pathologic process in PACG. In addition, PACG is characterized by elevated IOP as a result of mechanical obstruction of the trabecular meshwork by either apposition of the peripheral iris to the trabecular meshwork or by a synechial closed angle. In recent years, with the development of ophthalmic imaging technology, the iris has been recognized as necessary to complement anatomical risk factors in assessing the risk of PACG. In this review, we intend to describe the potential role of the iris in the pathogenesis of PACG, so as to provide new ideas and directions for prevention and treatment of such disease.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration

Xia Liu, Yan Wang, Hua-Wei Jiang, Yu-Ling Ren and Chen Chen — 2022/1/27 16:19:52

Age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)is a main cause of irreversible visual impairment in the elderly. The major pathological features are drusen formation, macular pigment disorder, geographic atrophy and abnormal neovascularization. Retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)function is impaired in ARMD. Endoplasmic reticulum(ER)is an organelle in eukaryotes responsible for protein synthesis, modification, integration and quality control. ER also participates in the maintenance of calcium homeostasis and lipid biosynthesis. Stimuli from the external and internal environment may trigger ER stress and therefore activate the intracellular signal transduction pathway-the unfolded protein response(UPR), to restore cell homeostasis. However, prolonged ER stress may lead to apoptosis. The pathogenesis of ARMD has not been fully elucidated, nevertheless, compelling evidence demonstrates that ER stress is involved. In this article, we summarize recent advances in UPR pathways, as well as the role of ER stress in the physiological function of RPE and in the pathogenesis of ARMD.

Role of M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase in diabetic retinopathy

Ya-Jing Tian, Xin Cao, Cheng-Wei Duan, Xiao-Le Wang, Ling-Yan Hua and Yu Song — 2022/1/27 16:19:52

Diabetic retinopathy(DR), one of the most common diabetes-specific microvascular complications, is classically described by intraretinal microvascular abnormalities and neovascularization. It is the main reason why visual impairment and blindness in people aged 20-65 years worldwide. Glycolysis can provide energy by converting glucose into pyruvate. Endothelial cells mainly utilize glycolysis to produce ATP to maintain the function, including forming tight junctions and barrier functions. Pyruvate kinase(PK)M2(M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase)is a key enzyme of glycolysis and is widely expressed in most tissues. As major cellular components in the retina, endothelial cells and photoreceptor cells play a crucial role in the occurrence and development of DR. Studies have shown that PKM2 takes part in the development of DR by regulating the function of endothelial cells and photoreceptors in metabolic and non-metabolic ways. Therefore, this article overviews the role of PKM2 in DR from the direction of endothelial cells and photoreceptor cells and provides new insight into the diagnosis and treatment of DR.

Current progress in the treatment of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy

Chun-Fang Yang and Gao-Hua Liang — 2022/1/27 16:19:52

Nonarterial anterior ischemic optic neuropathy(NAION)is a group of common optic nerve diseases that seriously endanger visual function. It is resulted from insufficient perfusion of the posterior ciliary artery, which causes acute ischemia, structural and functional disorders of the optic nerve, and ultimately leads to hypopsia and even vision loss. The etiology and pathogenesis of this disease is complex. It is nowadays considered that multiple factors including local anatomy, risk of systemic vascular cause this disease together, which result in no clear, unified and recognized treatment. Early detection, diagnosis and treatment are of great significance in the prognosis of NAION. Possible therapeutic methods include etiological treatment, drug therapy, traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)treatment, combined medication, optic nerve sheath decompression, adjuvant treatments and exosomes. With the continuous development and application of various anti-NAION drugs in recent years, a variety of therapeutic methods have been proposed, especially with the exosomes as the research focus. In order to better treat NAION with improvement of the cure rate and guidance for clinical work, this paper mainly reviews the progress in the treatment of NAION in recent years.

Slowing the progression of myopia with the optical defocus strategies

2022/1/27 16:19:52

Myopia is a common ocular disorder. In recent years, the incidence of myopia presents an increasing trend year by year. Patients with high myopia are at an increased risk for severe visual impairment. The economic and societal impacts of complication associated with myopia are enormous. Therefore, it is essential and imminent for implementing effective myopia control strategies. The results of the current study suggest that uncontrolled axial elongation produced by periphral hyperopic defocus could be one of the possible mechanisms for myopia development, multiple strategies especially optical defocus technology based on this are increasingly becoming part of the mainstream clinical practice in myopia management. This article reviews the principle of optical defocus on myopia control, experimental research on defocus myopia animals, and the latest clinical applications of different optical defocus technologies on myopia control, summarizes the clinical research results of myopia control using progressive addition spectacle lenses, peripheral defocus spectacle lenses, defocus incorporated multiple segments spectacle lenses, orthokeratology contact lenses and multifocal soft contact lenses. It is proposed to provide a new option for the treatment plan to delay the progression of myopia.

Research progress of natural biomaterials for construction of tissue engineering cornea

Na Chen, Dong Shi and Jiang-Yue Zhao — 2021/12/21 20:43:50

Vision loss can occur when the cornea loses transparency or changes shape. The most effective treatment to restore vision is to use full or partial layers of donor cornea for corneal transplantation. However, there is a severe shortage of donor corneas worldwide, with more than 98.5% of patients with corneal blindness waiting for donor corneas. In addition, there exist some problems such as the possibility of infection, allotransplantation immunologic rejection, and other problems after corneal transplantation. Therefore, tissue-engineering corneas have been widely studied over the years as a viable alternative to donor corneas, with different materials and methods. And in nearly ten years, the research has had breakthrough progress. The ultimate goal of the research is to construct a full or partial tissue-engineering graft with good transparency, biocompatibility, and appropriate mechanical strength to repair, regenerate, or replace diseased corneas. This review discusses the research progress and existing problems about the most frequently studied natural biomaterials in recent years. These biomaterials include amniotic membrane, acellular cornea, collagen, and silk. In addition to the future research directions, other challenges related to the biomaterials discussed in this field are illustrated.

Research progress of circular RNA involved in the regulation of diabetic retinopathy

Run-Xi He, Ming-Chao Xu, Xiao-Dong Li, Hai-Yan Wu and Xue-Jun Xie — 2021/12/21 20:43:51

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is one of the chronic microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus in the eye, leading to an increasing incidence of visual quality loss and even blindness in diabetic patients. However, so far, the mechanism of pathological changes leading to DR is very complex and not completely elucidated, and clinical treatment is mostly based on different stages of DR with symptomatic treatment, such as retinal laser photocoagulation, anti-vascular endothelial factor treatment, vitreous excision and membrane peeling surgery, etc. There is still a lack of safe and effective treatment methods, and it is therefore necessary to find new targets for diagnosis and treatment. With the development of molecular biology analysis technology, circular RNA(circRNA)has become one of the important research hotspots at present. It is reported that under the stimulation of various factors, the regulated expression of genes-circRNA regulates the development of DR by regulating the functions of retinal microvascular pericytes, retinal microvascular endothelial cells, and retinal pigment epithelial cells, which are involved in the pathological processes such as retinal basement membrane thickening, vascular leakage, apoptosis, inflammatory response and neovascularization. Therefore, this paper focuses on the research progress of cyclic RNA, competitive endogenous RNA and microRNA in the molecular mechanism of DR pathological alterations and therapeutic prospects, in order to provide some reference for clinical and basic research.

Research progress of hyperreflective foci in OCT images in retinal and central nervous system diseases

Jing Wu and Jing-Fa Zhang — 2021/12/21 20:43:51

Microglial activation is one of the main pathogenic factors to cause retinal neuroinflammation. Recently, with the advancement of retinal imaging technologies, hyperreflective foci(HRF), as a novel biomarker in optical coherence tomography(OCT)imaging, have received more attention in retinal neuroinflammation. Current research demonstrated that HRF are the aggregates mainly derived from the activated microglia in retina or mononuclear phagocyte-macrophage from the blood. HRF were defined as discrete and well-circumscribed hyperreflective dot-shaped lesions with the maximum diameter between 20-50μm in retina and choroid imaged with OCT. Under pathological conditions, the number of HRF increases significantly. Under pathological condations, the number of HRF was obviously increased, which might be related to the severity of some retinal diseases. However, the research on the source and function of HRF is still in its infancy. This review is aimed to describe the basic characteristics of HRF and their roles in both retinal inflammatory diseases and neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system. HRF are expected to be a potential and novel biomarker of inflammation for early diagnosis and prognosis of neuroinflammation in both retinal and central nervous system diseases.

Progress on pathogenesis and treatment of ocular cicatricial pemphigoid

Zhuo-Ya Quan, Jian Zhang, Rui-Xue Zhang, Bei-Lei He and Yuan He — 2021/12/21 20:43:51

Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid(OCP)is a special manifestation of mucosal pemphigoid(mucous membrane pemphigoid, MMP), and the pathogenesis is not clear at present. It can be caused by variety factors such as antigen-antibody reaction, inflammation cell infiltration, the action of various cytokines, elevated calcium ion levels and susceptibility genes. In the early period of diseases, conjunctival present chronic progressive fibrotic inflammation, later the corneal opacity and the neovascularization will eventually lose vision. Therefore, it is particularly important to carry out clinical standardized treatment for OCP patients in a timely manner. To use medicine to control the inflammation and delay the progression of the disease, for example, dapsone, intravenous immunoglobulin(IVIG), rituximab(RTX), tumor necrosis factor antagonists and adrenocorticoids. Surgical treatment can be considered appropriately when OCP patients are complicated by severe trichiasis, corneal disease and cataract.

Research progress of Netrin-1 in eye diseases

Kong-Qian Huang, Fan Xu, Ling Cui and Hai-Bin Zhong — 2021/12/21 20:43:51

Netrin-1 is a neuronal axon guidance factor, a soluble protein secreted by the cell floor, and is among the most widely studied members of the Netrins family.Netrin-1 has the diversity of receptors, and its binding to different receptors can activate different biological effects, resulting in multiple functions. Recent studies have revealed that Netrin-1 is closely associated with neural axon guidance, inflammatory responses, neovascularization, apoptosis, and other responses. It can act not only in the central nervous system, but also in many systemic diseases such as those of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, making it an important target for the treatment of these diseases. In the field of ophthalmology, Netrin-1 is closely associated with optic nerve hypoplasia(ONH), corneal disease, diabetic retinopathy(DR), age-related macular degeneration(ARMD), and retinoblastoma(RB), and has very promising applications in the prevention and treatment of these diseases. In this review, we will explore the association of Netrin-1 with ocular diseases and its role.

Research progress of microRNA in proliferative vitreoretinopathy

Jun-Nan Yang and Xiu-Li Bao — 2021/12/21 20:43:51

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy(PVR)is a eye disease characterized by the formation of epiretinal membranes(ERM)composed of extracellular matrix(ECM)and various types of cells in the vitreous and/or the surface of the retina through the wound repair and fibrotic process. ERM shrinks to form retinal folds and stretches the retina to cause retinal detachment(RD). Epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)of retinal pigment epithelial(RPE)cells and accumulation of ECM are considered to be the main pathological mechanisms for the formation of ERM. RPE cells undergo a process named EMT induced by transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β), by which differentiated epithelial cells go through epithelial phenotypic loss, the weakness of cell-cell contact and mesenchymal phenotype expression. Fibroblast-like cells differentiated from mesenchymal cells produce ECM and other components, which forms ERM together with glial cells and fibroblasts, etc. Recent studies indicated a lot of cytokines/growth factors, transcriptional factors, and microRNA(miRNA)regulate the development of EMT in RPE cells, in which miRNA is a novel and powerful regulatory gene and plays a critical regulatory role in the EMT process of PVR. This review focuses on the current understandings of the mechanism and the interventional treatments of miRNA in PVR.

Advances in the correlation between growth factors and proliferative vitreoretinopathy

Zi-Yi Wang, Ling-Dan Wu, Jie Chen and Qi-Hua Xu — 2021/12/21 20:43:52

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy(PVR)is a common complication of perforation injury and surgery for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. The pathogenesis of this disease is still unclear. However, studies have shown that retina pigment epithelium(RPE)cells have the ability to secrete cytokines, and many growth factors are overexpressed in vitreous or subretinal fluid in PVR patients. These growth factors and their receptors play an important role in the occurrence and development of PVR. When the blood-retinal barrier is broken, the physiological balance of growth factors disappears, and RPE cells are stimulated by growth factors to undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transformation(EMT), migration and proliferation, this leads to the formation of the preretinal membrane, which pulls on the retina and causes retinal detachment. In recent years, scholars have done a lot of researches on the signaling pathways, EMT process and cell proliferation involved in the formation of PVR with growth factors. This article will summarize the function of growth factors involved in the formation of PVR and the therapeutic effects of antagonistic growth factors in the development of PVR.

Research progress of pachydrusen

Lian Chen and Peng Zhang — 2021/12/21 20:43:52

Pachydrusen is found in pachychoroid diseases such as polypoid choroidal vasculopathy disease, central serous chorioretinopathy, pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy and pachychoroid neovasculopathy. The typical choroidal changes of the spectrum are abnormally dilated pachyvessels, choroidal thickening with overlying retinal pigmentary epithelium changes. In this paper, we summarized the clinical manifestations, epidemiology, genetics, and histopathology of the newly named type of drusen, in order to provide the direction for diagnosis and treatment in clinical ophthalmic diseases.

Research progress on the role of pericytes in neovascular eye diseases

Long Suo and Guo-Fan Cao — 2021/12/21 20:43:52

Neovascular eye disease, which is characterized by pathological neovascular formation, is a major disease threatening visual health. In recent years, neovascular eye disease has become a serious public health problem and attracted widespread attention, with the incidence increasing year by year. Pathological neovascularization is formed under the mutual inclusion and interaction of a variety of cellular components and pathological factors. It is often difficult to achieve ideal therapeutic effect if we intervene only one of the factors. Therefore, it is in an urgent need to conduct a more in-depth study in the pathological process of neovascularization and explore new factors that regulate neovascularization in order to find more effective treatments of neovascular eye diseases. In recent years, pericyte has been proved to play important roles in the occurrence and development of various neovascular eye diseases and interventions for pericytes will affect the pathological process of these diseases. This article will review the specific roles of pericytes in some common neovascular eye diseases and the factors regulating pericytes in these diseases, which would provide new ideas in the treatment of neovascular eye diseases.

Research progress of ocular surface pathophysiological changes in dry eye

Zi-Qun Jin, Hai-Feng Ji, Ming-Jie Zhang and Ying Wen — 2021/12/21 20:43:52

The incidence of dry eye is increasing year by year, and it has become one of the most common ophthalmic diseases. The main symptoms of dry eye disease are dry, foreign body sensation, burning in eyes, itchy and viscous secretion. These discomforts affect the daily life, efficiency of work and study, mental health and physical function of patients with dry eye. Dry eye is a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface characterized by a loss of homeostasis of the tear film, and accompanied by ocular symptoms, in which tear film instability and hyperosmolarity, ocular surface inflammation and damage, and neurosensory abnormalities play etiological roles. Meanwhile, there are changes in the tissue structure and ocular surface microenvironment of the eyes of patients with dry eye. In view of the fact that dry eye is an important public health problem, which seriously affects people's visual quality and life quality, studying the pathophysiology of dry eye is of great significance for efficient diagnosis, more targeted treatment and reduction of adverse events. This paper reviewed the research progress in the pathophysiology of dry eye in recent years.

Hippo pathway and its research progress in ophthalmology

Qi-Hang Sun, Xu-Hua Tan and Li-Xia Luo — 2022/11/29 14:58:52

The Hippo pathway, regulated by multiple intracellular and extracellular signals, is an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway. Through YAP/TAZ,the effector molecule, Hippo pathway participates in a variety of important physiological activities such as regulating the proliferation, differentiation, migration and regeneration of cells. Extensive studies have revealed that the Hippo pathway involves in tissue development, organ regeneration and tumorigenesis. Recent studies have shown that the Hippo pathway is closely related to the development and regeneration of ocular tissues and development of ocular diseases. Elucidating the role of Hippo pathway in ocular tissues will help to reveal the mechanism of occurrence and development of ophthalmic diseases, and it has far-reaching significance for improving the basic research and guiding the clinical work of ophthalmology. In this manuscript, the components and functions of the Hippo pathway and the recent research progress of Hippo pathway in ocular tissues such as cornea, trabecular meshwork, lens, retina and uvea were reviewed.

Research progress on the roles of transforming growth factor-β in proliferative retinal diseases

Xiao-Dong Li, Zhi-Lin Li, Hai-Yan Wu, Run-Xi He, Xue-Ni Luo and Xue-Jun Xie — 2022/11/29 14:58:52

Transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)is a multifunctional biologic factor involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, immune function and inflammatory response of the body. TGF-β signaling pathway-mediated myofibroblast transformation and overaccumulation of extracellular matrix(ECM)leads to retinal tissue contraction and impaired function. Various cytokine signals are involved in the fibrotic response in retinal tissue, but TGF-β is the most critical factor affecting the pathogenesis of retinal fibrotic disease. In terms of the eye, pathological fibrotic diseases such as corneal opacities, submacular fibrosis and proliferative retinal diseases cause visual impairment and blindness in millions of people worldwide, and this remains one of the major areas of unmet clinical need in ophthalmology. Therefore, this article focuses on the research progress related to the pathogenesis and therapeutic prospects of TGF-β in proliferative retinal diseases, with a view to provide more molecular targets for the prevention and treatment of proliferative retinal diseases and offer new ideas for the research of new drugs.

Research progress of myopia-related lattice degeneration of the retina

Jiao-Jiao Feng, Ji-Ke Song and Hong-Sheng Bi — 2022/11/29 14:58:52

Lattice degeneration of the retina(LD)is a peripheral vitreoretinal lesion characterized by atrophic retinal lesions and vitreous liquefaction in the equatorial region of the fundus. The progress of the disease is slow and the pathogenesis is not clear, which may be the result of multiple factors, among which the increase of ocular axis is one of the main risk factors. With the increase of myopia incidence, the prevalence of LD is on the rise. In recent years,it has become possible to quickly examine peripheral retina with the development of ultra-wide field fundus imaging technology. At present, retinal photocoagulation is the main prevention and treatment method for LD, but the need for preventive treatment is still unclear. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, influencing factors and treatment of LD, hoping to provide ideas for further research and treatment of myopia-related LD.

Research progress of Mingmu-11 and its active ingredients for the treatment of diabetic macular edema

Lin-Lin Ran, Riguga Su, Wen-Lin Chen and Qin Xiao — 2022/11/29 14:58:52

Diabetic macular edema(DME)is one of the vision-threatening ocular complications of diabetes and is an important cause of blindness in adults. At present, there are 141 million diabetics in China. With the increase of the number of diabetics, the incidence of DME is also increasing year by year. Modern medicine has achieved certain results in the treatment of DME, but the side effects are obvious, and the effectiveness is limited. Mingmu-11 is an effective prescription widely used in the ophthalmology of our hospital. It contains bioactive ingredients such as safranal, crocetin, curcumin, gallic acid, ellagic acid, kaempferol and vanillin. Experimental studies and clinical application reports have shown that Mingmu-11 has a protective effect on nerve damage, ischemia-reperfusion injury, inflammation, oxidative damage, microvascular damage and leakage in the pathogenesis of DME, and it can delay the progression of diabetic retinopathy(DR). The pathogenesis of DME, Mingmu-11 and its active ingredients, and the therapeutic effects on DME are reviewed.

Dexamethasone intravitreal implant in the treatment of diabetic macular edema

Ke-Ke Hu, Yan-Nian Hui and Hong-Jun Du — 2022/11/29 14:58:52

Diabetic macular edema(DME)is the main cause of vision loss in patients with diabetes. Hyperglycemia leads to disruption of the blood-retinal barrier by triggering a pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic cascade, leading to intraretinal or subretinal fluid accumulation in the macula. Intravitreal administration of steroids represents an alternative for DME, while injection-related complications include endophthalmitis, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. In order to reduce the risks and complications, dexamethasone intravitreal implant(DEX implant; Ozurdex^®)were developed. DEX implant is a novel, artificially degradable sustained-release implant, with the advantages of reasonable release profile, strong anti-inflammatory, rapid improvement of macular edema, good bioavailability and safety. DEX implant provides a new choice for the treatment of patients with DME and has been recommended by several guidelines. This article reviews the latest research progress of DEX implant in the clinical treatment of DME.

Research progress on small incision lenticule extraction-derived corneal stromal lenticule

Xue-Ke Liu, Xia Li and Yi Liu — 2022/11/29 14:58:52

Since small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE)was universally performed, intraoperative corneal stromal lenticules as a by-product of SMILE has been widely studied and applied. As a good biomaterial, it can make up for the lack of corneal material to some extent. In this review, we describe the structural features of the corneal stromal lenticules derived from SMILE, summarize the impact of various preservation methods such as freezing preservation, anhydrous calcium chloride preservation and glycerin preservation upon its thickness, transparency and mechanical properties, and discuss its related applications in treating hyperopia and astigmatism, keratoconus, corneal perforation, Mooren's ulcer coexisting with a pterygium, corneal dermoid, corneal ectasia after laser in situ keratomileusis, glaucoma and other ophthalmic diseases, so that we can provide references for in-depth study and clinical application.

Role of corneal hysteresis in glaucoma

Xi Luo and Chun-Wei Zhang — 2022/11/29 14:58:53

Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness in the world and its specific pathogenesis is not clear. More attention has been paid to intraocular pressure and aqueous outflow channel. In recent years, scholars began to attach more importance to the role of non-pressure dependent factors, such as corneal hysteresis(CH), in glaucoma. CH is a biomechanical parameter of cornea, which reflects the viscous resistance of cornea, i.e., the ability to absorb and disperse energy. CH can be easily acquired clinically and may serve as surrogate markers for biomechanical properties of tissues in the back of the eye, like the lamina cribrosa and peripapillary sclera, which may be related to the susceptibility of glaucomatous damage. Several studies have provided evidence of the associations between CH and clinically relevant outcomes in glaucoma. This article reviews the latest findings on CH and summarizes the measurement methods of CH, relations between CH and central corneal thickness, glaucomatous visual field progress, optic disc damage, retinal nerve fiber layer loss, etc.

Research progress on ocular biomarkers for the occurrence and progression of retinal vein occlusion

Zhong-Yue Zhang, Xiao-Hu Liu, Li-Ping Wang, Jian-Qiang Xiao and Guo-Ping Wang — 2022/11/29 14:58:53

The second most prevalent retinal vascular disease after diabetic retinopathy(DR)is retinal vein occlusion(RVO). Ocular biomarkers, including disorganization of retinal inner layers(DRIL), paracentral acute middle maculopathy(PAMM), prominent middle limiting membrane(p-MLM), hyperreflective foci(HRF), subretinal fluid(SRF), ellipsoid zone(EZ), external limiting membrane(ELM), superficial capillary plexus(SCP), and deep capillary plexus(DCP), etc., are indicators or signs derived from auxiliary examinations that can anticipate the onset and progression of diseases as well as the final visual outcome, according to research published in recent years. In our study, we evaluated the ocular biomarkers of RVO in the hopes that these markers would offer a multifaceted picture of the onset and development of RVO, assist in determining the prognosis of RVO, provide a more thorough understanding of the disease and avoid the severe vision impairment of RVO.

Research progress on scleral remodeling and scleral intervention in ocular diseases

Xiao-Jing Wang, Chen Qiu and Shao-Hong Qian — 2022/11/29 14:58:53

Sclera is an important tissue to maintain the structure and function of eyes.Its unique biomechanical properties influence the occurrence and development of ocular diseases. The biomechanical properties of sclera are mainly determined by extracellular matrix(ECM), which contains different types of collagen fibers, proteoglycan and other substances. In many ocular diseases, the change of the content and arrangement of these scleral ingredients as well as scleral biomechanics can be called scleral remodeling. In recent years, studies have shown that the scleral remodeling is a complex and dynamic process in many ocular diseases,with many key molecules and signaling pathways participating and regulating. Those key molecules and signaling pathways influencing the scleral remodeling of ocular diseases are reviewed, and the availability of scleral intervention in the treatment of ocular diseases is explored.

Current status of research and treatment of dry eye associated with chronic ocular graft-versus-host disease

Yuan Liang and Zhe Xu — 2022/11/29 14:58:53

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(allo-HSCT)is the main treatment for a variety of hematological malignancies, but chronic graft-versus-host disease(cGVHD)is subsequently a common complication. Among them, ocular graft-versus-host disease(oGVHD)is the most common one, which mainly involves lacrimal glands, eyelid glands, cornea, and conjunctiva. The typical syndrome is dry eye syndrome characterized by fibrosis. The oGVHD-related dry eye has led to a significant reduction in the quality of life of patients, which has attracted widespread attention. In addition to systemic immunosuppressant and ocular lubricants, topical corticosteroids and cyclosporine are usually used in combination for the treatment of oGVHD. Newer treatments for moderate to severe oGVHD also include the use of autologous serum eye drops and scleral contact lenses. This article mainly reviews the current treatment status of oGVHD and dry eye, with a view to provide ideas for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Research progress on animal models of non-Sjögren syndrome dry eye

2022/10/28 16:28:11

Dry eye is a multifactorial disease, which seriously affect the work and life of patients. Since the pathogenesis of dry eye has not been clarified so far, there is no standard animal model available now. Non-Sjögren syndrome dry eye is one of the main types of dry eye, which requires further research. Studies on dry eye mechanisms have led to the development and improvement of animal models. In this paper, the methods of animal models of non-Sjögren syndrome dry eye, including drug treatments, surgery, exogenous injury, behavioral patterns, changes in diet, are reviewed. In addition,different models are described, the problems are analyzed and perspectives and reflections on future research are offered.

Development status of dropless cataract surgery

2022/10/28 16:28:11

As cataract surgery has entered the era of minimally invasive and accurate refractive surgery, higher requirements for perioperative infection control are needed. In recent years, “dropless cataract surgery” has been proposed and is gradually applied in clinical practice. It is based on the combination of different local injection forms in cataract surgery, in which antibiotics and steroids are applied to the operative eye through immediate or sustained release, so that patients do not need to use eye drops throughout the perioperative period.It can not only achieve the purpose of anti-inflammation and anti-infection after surgery, but also reduce the burden of patients, patients' family members and doctors.This article reviews the concept of “dropless cataract surgery”, the combined treatment methods, including combined anterior chamber antibiotic injection, triamcinolone acetonide and moxifloxacin hydrochloride(TriMoxi)and triamcinolone -moxifloxacin and vancomycin(TriMoxiVanc)intravitreal injection, combined dexamethasone lacrimal puncture implantation, continuous or sustained release drug delivery mechanism, as well as its efficacy and safety, with a view to provide a new idea and direction for the prevention of postoperative cataract infection.

Research progress on the relationship between choroidal thickness and age-related macular degeneration

Yu-Jie Zhu, Xi Chen and Wei Wei — 2022/10/28 16:28:12

With complex development process and pathogenesis,age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)is a chronic and progressive macular degenerative disease,which is currently the leading cause of blindness in middle-aged and elderly people. Research showed that the choroidal thickness changed significantly in different stages and classifications of ARMD.Since choroid is a vascular structure capable of rapidly changing blood flow, the change in choroidal thickness may be mainly caused by the change in choroidal blood flow. In addition, the abnormal blood perfusion of choroid can further damage the function of the retinal pigment epithelium cells, resulting in hypoxia and ischemia of retinal pigment epithelium, and finally induced ARMD. At present, more and more people are aware of the importance of choroidal thickness changes in the diagnosis and treatment of ARMD. Therefore, this article will review the changes and pathogenesis of choroidal thickness and blood flow in the course or after treatment of ARMD, which may provide new predictor for ARMD onset, and provide new targets for the development of new treatments of ARMD.

Research progress on effect of Toric intraocular lens decentration,tilt and rotation on visual quality

Li-Xuan Xie, Xuan Liao and Chang-Jun Lan — 2022/10/28 16:28:12

With the development of refractive cataract surgery,Toric intraocular lens(Toric IOL)has been widely used as a functional IOL in the clinical practice. The implantation of Toric IOL in cataract patients can effectively correct preoperative corneal astigmatism and reduce postoperative residual astigmatism, thus obtaining better uncorrected visual acuity and visual quality. Mild decentration, tilt and rotation of Toric IOL do not cause significant subjective discomfort in patients. However, a certain degree of decentration, tilt and rotation of Toric IOL can increase astigmatism and higher-order aberration, resulting in decreased visual acuity and visual quality. Based on relevant results at home and abroad, this article reviewed the influence of the decentration, tilt and rotation of Toric IOL on visual quality at both basic and clinical levels and discussed the existing problems and prospects.

Research progress on peripapillary hyper-reflective ovoid mass-like structure

Lu Zhang and Chang-Zheng Chen — 2022/10/28 16:28:12

Peripapillary hyper-reflective ovoid mass-like structure(PHOMS)is a new finding in 2018, which is based on the enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography(EDI-OCT). A PHOMS is peripapillary in location, situated just above the lip of Bruch membrane open(BMO), and it is an ovoid, mass-like homogeneous structure similar to the hyper-reflectiveretinal nerve fiber layer. Although previously assumed to represent a form of buried optic disc drusen(ODD), the prevailing view is that PHOMS is the bulge of the axons of optic nerve fibers and a marker of axoplasmic stasis in the optic nerve fibers. This article describes the reasons for the concept of PHOMS, identifies its relationship with ODD, and discusses the possible histopathological mechanisms. In addition, we detail the differences between PHOMS on fundus multimodal images and other imaging features and explore the clinical manifestations and possible pathophysiological mechanisms of PHOMS in different diseases, which are important for a better understanding of neuro-ophthalmic related diseases such as myopic optic neuropathy and optic neuritis. Furthermore, we propose possible future research directions for PHOMS to gain new insights into PHOMS and its related diseases.

Research progress on artificial intelligence in diabetic retinopathy

Xiao-Yu Ma, Li Zhang and Yan-Long Bi — 2022/10/28 16:28:12

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is one of the many complications of diabetes and one of the major causes of blindness in middle-aged and elderly people in the world. Early detection and treatment can effectively reduce the blindness rate. In recent years, the application of artificial intelligence(AI)in ophthalmology has been expanding, and its research in DR screening and diagnosis has become a new hotspot. This paper aims to summarize the research progress of AI in the field of DR screening and diagnosis in recent years, raise questions, and set a course for the future. Additional information related to the further application and promotion of AI in this field is also provided.

Research progress on Hedgehog and WNT signaling pathways in eyelid basal cell carcinoma

Jia-Jing Chen, Chao-Peng Li, Qi-Long Wang and Fei Wang — 2022/10/28 16:28:12

Eyelid basal cell carcinoma(BCC)is the most common eyelid malignant tumor. Although eyelid BCC exhibits a relatively low malignancy and metastatic ability, its incidence is rising annually, and extensive attention has been received from clinicians. Currently, surgery is still the first-line treatment, but surgery for locally advanced eyelid BCC may lead to disfigurement and loss of eye function, so new treatment options are still needed. Studies have shown that the pathogenesis of eyelid BCC is associated with the abnormal expression of multiple signaling pathways, especially the Hedgehog and WNT signaling pathways. Their activation plays an important role in eyelid BCC, and these two pathways can also interact with each other to jointly mediate the development of eyelid BCC. Although targeted inhibitors targeting related signaling pathways have begun to be applied in the clinical treatment of eyelid BCC in recent years, disease recurrence, drug resistance and adverse reactions are still common after medication. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new inhibitors targeting different signaling pathways. Therefore, this paper reviews the recent progress on Hedgehog and WNT signaling pathways in eyelid BCC, aiming to provide important scientific basis for finding key targets for eyelid BCC therapy.

Research methods and advances in the impact of myopia on adolescent mental health

Jia-Lu You, Yan-Nian Hui and Le Zhang — 2022/10/28 16:28:13

According to epidemiological surveys, the incidence of myopia among Chinese children and adolescents has risen by over 53.6%. Myopia has emerged as the leading cause of vision loss among adolescents. The mental health of students suffers from vision impairment, which has an adverse ripple effect on their ability to learn and grow, and even their physical development. Based on the observation of significant differences in mental health between myopic people and normal people, scholars at home and abroad have used various psychological scales to evaluate the association between myopia and mental health issues, including anxiety and depression, as well as personality traits such as emotionalization and introversion. This article reviews the effect of myopia on adolescent mental health and the research progress on its research methods and prevention strategies.

Changes of macular microvasculature and the influence of cataract surgery on microvasculature in patients with myopia

Xue-Mei Liang and Li Li — 2022/10/28 16:28:13

The fundus changes in high myopia are highly associated with retinal and choroidal microvasculature alterations. As an emerging non-invasive screening technology,optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)can measure the retinal tissue morphology as well as vessel network in vivo.The retinal and choroidal blood flow are quantified by automatic stratification and quantification technology of OCTA, which have provided great benefits for early detection of the lesions in fundus structures of a myopic eye and monitoring the occurrence and progression of myopic fundus diseases. In this review, the OCTA changes in retinal structure and blood flow are outlined, and the influences on the macular microstructure and blood flow after cataract surgery in patients with myopia are summarized. Comprehensive and in-depth understanding of macular microvasculature in myopic eyes can assist ophthalmologists to predict and monitor the underlying microvascular changes of myopia after cataract surgery.

Current status of research on the role of fibronectin in the progression of posterior capsular opacification fibrosis

2022/9/22 16:19:02

Posterior cataract opacification(PCO)is the epithelial-mesenchymal transformation(EMT)of residual lens epithelial cells(LECs)after cataract surgery, resulting in opaque scar which is one of the main complications of cataract surgery. A large amount of fibronectin(FN)produced by LECs after cataract surgery binds to a variety of cell surface receptors, matrix components and growth factors to regulate cell behavior. The purpose of this article is to review the literatures on the treatment of PCO targeting fibronectin and provide references for clinical treatment of PCO. In this paper, the research status of fibronectin in PCO in recent years is reviewed.

Research progress on epigenetic modification involved in metabolic memory of diabetic retinopathy

Yuan-Jie Qian and Yan-Tao Wei — 2022/9/22 16:19:02

Diabetes retinopathy(DR)may continue to develop even if blood sugar is well controlled, which indicates that previous hyperglycemia will lead to long-term harmful vascular dysfunction, and this phenomenon is defined as “metabolic memory” of diabetes retinopathy. Because the onset of DR is insidious, clinical symptomatic treatment is mainly used. Effective means of early diagnosis, accurate treatment and prognosis are lacking and new diagnosis and treatment ideas need to be developed urgently. In recent years, many new studies have shown that epigenetic modification is involved in the pathogenesis of DR “metabolic memory” in DNA methylation, histone post-translational modification and microRNA(microRNAs,miRNAs)regulation, which provides a direction and strategy for the exploration of DR molecular mechanism. In this review, we discussed the role of epigenetic modification in the pathogenesis of DR and analyzed the challenges and prospects of its application in the treatment of DR, with a view to provide a reference for early diagnosis and treatment of DR in the future.

Research progress on DNA methylation in ocular diseases

Lin Liu, Xiao-Wen Ji and Rui-Hua Wei — 2022/9/22 16:19:02

DNA methylation, as an important form of epigenetic modification, plays vital roles in the occurrence and development of diseases by regulating gene expression. In recent years, with the rapid development of DNA methylation research and the continuous updates of the detection method,it is reported that DNA methylation has become an important way to explore the pathogenesis of various diseases and new treatment methods.Many breakthroughs have been made in the basic research of DNA methylation in different ophthalmological diseases, including corneal epithelium repair, cell adhesion and abnormal matrix remodeling of conjunctival epithelium, ocular fibrosis and glaucoma, oxidative stress, inflammatory response and cell damage, the relationship between different DNA methylation levels and ocular tumors, etc. This review aims to provide a new idea for the pathogenesis, examination, diagnosis and prevention of different ocular diseases by summarizing the relevant studies on the regulatory mechanisms of DNA methylation in ophthalmological diseases.

Research progress on the role of neuropeptides in the pathogenesis of dry eye

Feng Wang, Yi Shao and Dong Liang — 2022/9/22 16:19:03

Dry eye(DE)is a multi-factorial ocular surface disease. The mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of DE is still unclear. Inflammation and immune response are considered to be one of the core mechanisms among the pathogenesis of DE. Neuropeptides are small molecular peptides generated after the sensory nerve endings damaged or stimulated. They play an important role in triggering and regulating inflammatory response. Thus, they are important mediums between the nervous system and immune system. Recent studies have revealed that neuropeptides secreted by ocular surface nerves are considered to be an important factor involved in the pathogenesis of DE. Therefore, this paper summarized the research progress on the roles of neuropeptides underlying the mechanisms of the pathogenesis of DE, analyzed the latest points of view and research hot spots, so as to provide references for the prevention and treatment of DE.

Progress on contact lens for extended ophthalmic drug delivery

Zhao Wang, Qing Lin, Xiao-Juan Zhang, Xiao-Mei Wang and Ling-Yun Hao — 2022/9/22 16:19:03

Conventional eye treatment formulation such as eye drops has shortcomings including low drug utilization and poor patient compliance. The contact lens(CL), well-known as visual correction lens, is considered to be a more promising ophthalmic drug delivery vehicle owing to its good biocompatibility, long-term wearing comfort, prolonged drug residence time and improved bioavailability. In order to improve the drug loading efficiency and prolong the release time, researchers have developed a variety of strategies to modify traditional CL, including the introduction of vitamin E molecular barrier, application of molecular imprinting technology of CL, increasing interactions between the drug and polymer matrix by introducing special genes, and incorporation of nanocarriers or drug-loaded polymer films. In this paper, the preparation methods and pros and cons of drug-loaded CL are reviewed. At last, the existing problems and future developments of CL as ophthalmic drug delivery carrier are briefly discussed.

Interpretation of Consensus on Astigmatism Management in Cataract Surgery in the United States in 2019

Bin Wang, Hua-Feng Ma and Hui Li — 2022/9/22 16:19:04

The American Association of Cataract Surgeons issued the Consensus on Astigmatism Management in Cataract Surgery in 2019. To help Chinese ophthalmologists better comprehend the consensus, the main contents are explained: Toric intraocular lens(Toric IOL)implantation is the first choice for correcting corneal astigmatism. Three or more than three instruments should be used for preoperative measurement, and the values that are consistent with results should be taken. Then the Barrett Toric calculator can be used to calculate Toric IOL. When calculating toric IOL,the position of the surgical incision, surgically induced astigmatism(SIA), etc. should be considered. Then, the Toric IOL that makes resultant astigmatism close to 0 without flipping the astigmatism axis can be selected. The intraoperative automated image-guided systems can be used to guide the implantation. If residual astigmatism causes discomfort, laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK)or IOL replacement can be used for correction. Toric IOL implantation is not recommended for patients with pseudoexfoliation(PXF)syndrome or macular lesions. There are many contraindications in dysfunctional lens syndrome(DLS)patients, which should be carried out by senior doctors. In the future, it is necessary to explore further the influence of haptic design and optic material on the rotational stability of IOL. Cataract surgery assisted by intraoperative aberrometers, automated image-guided systems or femtosecond laser still needs further development.

Research progress on multifocal intraocular lens implantation

Hai-Wei Chen, Dong-Mei Liu, Hong-Sheng Bi, Yang Li and Jia-Wei Song — 2022/9/22 16:19:04

Cataract is one of the most common causes of vision loss and even blindness in patients, and surgery is a proven and effective treatment option. Traditional cataract surgery for vision loss has increasingly given way to refractive cataract surgery as science and technology have progressed. There are also a variety of refractive intraocular lenses on the market place. Patients are increasingly accepting and recognizing multifocal intraocular lens(MIOL)as an alternative to traditional single focus intraocular lens(SIOL). Through classification and listing, the existing MIOL are discussed in this article, as well as the features of different types of MIOL and techniques for evaluating the clinical impacts of patients after surgery, so as to provide references for ophthalmologists.

Influencing factors of Toric intraocular lens postoperative rotation and its principles of treatment

Zi-Liang Chen and Hui-Ying Rao — 2022/9/22 16:19:04

Correcting astigmatism safely and effectively has become a crucial part of modern cataract surgery due to the transformation of the surgery into a refractive procedure. The increased predictability and enhanced safety of Toric intraocular lens(IOL)implantation has made it the preferred method of correcting corneal regular astigmatism above 0.75D in cataract surgery. Toric IOL needs to be implanted in a precise axis position to achieve good astigmatism correction. A major cause of toric misalignment is postoperative rotation, which typically occurs soon after surgery. However, large axis misalignment will eliminate the astigmatism corrective effect of Toric IOL, even cause astigmatism in a new axis position. The factors responsible for IOL postoperative rotation are diverse. As a result, profound understanding of the factors is crucial for clinicians to minimize the rotation. Repositioning procedure is generally selected in case of significant rotation and the timing of the procedure is vital. This paper reviewed the influencing factors of IOL rotation postoperatively and its principle of treatment.

Clinical application of capsular tension ring

Wei-Yin Zeng, Xiao-Yu Li, Chang-Jun Lan and Xuan Liao — 2022/9/22 16:19:05

As an in-bag filling device, capsular tension ring(CTR)has played an important role in cataract surgery. Maintaining the circular contour of the capsular bag and improving the safety of surgery is the original intention of CTR design, and then it was found to have better effects in inhibiting posterior capsular opacity and capsular bag shrinkage, and enhancing the stability of intraocular lenses. After nearly 30a of improvement and development, CTR has been derived into a variety of types, and its clinical application has gradually expanded. In particular, CTR can be used in complex cataract surgery to reduce intraoperative risk and improve postoperative outcomes. In the present paper, the implantation timing, indications and complications of CTR were summarized, and the progress in clinical application in recent years was briefly reviewed.

Research progress on autophagic flux regulation in cataract

Cong-Yu Wang, Peng-Fei Li, Si-Wen Wang, Si-Jie Bao, Hai-Hong Shi, Huai-Jin Guan — 2023/8/22 13:56:43

Autophagic flux refers to a series of dynamic process of autophagic bilayer membrane formation, autophagosome formation, autophagolysosomes formation and degradation. The etiology of cataract is complex, including congenital abnormalities in lens development due to genetic mutations, oxidative damage due to aging, abnormalities in glucose metabolism due to diabetes, and proliferation of lens epithelial cells(LECs)stimulated by postoperative inflammatory factor, all of which are associated with the development of cataracts. A growing number of research in recent years have discovered that altering the status of LECs can contribute to the pathophysiological process of cataract by regulating autophagic flux. This review summarized the impacts of autophagic flux regulation on cataract.

Vitreous properties in patients with diabetes mellitus and its relationship with proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Yi Gong, Yan Shao, Xiao-Rong Li — 2023/8/22 13:56:44

When it comes to diabetic patients, persistent hyperglycemia and associated pathological conditions will not only cause diabetic retinopathy(DR)but also have an impact on the metabolism of vitreous, leading to diabetic vitreopathy. Owing to the adjacent anatomical position between the vitreous and retina, diabetic vitreopathy and DR are mutually promoted. Changes in vitreoretinal interface such as posterior vitreous detachment(PVD)and vitreoschisis, provide a scaffold for fibrovascular proliferative membrane and are closely associated with pars plana vitrectomy(PPV). This article sorts out the variation of diabetic patients' vitreous structure and biochemical components, along with the changes in the vitreous-retinal interface, particularly for the related research on its relationship with proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR), aiming at providing further cognition of diabetic vitreopathy as well as references for DR treatment and formulation of PPV.

Research progress on intra-arterial thrombolysis for the treatment of central retinal artery occlusion

Xiao-Han Xu, Di Wu, Yuan Gao, Xu-Xiang Zhang — 2023/8/22 13:56:44

Central retinal artery occlusion(CRAO), also known as eye stroke, always results in acute and painless visual loss. At present, conservative treatments, such as eye massage, lowering intraocular pressure and vasodilators have little effect on reducing visual loss. Intra-arterial thrombolysis(IAT)has significantly improved prognosis in patients with acute ischemic stroke, thus IAT has been gradually applied in the treatment of CRAO. IAT injects fibrinolytic drugs directly into the ophthalmic artery by a microcatheter, and dissolves the emboli that block the central retinal artery to restore the blood flow of the retina. Theoretically, IAT may be effective for CRAO as what has been found for stroke, but existing clinical studies exhibited inconsistent results. This paper summarizes the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of IAT treatment in CRAO. It will also analyze related factors that affect the prognosis, putting forward potential development directions and providing insights for the further clinical application of IAT.

Advances in the treatment and prevention of acute retinal arterial ischemia

Meng-Xiao Wu, Pei-Quan Zhao, Ping Fei, En-Guang Chen — 2023/8/22 13:56:44

Acute transient or permanent retinal arterial ischemia is ocular and systemic emergency requiring immediate diagnosis and treatment. Transient monocular vision loss is transient retinal arterial ischemia which leaves no permanent deficits. Central retinal arterial occlusion and branch retinal arterial occlusion lead to permanent visual function deficits in the majority of patients. Current treatment include lowering intraocular pressure, dilating blood vessels, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, intravenous or intra-arterial thrombolysis and so on, but there is still no standard treatment procedure. High risk groups should receive primary prevention measures in order to reduce the incidence of the disease. Patients with acute retinal arterial ischemia are at high risk of subsequent stroke and adverse cardiovascular events. Relevant risk factors should be identified in time, the primary disease should be treated actively, and appropriate secondary prevention measures should be taken to improve the prognosis. This review summarizes the recent treatment and prevention procedures of acute retinal arterial ischemia, to provide references for the management of these diseases.

Research progress on wide-field multimodal image of peripheral retinal degeneration

Han Huang, Lin Huang, Shao-Min Peng, Hong-Jie Ma — 2023/8/22 13:56:44

Peripheral retinal degeneration is a typical lesion in ophthalmic clinical practice. Each type of degeneration affects distinct retinal layers and may lead to sight-threatening complications. Due to its specific location, where current ophthalmic imaging technologies have difficulties observing, the pathogenesis remains unclear despite previous works. This review outlines the characteristics of peripheral retinal degeneration by different wide-field imaging technologies, including ultra-wide field fundus imaging, wide field spectral domain optical coherence tomography, optical coherence tomography angiography and fundus fluorescein angiography, as well as new perspectives on their pathogenesis or pathological characteristics so as to provide new ideas for clinical diagnosis and management. Due to the small size of sample and the lack of prospective and long-term observation of multimodal imaging, it is still impossible to comprehensively evaluate the progression and risk of different types of degeneration. Therefore, it is expected that wide-field multimodal imaging technology will be more widely applied to study the mechanism of peripheral retinal degeneration and guide the clinical practice options.

Prediction of vault after implantable collamer lens implantation and its research progress

Hai-Ge Liu, Ke Xu, Man-Li Zhao, Ya-Lin Mu — 2023/8/22 13:56:44

Myopia is considered to be a disease occurred under the influence of genetic and environmental factors, and it can only be restored by corrective surgeries. The current surgical methods include laser surgeries and phakic intraocular lens(PIOL)implantation, and PIOL has the advantages of wide range of correction, repeatable procession and small damage to corneal tissue. Furthermore, good visual acuity can be achieved after implantation of intraocular lens. Implantable collamer lens(ICL)is the most common surgical method in this group. The vertical distance between the highest point of the posterior central surface of the implanted lens and the anterior surface of the crystalline lens is called vault. It will cause serious complications if the vault turns out to be abnormal. Up to now, there is no optimal prediction method. This research focuses on vault, discusses the ideal range of postoperative vault, the safety and effectiveness of this surgery, and analyzes the existing prediction methods to provide directions for future clinical research.

Research progress on the relationship between lifestyle and dry eye in children

Zi-Qun Jin, Cong-Xin Li, Ying Wen — 2023/8/22 13:56:44

Dry eye is a multifactorial ocular surface disease characterized by tear film dyshomeostasis, producing eye discomfort and visual impairment that seriously affects people's quality of life and quality of work. In recent years, the incidence of dry eye in children has been increasing year by year with the changes of environment and lifestyle, which has caused many concerns. Both genetic and non-genetic factors can affect the development of dry eye. However, non-genetic factors, such as lifestyle factors, can be improved by human intervention. Lifestyle modification is economical, safe and effective. It has proven to be efficient for preventing dry eye, so it is important to investigate the association between lifestyle and dry eye in children. Related studies analyzed the relationships between lifestyles such as video terminal, contact lens, low concentration of atropine eye drops, sleep, diet and dry eye in children. In this review, the above findings were summarized and relevant preventive measures were proposed, providing a new theoretical basis for preventing dry eye in children and delaying disease progression.

Research progress on the correlation between visual impairment and cognitive impairment

Meng-Qi Jiang, Jian Zhou — 2023/8/22 13:56:45

As aging societies enter worldwide, the elderly population is increasing year by year, and visual and cognitive impairment have thus become important global issues, imposing a significant socioeconomic burden worldwide. In recent years, a large number of studies have shown a strong association between visual and cognitive impairments, with patients with visual impairment being more likely to experience cognitive decline, especially dementia. In addition, there is also evidence that improving visual acuity has a significant effect on cognitive function, and that by improving visual function, the development of cognitive decline and dementia can be delayed, which provides new ideas for public health efforts to delay and mitigate cognitive decline and dementia by improving visual function. The possible mechanisms underlying the association between visual and cognitive impairment remain unclear and need to be studied further.

Novel coronavirus infection and its vaccination-related ocular disease

Lu-Xuan Wang, Zuo-Xiang Pang, Rong-Yu Gao, Lei Gao — 2023/8/22 13:56:45

The continuous pandemic coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2)is a serious threat to human life and health because of high infectious pathogenicity, and it also has posed a new challenge to the current medical model. Many literatures have shown that these changes range from the more common ocular surface diseases such as inflammation of the cornea, conjunctiva, and sclera, to the relatively rare paracentral acute middle maculopathy and acute macular neuroretinopathy. For patients with ocular symptoms as the first or accompanying symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, how to identify the correlation between ocular manifestations and SARS-CoV-2 infection is undoubtedly a serious challenge for ophthalmologists. In this review, the ocular pathology caused by both SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination was discussed, covering pathological changes in the ocular surface, uvea, retina and macula, and cranial nerves.

Application progress of laser photocoagulation in diabetic retinopathy treatment in the era of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents

Ke-Ke Hu, Yan-Nian Hui and Hong-Jun Du — 2023/7/25 11:03:26

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is the most prevalent and severe ocular complication in people with diabetes, and it is one of the leading causes of blindness in adults. In recent years, drug therapy represented by anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)agents has become the first-line therapy in DR treatment, but it cannot reverse retinal non-perfusion areas, microaneurysms and abnormal teleangiectatic capillaries, those who cannot be treated on time are at risk of disease progression. Laser photocoagulation has been widely applied for more than 40 years, it can effectively reduce the rate of blindness by eliminating the non-perfusion areas of capillaries, and panretinal photocoagulation(PRP)has been the primary treatment for DR. With the continuing innovations in laser technology, on the basis of maintaining the curative effect, the aim of minimizing retinal damage and adverse side effects has been realized. A combination of laser photocoagulation and anti-VEGF agents can achieve complementary advantages and better efficacy. Deepening the clinical research on laser therapy and laser therapy combined with anti-VEGF agents in the treatment of DR may help to establish the personalized treatment corresponds with our national conditions. This article briefly reviews the latest application progress of laser therapy in DR treatment in the era of anti-VEGF agents.

Research progress on the correlation between circadian rhythm and clock genes and the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy

Si-Wen Tian, Qiu-Ping Liu, Ji-Xian Ma, Jia-Jie Yang and Jing-Ming Li — 2023/7/25 11:03:26

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is the most common microvascular complication of patients with diabetes mellitus, and it has become one of the leading causes of visual impairment among working-age people worldwide. The pathogenesis of DR is complicated with multiple mechanisms. Plenty of studies have indicated that circadian rhythm and clock genes are closely related to the pathogenesis of DR. Circadian rhythm is a physiological process regulated by clock genes, which takes 24h as a cycle and is consistent with the changes of light and dark outside. Circadian rhythm regulates various physiological activities of the body. The disturbance of circadian rhythm induces DR by affecting the blood glucose level and the physiological homeostasis of the eye in patients with diabetes mellitus, and clock genes may be involved in the pathogenesis of DR by regulating oxidative stress response, inflammatory response, retinal autophagy rhythm, mitochondrial dysfunction and endothelial progenitor cell function. This paper will introduce the generation and regulation mechanism of circadian rhythm, as well as the internal circadian rhythm of retina, and further discuss the influence of circadian rhythm and clock genes on the occurrence and development of DR, aiming to provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of DR.

Research progress on the protective effect and mechanism of puerarin on diabetic retinopathy

Hua Zou, Zhi-Peng You and Xiao-Jian Wu — 2023/7/25 11:03:26

Increasing prevalence and incidence of diabetes mellitus(DM)-the most common chronic consumptive disease worldwide-has a devastating impact on people's daily lives, particularly through the deterioration or complete loss of vision brought on by diabetic retinopathy(DR). Therefore, it is imperative to investigate the pathogenesis and effective treatment of DR. Meanwhile, Pueraria lobata is the extensively used dried root of kudzu or dried kudzu, also known as Pueraria flavonoids. Moreover, its roots are primarily composed of isoflavones, Pueroside ABC, triterpenes, and alkaloids, which can calm cardio-cerebrovascular smooth muscle and enhance microcirculation. Currently, it is widely employed for the treatment of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, osteonecrosis, DM and its complications, neurodegenerative disorders, endometriosis and tumor diseases. Inhibiting retinal neovascularization, alleviating ischemia and hypoxia, decreasing advanced glycation end products in diabetes, raising insulin-like growth factor(IGF)expression while decreasing tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-a)expression, decreasing vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)expression, reducing retinal nerve cell death, inhibiting the NOD-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)inflammatory pathway and inhibiting ferroptosis are all mechanisms by which puerarin(Pue)has been found to protect the retina in recent studies. Thus, this article summarizes the current comprehension of the mechanism and protective effect of Pue on diabetic retina, serving as a guidepost for its future development and application.

Research progress in optimizing implantable collamer lens V4c implantation

Yuan-Yuan Jiang, Zhen-Guo Yan, Jian Ding, Si-Yu Zheng and Xiao-Yang Wang — 2023/7/25 11:03:26

With the development of posterior chamber phakic intraocular lenses implantation and the constant improvement of the implantable collamer lens(ICL), ICL V4c implantation has become one of the main methods for correcting moderate and high myopia. Vault is an important indicator to evaluate the security of posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation. In recent years, optimizing surgical procedures to obtain the ideal vault in ICL V4c implantation surgery has become a research hotspot. This paper aims to provide help for improving surgical safety by summarizing and analyzing the optimized programs of ICL V4c implantation surgery. The focus will be on preoperative examination, intraoperative surgical design, and postoperative follow-up.

Research advances in the size selection of implantable collamer lens

Yi Li, Peng-Cheng Wu and Wen-Fang Zhang — 2023/7/25 11:03:27

The implantable collamer lens(ICL)is a widely popular option for the correction of refractive errors. ICL implantation brings a whole new dimension to the vision, from the anterior chamber phakic ICL to the posterior and central hole ICL. Even though there are fewer reported complications, ICL size selection remains challenging due to the differences in device measurements and ICL sizing formulas. With the widening comprehensiveness of ICL implantation and the ongoing development of ophthalmic devices and technologies, particularly the advent of artificial intelligence, more and more indicators such as sulcus-to-sulcus(STS), crystalline lens rise(CLR), angle-to-angle(ATA), the iris pigment end to the iris pigment end(PTP), anterior chamber width(ACW), and anterior chamber angle(ACA)are providing references in the selection of ICL size, this article provides a review of ICL size selection.

Advances of mitophagy involved in diabetic retinopathy

Shi-Yi Li, Ke Wang and Wen-Jun Zou — 2023/7/25 11:03:27

Mitochondrial function is essential for the viability of aerobic eukaryotic cells, as mitochondria provide energy through the generation of adenosine triphosphate(ATP), regulate cellular metabolism, provide redox balancing, participate in immune signaling, and initiate apoptosis. Mitophagy refers to the selective elimination of dysfunctional mitochondria in cells, thereby achieving mitochondrial quality control and maintaining cell homeostasis. Recent studies have indicated that abnormal mitophagy is involved in the development of various eye diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy(DR), age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the definition of mitophagy, and present the results of various studies using cell culture, animal, and human tissue models. Additionally, we review the molecular process of mitophagy and its role in DR, thus providing novel ideas for the treatment of DR.

Research on the mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome in neurovascular unit impairment of diabetic retinopathy

Qi Zhou, Hong-Bin Lyu, Ya-Ping Wang, Hao-Yue Feng and He-Jiang Ye — 2023/7/25 11:03:27

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is a neurovascular disease caused by the neurovascular unit(NVU)impairment. Immune imbalance and inflammation are key factors that affect the normal function of NVU and lead to the progression of DR. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)inflammasome is indicated as an important component of the inflammatory response, and it can identify endogenous danger signals, leading to the activation of caspase-1 and then activating a series of inflammatory cytokines and pyroptosis. Early activation of inflammasome maintains and promotes innate immunity against bacterial and viral infections, while excessive inflammasome activation results in excessive expression and ongoing action of inflammatory proteins, which in turn triggers off immune disorders and an inflammatory cascade that seriously harms the body. This review summarizes the recent research progress on the mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome in NVU impairment of DR, including the related drugs targeting NLRP3 pathways.

Research progress on the nerve damage in diabetic retinopathy

Ying Xie, Yang Li and Zhi-Jun Dong — 2023/7/25 11:03:27

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is the main cause of substantial visual impairment of occupational active individuals in the world, which has become one of the most common eye diseases that lead to irreversible visual impairment of the working population. Precise identification and accurate intervention of early DR lesions are of great significance to block or delay the development of this disease. Recent studies have shown that DR nerve injury occurs before retinal microangiopathy, it has a series of characteristic clinical manifestations, such as dark adaptation delay, contrast sensitivity and decreased tone discrimination. These characteristic clinical manifestations are key events in the early stage of DR, which are closely related to apoptosis, glial cell proliferation, oxidative stress, inflammation, excitotoxicity of glutamate and imbalance of neurotrophic factors. In this paper, the research progress of DR nerve damage and its related factors are reviewed in order to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of DR.

Progress of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs for the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity

Tong Ding and Yi Chen — 2023/7/25 11:03:27

Retinopathy of prematurity(ROP)is a proliferative vascular disorder of the immature retina, and it is a major eye disease that causes blindness in children of developing and developed countries. Retinal laser photocoagulation and cryotherapy are the conventional treatment used for ROP but could cause permanent damage to retina, with a risk of complications such as visual field defect and high myopia. With more normal growth of retinal function and convenience and shorter time than coagulation therapy, intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)agents has gradually gained popularity and has even been advocated as the treatment of choice in treating zone I, zone II posterior or aggressive ROP. However, the serious systemic complications, minimum effective dose and late recurrence caused by anti-VEGF drugs in the treatment of ROP still need to be further studied. This review focuses on the use of anti-VEGF agents for the treatment of ROP.

Progress on the relationship between high-sugar diet and myopia development

Yi-Fan Wang, Lian Zhang, Xiao-Feng Xie and Hong-Sheng Bi — 2023/7/25 11:03:27

Myopia has become a major public health problem affecting the eye health of our nationals, especially adolescents, and is listed as one of the three major diseases in the world. The etiology of myopia is complex and it is currently considered to be mainly related to environmental factors and genetic factors. Dietary factors are less concerned, but it has been reported that there is a correlation between high-sugar diet and the occurrence and development of myopia. Studies have found that high-sugar diet can cause hyperinsulinemia, which mediates the increase of retinal insulin-like growth factor(IGF-1, IGF-2)expression level, and the decrease of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3(IGFBP-3)expression level in scleral fibroblasts, thereby activating signal transduction and transcriptional activator protein 3(STAT3)signaling pathway, and then acting on scleral matrix metalloproteinases(MMP)/transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)and other factors, resulting in a decrease in scleral extracellular matrix(ECM), eventually leading to scleral remodeling, eye axis growth and myopia. This article explores the relationship between high-sugar diet and the occurrence and development of myopia from the aspects of epidemiology and biological mechanisms by consulting relevant literature, and provides research directions for the prevention and control of myopia.

Advances in mechanism and regulatory factors of corneal stromal repair

Si-Min Cheng and Yan-Ning Yang — 2023/6/21 14:36:10

Corneal stromal is an important structure to maintain corneal transparency. The corneal stroma can be injured by trauma, infection and surgery. Therefore, corneal stromal wound starts repair with phenotype changes in stromal cell, extracellular matrix remodeling and immune cells migration. The corneal scar was the leading cause of blindness worldwide, which can be caused by corneal stromal fibrosis from increased myofibroblasts and deposited extracellular matrix after sever damage. At present, corneal transplantation is the main treatment for corneal scar, which has limited therapeutic effect because of corneal donor shortage, surgical requirements and the risk of postoperative immune rejection. Recently, great progress has been made in the study of control mechanism of corneal stromal wound healing with various molecules, cells and tissues. This paper reviews the repair mechanism of corneal stromal injury and the regulation mechanism of cause of corneal injury, corneal structure and molecule factors towards corneal stromal injury. It aims at providing new ideas for exploring the mechanism of corneal stromal repair and regeneration, which is supposed to help prevent corneal scar clinically.

Clinical application of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy

Hao-Hao Cui and Qing Shao — 2023/6/21 14:36:10

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy(TAO)is an autoimmune inflammatory disease involving multiple orbital tissues with a variety of clinical manifestations, which has serious effects on the life quality of patients.Interventions of TAO mainly include medical treatment to stabilize thyroid function, reduce inflammation and regulate immune function, as well as surgical treatment to relieve ocular symptoms. Botulinum toxin type A can paralyze muscles by blocking nerve impulse conduction at the neuromuscular junction, which is of certain therapeutic value for restrictive strabismus due to extraocular muscle involvement and upper eyelid retraction due to involvements of levator palpebrae superioris and Müller's muscle in TAO patients, especially when they have surgical contraindications, lack surgical opportunity, or refuse surgery. This paper reviews the application of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of TAO, focusing on its pharmacological mechanism, dosage, effectiveness, and possible complications when treating restrictive strabismus and upper eyelid retraction, and discussing potential therapeutic values of botulinum toxin type A for intraocular pressure elevation, glabellar frown lines and dry eye caused by extraocular muscle compression in TAO patients, in order to provide a reference for clinical intervention.

Application value of new assistive technology in keratopathy-associated cataract surgery

Zhen-Bo Zhao, Li-Wei Ma, Kai-Li Tang, Yu-Xi Ding, Dong Han and Jing Wang — 2023/6/21 14:36:10

Keratopathy-associated cataract, that is, on the basis of corneal disease, and later the development of lens opacity, seriously damage visual quality. In order to avoid corneal transplantation for some patients, partial visual quality can be restored. A comprehensive and accurate evaluation of the effect of corneal opacity on visual function is of great improtance for determining cataract surgery alone. Due to the opacity of the cornea, the operation is very difficult and challenging. Therefore, it is of clinical value to develop and use new assistive technologies, including capsule staining, endoillumination, pupil dialation technology, femtosecond laser assisted technology, etc., avoiding problems such as limited visibility and decreased light flow caused by corneal opacity and facilitating cataract surgery. This article reviews progress of assistive technologies for keratopathy-associated cataract, hoping to guide clinical application.

Progress on the application of capsular tension ring in high myopia combined with cataract

Fei-Fei Deng and Xue-Jun Gu — 2023/6/21 14:36:11

In recent years, the incidence of high myopia complicated with cataract shows a gradual upward trend. Due to the special anatomical structure and lesion nature of high myopia, the difficulty and various complications of such patients are much higher than those of ordinary cataract surgery. With the continuous advancement of design and materials, the indications for capsular tension ring(CTR)have gradually expanded. Especially for patients with high myopia,it can maintain the stability of intraocular lens position, assist the relaxation of the suspensory ligament, inhibit the migration and proliferation of residual lens epithelial cells after surgery, improve the visual quality of patients and reduce the incidence of retinal detachment. This paper reviewed the history of CTR, its clinical application, and the effect of CTR on high myopia complicated with cataract.

Research progress on biomarkers of pseudoexfoliative glaucoma

Yue Huang, Yan Li, Zheng-Yi-Lin Bao, Yu-Ting Li, Yong-Yuan Yu and Zhu-Lin Hu — 2023/6/21 14:36:11

Pseudoexfoliative glaucoma(PEXG)is an eye disease that seriously endangers vision. It is more invasive than primary open-angle glaucoma(POAG), with more serious damage to the optic nerve, worse prognosis and higher resistance to treatment. Early diagnosis of PEXG can help to treat the disease in time and delay the progress of the disease, so it is important to determine appropriate biomarkers. In recent years, more and more people have begun to study the biomarkers of PEXG, hoping to understand the pathogenesis of the disease, find out the potential early diagnosis and treatment targets of PEXG, and provide some help to the disease through the research of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and lipomics markers. This article will review the progress of biomarkers of PEXG in recent years, some biomarkers may provide new ideas for early diagnosis of PEXG in the future.

Clinical characteristics and treatment progress of microphthalmos-anophthalmos-coloboma

Bo-Zhao Wang and Yan Cui — 2023/6/21 14:36:11

Microphthalmos-anophthalmos-coloboma(MAC)is structurally and clinically correlated congenital ocular malformation. Although MAC is relatively rare, they still become an important cause of blindness in children. At present, the etiology of MAC is not clear; a variety of genetic or environmental factors may cause MAC. Because of its special anatomical structure, MAC has complex clinical manifestations and multiple complications. The complications including cataract, angle-closure glaucoma, uveal effusion, retinal detachment, orbital cyst, which are often accompanied with increased risks for surgery and poor prognosis. By summarizing the clinical features, the common types of ocular complications, and the progress of the treatment, this article will enhance clinicians' cognition of MAC and guide clinicians to formulate personalized and safe treatment plans for patients.

Advances in the study of the pathogenesis of ophthalmic surgery-related dry eye

Tong Ji, Fang Fan and Zhi-Yang Jia — 2023/6/21 14:36:11

With the rapid development and widespread implementation of all types of ophthalmic surgery, more attention is being paid to the quality of post-operative vision. Dry eye is a common complication after ophthalmic surgery, often causing eye discomfort, blurred vision and other dry eye symptoms. Ophthalmic surgery-related dry eye is a common type of dry eye and is usually caused by a combination of surgical injury to the conjunctival tissue and nerves, destabilisation of the tear film, postoperative inflammatory reaction and perioperative topical medication. This article reviews the risk factors for ophthalmic surgery-related dry eye, the pathogenesis of dry eye due to different ophthalmic surgeries and the prevention of this type of dry eye, with the aim of reducing the occurrence and development of ophthalmic surgery-related dry eye and improving the quality of vision and life after ophthalmic surgery in the clinical setting.

Research progress of amniotic membrane transplantation in the treatment of ophthalmic diseases

Si-Rui Zhou, Xiao-Dong Chen, Xiao-Yan Pan and Tong Wang — 2023/6/21 14:36:12

Amniotic membrane is the innermost membrane in human placenta. It supports epithelialization and has the characteristics of anti-fibrosis, anti-inflammation and anti-angiogenesis. It is gradually widely used in ophthalmic surgery and other surgical operations. In recently years, the amniotic membrane has been used more frequently in ophthalmic clinic and has achieved better curative effect. This article reviews the application of amniotic membrane transplantation in ocular diseases such as ocular burn, conjunctival disease, corneal disease, pterygium, glaucoma and macular hole. It is expected that amniotic membrane transplantation will bring new ideas for the treatment of ocular diseases.

Research progress on the role of gut microbiota in ocular diseases

Jia-Yi Jiang and Pei-Rong Lu — 2023/6/21 14:36:12

Many studies have confirmed that gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in human health. It affects multiple organ systems other than the digestive tract. The bidirectional communication between the microbiota and the human body is finely orchestrated by different systems, including the nervous, immune, and endocrine systems. Moreover, intestinal flora imbalance plays an important role in the occurrence and development of ocular diseases such as glaucoma, uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration. Multiple microbiota and related metabolite(involving both microbe and host)both impact ocular diseases in animal models and demonstrate striking associations in clinical studies. Therefore, modulation of gut microbiota and metabolite may be beneficial for the maintenance of ocular homeostasis and the treatment of related ocular diseases. This article reviews the recent progress in the studies on relationship between intestinal microorganisms and several common ocular diseases, providing therapeutic targets for potential translational investigations within this research field.

Research progress on the correlation between Helicobacter pylori and ocular diseases

Yu-Yu Xue, Qi Zhou, Xiao-Juan Su and He-Jiang Ye — 2023/6/21 14:36:12

Helicobacter pylori is a common gram-negative bacterium, which is associated with a variety of gastroenteric diseases, such as gastritis, duodenal ulcer and gastric cancer. Recent studies suggested a potential role of Helicobacter pylori in the pathogenesis of common ocular diseases, such as central serous chorioretinopathy, glaucoma, anterior uveitis and ocular adnexal lymphoma. Helicobacter pylori might affect the pathophysiological process of ocular diseases through oxidative damage, circulatory disorders and immune injury. Some studies also suggested that eradication of Helicobacter pylori had certain effects on some ocular diseases. This review aims to summarize current evidence of the Helicobacter pylori in the pathogenesis of common ocular diseases, so as to encourage innovative approaches in the prevention and treatment of these ocular diseases.

Research progress on corneal nerves and substance P in viral keratitis

Yi Mu and Hong Zhang — 2023/5/29 16:33:20

Diseases like viral keratitis can harm corneal nerves, which are necessary for maintaining the health and functionality of the cornea. Recent research has shown that corneal nerve pathology affects the infected eye as well as the contralateral one, and that aberrant changes in sympathetic nerves can be seen, with the exception of sensory nerves that correspond to corneal sensation. However, apart from in vivo confocal microscopy and corneal sensation, there have been no additional prognostic indicators that allow clinicians to assess the severity of corneal nerve damage. While multiple functions of corneal nerves are mediated by neuropeptides, substance P, the first topical neuropeptide used in ocular clinical practice, was proved to regulate the process of viral infections, and it is involved in bilateral corneal pathologies through pro-inflammatory and neurotrophic functions in viral keratitis, so it may be used as a diagnostic biomarker or a therapeutic target. Therefore, this review summarized the changes and roles of corneal nerves as well as substance P in viral keratitis, which may serve as a reference for further study into associated mechanisms and clinical applications.

Research progress on the diagnosis and treatment of demodex blepharitis

Yi-He Liu, Jing Hong and Rong-Mei Peng — 2023/5/29 16:33:20

Demodex is one of the most common parasites in the human body. It can be classified into demodex folliculorum and demodex brevis based on the parasitic sites. It is an opportunistic pathogenic microorganism, and clinical symptoms may not appear in part of infected people, but the parasite can cause multiple common ocular diseases represented by blepharitis. Its typical symptoms include dry eyes, foreign body sensation in eyes, secretion attached to eyelashes, and ocular surface irritation. The diagnosis of demodex blepharitis should be based on the clinical manifestations and the results of etiological tests. The treatment is related to many kinds of drugs including plant essential oil and physical therapy. At present, diagnosing and treating demodex blepharitis is increasingly sophisticated, but the relationship between demodex infection and its pathogenicity remains unclear. This paper summarizes the current characteristics of demodex and the clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatment, and existing issues of demodex blepharitis, hoping to provide a reference for future studies in demodex.

Interpretation of the International Myopia Institute White Papers Ⅱ

Bi-Ying Wang, Jing-Hui Wang, Bei Du, Gui-Hua Liu, Lin Liu and Rui-Hua Wei — 2023/5/29 16:33:20

Worldwide, the incidence rate of myopia is maintained in a high level. Especially, the morbidity is rising continuously among children and adolescents. The progression of myopia affects visual acuity, vision related quality of life and productivity. Moreover, high myopia and its related ocular complications also aggravate the family and social burden. Therefore, the mechanism of myopia, related complications and methods of myopia prevention and control need further exploration. International Myopia Institute(IMI)published the second-edition white papers in April 2021. These white papers included reflections on the implications for clinical practice, the impact of myopia, the risk factors of myopia, the relationship among accommodation and binocular vision with myopia, pathologic myopia, prevention of myopia and digest. Comparing to the first edition, more than thousands of articles and conference abstracts were considered in white papers II, highlighting the latest research and progress related to myopia prevention and control. This article briefly summarizes and interprets the contents of the above white papers, including overview of myopia, impact of myopia, risk factors in myopia, ocular changes in the progress of myopia, and myopia prevention and control, hoping to provide advice for the clinical and scientific research work relating to myopia prevention and control.

Research advances in contact lens associated bacterial keratitis

Yu-Lin Yan, Yan-Ning Yang and Shan-Shan Wan — 2023/5/29 16:33:20

Contact lens(CL)is currently one of the most common methods of vision correction, with more than 140 million users worldwide and the demand is rising yearly as constantly development of materials and features. Wearing CL can lead to a variety of complications such as dry eye, corneal abrasions, giant papillary conjunctivitis, and infectious keratitis is one of the most severe complications. According to research, bacteria account for 80%～95% of the pathogens that cause CL-associated infective keratitis, it may have been related to the bacterial composition, virulence mechanism, biofilm formation and the combined effect of the lens itself and the process of use, which is prone to introducing pathogens, reducing antimicrobial capacity of the cornea and tears and causing ocular surface hypoxia and ocular surface inflammation. Overnight and prolonged lens wear, irregular lens purchase, use and care procedures can also be risk factors for bacterial infections. This article reviews the studies on the pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of CL-related bacterial keratitis.

Selection of intraocular lens calculation formula for cataract surgery in glaucoma patients

He-Lin Zhu, Jian Zhang and Hong Yan — 2023/5/29 16:33:20

Glaucoma and cataracts are the leading causes of blindness, and surgery is an important treatment option. Patients with glaucoma have clinical characteristics such as high intraocular pressure, shallow anterior chamber and short axial length, and the ocular structure is often altered after anti-glaucoma surgery like trabeculectomy. These changes also lead to differences in the accuracy of intraocular lens(IOL)refractive calculation between cataract surgery after anti-glaucoma surgery or combined glaucoma and cataract surgery and alone cataract surgery. Meanwhile glaucoma patients' individual clinical characteristics and structural changes caused by anti-glaucoma surgery have shown differences in the impact on the predictive accuracy of IOL diopters and the type of refractive drift. This article reviews the latest research advances in the causes of refractive error(RE), the characteristics of refractive drift, and the selection of the most appropriate IOL formula for glaucoma patients undergoing cataract surgery or cataract surgery after anti-glaucoma surgery or combined glaucoma and cataract surgery.

Research progress on genetic model of mouse with glaucoma

Ke-Lin Liu, Wen-Jing Xu, Ping Hu and Ying Pei — 2023/5/29 16:33:20

Glaucoma, currently the world's first irreversible blindness, is a complex multifactorial disease with a genetic predisposition, and pathologically elevated intraocular pressure is its risk factor. The pathogenesis of glaucoma is not fully understood, and most existing studies are based on animal models, with mice as the main research object, and the pathological damage process of glaucoma is reconstructed through experimental induction means or transgenic manipulation to further investigate the relevant pathogenesis and pathological changes. The technique of experimentally induced construction of glaucoma mouse models has been studied by many scholars and is gradually becoming mature. And as research in molecular biology and genetics has advanced, more and more studies have focused on the disease genes associated with glaucoma, and transgenic mouse models have become a hot topic in recent years. In contrast to experimental manipulation to control a single factor, gene editing is better able to simulate the complex process of disease pathogenesis. This paper focuses on providing a more complete direction and strategy for model selection in the future research by describing the progress of research on relevant transgenic mouse model of glaucoma.

Research progress on the mechanism of retinal light injury

Shuo Yang, Chen-Guang Wang and Shou-Nan Qi — 2023/5/29 16:33:21

The retina is a highly specialized tissue with unique structure and adaptability. Maintaining dynamic balance in all different types of retinal cells is essential for maintaining vision. The retina may be exposed to a variety of environmental damage such as light-induced damage, and over the course of evolution, retinal cells have developed adaptive responses to various injuries that together restore dynamic cellular homeostasis and increase the resistance of the tissue to further damage. Howecer, excessive exposure to light can cause a series of pathological changes in photoreceptors, retinal ganglion cells(RGC), retinal glial cells and retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)cells, such as increased expression of reactive oxygen species(ROS)and Ca²⁺in mitochondria, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy and inflammation, etc., leading to irreversible damage to the retina. In the present article, the possible pathogenesis and current related research progress of light-induced injury were reviewed, in order to provide research directions for the prevention and treatment of retinal light injury.

Research progress on the expression and distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in ocular tissues

Yu-Sheng Zhu, Teng Li, Yao Wang and Xiao-Dong Chen — 2023/5/29 16:33:21

Since 2019,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)posed a great threat to human health and social economy, which has brought out hundreds of millions infection and caused millions of deaths worldwide. With the increasing research on SARS-CoV-2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2)has been regarded as a significant functional receptor for SARS-CoV-2 invasion. ACE2 is distributed in many tissues of human body, not only expressed in lung, cardiovascular, kidney tissues, but also in conjunctiva, cornea, uvea, retina and optic nerve tissue. More and more cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection through ocular tissues have been found; however, whether ocular ACE2 plays a role in SARS-CoV-2 infection is not completely clear. Therefore, study on expression and distribution of ACE2 in the ocular tissues can not only provide an in-depth understanding of the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection, but also supply a comprehensive acquaintance with the mechanism of ACE2 action in the ocular tissues. In this paper, we review recent research progress about the expression and distribution of ACE2 in ocular tissues and hope to better understand the mechanism of ACE2 in the pathophysiological processes of ocular tissues.

Research advances in the function of ferroptosis in ocular disease

Zi-Xuan Yang and Wei Han — 2023/5/29 16:33:21

Ferroptosis is a novel form of cell death that has been discovered in recent years and differs markedly from previously known cell death. The mechanism of ferroptosis is the inactivation of glutathione peroxidase(GPX)and the accumulation of lethal intracellular lipid peroxides that occur on the basis of cellular iron overload. Changes such as cell membrane rupture, mitochondrial crest reduction, and outer mitochondrial membrane shrinkage rupture can be observed under electron microscopy. Current studies have found that many diseases in ophthalmology involve ferroptosis-related processes such as iron overload, the imbalance of redox homeostasis, the inactivation of GPX, and accumulation of lethal levels of lipid hydroperoxides, which identified the important role of ferroptosis in ocular disease. This review focuses on the mechanism of ferroptosis and its role in corneal injury, cataract, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy, which helps to sort out the pathological mechanisms of common ocular diseases and provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of ocular diseases.

Research progress on correction schemes of hyperopia for patients of different ages

Di Wang, Yu-Xi He, Shu-Rong Wang and Yan Zhang — 2023/5/29 16:33:21

Among typical hyperopia patients, the light is focused behind the retina, resulting in blurry vision either at a distance or near. Frequent and excessive accommodationis prone to visual fatigue and internal strabismus, and children may even develop amblyopia, which requires timely correction and a careful design of an individualized correction scheme to avoid problems above. Due to the age-related physiological changes in the refractive system, the accommodation of hyperopic patients varies greatly at different ages and doctors need to design reasonable correction schemes according to different refractive characteristics. This article will review the existing hyperopia correction methods, compare their advantages, disadvantages and indications, and summarize the clinical manifestations of hyperopia patients of different ages and the clinical progress of the corresponding correction plan, hoping to provide a reference for the clinical correction of hyperopia.

Research progress on the role of superoxide dismutase in diabetic retinopathy

Qi-Yan Ran and Wei Tan — 2023/4/27 14:33:09

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is the main cause of visual impairment and blindness in working-age people, which is the most common microvascular disease among diabetes complications.Hyperglycemia state can result in the aggravation of oxidative stress, release a large number of reactive oxygen species(ROS), and cause damage to protein, DNA or RNA in tissues and cells, thus causing cell death. Oxidative stress is considered as one of the important factors for the occurrence and development of DR. Antioxidant defense system is the key component of maintaining redox homeostasis. Superoxide dismutase(SOD)is a major antioxidant enzyme, which maintains the first line of defense in the antioxidant enzyme library. There are three kinds of SOD isozymes in mammals, which mainly protect cells from superoxide damage by accelerating the mutation reaction of SOD. It may delay the occurrence and development of DR by regulating the level of antioxidant enzyme SOD. Currently, the pathogenesis of DR remains unclear. In this paper, the protective effect of antioxidant enzyme SOD on pericytes and ganglion cells in DR was reviewed.

Research progress of pigment epithelial-derived factor in ocular diseases

Ling Chen and Wei Tan — 2023/4/27 14:33:09

As a secreted glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 50kDa, pigment epithelial-derived factor(PEDF)was originally found to be secreted by pigment epithelial cells; afterwards, it was found to be widely distributed in various organs and tissues throughout the body and played multiple biological roles. In recent years, a large number of studies have confirmed that PEDF can initiate a wide range of cellular responses in eye tissues by binding with a variety of receptors, which has the functions of regulating angiogenesis, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant stress and neurotrophic. Recent studies have found that the application of exogenous PEDF has a preferable therapeutic effect on the repair of dry eye and corneal injury. In addition, the PEDF gene encoding therapy has shown promising in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. This review mainly summarizes the potential therapeutic effects and limitations of pigment epithelium-derived factors in dry eye, corneal injury, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and other diseases in recent years, which provides help for further research on the diagnosis and treatment of ocular diseases with PEDF.

Research progress on the application of metformin in age-related eye diseases

Zhu-Xuan Yan and Yang Lyu — 2023/4/27 14:33:10

Age-related eye diseases are a series of ophthalmic diseases caused by degenerative disease of ocular tissues, and age-related macular degeneration(ARMD), age-related cataract(ARC), diabetic retinopathy(DR)and glaucoma are the four most common age-related eye diseases. With the increasing aging of the global social population, the incidence of these eye diseases is also increasing year by year. Metformin is currently one of the most commonly used hypoglycemic agents in clinical practice. It has become the drug of choice for treating type 2 diabetes after more than 60 years of clinical practice. In recent years, metformin has shown great potential in the prevention and treatment of tumors, systemic diseases and age-related diseases, and the mechanisms of action involved in anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation, and induction of autophagy are also closely related to the pathological changes of age-related eye diseases. The paper aims to review the current research status and potential application value of metformin in age-related eye diseases.

Role of interleukin-6 in ocular inflammatory diseases

Yuan-Yuan Tu and Man-Hui Zhu — 2023/4/27 14:33:10

Interleukin-6(IL-6)is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by monocytes, macrophages, T lymphocytes and other cell types. It is significantly up-regulated in the process of infection and inflammation, and is the core cytokine of the host's defense against environmental stresses(such as injury and infection). Abnormal and persistent IL-6 production is closely associated with the development of various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. A growing number of studies have shown that IL-6 plays a critical role in ocular inflammation and angiogenesis in the conjunctiva, cornea, uvea and retina. Blockade of IL-6 ameliorates chronic and refractory intraocular inflammation. This article aims to review the role as well as the mechanism of IL-6 in ocular inflammatory diseases, attempting to have a deep and systematic understanding of the role of IL-6 in ocular inflammatory diseases.

Clinical application and research progress of angle Kappa in ophthalmic surgery

Yan-Qing Li, Li Li and Xian-Hui Wu — 2023/4/27 14:33:10

The human eye has various axes and angles, of which the angle Kappa is an important indicator of the centrality of the human eye and is widely used in ophthalmic surgery. Proper preoperative evaluation and application of the angle Kappa facilitated the achievement of optimal postoperative visual quality. Chord mu is a new term that has emerged recently to better express the angle Kappa. The two concepts are not well understood clinically, limiting their usefulness. Therefore, to better understand the angle Kappa and chord mu, the definitions and connections between them are presented separately in this paper. Meanwhile, the application of angle Kappa in strabismus surgery was summarized, the method for compensating large angle Kappa in corneal refractive surgery and the clinical significance of angle Kappa in predicting postoperative centrality of multifocal intraocular lens(MIOL)in phacoemulsification combined with MIOL implantation were discussed, with a view to providing references for clinical work.

Research progress on fundus examination methods and fundus image characteristics of retinopathy of prematurity

Meng Li, Jian Zhang and Hong Yan — 2023/4/27 14:33:10

Retinopathy of prematurity(ROP)is the primary cause of preventable childhood blindness. It is hard to screen, diagnose and objectively evaluate. There are various modalities for ROP screening, including various contact or non-contact imaging devices, smart phone-based fundus photography, and artificial intelligence-based fundus image analysis. The diagnosis of ROP is based on visualization and recording of the entire retinal fundus of ROP, which is also the basis for subsequent screening, treatment assessment. Fundus screening is critical for early recognition and facilitates early detection and prompt referral. Potential features may be found by analyzing and summarizing the characteristics of ROP fundus images. Subsequently, timely and targeted ROP prevention and treatment could be performed. Artificial intelligence promotes automatic, quantifiable and objective diagnosis of ROP. This article reviews commonly used clinical fundus examination methods and fundus image characteristics of ROP and summarizes the latest research progress on the application of artificial intelligence in the automatic diagnosis of ROP.

Research progress on the mechanisms of the latency and recurrence of herpes simplex virus type Ⅰ in trigeminal ganglion

Ya-Hui Dong, Ge Zhao and Qing-Jun Zhou — 2023/4/27 14:33:10

Herpes simplex keratitis(HSK), caused by the infection of herpes simplex virus type Ⅰ(HSV-1)in cornea, is a global blinding corneal disease. After the primary infection in ocular surface, HSV-1 is transported into trigeminal ganglion and establishes the life-lasting latency, and it results in recurrent keratopathy. In the process of studying the latent mechanism of HSV, it has been gradually recognized that both the virus itself and the host response regulate the latent process of HSV. In recent years, a large number of research results have been obtained on the molecular mechanisms of invasion, immunity, latency and recurrence of neurotropic viruses, which provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of HSK. In the present review, the recent progress of HSV latency mechanism in trigeminal ganglion after the primary infection in corneal surface was introduced, and the unsolved basic and clinical problems in HSK were discussed.

Advances in the study of examination methods for dry eye

Yi Jiang, Yu-Lian Pang and Xu Zhang — 2023/3/30 16:29:50

Dry eye is a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface characterized by a loss of homeostasis of the tear film, and accompanied by ocular symptoms. In recent years, the incidence of dry eye has been increasing year by year, and the diagnosis and treatment of dry eye are constantly evolving and innovating. However, due to the corresponding drawbacks of traditional examination methods and the lack of a large number of clinical trial studies on new examination methods, there is still no unified standard for the diagnosis and treatment of dry eye. In this review, we have performed a broad search for articles discussing different examination methods for dry eye, including promising diagnostic tools and technique, the latest advances, and contradictions, in order to provide a review of dry eye examination methods including the tear volume, the tear film, the eyelid and meibomian gland, and the degree of damage to the epithelial cells of the ocular surface, and provide a reference for the diagnosis and treatment of dry eye.

Research progress on defocus technique of orthokeratology lens in the prevention and control of myopia

Jian-Feng Huang, Xiao-Pei Zhang, Tong-Yan Li and Qin Jiang — 2023/3/30 16:29:50

The incidence of myopia is gradually on the rise worldwide, which seriously affects the eye health of teenagers and children, causing enormous loss of socioeconomic benefits. As a result, the prevention and control of myopia is crucial and urgent. In recent years, orthokeratology lens have gradually demonstrated its superiority in the field of myopia prevention and control. At present, the principle of controlling the development of myopia by orthokeratology lens is mainly based on the theory of retinal hyperopia optical defocus, which promotes the shift of hyperopic defocus to myopic defocus in myopic patients to curb the growth of the axial length. The effect of controlling the development of myopia is related to various factors, including the total amount of defocusing, pupil diameter, optical zone design, and lens decentration. The widespread use of orthokeratology lenses will effectively reduce the incidence of myopia in teenagers and children. This paper discusses the principle of controlling the development of myopia by the defocus technique of orthokeratology lenses, and the relationship between the amount of defocusing and the position of the defocusing circle and the effect of myopia prevention and control. A specific review was conducted to clarify the research progress on defocus technique of orthokeratology lens in the prevention and control of myopia.

Research progress on quality of life in children with congenital cataract

Chi-Wen Cheng and Xue-Jun Gu — 2023/3/30 16:29:50

Congenital cataract is an important cause of irreversible visual impairment in children. Although surgery and rehabilitation can significantly improve the clinical symptoms of children, increasing studies have shown that children with congenital cataract still have many problems associated with poor quality of life, such as poor ability, psychological and social function impairment, etc., which have a nonnegligible impact on their growth. In this review, the current status of assessment methods and research on quality of life in children with congenital cataract was summarized, with a view to providing a reference for targeted intervention.

Research progress in the intervention of Chinese herb monomers on diabetic retinal neurodegeneration

Lu-Ping Liu and Yan-Lin Zheng — 2023/3/30 16:29:51

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)has been traditionally considered a purely microvascular disease in the retina. Currently, mainstream therapies focus only on advanced vascular complications and a single molecular target-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF). However, the research is shifting towards a more comprehensive view that DR is a neurovascular disease caused by neurovascular unit(NVU)injury. In the early stage of DR, diabetic retinal neurodegeneration(DRN)dominates and may precede the retinal microvascular abnormalities. Moreover, neuronal apoptosis can further lead to microvascular injury and blood-retinal barrier(BRB)disruption. Therefore, it makes sense to develop new therapeutic strategies to prevent or reverse DRN. However, no drug targeting DRN has been approved for clinical use. In recent years, it has become a trend to study the protective effect of traditional Chinese medicine on the retina. The primary research focuses on Chinese herb monomers. This article reviews the research status of representative monomers in DRN to provide references for the early treatment of DR and development of new drugs.

Effect of intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents on systemic concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor

2023/3/30 16:29:51

Chorioretinal disease has become a significant problem affecting human vision. Abnormal expression of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)leads to increased fundus permeability and neovascularization. Vitreous injection of anti-VEGF agents can rapidly inhibit the level of VEGF in the eye and effectively control the development of the disease. At present, anti-VEGF agents are widely administered in ophthalmology. However, studies have shown that intravitreal anti-VEGF agents can reduce plasma VEGF concentration after entering the circulatory system, and the pointless off-target effects of drugs may lead to systemic adverse reactions. For elderly patients, patients with serious comorbidities, lactating women, premature infants and other special populations, attention should be paid to systemic VEGF inhibition after multiple injections. In this paper, in order to provide reference for clinical anti-VEGF therapy, the pharmacokinetics therapy, systemic adverse reactions, contralateral eye effects, and effects of anti-VEGF on breast milk and preterm infants were discussed, and the systemic effects of vitreous injection of anti-VEGF agents were reviewed.

Research progress of optical coherence tomography angiography in detecting retinal and choroidal thickness and blood flow in patients with high myopia

Yi-Fei Zhang, Wan-Hong Du, Mei-Sheng Zhao and Chao Zhu — 2023/3/30 16:29:51

High myopia is a state of refractive error with myopia over -6.00D. High myopia is typically accompanied by multiple fundus lesions, thus making patients with high myopia suffer from varying degrees of impairment in visual function. As an emerging auxiliary way in ophthalmology, optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)can efficiently and non-invasively obtain microvascular stratified images of the retina and choroid and quantitatively analyze blood flow signals. Since the advent of OCTA, there have been numerous studies observing fundus changes in those with high myopia through OCTA. In this paper, some studies in which OCTA is applied to obtain retinal and choroidal thickness from patients with high myopia are reviewed, with a view to revealing the correlation between high myopia and the parameters such as retinal thickness, choroidal thickness, vessel density and the area of the foveal avascular zone and providing novel ideas to deeply investigate the mechanism of high myopia and delay the occurrence and development of high myopia.

New drug for thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy——Teprotumumab-trbw

Min-Min Jiang, Ping Wang, Shu-Xun Yan and Ying Wang — 2023/3/30 16:29:51

Teprotumumab-trbw,a monoclonal antibody that acts on the insulin growth factor-Ⅰ receptor, was approved in 2020 for the treatment of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, but little is known about it in China. It is hoped to provide guidance for clinical use through the review of its molecular structure, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic mechanism, clinical research and safety. It inhibits immune inflammation by blocking thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor /insulin growth factor-Ⅰ receptor crosstalk signaling, so as to reduce the production of hyaluronic acid and inflammatory factors in response. It can also promote the apoptosis of retro-orbital fibroblasts/adipocytes and inhibit the expression of genes related to the synthesis of thyroid hormones, thereby significantly improving the clinical symptoms such as exophthalmos and diplopia. The common adverse reactions of Teprotumumab-trbw are muscle spasm, hyperglycemia, hearing loss and so on. Teprotumumab-trbw is effective and durable in the treatment of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, and patients with secondary treatment can also benefit from it, which provides a new way and hope for the treatment of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy.

Research progress and clinical application of the visual functioning index

Zhang-Yi Li and Can Li — 2023/3/30 16:29:51

Cataract surgery has moved from the era of anti-blindness surgery to the era of refractive surgery, and vision-related quality of life has become an important prognostic indicator for cataract surgery. Since indicators like visual acuity are difficult to describe the visual quality of patients in a panoramic view, the evaluation of visual function based on subjective experience has received attention in clinical and scientific research. The visual functioning index(VF-14)is the first scale applied to assess the visual function in cataract surgery, and is widely used internationally so far. This review presented the research history of VF-14, scrutinized its clinical applicability, and summarized the research and application of VF-14 in the assessment of visual function, evaluation of surgical efficacy, and postoperative follow-up from three groups of people with cataract, refractive discomforts, and other common ophthalmic diseases, aiming to provide a reference for the clinical application of the VF-14.

Application of nuclear magnetic resonance in the clinical study of high myopia

Ya-Jun Wu and Wen-Sheng Li — 2023/3/30 16:29:52

Myopia is a harmful ophthalmic disease that may change the activity of the visual cortex and affect the corresponding neural function. At present, the incidence rate of myopia in China has been rising unprecedentedly, especially in high myopia(HM). Therefore, efficacious prevention and treatment of myopia are extremely important. However, since the specific pathogenesis of myopia has not been clarified so far, it is difficult to achieve the prevention and control of the disease at its source. Recently, there have been studies on the pathogenesis of myopia from the perspective of genetics, environment, neurotransmitters, etc., but few studies have explored the neuroimaging mechanism of myopia from the perspective of brain structure and function. With the development of magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)technology, brain images gradually appear in the study of myopia-related mechanisms. Therefore, this paper summarizes the research on myopia-related brain images, to provide an important reference for the clinical prevention and control of myopia.

Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of retinal artery macroaneurysms

Jia Chen and Yu-Ling Zou — 2023/3/2 16:43:34

Retinal arterial macroaneurysm(RAM)is a kind of acquired retinal vascular disorder. The pathogenesis of RAM is not yet clear, and it is associated with some systemic conditions, including hypertension, arteriosclerosis and hyperlipidemia. RAM is prone to exudation or bleeding, leading to some other complications in the condition of hypertension due to the weak tube wall, and its clinical manifestations are complex and diverse, which makes it difficult to diagnose. RAM itself has a tendency of self-degeneration, and the prognosis of visual acuity is good if the lesion doesn't involve the macular area. However, when the macula is affected by exudation and/or bleeding, the vision is severely affected and some feasible treatments are needed. Understanding the typical imaging manifestations of RAM is helpful to make a definite diagnosis and give corresponding treatment measures. In this paper, the manifestations of RAM by various examination methods are reviewed and the corresponding treatments of different types of RAM are summarized, aiming to provide reference for the early diagnosis and treatment of RAM in the future.

Application and prospect of gene therapy for fundus vascular diseases

Chao-Yang Zhang, Jing-Xiang Zhang and Jing-Fa Zhang — 2023/3/2 16:43:34

Fundus vascular diseases, including neovascular age-related macular degeneration(nAMD)and diabetic retinopathy(DR), are the leading causes of visual impairment worldwide. With the accelerated aging and increased incidence of diabetes, the prevalence of these two fundus diseases will continue to rise. Currently, intraocular injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(anti-VEGF)remains the first-line treatment for fundus vascular diseases, but disadvantages exist, such as frequent intraocular injections, high cost and poor compliance, thus more durable and effective therapeutic strategies need to be explored. The successful application of gene therapy in inherited retinal diseases(IRDs)provides a new idea for the treatment of fundus vascular diseases. With the ongoing of several clinical trials, gene therapy for fundus vascular diseases is expected to be employed in the clinical setting. But there still remain some concerns, including the optimal therapeutic targets selection, administration route and safety issues. This review focuses on the application and prospect of gene augmentation and gene editing-mediated anti-VEGF therapy for the treatment of nAMD and DR.

Connexin 43: A new therapeutic target against blinding eye diseases

Xin-Yi Cheng, Hui Li and Fang Wang — 2023/3/2 16:43:35

The major blinding eye diseases, such as keratitis, cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, seriously threaten human health and affect the quality of patients' life. Connexin 43(Cx43), as the most common connexin in vertebrates, is widely distributed in eye tissues and is involved in physiological processes such as embryonic development, metabolic regulation, tissue homeostasis, as well as pathological processes such as inflammation, oxidative stress, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, vascular leakage, and angiogenesis. Cx43 plays an important role in the occurrence and development of various blinding eye diseases. This article will review its role in the pathogenesis of the above-mentioned blinding eye diseases and the advances in targeting Cx43 therapy.

YAG laser vitreolysis for floaters

Tie-Zhu Lin and Yan-Nian Hui — 2023/3/2 16:43:35

Floaters are entopic phenomenon created by vitreous opacities. Some researchers term it as “symptomatic vitreous turbidity”, which usually refers to primary type in clinic. With the increasing prevalence and aging of myopia worldwide, vitreous floaters are becoming increasingly prevalent in clinics but receiving less attention. Floaters can impair patients' vision and quality of life due to their discomfort and disorientation. A few patients become intolerable and express a strong desire for treatment. YAG laser vitreolysis for floaters has garnered considerable attention in recent years. Although some doctors still have concerns about its efficacy and safety, a handful of studies have found some beneficial effects in recent years. The author has gained expertise in clinical practice in recent years. In this review, we talk about what causes floaters and how to classify them. We also talk about the clinical indications, how YAG laser ablation works, and whether or not it is safe.

Optical coherence tomography imaging in keratoconus

Bing-Qing Sun, Xiao-Yu Zhang and Xing-Tao Zhou — 2023/3/2 16:43:35

Keratoconus is a chronic, non-inflammatory corneal disease, characterized by thinning of the corneal stroma and local corneal dilation with cone-shaped protrusion, and it usually leads to irregular astigmatism and myopia, posing great threat to eyesight. Corneal topography is the primary diagnostic tool for confirming keratoconus, while optical coherence tomography is now playing an increasingly important role in the diagnosis and treatment of keratoconus due to its ability of corneal sublayer imaging and superiority in repeatability, resolution, and data acquisition speed. This article discusses and reviews the clinical characteristics of keratoconus, the classification and characteristics of optical coherence tomography and its novel applications in the early diagnosis of keratoconus, contact lens fitting, corneal cross-linking therapy, and corneal transplantation; furthermore, progress in derivative technologies including optical coherence elastography, optical coherence tomography angiography, and polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography associated with keratoconus is included in this article. We hope our study will help to further exploit the role of optical coherence technology in clinical keratoconus management.

Advances in the treatment of Meige's syndrome with blepharospasm

Jia-Wei Wu and Tao Jin — 2023/3/2 16:43:35

Meige's syndrome is a segmental craniocervical dystonia extrapyramidal disorder, which belongs to a type of adult attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder(ADHD). The cause is unknown and is commonly seen in middle-aged and elder women, and is often associated with depression, trauma, drugs, surgery and other risk factors. Blepharospasm is the earliest and most common clinical symptom of Meige's syndrome, although there is a possibility of spontaneous remission, the risk of blindness still exists. Clinically, treatment is often delayed and the prognosis is influenced due to insufficient understanding of Meige's syndrome. As the incidence of Meige syndrome increases, particularly blepharospasm in ophthalmology, a comprehensive understanding of Meige's syndrome is needed to improve the ability of ophthalmologists to treat the condition and to guide the appropriate use of clinical medication. In this paper, we review advances in the treatment of Meige's syndrome with blepharospasm and summarize the pros and cons of pharmacotherapy, surgery and traditional Chinese medicine, with a view to improving the diagnosis and treatment of this disease by ophthalmologists.

Clinical application of ArcScan Insight 100 very high-frequency digital ultrasound scanner in ophthalmology

Wen-Fang Liu, Hao Wang, Peng Song and Chen-Jiu Pang — 2023/3/2 16:43:35

ArcScan Insight 100 very high-frequency(VHF)digital ultrasound scanner is a new ocular ultrasonic measuring instrument, which can detect and measure the anterior segment. It can be used for screening before corneal refractive surgery and follow-up after corneal refractive surgery, measuring anterior segment parameters before implantable collamer lens(ICL)implantation, predicting preoperative vault, measuring postoperative vault, early screening keratoconus, and diagnosing glaucoma, cataract and eye injuries, etc. Taking the advantages of a wide range examination of ultrasound biomicroscope(UBM)and simple operation of optical coherence tomography(OCT), it has a broad prospect for clinical application. In this paper, the measurement principle, application method, parameters and clinical application progress of ArcScan Insight 100 VHF digital ultrasound scanner are reviewed in detail.

Advances in experimental myopic guinea pig models

Gui-Mei Zhou, Chang-Jun Lan and Xuan Liao — 2023/3/2 16:43:35

The prevalence of myopia is increasing year by year, seriously affecting the public's quality of life. To date, various animal models of myopia have been established to explore the pathogenesis of myopia. Guinea pigs have obvious advantages in myopia research. At present, guinea pigs are the most common myopia animal model in Asian laboratories, but different modeling methods have their own advantages and disadvantages. Understanding different modeling methods is conducive to selecting appropriate animal models and matching different research purposes, which makes the research results more persuasive. In this paper, the different modeling methods and characteristics of guinea pig myopia model in recent years, as well as the changes of ocular histomorphology in guinea pigs are briefly reviewed, with a view to providing some reference for further study of the molecular mechanism of myopia occurrence and development and finding new treatment strategies.

Research progress of optic disc tilt in high myopia

Yi Yang, Xue-Jun Xie, Xiao-Fang Cheng, Xue-Ni Luo and Ming-Chao Xu — 2023/3/2 16:43:35

With the prevalence of myopia in Asia, the prevalence of high myopia is gradually increasing, and high myopia has undoubtedly become a public health problem in Asia and even around the globe. As a relatively common pathological change in the eyes of patients with high myopia, optic disc tilt may also become a risk factor for diseases such as glaucoma and macular degeneration, thereby increasing the risk of visual impairment. However, the mechanism of optic disc tilt in high myopia and the role of optic disc tilt in the aggravation of high myopia complications still needs to be further explored. Therefore, this article collects and organizes relevant literatures on optic disc tilt, and makes a comprehensive discussion on the mechanism of optic disc shape changing caused by high myopia and the impact on various complications, so as to provide a certain basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment of high myopia and its complications.

Research progress on the relationship between ciliary muscle and myopia

Xiu-Ping Tang*, Zhi-Jin Tang*, Zai-Hong Huang and Heng Li — 2023/3/2 16:43:36

As a key ocular structure, ciliary muscle has a major role in accommodating both eye and aqueous humor drainage. Recent studies have found that the position and shape of ciliary muscles in myopia are significantly different from those in emmetropia or hyperopia, and the differences of ciliary muscle may affect the progress of myopia by altering ocular accommodation, choroidal tension and intraocular pressure. The present evidence indicating that the thickening of posterior ciliary muscle was associated with the development of myopia, but the mechanism has not been clearly confirmed. This paper summarizes the relationship between the differences of ciliary muscle and myopia, and the possible mechanism of myopia changes affected by ciliary muscle, so as to provide reference for follow-up research.

Research progress on the mechanism of ocular damage caused by blue light

2023/2/2 16:41:45

With the development of high technology, people spend more and more time on screens. Most screens contain a lot of blue light. As one of the important components of visible light, blue light has high energy. It may lead to many ocular diseases, such as myopia, cataract, dry eye, glaucoma and keratitis when eyes exposure to blue light for a long time. At present, the harm of blue light and how to prevent blue light have become a hot topic. Its mechanism mainly includes increasing the photosensitivity of lipofuscin, destroying the mitochondria, lysosome, lens and tear film. According to the mechanism of blue light damage, physical protective measures can be adopted. And the antioxidant, free radical scavengers, anti-inflammatory drugs and gene therapy can be used to protect eye tissue. This paper mainly summarizes the harmful mechanism of blue light to eye and the corresponding prevention and treatment measures.

Research progress of fundus morphology in high myopia

Xin Yan, Ze-Feng Kang, Shu-Jiao Li and Rui-Juan Guan — 2023/2/2 16:41:46

High myopia is the main cause of visual impairment in the world. With the development of society, the myopia rate is increasing year by year. The development of high myopia is closely related to the progressive extension of the eye axis, and a series of fundus changes will inevitably occur with the extension of the eye axis, such as comus, lacquer cracks, choroidal neovascularization, macular choroidal atrophy, retinal detachment, posterior scleral staphyloma, etc. At present, characterized by younger age and high degree, myopia has become the main cause of blindness in China. This paper briefly summarizes the latest research on the morphological changes of the optic disc, macula, retina, choroid and sclera of high myopia, aiming to provide references for the development of intelligent prediction models, clinical diagnosis and further research on the treatment measures in combination with the fundus morphology of high myopia.

Plateau iris

Bao-Qun Yao — 2023/2/2 16:41:46

Primary angle closure glaucoma(PACG)is the leading type of glaucoma in Asia, especially in China. PACG still has a high proportion of angle closure after laser peripheral iridectomy(LPI). Plateau iris is one of the non-pupillary blockage factors that cause angle closure. With the wide application of ultrasound biomicroscopy(UBM)in ophthalmology, the understanding of plateau iris has been deepened continually. This paper will elaborate the concept, mechanism, prevalence, relationship with angle closure, diagnostic criteria and the treatment of plateau iris, aiming to have a deeper understanding of the relationship between plateau iris and PACG, and to provide references for the treatment and research of PACG in the future.

Research progress on visual quality and complications after implantable collamer lens implantation

2023/2/2 16:41:46

Corneal refractive surgery and intraocular collamer lens(ICL)implantation are the mainstream refractive surgery methods at present. Many studies have proved that ICL implantation can effectively improve the postoperative visual acuity of patients. ICL implantation has gained favor among refractive doctors and patients because of its multiple advantages. Excellent postoperative visual acuity and visual quality are the key factors to improve patients' satisfaction. In order to evaluate the subjective and objective visual quality of patients after operation and avoid complications, this article reviews the visual quality and postoperative complications after ICL implantation.

Research progress on position stability and visual quality changes in the eye after implantable collamer lens implantation

Lan-Fang Xue and Tian-Geng He — 2023/2/2 16:41:46

Implantable collamer lens(ICL)and toric ICL(TICL)are clinically common types of posterior chamber phakic intraocular lenses, they are mainly used to correct high myopia and low-to-moderate myopia of eyes whose corneal conditions are not suitable for corneal laser surgery. Accurate preoperative measurement, safe intraoperative implantation and appropriate postoperative location of lenses are critical to ensure the outcome of ICL implantable, and the appearance of V4c ICL with a central hole ensures the safety of this surgery to a greater extent. However, the intraocular position of both ICL and TICL is not invariable. Some studies have shown that the vault has a trend of decreasing year by year after ICL surgery, but its reason is unknown. And spontaneous rotation may occur after the TICL surgery, thereby causing visual loss, which is one of the main causes of TICL replacement. And postoperative changes in the position of the central hole also need attention. In addition, the visual quality of the operated eye will change after ICL/TICL implantation, but whether the change of intraocular positions of implanted lenses will affect the postoperative visual quality is also a problem that needs to be paid attention to and explored. Therefore, this paper reviewed the postoperative changes in vault, TICL axis, position of the central hole and their causes, as well as the effects of these changes on postoperative visual quality, offering valuable clinical guidance for accurate preoperative selection of ICL/TICL and surgical design, so as to improve the effectiveness and stability of ICL implantation in correction of myopic refractive error.

Research progress of tight junction between retinal pigment epithelium cells and its disruption in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration

Qiao-Yun Wang and Lai-Qing Xie — 2023/2/2 16:41:46

Age-related macular degeneration(AMD)is a common eye disease causing irreversible visual impairment in the elderly. The tight junction(TJ)between retinal pigment epithelium cells(RPECs)is an important structural unit of the outer blood retinal barrier(oBRB). The TJ is defective in the pathogenesis of AMD, which in turn promotes the destruction of oBRB and accelerates the occurrence and progression of AMD. In this paper, the roles of TJ and TJ protein in maintaining oBRB function, TJ protein abnormality and oBRB destruction in the pathogenesis of AMD were reviewed, aiming to provide new ideas for the treatment of AMD.

Research progress on the correlation between choroidal blood flow perfusion and myopia in children

Run-Ting Ma and Lian-Hong Zhou — 2023/2/2 16:41:46

Myopia is the most common type of refractive error. At present, the characteristics of the low age and rapid growth of myopia in our country are obvious, and the myopia of adolescents and children has become a public health problem of concern to the whole society. Visual experience guides the development of children's refractive state and emmetropization. The occurrence and development of myopia is accompanied by changes in the structure of the eyeball, and the choroid has a thinning trend. The thickness change of the choroid may be determined by blood flow perfusion. Decreased choroidal blood flow perfusion may lead to scleral ischemia and hypoxia, and hypoxia induces scleral matrix remodeling and axial length growth. This article reviews the relationship between choroidal blood flow and myopia, and suggests the significance of paying attention to choroidal changes in the prevention and control of myopia.

Research progress of retinal microscopic changes after extraocular muscle surgery

Chen Xie, Bo Li, Wen-Jun Gou, Xiao-Hui Zhang and Heng Li — 2023/2/2 16:41:47

As a primary treatment for strabismus, extraocular muscle surgery can achieve the purpose of correcting the eye position, improving the appearance and reconstructing the third-level visual function. Previous studies have found that the vascular density(VD)and thickness of retina increased in the early stage after extraocular muscle surgery, where multiple mechanisms involved. In recent years, with the appearance of detection means such as optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA), our quantitative understanding of retinal microscopic changes and their mechanisms brought about by traditional extraocular muscle surgery has become more and more profound. The increase of retinal VD in the early postoperative period may be closely related to the recovery of postoperative visual function. However, the related studies are few, and the association between microscopic changes and visual function after extraocular muscle surgery and its mechanism need to be further clarified. This article will review the microscopic changes of retina and their mechanisms after extraocular muscle surgery from multiple perspectives to improve our understanding of the relationship between the mechanism of its influence and visual function, with a view to provide references for the choice of extraocular muscle surgery scheme and related clinical research.

Research progress of visual perception training on postoperative reconstruction of binocular vision in patients with intermittent exotropia

Yan-Li Ding, Yu-Jin Wang, Qin Liu, Ji-Xiang Wang and Xuan-Di Su — 2023/2/2 16:41:47

Intermittent exotropia(IXT)is a common ophthalmic disease with high incidence, variable deviation, and varying degrees of impaired binocular visual function. The defect of binocular visual function is related to the changes of visual cortex. IXT involves the functional changes of many brain regions, including the cortical areas related to binocular fusion. After correcting the eye position, the abnormal changes of cerebral cortex still exist in some patients with IXT, and the recovery of binocular vision is still difficult. In order to solve these problems, visual perception training is gradually applied to the postoperative reconstruction of binocular visual function in patients with IXT. Visual perception training repairs the visual cortex from the brain level, improving the ability of the visual cortex to process information by constantly stimulating the visual center, thus repairing the visual central function, so that patients can obtain good binocular visual function, stabilize the eye position and reduce recurrence. This article reviews the mechanism of binocular visual impairment and the role of visual perception training in the treatment of IXT. It is hoped to provide more evidence for visual perception training to reconstruct postoperative binocular visual function and reduce the recurrence rate in patients with IXT.

Research progress of transient potential receptor vanilloid 4 in ophthalmic diseases

Feng Wang, Jiang-Feng Lai, Ling-Ying Cao and Yi Shao — 2023/1/4 15:06:19

Transient potential receptor vanilloid 4(TRPV4)is a cluster of non-selective cation channels presented on cell membranes. They are important mediators of sensory signals that regulate cell function and signaling pathways. TRPV4 is widely expressed in various ocular tissues and can participate in a variety of physiological functions, including osmotic pressure regulation, Ca²⁺homeostasis, apoptosis and autophagy. It plays an important role in normal physiological functions and different pathology. Recent studies have revealed that TRPV4 is closely correlated to corneal epithelial injury, glaucoma, age-related cataract, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, retinal detachment and other diseases. Besides, studies also showed that TRPV4 regulates the occurrence and development of its related ophthalmic diseases. This paper briefly reviewed the research progress on TRPV4 pathway in ophthalmic diseases, so as to provide ideas for the clinical treatment of ophthalmopathy.

Current situation and prospect of minimally invasive glaucoma surgery in childhood glaucoma

Xiao-Jie Zhou and Ren-Yi Wu — 2023/1/4 15:06:19

Childhood glaucoma is a kind of refractory glaucoma. Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery(MIGS)provides a safe and effective treatment option for childhood glaucoma. Most of the published studies tend to be with circumferential ab interno trabeculotomy, showing that its safety and effectiveness in the treatment of childhood glaucoma are comparable to non-MIGS circumferential ab externo trabeculotomy. Studies on KDB, trabectome and Xen-gel stent are relatively limited, but they may have advantages in some specific cases. While considering the advantages of each MIGs operation, it is also necessary to weigh the long-term effect of each operation method. In addition, more prospective and comparative researches, larger sample size and longer follow-up time are needed to verify the safety and effectiveness of MIGs in the treatment of childhood glaucoma.

Research progress on optical coherence tomography imaging indicators of macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion

Mei Sun, Xiao-Feng Hao, Li-Ke Xie and Qi Jin — 2023/1/4 15:06:20

Retinal vein occlusion(RVO)is the second most common cause of visual loss classified under retinal vascular disorders after diabetic retinopathy, and its complication, macular edema(ME), is the leading cause of vision loss. Currently, the first-line treatment for RVO-ME is the intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs, which can improve retinal morphology and patients' vision. Optical coherence tomography(OCT)can clearly image retinal structures, and some specific imaging features found by OCT have become biomarkers for evaluating the prognosis of RVO patients. The recent findings of biomarkers are reviewed, such as central retinal thickness, choroidal thickness, disorganization of retinal inner layers, hyperreflective foci, integrity of external limiting membrane and ellipsoid zone, central macular volume, prominent middle limiting membrane, paracentral acute middle maculopathy, highly reflective line, to provide references for selecting the best treatment for RVO.

Surgery management and progress of familial exudative vitreoretinopathy associated retinal detachment

Zi-Wei Zhao, Jie Peng and Pei-Quan Zhao — 2023/1/4 15:06:20

Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy(FEVR)is a hereditary disorder of retinal angiogenesis, of which the most typical clinical feature is the peripheral avascular area. The progression of the disease can lead to retinal detachment(RD), followed by secondary complications such as cataracts, glaucoma, corneal opacification, and even bulbi phthisis. As one of the main reasons for the RD in Asian children and juvenile, FEVR-associated retinal detachment(FEVR-RD)is mainly treated by surgery, including pars plana vitrectomy, scleral bucking, and combined with retinal photocoagulation or anti-vascular endothelial grouth factor(VEGF)sometimes. The surgery of FEVR-RD requires careful pre/intra-operative evaluation to determine the best surgical procedure and its outcome, including the nature of the affected eye, the stage, the fibrosis of fiber proliferation and the anterior complications, and the anatomy and prognosis of eyes in different stages vary greatly. Adult patients with rhegmatogenous RD have a higher rate of post-operative retina reattachment compared to young patients with tractional RD. In young or advanced patients, surgery is difficult and the prognosis is less optimistic, thus the surgery strategy is controversial. This article reviews the surgical outcomes and progress of FEVR-associated RD.

Research progress on the application of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging in glaucoma

Wen-Jing Luo, Jin-Wei Hu and Shu-Qiong Hu — 2023/1/4 15:06:20

Glaucoma is the world's No.1 irreversible disease causing blindness. It is one of the neuroophthalmic diseases characterized by an optic nerve injury and visual field defect. Numerous studies have shown that the damage caused by glaucoma is not only limited to the apoptosis of local visual ganglion cells in the eye, but also involves the entire visual pathway of the cerebral visual cortex, which is a neurodegenerative disease of the entire brain. Recently, with the rapid development of functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI), anatomy and function of nervous system are combined, so that the damage of local brain tissue corresponds to the lack of brain function, which helped in achieving the observation of anatomical structure and functional changes of the central nervous system under non-invasive conditions, thus providing the effective evidence for the pathological mechanism in glaucoma's research. Being a popular research technology in neuroimaging, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rs-fMRI)provides important evidences for exploring the anatomical structure, metabolism and functional changes of vision-related brain regions in patients with glaucoma. This review mainly discusses the principle of rs-fMRI and some common analysis methods such as amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation(ALFF), regional homogeneity(ReHo), degree centrality(DC)and functional connectivity(FC)in the application and research progress in glaucoma.

Advances in neuroprotection of Sigma-1 receptor in retinal ganglion cell

Xue-Li Yang and Jun-Feng Mao — 2023/1/4 15:06:20

With complicated pathogenesis and limited treatment options, optic neuropathy is one of the major blinding diseases characterized by damaged retinal ganglion cells(RGC)and axons. Sigma-1 receptor(S1R)is a chaperone protein mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, which is abundant in retina and highly expressed in the ganglion cell layer. S1R has been noted increasingly as a novel target for the treatment of neuro-degenerations. More studies have shown that S1R is a pluripotent modulator including Ca²⁺ homeostasis, endoplasmic reticulum stress response, oxidative stress response, neurotrophic factor secretion and glial cell activation, indicating that S1R can generate significant impacts on neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, S1R also has neuroprotective effects against RGC loss and dysfunction both in vivo and in vitro, reversing loss partially and maintaining structural integrity, while the absence of S1R exacerbates the disease or increases vulnerability to degenerative diseases. This article intends to review the progress and mechanisms in neuroprotection of S1R in RGC, aiming to provide a new target for the treatment of optic neuropathy.

Research progress on the mechanism of ferroptosis in ocular disease associated with retinal pigment epithelial cell injury

Qiao-Yun Wang and Lai-Qing Xie — 2023/1/4 15:06:20

Ferroptosis is a newly identified programmed cell death characterized by lipid peroxidation and iron accumulation. In recent years, with the proposal of the concept of ferroptosis as well as the deepening of its mechanism research, great breakthroughs have been made in the exploration of the pathogenesis of ocular diseases related to the function decline of retinal pigment epithelium cells(RPECs), such as age-related macular degeneration(AMD), retinitis pigmentosa(RP)and diabetic retinopathy(DR). This article reviews the basic concept of ferroptosis, the main mechanism of ferroptosis in RPECs and the role of ferroptosis regulation in the development of RPECs-related ocular diseases, hoping to provide references for the study of the pathogenesis of RPECs-related ocular diseases.

Progress on the molecular mechanism of action in retinal pigment epithelium during the development of myopia

Shi-Yu Jia, Qin Liu, Na-Na Zhang, Mei-Ling Qian and Jun Yang — 2023/1/4 15:06:20

Myopia is currently one of the eye diseases that seriously threaten patients' vision worldwide, and its occurrence and development is a complex mechanism. It has been found that retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)cells play a key role in the progression of myopia. RPE cells mainly regulate cell function by regulating the expression of intracellular growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2)through the signal pathway of mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR). At the same time, RPE cells can also be regulated by dopamine receptor agonists, so that cell function changes. When dopamine receptor activation weakened, RPE cell function will be impaired, thus promoting the development of myopia. Studies have shown that the expression of acetylcholine and all-trans retinoic acid in RPE cells can regulate the secretion of growth factors by RPE cells, and the growth factors act on scleral fibroblasts, thus indirectly regulating the course of myopia. Additionally, some studies have shown that RPE cells can coordinate the regulation of γ-aminobutyric acid on scleral cells and indirectly regulate the course of myopia. Besides, the expression of microRNA(microRNA)in RPE cells, such as microRNA-328 and microRNA-29a, was found through previous studies that they can affect the content and composition of extracellular matrix by regulating the expression of MMP-2 in RPE cells, thus leading to the occurrence and development of myopia. Therefore, the expression of multiple signaling pathways and miRNA in RPE cells are closely related to the occurrence and development of myopia. This article reviews the research progress of the molecular mechanism of RPE in the development of myopia, with a view to provide some theoretical basis for the specific molecular mechanism in the development of myopia.

Role of tear osmolarity in the pathogenesis of dry eyes and the progress of diagnosis and treatment

Yan Cheng, Yan-Yan Liu, Miao Wei, Hua-Xiang Gu and Min Ji — 2023/1/4 15:06:20

Dry eye is a multifactorial disease characterized by loss of ocular surface homeostasis and increased tear film instability, accompanied by ocular symptoms such as ocular dryness, foreign body sensation, burning sensation, eye redness, pain, photophobia, tearing, eye fatigue, decreased visual acuity, increased secretion, and sensitivity to external stimuli. Its pathophysiological mechanisms are mainly tear film instability, elevated tear osmolarity(Tosm), ocular surface inflammation and injury, and neurosensory abnormalities. Tosm is an important factor in maintaining tear film stability and ocular surface comfort. Elevated Tosm can cause ocular discomfort, corneal epithelial damage, loss of goblet cells and ocular inflammatory response in dry eye patients, and the inflammatory response can further reduce tear film stability and increase Tosm, which puts dry eye in a vicious cycle. In order to have a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between tear hyperosmolarity(THO)and dry eye, this article will focus on the role of THO in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, severity classification and targeted treatment of dry eyes from the aspect of pathophysiology.

Eye movements and progression of clinical applications of eye tracking technology

Jia-Lu You, Yan-Nian Hui and Le Zhang — 2023/1/4 15:06:20

Eye movements refer to a series of spontaneous, controlled and purposeful movements of the eye. Based on a large number of observations on eye movement in scientific research and clinical work, eye movements are not only essential for maintaining clear vision in humans, but also an objective embodiment of brain activity, which is of great significance for the diagnosis and localization of multidisciplinary diseases. Eye tracking technology is a measurement technique that obtains information about eye movements. The use of eye tracking technology can obtain accurate and objective eye movement data, and explore the mechanism of eye movement, the development process and clinical significance of different eye movement types. In addition, eye tracking technology also has positive significance in the objective visual examination, diagnostic and treatment of ophthalmology. In this paper, we review the research progress of eye movements and eye tracking technology in the clinical application of ophthalmology, such as in the application of objective vision examination in infants, strabismus diagnosis and treatment, corneal refractive surgery and glaucoma diagnosis.

Role of DNA methylation in the pathogenesis of ophthalmic diseases

Zhao-Hui Yang, Jin-Peng Liu, Da-Dong Guo, Hong-Sheng Bi — 2023/10/24 9:37:19

The occurrence and development of many eye diseases are closely related to genetic and environmental factors, among which epigenetic modification is an important bridge connecting genetic and environmental factors. It can affect the levels of related genes by influencing gene transcription or translation, thereby playing a role in the pathogenesis of ocular diseases. DNA methylation is an important part of epigenetic modification which is usually regulated by three processes: de novo methylation, maintenance methylation, and demethylation, and plays an essential role in regulating gene expression. At present, researchers have conducted that DNA methylation plays an important role in repair of damage to corneal endothelium, mitochondrial dynamics regulation and diabetic retinopathy, oxidative stress response and cataracts and other eye diseases, providing new ideas in the treatment of related ocular diseases. This study presented a brief review of the role of DNA methylation in the development of related ocular diseases and provided new perspectives and directions for the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of eye diseases.

Role of neurotransmitters in the pathogenesis of myopia

Zhong-Qing Wang, Jian-Feng Wu — 2023/10/24 9:37:19

With complex pathogenesis, myopia is a common ophthalmology disease and a major causation for visual impairment in children. For years, studies found that neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, nitric oxide, acetylcholine, γ-aminobutyric acid, 5-hydroxytryptamine, insulin and prostaglandins, are associated with children's refractive development and axial length growth. However, there are still many disagreements in their mechanisms of action. This article makes a systematic review on the roles of neurotransmitters in the pathogenesis of myopia including neurotransmitter receptors and antagonists to clarify the influence of different neurotransmitters on the occurrence and development of myopia, thus giving a comprehensive insight into its pathogenesis, building a basis for further research on the changes of neurotransmitters and providing new ideas and directions for the prevention and treatment of myopia.

Study on infusion misdirection syndrome during phacoemulsification cataract surgery

Yi-Ru Wang, Hui-Ying Rao — 2023/10/24 9:37:19

Infusion misdirection syndrome(IMS)is a rare and troublesome intraoperative complication during phacoemulsification cataract surgery, which usually occurs in hydrodissection, phacoemulsification or irrigation/aspiration(I/A). Under the factors of lax zonular fibers, lens dislocation, posterior capsular rupture, the anterior segment crowding, high perfusion pressure, the infusion fluid accumulates in the vitreous cavity or behind the vitreous, leading to intraocular hypertension, shallowness or even disappearance of the anterior chamber and eventually causing the suspension of surgery. It needs to be differentiated from suprachoroidal hemorrhage(SCH), capsular block syndrome(CBS), etc. After intraoperative emergency treatments, such as rest combined with intravenous drip of mannitol, pars plana needle aspiration or vitrectomy, a favorable prognosis can be obtained. This review discusses the pathogenesis, diagnosis, emergency management, prevention and prognosis of IMS during phacoemulsification cataract surgery, with the aim of providing clinical guidance for ophthalmologists.

Research progress in the effects of intraocular pressure-lowering drugs on the ocular surface of glaucoma patients

Jie Yang, Yuan He, Ying Liu, Rui Shi, Yao Lu, Dan-Dan Liu, Xiao-Yu Gong — 2023/10/24 9:37:19

Glaucoma is a chronic optic neuropathy that affects the retinal ganglion cells, characterized by optic disc atrophy, visual field defects, and visual acuity loss. Since glaucoma is a chronic disease, long-term use of topical intraocular pressure-lowering medications often leads to ocular surface diseases, thus reducing medication adherence and ultimately affecting treatment efficacy. Currently, topical intraocular pressure-lowering medications include prostaglandin derivatives, β-adrenergic blockers, α-adrenergic agonists, topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and cholinergic drugs. This article provides a comprehensive review of the effects and related mechanisms of these five antiglaucoma medications on the ocular surface of glaucoma patients and offers preventative measures for the protection of ocular surface in glaucoma patients.

Research progress of microfluidic chips in age-related macular degeneration

Bi-Qian Lin, Dong-Cheng Liu, Bo Qin — 2023/10/24 9:37:20

Age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)is the primary cause of severe visual impairment and blindness in people over 60 years old. With the aging of the global population, the incidence of the disease is also rising year by year. However, the pathogenesis and treatment strategy of ARMD need to be further explored. As a cutting-edge science and technology, microfluidic chips can build a comprehensive microsystem that simulates the condition and function of human tissues and organs, which has the advantages of less sample consumption and short analysis time. In recent years, many studies have confirmed that microfluidic chips can bring brand new technology solutions to the basic and clinical research of ARMD. This article will discuss and review the application progress of microfluidic chips in the areas of ARMD mechanism research, drug evaluation and clinical translation, providing a theoretical reference for further research on the diagnosis and treatment of ARMD.

Research progress of medication treatment of dry age-related macular degeneration

Jie Zhou, Qian-Yin Chen, Jing-Lin Zhang — 2023/10/24 9:37:20

Age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)is one of the leading causes of irreversible visual impairment worldwide, and the number of patients is increasing with the aging of the population, with dry ARMD accounting for about 90% of cases. Effective treatments for dry ARMD are currently lacking, making it a prominent area of research. Pharmacotherapy, targeting pathogenic factors such as oxidative damage, inflammation, and vascular issues contributing to ARMD, is one of the main treatments and some drugs have been shown to slow the progression of ARMD. This article reviews drug treatments for dry ARMD, including antioxidant drugs, complement biological agents, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and immunosuppressants, vasodilators, neurotrophic drugs, as well as traditional Chinese medicine. It summarizes their mechanisms and recent clinical research to contribute valuable insights for the treatment of dry ARMD and the development of novel therapeutic agents.

Research progress of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 signaling pathway regulated retinal oxidative stress

Zhi-Ming Gu, Wei-Qi Zhong, Chang-Jun Lan, Xuan Liao — 2023/10/24 9:37:20

Oxidative stress(OS)is a major reason for body damage. Studies have shown that a variety of factors, such as ischemia and hypoxia, excessive light and hyperglycemia can cause the increase of reactive oxygen species and free radicals in the retina, thus inducing OS, damaging retina and affecting the normal visual function. Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1(KEAP1)and nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2(NRF2), which together constitute the main antioxidant stress signaling pathway in the body, play an antioxidant role by regulating retinal energy metabolism and cell proliferation, apoptosis and autophagy through various ways, so as to reduce retinal damage caused by OS. In this paper, the role and mechanism of the KEAP1-NRF2 signaling pathway regulation of OS in the retinal are briefly reviewed, aiming to provide ideas for subsequent research.

Research progress of human surface microbiota and ocular surface diseases

Dan Wang, Rui-Bo Yang — 2023/10/24 9:37:20

The ocular surface microbiota is a part of the human ocular surface microenvironment and is critical to its stability. Many studies have explored the composition of the ocular surface microbiota in health and disease, but the research results are different based on internal and external factors, and the relationship between microorganism dysbiosis and diseases also remains unclear. As the research on intestinal microorganisms and systemic diseases has intensified in recent years, ophthalmic researchers have been inspired to further explore the relationship between ocular surface microbiota and non-infectious ocular surface diseases. Therefore, this article will review the core microbiota of the normal ocular surface as well as alterations in ocular surface microbiota in ocular and systemic diseases, and discuss the possible mechanisms of diseases caused by microorganism dysbiosis, hoping to provide a reference for future studies in ocular surface microbiota.

Progress in the diagnosis and treatment of immunoglobulin G4-related ophthalmic diseases

Yi-Chen Chen, Dan-Yang Yu — 2023/10/24 9:37:20

Immunoglobulin G4-related diseases(IgG4-RD)are chronic, systemic diseases that have received much attention in recent years. IgG4-RD can affect almost all tissues of the body, mainly manifested by swelling and space-occupying changes in the involved sites. It is called IgG4-related ophthalmic disease(IgG4-ROD)when the lesions invade the ocular area. The disease mainly invades the lacrimal glands, orbital fat, infraorbital nerve, extraocular muscles, and eyelids. At present, the main treatment modalities for IgG4-ROD include medication, surgery, and radiation therapy, etc. With the enhanced understanding of the disease and the increasing cure rate in recent years, this article reviews the latest progress in the epidemiological characteristics, clinical manifestations, imaging features, diagnosis and treatment of IgG4-ROD.

Pooled analysis of the ophthalmic visual quality of life questionnaire scale

Wan-Cheng Zhang, Qin-Ying Ye — 2023/10/24 9:37:20

With people's attention and in-depth research on visual quality, many distinctive survey scales have been developed. The use of visual quality questionnaires is a subjective way to evaluate patients' visual quality, an expression of patients' self feelings, and an important part of reflecting visual quality. With objective detection methods, the results are more convincing. Many scales have been introduced into China and have been revised through translation, back translation, and cultural adaptation, playing an indispensable role in the visual quality evaluation system. It is particularly important to assess visual quality through psychological and sociological content, and whether the content can be appropriately combined with the subjective feelings of patients. The core of the visual quality of life survey questionnaire lies in its high repeatability. This article summarizes commonly used visual quality questionnaires, which have been verified in terms of validity, reliability, and responsiveness. The validity of the measurement scale, the consistency of the measurement results, the ability to reflect the smallest meaningful clinical changes after effective medical intervention, and the design characteristics, main application directions, and trends of the scale are listed to provide reference for clinical workers to choose appropriate survey scales.

Research progress of opaque bubble layer created in corneal stroma during femtosecond laser surgery

Shuang Liu, Bing Qin, Luo-Yu Wang, Hong-Yan Sun — 2023/10/24 9:37:21

Femtosecond laser-assisted laser in situ keratomileusis(FS-LASIK)and small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE)are the mainstream corneal refractive surgeries at present. Despite efficacy, safety and predictability they have showed in refractive error correction, there are still complications relating to femtosecond laser, such as suction loss and opaque bubble layer(OBL), due to that the production of corneal flap or lenticule is dependent on the femtosecond laser. OBL is a complication that is unique to femtosecond laser surgery and the bubbles are generated from photo-disruptive effect towards corneal tissues which consisted of water vapor and carbon dioxide, and OBL gradually formed when the bubbles are trapped in the stroma. The bubbles can influence the intraoperative manipulation and postoperative visual quality. This review discusses the mechanism, grading, classification, and influencing factors of OBL and its effects on intraoperative manipulations and postoperative recovery, in the hope of providing reference and basis for further clinical studies.

Advances in corneal nerve regulation of ocular surface microenvironment

Ming Chang, Xiong-Shi Lin, Shuang-Yong Wang — 2023/9/19 10:01:16

The cornea is a transparent outer layer of the anterior eye segment, innervated by a high density of neural tissue. In the process of corneal innervation, trigeminal ganglion originated corneal nerves traverse different types of corneal cell in the epithelial and stromal layers. Corneal stromal cells, epithelial cells, immune cells, and other cells interact closely to maintain corneal microenvironmental homeostasis. In addition, corneal nerves is associated with the occurrence and development of many ocular surface diseases. Corneal nerves release various active peptides that regulate corneal sensation, maintain epithelial integrity and proliferation, improve wound healing, and manage local inflammation and immune response. This article reviews the advances in the corneal nerve regulation of the ocular surface microenvironment, providing some new ideas for the further study and treatment of corneal nerve-associated diseases.

Research status and prospects of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells

Ying Ling, Ai-Ling Bi, Hong-Sheng Bi — 2023/9/19 10:01:17

A brand-new class of photoreceptors has been identified in the past 20a: intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells(ipRGC). With melanopsin as its photopigment, ipRGCs transmit light signals to non-imaging brain regions like the suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN)and the olivary pretectal nucleus(OPN)to regulate circadian photoentrainment and pupillary light reflex; a small portion of the signals are projected to brain imaging regions like the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus(dLGN)and superior colliculus(SC), to participate in imaging vision. There are six different ipRGC subtypes(M1～M6), each with its own morphological and physiological characteristics. In addition to receiving signaling inputs from the rods and cones, ipRGCs also regulate retinal signals through chemical and electrical synapses and play important roles in visual signaling and visual development. It has been discovered that ipRGCs are implicated in several systemic and ocular illnesses. Overall, various aspects of ipRGC are reviewed including the discovery, general physiological properties, signaling, and the relationship with disease in this work.

Advance in the chemotherapy resistance of retinoblastoma

Yi-Lin Yu, Sheng-Fang Ge, Jia-Yan Fan — 2023/9/19 10:01:17

Retinoblastoma(RB)is the most common intraocular malignant tumor of children. Chemotherapy is a preferred method in RB treatment, which includes intravenous chemotherapy, intra-arterial chemotherapy and intravitreal chemotherapy. However, the occurrence of chemotherapy resistance often leads to the failure of eye-preserving treatment in RB patients. Therefore, exploring the mechanism of the occurrence of chemotherapy resistance and searching for new strategies and combined medicines for RB treatment are of great clinical significance. This article reviews that RB cells obtain chemotherapy resistance through ATP binding cassette protein(ABC transporter), non-coding RNA, epigenetics modification, autophagy, epithelial mesenchymal transformation, extracellular matrix changes and other ways, and the potential therapeutic targets for chemotherapy resistance are also summarized, in the hope of providing some references for further research on chemotherapy resistance of RB.

Research progress of circadian rhythm and circadian clock gene regulation in the development of myopia

Xin Yan, Kai Xing, Ze-Feng Kang, Hong-Rui Sun, Ke-Er Cao, Jian-Quan Wang — 2023/9/19 10:01:17

With the development of society, the incidence of myopia and the population of myopia has increased year by year, which has become a major public health problem. Therefore, the research on the pathogenesis and prevention and control measures of myopia is imminent. In recent years, the role of the biological clock in the development of myopia has gradually attracted scholars interest. Now the author starts from the impact of the biological clock on the axial length, retina and choroid in the development of myopia. In order to provide new ideas for the study of prevention and control measures and the pathogenesis of myopia, a brief review is made from the perspective of contemporary society and disrupted body clock.

Research progress of autophagy in retinal and eye diseases

Si-Yu Zeng, Lei Du, Yi-Qiao Xing — 2023/9/19 10:01:17

Maintaining the homeostasis of intracellular components degradation and recycling, autophagy is a critical control mechanism of cellular quality. It promotes the degradation of cell components to provide nutrients and energy for cellular metabolism in stress response. The retina is a light-sensitive tissue that transduces and processes visual images in the eye, and it has a high demand for substances and energy. Basal autophagy is essential for holding retinal homeostasis and the normal function of the visual system. Therefore, the latest studies that investigating the participation of autophagy in eye diseases such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal dystrophies, and retinal detachment were summarized, providing a theoretical basis for the future treatment of eye diseases by regulating autophagy.

Research progress on the mechanism of exosomes in diabetic retinopathy

2023/9/19 10:01:17

Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles that are secreted by a variety of cells in the body. They carry particular miRNA, protein molecules, transcription factors, and other information molecules, and they play a role in the pathophysiological regulation of a number of diseases in the body. Exosomes can persist steadily in biological tissues and bodily fluids. Exosomes have quickly advanced in ophthalmology in recent years due to the extensive studies of exosomes in a variety of fields, such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, autoimmune uveitis, corneal disease, glaucoma, and other diseases. The number of people who are blind caused by diabetic retinopathy is rising as living standards rise. However, it is still unclear how diabetic retinopathy works. In recent years, many studies have found that exosomes play an important role in diabetic retinopathy. In this paper, the most recent developments in exosome studies as they relate to the pathogenesis and progression of diabetic retinopathy are reviewed.

Research progress of Posner-Schlossman syndrome

Xin-Hao Gong, Yu-Fang Teng — 2023/9/19 10:01:18

Posner-Schlossman syndrome(PSS)is a sporadic and recurrent self-limiting anterior uveitis, and its pathogenesis remains unclear. It was considered to be a prostaglandin-mediated inflammatory response. In recent years, it has been found to be related to viral infection, immune genetics, vascular endothelial dysfunction, and other factors. Clinically, the disease is predominantly unilateral. The patients with PSS suffer from increased intraocular pressure, mild pain in the affected eye, as well as blurred vision, and irisopsia. Seldom damage to the optic nerve and visual field was reported. The commonly treatment of PSS is local medication, such as anti-inflammatory drugs and intraocular pressure lowering drugs; otherwise systemic medication can be employed in severe cases. Surgical treatment can be performed for PSS if uncontrolled intraocular pressure elevation, frequent attacks, and optic nerve damage and visual field defect due to prolonged disease course. Early diagnosis and treatment of PSS can effectively reduce glaucoma-related damages. This review discussed the research progress of PSS from various aspects, aiming to provide references for the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

Research progress of novel bispecific monoclonal antibody Faricimab in the treatment of diabetic macular edema and age-related macular degeneration

Xin-Li Wei, Ke-Ke Hu, Yu-Ru Du, Yan-Nian Hui, Hong-Jun Du — 2023/9/19 10:01:18

Diabetic macular edema(DME)and age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)are the leading causes of visual impairment and blindness worldwide, and their common pathological features are increased vascular permeability and abnormal neovascularization, in which cytokines such as vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)and angiopoietin-2(Ang-2)play an important role. Intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF agents significantly changed the clinical management of DME and ARMD, but limitations such as the non-responsive cases, the treatment burden and risks caused by frequent injections need to be overcome. Faricimab, a novel bispecific monoclonal antibody that simultaneously targets VEGF-A and Ang-2, can effectively reduce vascular permeability, decrease the number of neovascularization and alleviate retinal edema. Registered clinical studies have shown that Faricimab is effective in improving vision and reducing retinal edema, which is non-inferior to Aflibercept and Ranibizumab, maintains a long dosing interval, and has a high safety profile. This article reviews the latest advances in the treatment of DME and ARMD with Faricimab.

Progress in the diagnosis and treatment of ocular histiocytosis

Jun-Yi Qiao, Wei-Min He — 2023/9/19 10:01:18

Ocular histiocytosis is a rare and heterogeneous group of disorders which can occur in children and adults. There is a great challenge in the diagnosis and treatment because of the atypical clinical and imaging manifestations. With insights into molecular mechanism of histiocytosis, the discovery of BRAF^V600E mutations has changed the understanding of this disease and enabled targeted therapies in most patients. The gold standard of diagnosis has developed into histopathological biopsy combined with the testing for mutations. Surgery is not the only treatment for ocular histiocytosis and targeted therapy has become an effective treatment for patients with mutations in MAPK-ERK signal-regulated kinase pathway. However, the greatest challenge for ocular histiocytosis is establishing the early and correct diagnosis due to the diverse types and clinical manifestations. Therefore, this article reviews recent progress in diagnosing and treating ocular histiocytosis, summarizes their clinical and pathological features, and aims to improve the level of diagnosis and treatment among clinicians.

Progress in imaging and functional assessment of myopic fundus tessellation changes

Yan Zhong, Yan-Yan Zhang, Ya-Bo Han, Quan-Yong Yi — 2023/9/19 10:01:19

Myopia has become a serious global burden of visual impairment and blindness, and the World Health Organization has included the prevention and treatment of myopia in its global blindness prevention program. Many ocular pathological alterations that follow from advanced myopia could cause visual impairment and even blindness in severe situations. Myopia is becoming more prevalent and has a greater impact on young people. Myopia's social repercussions are becoming more widely known. One of the several fundus alterations linked to myopia is tessellated fundus, which is the earliest lesion in the natural course of myopic fundus lesions and an important clinical marker for the development of retinopathy. Currently, there are several different methods of grading fundus tessellation, all of which are graded subjectively by fundus color photography. One can investigate the morphological characteristics and functional status of the tessellated fundus with ophthalmoscope, fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, electroretinogram, microperimetry and other modal images. In this study, the imaging properties and common applications of the tessellated fundus are reviewed to provide appropriate resources for clinical ophthalmology.

Research progress on mechanism and medical prevention of refractive regression after laser myopia corneal refractive surgery

Xi Gao, Yan Liu, Yue-Guo Chen — 2023/9/19 10:01:19

Laser corneal refractive surgery is an effective way for the correction of myopia, and its long-term stability is a common concern of surgeons and patients. However, refractive regression is still one of the most common postoperative long-term complications, which has a great impact on postoperative refractive state and visual quality. Refractive regression may be related to many factors, such as the remodeling of corneal epithelium and stroma, and the imbalance between corneal biomechanics and intraocular pressure. Although enhancement surgery could be a useful way to correct refractive regression, there is a risk of corneal ectasia and other complications. Some intraocular pressure lowering medications can be used to rebuild the balance of intraocular pressure and corneal biomechanics, and to prevent postoperative refractive regression by affecting the thickness of corneal epithelium. To a certain extent, the type, the timing and the way of intraocular pressure lowering medications application may have an impact on the prevention and treatment effect of refractive regression.