RESULTS: Both Balb/c mice and SCID mice developed typical keratitis when subjected to FK induction. Gross clinical presentation and disease scoring, as well as histology and pathogen load assay showed no significant difference between Balb/c mice and SCID mice with either pathogen. With the cytokine levels in either plasma or cornea, neither IL17 nor IFNγ showed significant difference between these two mouse strains, but IL10 was undetectable in any SCID mice though it could be detected in Balb/c mice, especially at early time points after FK induction.

CONCLUSION: The presence or absence of adaptive immunity compartment, at least in the studied Balb/c and SCID mice pairing, does not alter the course of primary FK, supporting the hypothesis that innate immunity component is more relevant with the pathogenesis of FK.]]> Hong-Xia Li,Hong-Bo Zhang and Yi-Qiang Wang 356true METHODS: A non-randomized, retrospective observational case series included 23 eyes of 19 cases with severe corneal alkali burns from 2006 to 2011 in our hospital. All of these eyes had complete limbal stem cell deficiencies. Ten cases(13 eyes)were performed with tissue-engineered epithelium transplantation, and 9 cases(10 eyes)were performed with amnion membrane transplantation. Vascularization was observed in all cases by slit-lamp microscope before and after surgery. A neovascularization scoring system was used to evaluate each eye at the 21^th and 60^th after surgery.

RESULTS: At the 21^th day and 60^th day after tissue-engineered epithelium transplantation or amniotic membrane transplantation was performed, corneal neovascularization decreased significantly(P<0.05). And averaged scores of corneal neovascularization were significantly lower in tissue-engineered epithelium transplantation group at the 21^th day and 60^th day after surgery than those of amniotic membrane transplantation group(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Tissue-engineered epithelium transplantation is more effective in inhibitting the growth of corneal neovascularization in patients with limbal stem cell deficiencies caused by alkali burn than amnion membrane transplantation.]]> Qing Guo and Yu-Li Pi 355true METHODS: The rat model of chronic EIOP was established by unilaterally cauterizing 3 episcleral vessels, then 30 rats were divided into 3 groups randomly: control group, model group, and treatment group. After given drugs or normal saline for 8 weeks, the rats were put to death. The effect of intraocular pressure(IOP), content of Nissl bodies and ultrastructure of neuron cell in the PVC was observed.

RESULTS: Unilaterally cauterizing episcleral vessels increased IOP of the rat modle obviously, there was significant difference compared with preoperative(P<0.01). Semi-quantitative pathological analysis showed that Nissl body of total area in the model group was(34941±8482.1)S/μm²,mean optical density was(152.8±27.97), integrated optical density was(11993±3084.8), compared with the control group, total area was(55742±6348.1)S/μm²,mean optical density was(304.04±100.1),integrated optical density was(18219±3548.9), there were statistically differences(all P<0.05). There were statistically difference in Nissl body of total area, mean optical density and integrated optical density between model group and treatment group, total area was(46406±5989.3)S/μm²,mean optical density was(251.05±77.41),integrated optical density was(16899±4040.6, all P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: TCM of Bushenhuoxue can repair PVC's damage in the rat model of chronic EIOP by enhancing expression of Nissl body, improving ultrastructure of neuron cell.]]> Xiang Li,Hong-Jian Guo,Xiao-Xia Wen,Zhao Xie,Xue-Jun Xie,Xue-Jing Lu,Yi Wang and Jing Zhang 354true METHODS: Forty-seven eyes in 41 patients with cataract and corneal astigmatism had toric IOL(22 eyes)or spherical IOL(25 eyes)implantation during phacoemulsification. Outcome measures were uncorrected distance visual acuity(UDVA), best-corrected distance visual acuity(BCDVA), postoperative refractive cylinder, toric IOL axis rotational stability and complications.

RESULTS: Six months postoperatively, the mean UDVA was(0.73±0.37)in toric IOL group and(0.47±0.18)in spherical IOL group; the UDVA was better than 0.50 of 81.8% and 32.0% in two groups, respectively. The residual astigmatism was(0.53±0.40)D in toric IOL group and(2.13±0.76)D in spherical IOL group. The mean toric IOL misalignment was(4.22±1.46)degrees.

CONCLUSION: Implantation of toric IOL during cataract surgery is effective, predictable and safe in correcting corneal astigmatism.]]> Yan Luo,Xu-Kang Cheng,Ming Lu and Jie Feng 353true METHODS: Forty Sprague Dawley rats(weighing 250g-280g)received an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin(60mg/kg). The rats were then randomly divided into two groups: the treatment(DM+CNTF)or control(DM+BSS)group. The CNTF(0.5μg/μL)or balanced salt solution(2μL)was injected into the vitreus of the rats. Apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)was measured and retinal ultrastructure was assessed 4 and 12 weeks after establishing the model and performing the injections.

RESULTS: No difference in blood glucose or body weight was noted between the two groups. There were significantly fewer apoptotic RGCs in DM+CNTF group(8.56±1.22, P<0.05). From week 4, the neurons in the two groups of rats had degenerative changes(i.e., shrunken membrane disk spaces, swollen photoreceptor nuclei, and chromatin condensation)were noted on transmission electron microscopy. In DM+CNTF group, these abnormalities were improved by week 12.

CONCLUSION: CNTF has no significant effects on blood glucose levels or body weight in either group. CNTF shows protective effects on RGCs and photoreceptors based on apoptosis and transmission electron microscopy. Additional studies to establish the optimal time of administration and dosage of neurotrophic factors to achieve the greatest protective effects on retinal nerve tissue are warranted.]]> Zi-Yan Liang and Mao-Nian Zhang 352true Çiğdem Ülkü Can,şehnaz Özçalışkan,Sibel Polat,Bayazıt ilhan and Ayşe Gül Koçak Altıntaş 351true METHODS: The data of 14 eyes of 14 patients with deep corneal ulcer who underwent autogenous conjunctival flap covering in China Medical University Eye Center from May 2010 to October 2011 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 6 cases of viral keratitis, 7 cases of fungal keratitis, 1 case of bacterial keratitis. Patients of fungal keratitis were rinsed with fluconazole, patients of viral or bacterial were rinsed with gentamycin before conjunctival flap covering. Part or whole conjunctival flap covering were done according to the size of corneal ulcer. Antibiotics were used for 4 weeks according to different keratitis post-operation. All the patients were followed-up 10-18 months postoperation, corneal ulceration repairation, conjunctival flap survival situation, complications and visual acuity were observed.

RESULTS: Corneal ulcer in all cases cured by once surgery(100%).Autogenous conjunctival flap survived and sticked with ulcer closely 2 weeks post-operation(85.71%), except one case conjunctival flap fell off. The another 13 patients conjunctival flaps became transparent and retracted in different degree in the later following-up time. One recurred case of fungal keratitis three months post-operation was cured by dropping natamysin for 3 weeks. One case complicated with shallow anterior chamber three months post-operation. One case complicated with descemetocele ten months postoperation. One case complicated with glaucoma one year postoperation. All the patients preserved the globe, but vision improved unconspicuously.

CONCLUSION: Autogenous conjunctival flap covering is effective for deep corneal ulcer.But long-term postoperative observation has certain complications.]]> Yu-Zhao Sun,Xian-Jie Liu,Xue Bai and Na Cai 350true METHODS: A total of 261 eyes from 235 children were treated surgically with probing due to CNDO between 2005 and 2011. Patients were classified into three groups with respect to age. Group 1(12-24 months), group 2(24-48 months)and group 3(48-120 months)consisted of 131, 82 and 48 eyes respectively. Probing was performed for upper and lower punctum under general anesthesia. Postoperative control visits were performed on 1^st day, 1^st and 2^nd weeks, 1^st and 3^rd months. Success rate and correlation with age were analyzed using Mann Whitney U and Chi-square tests.

RESULTS: The mean age for the 235 patients(122 females, 113 males)was 27.6±10.7(12-120)months. The rates of success after one probing in groups 1, 2 and 3 were 90.1%, 85.4% and 47.6% respectively and the procedure was significantly more successful in groups 1 and 2(P<0.05). Probing was repeated in 53(20.3%)patients and rates of success in groups 1, 2 and 3 were 61.5%, 58.3% and 25.0% respectively.

CONCLUSION: Probing is an effective treatment for CNDO especially in children < 2 years of age. Rate of success decreases with advancing age, but second probing and application both through upper and lower canaliculi are measures that may improve the outcome.]]> Fadime Nuhoglu,Ayşe Tekin Buyrukcu,Fatma Esin Ozdemir and Kadir Eltutar 349true METHODS:A case report.

RESULTS: A 3-year-old Chinese boy who presented with exotropia and ptosis was diagnosed with CFEOM. Abnormal optic nerves were depicted by fundus examination, neuroradiology and electrophysiology. Pathological study showed muscle fibers were atrophic degeneration.

CONCLUSION: Our case highlights that CFEOM may have abnormal optic nerve and nontypical eye movement. The pathological study could help to find out the muscle fibers' alterations.]]> Juan Yang,Long-Qian Liu and Jun-Jun Zhang 348true METHODS: From 2008 to 2009, in Sight Rehabilitation Programme of Cataract in suburban district of one city in middle China, all visually significant cataract patients screened were questioned about why he/she did not accept free cataract surgery. The answers were recorded and analyzed.

RESULTS: Of 892 screened patients, only 387 patients(43.39%)wanted a free cataract surgery at first. At last 490 patients(54.93%)accepted free surgery. The main reasons for patients who did not accept free surgery include: be afraid of surgery and wanting other treatments(193, 21.64%), thinking the eyesight was enough for daily life(148, 16.59%), worrying about that the result would not be good as those paid for surgery(147, 16.48%), and other reasons(17, 1.91%).

CONCLUSION: The reasons of the barriers to free cataract surgery include patients' ignorance, surgery outcome of patients around, and working mode of designated surgical hospital.]]> 2013/8/26 15:29:05 Jian-He Xiao,Shi-Yang Li,Hong-Li Ma,Ai-Hong Zhao and Xing Xing 347true METHODS: Forty eyes of twenty patients treated with OAD, 40 eyes of 20 patients treated with insulin and 10 non-diabetic controls seen at the Ministry of Health Ankara Educational and Research Hospital were studied. All subjects underwent routine ophthalmic examinations, Schirmer test, tear film break-up time analysis and conjunctival impression cytology analysis. Patients in three groups were compared for tear function parameters, goblet cell density and squamous metaplasia grade. The relation between status of retinopathy and ocular surface disorders were noted.

RESULTS: The tear film break-up time values were significantly lower at patients treated with OAD(P<0.05). Goblet cell density and squamous metaplasia grade were similar at all groups. The median grade was grade 1 in which epithelial cells are slightly larger, more polygonal, have eosinophilic staining cytoplasm and goblet cells are decreased in number. Status of retinopathy did not seem to relate with ocular surface disorders.

CONCLUSION: Precorneal tear film stability is found to be worse in patients treated with OAD whereas impression cytology analysis is similar in all groups.]]> 2013/8/26 15:29:05 Burçin Köklü Çakır,Yasemin Aslan Katırcıo(ˇoverg)lu,Nurten Ünlü,Hüseyin Üstün,Remzi Kasım and Sunay Duman 346true in vitro and investigate its mechanism.

METHODS: PDGFR-α ASODN was transfected into N/N1003A cells with Lipofectamine^TM 2000. The proliferations of the transfected cells were analyzed by MTT assay and the expressions of PDGFR-α mRNA were detected by RT-PCR. Phase microscope and transmission electron microscope were used to observe the changes of cell morphology and ultramicrostructure. Flow cytometry was applied to detect the changes of cell cycle and apoptosis rate.

RESULTS: After N/N1003A cells were treated by PDGFR-α ASODN, the proliferations of the cells were significantly inhibited(P<0.05), and the expression levels of PDGFR-α mRNA were notablely lowered(P<0.05)in a dose-dependent manner, respectively. The cells in the experimental group showed typical features of apoptosis under the transmission electron microscope and the rates of cell apoptosis were markedly higher(P<0.05). The analysis of cell cycle indicated that the cells were arrested in G1 phase.

CONCLUSION: PDGFR-α ASODN can silence PDGFR-α gene expression in rabbit lens epithelial cells, inhibit cell proliferation, and induce cell apoptosis, which provides the experimental basis for the application of PDGFR-α ASODN to prevent the formation of posterior capsular opacification.]]> 2013/7/29 14:34:24 Zhi-Xiang Ding,Yang Chen,Mei-Yuan Qiu,Yu-Ming Zhang,Xin-Sheng Zeng and Yan-Yi Peng 345true METHODS: In this descriptive study, medical records of all strabismus patients aged below 16 years with at least 6 months follow-up were reviewed. Data on surgical outcomes and complications were collected from questionnaires and analyzed statistically. Chi-square for qualititative and Mann-Whitney tests for quantitative variables were used.

RESULTS: Six hundred and eighty-five cases of childhood strabismus were identified during an 11-year study period. The following types of strabismus were identified: 307 cases(44.8%)with exotropia, 294(42.9%)with esotropia and 84(12.2%)combined horizontal and vertical cases. The post-operative alignment in 280 cases(73.9%)was normal(range of horizontal deviation < 8 ^Δ).

CONCLUSION: The most common type of strabismus in this study is exotropia. Outcomes of surgery are comparable to those published in the literature. A longer follow-up is needed to further evaluate the results.]]> 2013/7/29 14:34:24 Besharati Mohammad Reza,Manaviat Masoud Reza,Kyian Mojgan and Lotfi Mohammad Hassan 344true METHODS: Totally 200 eyes of 186 cases of primary glaucoma were randomly divided into observation group and compared group. All eyes of observation group underwent application of water sac under the conjunctival flap formation combining with ajdustable suture and mitomycin-C in compound trabeculectomy. Eyes in control group underwent compound trabeculectomy only. All cases were observed for 12 months, including visual acuity, intraocular pressure(IOP), filtering blebs, depth of anterior chamber, and other complications.

RESULTS: In the early term after operation, the shallow anterior chamber and other complication in observation group was obviously less than that in control group. In the far term after operation, the IOP in observation group was lower than that in control group, visual loss and non functional blebs in observation group was obviously less than that in control group.

CONCLUSION: Water sac under the conjunctival flap formation combining with adjustable suture in compound trabeculectomy is useful for controlling IOP, and less complication(bleb leakage, shallow anterior chamber, malignant glaucoma etc.)]]> 2013/7/1 11:07:54 Xia Li,Xiao-Wei Gao,Rui-Fu Wang,Xiu-Xiang Ji and Xiao-Yun Dong 343true METHODS: Thirty-six eyes of 18 pediatric patients were included in the study(20 amblyopic, 16 normal). All eyes underwent color Doppler ultrasonography examination of ophthalmic artery, central retinal artery, and posterior ciliary artery.

RESULTS: The only differences between the two groups with regard to color Doppler ultrasonography parameters was the significantly lower peak systolic velocity(32.70±11.60 vs 55.01±11.68, P=0.001)and end-diastolic velocity(6.83±1.91 vs 13.99±4.15, P=0.001)for ophthalmic artery in amblyopic eyes.

CONCLUSION: Our study showed amblyopic eyes may present a decrease in retrobulbar blood flow velocity.]]> 2013/7/1 11:07:54 Ece Turan-Vural,Handan Ucankale and Alev Kahya 342true 2013/6/3 10:33:25 Yi-Sheng Zhong and Xi Shen 341true METHODS: Patients with well controlled open angle glaucoma were enrolled in the study. All patients had been given Latanoprost for at least 2 months with once daily dose at bed time at the first phase of the study. After recovery of 3 normal consecutive IOPs, the dosage was altered to once every other day at bed-time and they were closely monitored at week 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 within second phase of the study and IOPs were measured. As soon as an abnormally elevated IOP was encountered, patient was excluded from the study and the prior regimen was reestablished.

RESULTS:This study included 53 eyes of 53 patients(29 male, 24 female; age range 52-82 years)with open angle glaucoma. Twenty-seven patients suffered from primary open angle glaucoma and 26 patients had pseudoexfoliative glaucoma. After beginning the second phase of the study, a mild trend of increasing IOP was recordable. A corresponding trend was even detected in female and male patients separately. The P values at week 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 were 0.003, 0.001, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000 and 0.000 respectively. In the first 2 weeks after initiation of the 2^nd phase, 66% of cases have no change in IOPs, but thereafter, 69.8%, experienced increasing IOPs.

CONCLUSION: The present study shows the superiority of the conventional dosage of Latanoprost 0.005% in comparison with once every other day dose but at least in first few weeks, the IOPs are reasonably close to each other. Further studies with higher number of cases would widen the present findings.]]> 2013/5/6 14:25:10 Rana Sorkhabi,Mohamadhosein Ahoor and Yashar Amizadeh 340true METHODS: The rat model of chronic EIOP was established by unilaterally cauterizing 3 episcleral veins, then 30 rats were divided into 3 groups randomly: control group, model group, and treatment group. After given drugs or normal saline for 8 weeks, the rats were put to death. The effect of intraocular pressure(IOP), expression of BDNF and ultrastructure of neuron cell in the PVC was observed.

RESULTS: Unilaterally cauterizing episcleral veins increased IOP of the rat model obviously, there was significant difference compared with pre-operation(P<0.01). Semi-quantitative pathological analysis on PVC showed that BDNF of total area in the model group was(82438±2597.39)S/μm²,mean optical density was(1155.9±123.14), integrated optical density was(12915±673.28), compared with the control group {total area was(132370±7588.47)S/μm², mean optical density was(5365±379.65), integrated optical density was(35102±2648.5)}, there were statistical differences(all P<0.05),there was statistical difference in BDNF of total area between model group and treatment group{(108980±9126.77)S/μm², P<0.05}, significant difference in mean optical density between the model group and treatment group(3220.4±413.67, P<0.05), statistical difference in integrated optical density between the model group and treatment group(23821±3431.68, P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: TCM of bushenhuoxue can repair the PVC damage in the rat model of chronic EIOP by enhancing expression of BDNF, improving ultrastructure of neuron cell.]]> 2013/4/7 15:27:37 Xiang Li,Hong-Jian Guo,Xiao-Xia Wen,Zhao Xie,Xue-Jun Xie,Xue-Jing Lu,Yi Wang and Jing Zhang 339true METHODS: A total of 261 eyes from 235 children were treated surgically with probing due to CNDO between 2005 and 2011. Patients were classified into three groups with respect to age. Group 1(12-24 months), group 2(24-48 months)and group 3(48-120 months)consisted of 131, 82 and 48 eyes respectively. Probing was performed for upper and lower punctum under general anesthesia. Postoperative control visits were performed on 1^st day, 1^st and 2^nd weeks, 1^st and 3^rd months. Success rate and correlation with age were analyzed using Mann Whitney U and Chi-square tests.

RESULTS: The mean age for the 235 patients(122 females, 113 males)was 27.6±10.7(12-120)months. The rates of success after one probing in groups 1, 2 and 3 were 90.1%, 85.4% and 47.6% respectively and the procedure was significantly more successful in groups 1 and 2(P<0.05). Probing was repeated in 53(20.3%)patients and rates of success in groups 1, 2 and 3 were 61.5%, 58.3% and 25.0% respectively.

CONCLUSION: Probing is an effective treatment for CNDO especially in children < 2 years of age. Rate of success decreases with advancing age, but second probing and application both through upper and lower canaliculi are measures that may improve the outcome.]]> 2013/4/7 15:27:37 Fadime Nuhoglu,Ayşe Tekin Buyrukcu,Fatma Esin Ozdemir and Kadir Eltutar 338true MERTK gene in different passages and clarify the feasibility of passaged allograft retinal pigment epithelial(RPE)cells transplantation.

METHODS:Human primary RPE cells were passaged as ratio 1:3, the level of MERTK gene in different passages cells were quantified by SYBR^® Green I real time RT-PCR. The 2^-ΔΔCT method was used to calculate relative changes in gene expression determined from real-time quantitative PCR experiments.

RESULTS: Both primary and passaged RPE cells expressed MERTK gene. The level of MERTK gene in second passage RPE cells were the same as the primary cells,while in passage 3-6 the level of MERTK gene were declined obviously.

CONCLUSION: The passaged allograft RPE cells could be a source for transplantation, but the second passage RPE cells were the better selected object.]]> Yu-Zhao Sun,Rong-Mei Peng,Jing-Wei Liu and Jing Hong 337true METHODS: This study included 21 eyes of 21 patients. Patients who had diffuse diabetic macular edema(DME), central macular thickness(CMT)>320μm and have no ischemic macular edema or other vascular retinal disease included to this study. All patients underwent three ophthalmologic examinations before and at one day and at 4 weeks after bevacizumab 1.25mg/0.05 mL injection. Examinations including visual acuity(VA), measurement CMT by optical coherence tomography(OCT), peak systolic velocities(PSV)and end-diastolic velocities(EDV)of blood flows were measured by ultrasound imaging in the ophthalmic artery(OA), in the central retinal artery(CRA), in the nasal posterior ciliary artery(NPCA)and temporal posterior ciliary artery(TPCA). Resistive indices(RI)were automatically calculated by software of device. The velocities of blood flow before and one day after injections were compared. The values of patients before and 4 weeks after injections were compared for VA and CMT.

RESULTS: Mean best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)was 0.88±0.21 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution(logMAR)before and after injection was 0.54±0.19 logMAR units(P<0.01). Mean CMT decreased from 440.57±54.58 μm to 250.33±31.12(-190.24±36.00)μm. There were changes in the PSV, EDV and RI but this changes were not significant.

CONCLUSION: There was a significant improvement in VA and a decrease in CMT after bevacizumab injection. Regarding the PSV, EDV and RI, no observed significant changes in the OA, CRA, TPCA and NPCA after bevacizumab injection. Intravitreal bevacizumab injection improved VA and the CMT. However, it didn't affect blood flow velocities in diabetic patients on the OA, CRA, TPCA and NPCA.]]> Mehmet Demir,Alper Ozel,Burcu Dirim,Erhan Ozdal and Efe Can 336true METHODS: Totally 25 healthy New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into 5 groups. Rabbit eyes were exposed to 30000 lux simulated solar for 15 minutes and 30 minutes. Then the retinal tissue ultrastructure was observed and photoreceptor cells apoptosis at different time after exposure was detected.

RESULTS: Examination results of 15 minutes light exposure group at 2^nd day: membrane structure of photoreceptor outer segment was disordered; lamellar structure was discrete; mitochondrial of the inner segment were swollen and some ridges were ruptured; cell plasm of external granular layer was vacuolated-like; apoptosis rate of photoreceptor cells was 3.26%±0.98%. Examination results of 30 minutes light exposure group at 2^nd day: membrane structure of outer segment was disordered; lamellar structure was severely dispersed; mitochondrias of the inner segment were swollen and ridges were ruptured; cell plasm of external granular layer was vacuolated-like; apoptosis rate of photoreceptor cells was 3.63%±1.25%. Examination results of 30 minutes light exposure group at 7^th day: organizational structure of outer segment membrane was disordered; lamellar structure was disappeared and vacuolated; mitochondrial of the inner segment were swollen and ridges were ruptured; cell plasm of external granular layer was swollen, vacuolated largely, and disordered; partial membranes were damaged; apoptosis rate of photoreceptor cells was 19.63%±1.32%. Examination results of 30 minutes light exposure group at 14^th d: organizational structure of outer segment membrane was recovered orderly; lamellar structure was more compact; mitochondrial of the inner segment were swollen and ridges were ruptured; swollen cell plasm of external granular layer was mitigatory and arranged more regularly; apoptosis rate of photoreceptor cells was 18.98%±1.13%.

CONCLUSION: Results demonstrate that 30000lux stimulated solar radiation for 15 minutes led to acute photodamage of rabbit retina, showing retinal photoreceptor cells degeneration which is the important mechanism of photoreceptor cells apoptosis.]]> Yuan Gao,Xiu-Jun Peng,Bei Cui,Li-Qun Cao,Li-Wei Qin and Xia Zhang 335true in vitro.

METHODS: After isolated from the neonatal SD rats and cultured in serum-free medium in vitro, RPCs and brain NSCs were identified by fluorescent immunocytochemistry. After cultured under hypoxic condition for different time duration, cell morphology were observed under light microscope, and intracellular calcium fluorescence intensity were measured via laser scanning confocal microscopy(LSCM)and calcium fluorescence probe Fluo-4AM.

RESULTS: Cultured under hypoxic conditions, brain NSCs swelled and extended protrusions were noticed earlier than RPCs. With increasing time duration of hypoxia, intracellular calcium ion fluorescence intensity of both types of cells gradually increased. After 12 hours cultured under hypoxic condition, calcium ion fluorescence intensity of RPCs showed significant difference lower than the fluorescence intensity in NSCs(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Under hypoxic condition for 12 hours, the concentration of calcium ion in RPCs was lower than that in brain NSCs.]]> Shan Gao,Qian-Yan Kang,Xue-Ying Li and Yu Luo 334true METHODS:This study comprised 23 patients(23 eyes)with cataract and undergone phacoemulsification and implantation of a Tetraflex accommodative IOL. At the 12-month follow-up visit, uncorrected distance visual acuity(UCDVA)and uncorrected near visual acuity(UCNVA)were measured to determine the efficacy of the IOL. Incidence of spectacle independence, patients' satisfaction and presence of visual disturbances were investigated. In addition, anterior and posterior capsule opacification were assessed. Twenty-six patients(26 eyes)with implantation of monofocal IOLs(SN60AT, Alcon)were recruited as control group.

RESULTS:At the 12-month follow-up visit, the patients in Tetraflex accommodative IOLs group had better UCDVA and UCNVA than those in control group, but no significant difference was found(P>0.05). There were 34.7% patients of Tetraflex accommodative IOLs group and 26.9% patients of control group achieving total spectacle independence, and no significant difference was found(χ²=0.355, P=0.551). Patients' satisfaction rates with two groups did not differ significantly too(χ²=2.367, P=0.124). Anterior and posterior capsule opacification were present, respectively, in 34.8% and 7.7% of patients(χ²=3.972, P=0.046). Two cases of accommodative IOLs displacement were discovered(χ²=0.659, P=0.417). No visual disturbances were mentioned in both groups.

CONCLUSION: In the long run, compared with monofocal IOLs, Tetraflex accommodative IOLs can not provide efficient uncorrected visual acuity and had higher incidence and degree of anterior and posterior capsule opacification. Patients implanted have lower satisfaction rate due to poor accommodative ability versus expensive material. So, accommodative IOL should be implanted prudently, especially to the patients with high risk factors for capsule fibrosis.]]> Jia-Wei Wang,Kang Sun,Ying-Dan Su,Xiang Liu,Yun Du and Zhi-Wei Zhong 333true METHODS:A total of 15 patients(30 eyes)with congenital infant glaucoma from January 2010 to January 2012 underwent NPTST. The change of intraocular pressure(IOP), corneal diameter and incidence rate of postoperative complications were observed respectively.

RESULTS:Compared to preoperation, the IOP in the group was lower at week 1, month 1, 3, 6 and 12, corneal diameter keep original size or a slight decrease, less complications occurred.

CONCLUSION: NPTST is a safe and effective surgical treatment of congenital infant glaucoma with high successful rate and low incidence rate of postoperative complications.]]> Lei Cao,Yong Yu,Zhi-Li Liu and Qing-Zhu Nie 332true METHODS: A total of 120 patients who underwent probing were studied. Patients were divided into three age categories: group 1(younger than 12 months), group 2(between 13 to 24 months), and group 3(between 25 to 60 months old). At first conservative management was initiated for all patients, but the obstruction didn't resolve so probing was performed as an alternative treatment. The cure rate of probing was compared between the three categories.

RESULTS: The success rate in groups 1 to 3 was 94.3%, 83.3%, and 68.4% respectively. Cure rate of probing differed significantly between the three groups(P=0.017).

CONCLUSION: Probing is associated with a higher success rate if performed early in life. Based on our observation, early intervention for NLDO, preferably in the first two years, is warranted.]]> Besharati Mohammad Reza,Mahdavi Manijeh,Sahafi Zahrasadat,Emami Towhid and Zare Asghar 331true TM Anaerobic System(OXY)to isolate pertinent anaerobic bacteria that can cause ocular disease.

METHODS: OXY, which does not require direct anaerobic conditions(i.e. bags, jars), was compared to conventional isolation of incubating culture media in anaerobic bags. Standard colonies counts were performed on anaerobic ocular bacterial isolates under aerobic and anaerobic conditions(anaerobic bags)using agar media: 1)OXY(aerobic only), 2)5% sheep blood(SB), 3)Chocolate, and 4)Schaedler. The bacteria tested were de-identified ocular isolates cultured from endophthalmitis and dacryocystitis that include 10 Propionibacterium acnes and 3 Actinomyces species. The colony counts for each bacteria isolate, on each culturing condition, were ranked from largest to smallest, and non-parametrically compared to determine the best culturing condition.

RESULTS:All anaerobic conditions were positive for all of the anaerobic isolates. SB and Schaedler's agar under aerobic conditions did not support the growth of anaerobic bacteria. Sparse growth was noted on chocolate agar with Propionibacterium acnes. As an anaerobic system, SB in an anaerobic bag isolated higher colony counts than OXY(P=0.0028)and chocolate agar(P=0.0028).

CONCLUSION: Although OXY did not test to be more efficient than other anaerobic systems, it appears to be a reasonable alternative for isolating anaerobic bacteria from ocular sites. The use of an agar medium in a specially designed plate, without the requirement of an anaerobic bag, rendered OXY as an advantage over other anaerobic systems.]]> Emily K. Deschler,Paul P. Thompson and Regis Paul Kowalski 330true METHODS: Prospective, controlled and parallel compared clinical study. Enrolled patients were divided into 4 groups based on age under or over 60 years old(<60 group and ≥60 group)and with intracameral cefuroxime(experiment group)before ending operation or with irrigating solution(control group). Macular thicknesses were measured at baseline and 1 month and 6 months postoperatively.

RESULTS: At 1 month, ≥60 experiment group has thicker fovea, inferior inner area and temporal inner area than other 3 groups. At 6 months, only inferior inner area was thicker in ≥60 experiment groups than other 3 groups. With response to preoperative value, at 1 month, 4 sectors of macular thickness were thicker in ≥60 experiment group than other 3 groups, which were forvea, inferior inner area, temporal inner area and inferior outer area. At 6 months, only 2 areas were thicker in ≥60 experiment group than other 3 groups, which were fovea and inferior inner area.

CONCLUSION: Macula becomes thicker after cataract surgery which cannot restore preoperative level at 6 months. Patients elder than 60 will have thicker macula after cataract surgery with intracameral cefuroxime at 1 month postoperatively.]]> Ying Qi and Feng-Yan Zhang 329true METHODS: It was a hospital based retrospective study. The medical records of 257 children registered from June 2009 to June 2011 with the diagnosis of amblyopia were reviewed retrospectively. Types of amblyopia studied were anisometropic, isoametropic, strabismic and the mixed amblyopia. Children with isoametropic amblyopia were treated with glass alone, strabismic amblyopia with patching of 6 hours a day, anisometropic and mixed amblyopes were given patching and optical correction both according to the need. The main outcome measure was the visual acuity at the end of treatment. The age at presentation, type of amblyopia, initial visual acuity, type and severity of refractive error, were the factors analyzed for their effect on final visual outcome.

RESULTS: The mean age of children was(7.96±3.093)years with the age range from 3 to 15 years. Isoametropic amblyopia was the most common type(35.8%), followed by the strabismic amblyopia(31.9%), anisometropic(23.0%)and the mixed type(9.3%). The mean final visual outcome was better in isoametropic amblyopia(LogMAR 0.295±0.25)than in other types(P=0.001). There was no significant correlation between the visual acuity outcome and the age at presentation(P=0.98), type and severity of refractive error(P=0.12). However the presenting visual acuity had a significant correlation with the final visual outcome(P=0.00).

CONCLUSION: Isoametropic amblyopia was the most common type of amblyopia and with the best visual outcome. The initial visual acuity was the most important factor determining success of amblyopia treatment.]]> Srijana Adhikari and Ujjowala Shrestha 328true Marianne L. Shahsuvaryan 327true METHODS: From Istanbul Bilim University Ophthalmology Department, 57 eyes of 57 diabetes mellitus(DM)patients who had been diagnosed with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and 22 cases of macular hole, with no proliferative vitreoretinopathy were included in the study as the study and the control groups respectively. All of the 79 patients underwent a 3-port, 20 gauge PPV. Vitreous samples of 0.5mL were aspirated with vitrector at the beginning of the PPV operation before the intraocular infusion and being diluted. Samples were transferred to the freezer to be stored at -70℃. Results of IL-8 and TNF-α were calculated as pg/mL with ELISA method.

RESULTS: IL-8 levels \〖82.7891±74.08700(0.08- 307.09)pg/mL\〗 in which vitreous samples obtained DR patients during vitrectomy were significantly elevated when compared to IL-8 levels \〖2.9805±3.77546(0.08-18.53)pg/mL\〗 of control patients(P<0.001). Similarly, TNF-α level \〖18.0007±13.90015(2.32-51.11)pg/mL\〗 was also significantly elevated in DR patients when compared to control patients' TNF-α level \〖1.7005±1.26949(0.1- 5.17)pg/mL\〗(P<0.001).

CONCLUSION: The levels of TNF- α, which plays a role in retinal neovascularization, and, IL-8, which acts as an inflammatory and angiogenic mediator were found to be high in DR patients.]]> 2013/11/25 11:01:51 Rifat Rasier,Ozgur Artunay,Uzay Gormus,Erdal Yuzbasioglu,Alper Sengul,Amber Senel Kukner,Murat Oncel and Halil Bahcecioglu 326true METHODS: A prospective, randomized controlled trial was carried out in 84 patients(99 eyes), in which, 49 eyes received argon ion laser treatment and 50 eyes received SDM laser treatment. The changes in best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), baseline fluorescein angiography and optic coherence tomography measurements were evaluated in both groups. Follow-up visit was over 6 months from baseline.

RESULTS: Ninety-nine eyes(84 patients )complete the study. Six months after treatment, the BCVA improved 22.4% and 20.0% eyes in argon ion laser group and SDM laser group respectively. 55.1% and 58.0% eyes received steady BCVA. Edema partial regression was accounted for 49% in argon ion laser group, while that was 56% in SDM laser group. No statistically significant changes were found in each group.

CONCLUSION: No matter argon ion laser or SDM laser is effective to keep or improve the VA in DME. After 6-month follow-up, there is no statistically significant difference between them.]]> 2013/11/25 11:01:51 Ting-Yu Xie,Qiao-Qian Guo,Yan Wang,Qing Wang and Xue-Yi Chen 325true METHODS: This was a single-centre, prospective, double-blind, randomised and controlled trial. The study includes 20 dry eye patients with Schirmer 1 scores less than 10mm and a tear film break-up time(TBUT)less than 10s, 20 anterior blepharitis patients with drying and crusting of the eyelashes, 20 seasonal allergic conjunctivitis patients with papillary hypertrophy of the upper eyelid tarsal conjunctiva and 20 control group patients. The Schirmer scores, TBUT scores, ocular surface staining(as graded by the Oxford scheme scale), goblet cell density(as observed using impression cytology and metaplasia scores for all patients evaluated by the Nelson grading scheme)were compared.

RESULTS: Significant differences were identified between these patient groups and the control group in terms of tear functions tests, ocular surface-staining scores, goblet cell density and metaplasia scores(P<0.001).

CONCLUSION: Inflammatory response against these three diseases was demonstrated to cause damage in parallel to the severity of the local inflammation they generate on the ocular surface. We confirmed that this damage has very serious effects, especially on conjunctival goblet cell density and metaplasia. We believe that the degree of this loss in goblet cells is correlated with clinical findings.]]> 2013/10/28 11:29:57 Mutlu Acar,Volkan Yaylalı,Ahmet Çevik Tufan and Cem Yıldırım 324true METHODS: Forty patients(58 eyes)with senile cataract and hematologic disease underwent cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation. Preoperative assessment included blood coagulation testing, leukocyte classification, and bone marrow examination. Appropriate preoperative treatments were administered to patients with senile cataract and thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, anemia, and/or pancytopenia(identified through blood testing). Thirty patients with senile cataract and normal routine bloodwork findings, with ages similar to those of patients in the study group, were randomly recruited as a control group. Postoperative corrected visual acuity and intraoperative and postoperative complications were recorded. The causes of hematologic disease in patients in the study group were recorded. Blood clotting data were compared between groups using t-tests.

RESULTS: Plasma prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time did not differ significantly between the study and control groups(P=0.379 and P=0.945, respectively). Surgery improved corrected visual acuity in all patients(>0.4 in 56 \〖96.55%\〗 eyes). No postoperative infection, bleeding or fever occurred. The etiology of hematological disease was unknown in some patients; most patients had diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cirrhosis, and/or kidney disease.

CONCLUSION: With adequate perioperative treatment, patients with senile cataract and hematological disease can safely undergo cataract operation and intraocular lens implantation, with good outcomes.]]> 2013/10/28 11:29:57 Min He,Xiao-Yan Ge,Yao-Hong Wu and Wan-Hui Wang 323true METHODS: Data was retrieved from the medical charts of patients who underwent vitrectomy from January 1998 to December 2010 at a single medical center. Success rates of retinal reattachment, visual outcome, and postoperative complications were compared between procedures with and without PFCL.

RESULTS: At the end of surgery, all retinas were attached in the 22 eyes(21 patients)treated with PFCL and in the 14 eyes(14 patients)not treated with PFCL as temporary tamponade. Final reattachment rates were 81.8% and 42.9%, respectively(P<0.05). Four eyes(18.2%)in the study group compared to 7 eyes(50%)in the control group developed severe proliferative vitreoretinopathy with persistent retinal detachment. Visual acuity was 6/12 or better in 73.3% of the study group and 26.7% of the control group, P<0.05. Visual acuity improved in 50.0% of patients in the study group and 14.3% in the control group. Visual acuity worsened in 22.7% of the patients in the study group and 57.1% in the control group(P=0.054).

CONCLUSION: Perfluorocarbon liquid appears safe and effective as a short term postoperative tamponade in the management of retinal detachment from giant retinal tears and in the prevention of proliferative vitreoretinopathy.]]> 2013/9/23 14:08:03 Joseph Pikkel,Otzem Chassid,Adi Sharabi-Nov and Itzchak Beiran 322true METHODS: We studied the level of serum sialic acid in 70 patients. Thirty control vs 40 type 1 diabetics and with different levels of diabetic retinopathy as well.

RESULTS:We found higher levels of serum sialic acid level in diabetics compared to control subjects(95.95±9.5 vs 45.05±19.91mmoL/L, P=0.0001). We also observed a progressive rise in its concentration as the level of diabetic retinopathy increased(P<0.05)but the correlation was weak. Serum sialic acid level correlated positively with blood glucose level(r=0.67, P=0.0001).

CONCLUSION: Increase in serum sialic acid levels seems to be related to the stage of the retinopathy and may help us to determine the extent of retinopathy in type 1 diabetic patients. But we think that we need more detailed studies to get a more precise conclusion.]]> 2013/9/23 14:08:04 Muhsin Eraslan,Ozlem Yenice,Haluk Kazokoglu,Dilek Gogaş Yavuz,Eren Cerman and Hande Celiker 321true METHODS: Thirty patients(age 5-12 years)with acute viral encephalitis underwent visual evoked potentials(VEP)investigation within 12 days from the appearance of the first signs of disease. Latency and amplitude of P₁₀₀ peak were compared with normative data and between patients with varicella and tick-borne encephalitis.

RESULTS: There were no significant differences between children with these two forms of encephalitis. In the whole group in 40% of the cases signs of the visual cortex dysfunction(P₁₀₀ amplitude lowering)and mild slowing of the conductivity along the visual pathways(P₁₀₀ latency lengthening)were seen. In 3% of the cases retrobulbar optic neuritis was diagnosed.

CONCLUSION:The results indicate that visual pathway have good endurance to the viral encephalitis anatomically, but functionally visual cortex is quite vulnerable towards general disturbances caused by this kind of illness.]]> 2013/9/23 14:08:04 Voitenkov Vladislav Borisovich,Komancev Vladimir Nikolaevich and Skripchenko Natalia Viktorovna 320true METHODS: Fourty-eigth eyes of 24 patients who had neovascular AMD in one eye and non-neovascular AMD in the other eye were included in this retrospective, cross- sectional study as study group. Forty eyes of healthy,age and axial length matched individuals were selected as the control group. Eyes with drusen and/or pigmentary changes were included in the non-neovascular AMD subgroup. Eyes with subretinal or intraretinal fluid and/orlipid exudation due to the choroidal neovascularization were included in the neovascular AMD subgroup. OCT measurements were performed with RTVue 100-2(V 5.1, Optovue, Fremont, CA, USA)perpendicularly from the outer part of the hyperreflective line(retinal pigment epithelial layer)to the line corresponding to the choroido- scleral junction. Choroidal thickness was measured at 7 different points, 500μm intervals up to 1500μm temporal and nasal to the fovea in the study group and compared statistically between subgroups.

RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 72.4±8.97(60- 82)y. The mean age of healthy individuals was 71.2±8.8(58-81)y. Mean SFCT of neovascular AMD group were significantly thicker than non-neovascular AMD group(P<0.05). In non-neovascular AMD group, there was no statistically significant difference between the mean SFCT and the mean temporal-nasal choroid thickness(P>0.05). In neovascular AMD group, there was a statistically significant difference between the mean SFCT and the mean temporal-nasal choroid thickness(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Choroidal thickness measurements with OCT device can make a contribution to the understanding the phatophysiology of AMD and large prospective studies should be conducted to understand why SFCT was thicker in neovascular AMD.]]> 2014/8/19 14:40:38 Erkan Unsal,Kadir Eltutar,Ozen Ayranci Osmanbasoglu,Sibel Zırtıloglu,Osman Kızılay and Hulya Gungel 319true METHODS: Four hundred and eighty ophthalmic students in China Medical University from 2009 to 2011 were chosen as objects and divided into two groups at random. The students in the experimental group used operation simulation training system combined with traditional teaching methods, while the students in the control group only used traditional teaching methods. We examined the operation skills and the confidence of all the students half a year later.

RESULTS: The improvement of the operation skills during the suture technique examination, and the confidence for operation technology were significantly different in two groups. The basic skills of the students in the examination groups improved apparently during the operational simulation training and they were full of confidence to their operational technique.

CONCLUSION: The operational simulation training is useful for promoting the clinical ability for ophthalmic students and should be widely popularized.]]> 2014/8/19 14:40:38 Wei Sun,Jun Kong,Xiao-Yan Li and Jin-Song Zhang 318true METHODS: This was a retrospective study of patients who underwent cataract surgery over a period of two years in a district hospital in Malaysia. The demographic details of patients, type of surgery done, as well as type of anaesthesia used and experience of the surgeon were noted. The types of intraoperative and postoperative complications were recorded. The final best corrected visual outcome was recorded.

RESULTS: Complications occurred in 11.1% of the total 1007 patients operated. Posterior capsule rupture(3.6%)was the most common complication. The experience of the surgeon and the type of anaesthesia used did not affect complications during surgery. Intracapsular cataract extraction(ICCE)and phacoemulsification converted to extracapsular cataract extraction(ECCE)were significantly associated with more complications(P<0.001). The visual outcome was significantly poor in patients with complications(P<0.001).

CONCLUSION: The occurrence of complications during cataract surgery significantly affected the visual outcome. The type of surgery done was associated by the occurrence of complications. However, the experience of the surgeon and the type of anaesthesia used did not affect the occurrence of complications. We recommend that particular attention be given to ICCE and phacoemulsification converted to ECCE to minimise the complications and thereby reducing the chances of poor vision postoperatively.]]> 2014/7/22 8:27:34 Thevi Thanigasalam,Sagili Chandrasekhara Reddy and Karuthan Chinna 317true METHODS: Totally, 6600 school students aged from 7 to 17 in Zhejiang Province were included while their eyesight status in correlation with relevant factors such as physical activity attitude and duration spent with computer and TV were investigated. Visual inspection was performed by using standard logarithmic vision acuity charts.

RESULTS: The prevalence of poor vision among high, middle and primary school students in China's Zhejiang Province has reached 71.1%, exceeding its level of 2005 and also the national average level in the same period. The rate of poor vision among 7-17 years old students increased with age, being fastest in children aged 9 years old and the rate of poor vision in girls is higher than in boys. The eyesight of primary and junior school students was not significant different between urban and rural areas, while the eyesight of urban was better than that of rural high school students. The students' attitude toward sports and time spending with sports in addition to other factors had a positive effect, whereas time spent in front of TV and computer did not significantly affected their eyesights.

CONCLUSION: Age, sex and urbanization influence the development of students' eyesight and it is worth to pay close attention to the positive effects of physical activity.]]> 2014/7/22 8:27:34 Wei-Bing Ye,Hou-Wei Zhu and Rong Chen 316true METHODS: A total of 1115 Tibetan permanent residents aged 40 years or older from the towns and villages of Qushui County were divided into four age groups: ≥40～<50 years, ≥50～<60 years, ≥60～<70 years, and≥70 years. All participants were carried out clinical ocular examinations including visual acuity, IOP, anterior chamber depth, ocular anterior segment and posterior segment examination. The relativity was analyzed during IOP, ages, gender and anterior chamber depth by SPSS 19.0.

RESULTS: The mean IOP of 1115(2145 eyes)Tibetan permanent residents aged 40 years or older was 12.9±2.7mmHg, 13.2±2.8mmHg in men and 12.7±2.5mmHg in women. The results showed that the participants with anterior chamber depth of 1/2 corneal thickness had 68.8% in 1115(2128 eyes)Tibetan permanent residents and anterior chamber depth decreases significantly with age(P<0.01), which anterior chamber depth(of 1/3 corneal thickness)was 19.3% aged ≥40～<50 subjects to 39.2% aged ≥70 subjects. Anterior chamber depth(1/3 corneal thickness)in women was significantly shallow than that in men(P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: The mean IOP of plateau subjects was significantly lower from that of plain subjects by approximately 3 mmHg. There are lower pressure, deeper anterior chamber depth in this population of 1115 Tibetan permanent residents. The more attention should be paid to screening for glaucoma in high plateau.]]> 2014/6/19 9:55:00 Gui-Qin Wang,Zong-Xi Bai,Sang Luo,Jing Shi,Qian Shi,Li-Qun Cao,Hong-Fa Chang and Xiao-Yong Sai 315true METHODS: The study group comprised 55 right eyes of 55 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of POAG, which were under treatment. All patients underwent detailed ophthalmological examinations, optical coherence tomography imaging and automated perimetry. Intraocular pressure measurements were performed using 1-puff mode of NCT(NCT1), 3-puffs mode of NCT(NCT3)and GAT with 5 minutes intervals in order.

RESULTS: Fifty-five eyes of 55 patients with POAG(mean age of 64.1±8.1 years)were enrolled into the study. NCT1 and NCT3 gave similar IOP values when compared with GAT measurements(14.22±3.42, 14.28±3.29, 14.66±3.49mmHg respectively, P=0.291). Intertonometer agreement was assessed using the Bland-Altman method. The 95% limits of agreement(LoA)for NCT1-GAT, NCT3-GAT and NCT1-NCT3 comparisons were -4.9 to +4.4mmHg, -4.1 to +3.4mmHg, and -3.4 to +3.3mmHg respectively.

CONCLUSION: Although IOP measurements obtained from two puff modes of NCT and GAT showed similar values, wide range of LoA might restrict use of NCT1, NCT3 and GAT interchangeably in POAG patients.]]> 2014/6/19 9:55:00 Ibrahim Toprak and Deniz Kilic 314true METHODS:Thirty-two patients who underwent intravitreal bevacizumab(Altuzan^®)0.125mg/0.05mL injection for ME secondary to BRVO at least 12mo follow up period have been studied respectively. Patients with diagnosis of ME secondary to BRVO were applied an ophthalmic examination, CMT measurement, and fluorescein angiography, so patients whose CMT above 250μm were offered intravitreal bevacizumab treatment. Patients who had macular ischemia on fluorescein angiography, neovascularisation elsewhere secondary to other types of diseases, received any intraocular treatment before(such as laser treatment, intravitreal injection or eye surgery)have been out of trial. Data of logMAR best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)and CMT in control visits have been evaluated. For statistical analysis Student's paired t-test was used by Minitab15.0 software and a P-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

RESULTS: Mean logMAR BCVA changes and mean CMT changes were statistically significant compared to pre-injection values at last visit(P<0.01). Mean BCVA increment was 0.477±0.235, mean CMT decline was 257.906±88.865 compared to pre-injection at last visit. Ten(31%)of the patients had a positive response with a single injection and no recurrence of ME for a mean of 12.6±0.66mo. Five(15.6%)patients received injection two times and 17(53%)patients more than 3 injections. Mean injection per eye was 2.18±0.91(1～4)respectively. Recurrence of ME was seen aproximately in 2.45±0.63mo at the first control, 2.58±0.66mo at the second control and 3.17±0.48mo at the third control respectively. Five(15.6%)of the patients needed multiple injections for reducing ME whereas visual acuity gain was not achieved as ME reduced in those patients.

CONCLUSION: Treatment of ME secondary to BRVO with intravitreal bevacizumab seems effective, fast, safe, and commonly performed treatment. In order to achieve this lasting effect, we have to strengthen this post treatment non-edematous status by lasers or long lasting agents. Retinal venous circulation and ME must be observed on fluorescein angiography rather than making frequent injections. Reinjections must be done according to the clinical status of ME and the prediction of visual acuity gain.]]> 2014/5/22 9:13:00 şeref(·overI)stek,Özlem Bursalı and Gürsoy Alagöz 313true METHODS: Fifteen patients with symptomatic pseudophakic bullous keratopathy(PBK)were included. Slit-lamp examination, visual acuity, foreign body sensation(FBS)questionnaire, corneal clarity grading, ocular pain intensity scale and corneal thickness measures with Pentacam and ultrasound pachymetry(UP), were performed before corneal cross-linking and 1 and 6mo thereafter. After using sodium chloride solution, for one week, the central 8mm(diameter)of the corneal epithelium was removed, and cross-linking, with riboflavin instillation every 3min for 30min, and UVA irradiation for 30min was performed.

RESULTS: Five males and 10 females with mean age of 66±13y were included. Mean follow up time was 6.2mo. Corneal transparency in all eyes was statistically significantly better 1 month after treatment than preoperatively(P<0.05). At 6mo, however, corneal transparency was better in 8 eyes, the same in 5 eyes, and worse in 2 eyes compared with preoperative levels(P= 0.218). Foreign body sensation subsided in 70% of patients. The average CCT decreased within 1mo after the procedure(P<0.05). At 6mo, all but 3 eyes had progressive swelling, and the CCT increased; however, the CCT was still statistically significantly thinner than preoperatively(P=0.006). The improvement in mean CDVA from preoperatively to 1mo postoperatively was statistically significant(P=0.010). At 6mo, no significant differences were observed(P=0.130). The pain scores at 1mo were statistically significantly better than preoperatively(P=0.007). At 6mo, however the mean pain score was higher than at 1mo and not statistically significantly different from the preoperative score(P=0.070).

CONCLUSION: Corneal CXL significantly improved corneal transparency, corneal thickness, and ocular pain 1 month postoperatively. However, it did not seem to have a long-lasting effect in decreasing pain and maintaining corneal transparency in patients with PBK. This procedure extends the time interval for corneal transplantation and increases visualization at DSAEK procedure.]]> 2014/4/21 11:07:17 Mohammad Mirzaei,Nazli Taheri,Mohammad Bagher Rahbani Nobar,Afshin Lotfi Sedigh,Amin Najafi and Samira Mirzaei 312true METHODS: Fifty-three AMD patients and 31 individuals having ages matching with the patient group were enrolled the study. Colored fundus photographs of the macula were used to place participants(n=84)into one of the five groups(Grade I-V)based on the frequency and severity of the lesions associated with AMD. Serum antioxidant vitamin levels were measured using High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC). Smoking status was classified as non-smoker, ex-smoker and current smoker. Total number of packs smoked per year, was defined.

RESULTS: The distribution of vitamin A, E, and C levels were 0.874±0.326mg/L, 10.739±4.874mg/L, 1.737±0.447mg/L in control group and 0.880±0.305mg/L, 9.487±6.060mg/L, 1.870±2.191mg/L in AMD group, respectively. The difference between AMD and control group was not statistically significant for vitamin A, E and C levels(P>0.05). There were no significant differences between subgroups of AMD for vitamin A(P=0.881)and vitamin E(P=0.293)but there was a contradicting rise of vitamin C levels(P=0.044)with increasing levels of the disease. There were no significant differences between AMD and control group regarding smoking status, but there was a significant difference for total number of packs smoked per year(P=0.02). An increase of number of total packs smoked per year was determined along with the rising grade of AMD(P=0.007).

CONCLUSION: We found no relation between AMD and serum levels of vitamin A and E but vitamin C levels was increase with AMD grades unexpectedly. We found dose-response relationship between smoking and AMD.]]> 2014/4/21 11:07:17 Sezen Akkaya Çakir,Ozlem Sahin,Haluk Kazokoglu,Feyza Tekeli,Goncagul Haklar and Yelda Özkurt 311true METHODS: A total of 63 eyes(35 eyes treated with ranibizumab and 28 eyes treated with bevacizumab)of 63 patients with newly diagnosed neovascular AMD were analyzed and compared retrospectively. Outcomes included comparison of best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)and central foveal thickness(CFT)after ranibizumab or bevacizumab treatment at 12mo follow-up. Two-tailed t-tests and one-way ANOVA were used to compare mean changes in BCVA and CFT for different groups.

RESULTS: Thirty-five eyes treated with ranibizumab and 28 eyes treated with bevacizumab were enrolled and completed 12mo follow-up. At 12mo, mean BCVA increased by 0.1logMAR with ranibizumab treatment; however BCVA decreased by 0.06logMAR with bevacizumab treatment(P=0.01). A gain of at least 0.3logMAR in BCVA was observed in 13 eyes(37%)treated with ranibizumab and in 4 eyes(14%)treated with bevacizumab. Mean CFT reduced by 41.6μm and 8.1μm in the ranibizumab and bevacizumab groups, respectively(P=0.003). The mean number of injections per eye was 4.46 with ranibizumab and 4.11 with bevacizumab(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: Intravitreal ranibizumab yielded better visual and anatomical results than bevacizumab. However, randomized long-term clinical trials are needed to draw conclusions about efficacy and safety of the two drugs.]]> 2014/4/21 11:07:17 Huseyin Serdarogullari,Muzaffer Ozturk,Umur Kayhan,Selim Bolukbasi,Burak Erden and Mustafa Elcioglu 310true METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of 236 low vision patients who visited to our clinics in Istanbul from 2009 to 2013. Age and sex distribution, cause of low vision, parental consanguineous marriage, type of prescribed low vision aids, and changes of the visions were reviewed. In this retrospective study, visual acuity was classified based on best-corrected visual acuity in the better eye according to the World Health Organization definition(blindness, visual acuity(VA)<20/400; severe visual impairment, VA<20/200-20/400; mild to moderate visual impairment, VA<20/60-20/200). The causes of blindness and low vision were determined using the 10th version of International Classification of Diseases based on the main cause in both eyes. Vision aids were prescribed based on visual acuity and patients' requirements. To describe data, we used mean±SD and frequency.

RESULTS: The study included 236 patients, 65% male, with a mean age of 38.5±24.2 years(range, 6 to 95year). In result, male were more than female. The age group between 15 and 30-year-old(35.6%)was the largest age group. Mild to moderate visual impairment, severe visual impairment and blindness were present in 122(51.6%), 84(35.6%)and 30(12.7%)of the patients, respectively. Choroid and retina diseases(62.7%)were main causes of low vision. Elderly low vision patients macular degeneration is becoming a leading cause of low vision(61.3%). The causes of visual impairment were retinal and choroidal diseases(62.7%), nystagmus(23.7%), optic nerve and optic tract diseases(11%), congenital cataract(0.8%), and glaucoma(1.7%). Eighty-eight(37.3%)patients Galilean type; 116(49.2%)patients keplerian type telescopic glasses recommended. Eighteen(7.6%)patients had no improvement in visual acuity with low vision aids(LVA). Forteen patients(5.9%)were approved the magnifier for near vision. In most patients, the use of LVA is improved both near and distance visual function. Parental consanguinity is present in 62(26.3%)patients, most commonly between the ages of 15-30 were significantly higher in the group(50%).

CONCLUSION: Diseases of the retina and choroid are the main cause over 14 years old groups, nistagmus is the most common cause under 15 years old group of visual impairment among patients referred to our clinic in Turkey. Parental consanquinity was significantly higher in macular dystrophy and retinitis pigmentosa groups. Of genetics in the etiology of these diseases are known to be effective. For this reason, parental consanguineous marriage is a big problem still in Turkey.]]> 2014/4/21 11:07:17 Sezen Akkaya,Yelda Buyru Özkurt,Sibel Aksoy and Aysu Arsan 309true METHODS: Single-centre, prospective, clinical trial with a mean of 6-month follow-up examination. We included 52 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM)whose HbA1c levels were above 7%, indicating poor glycemic control. Sex of patients, and duration of DM were recorded. CCT was determined with ultrasound pachymeter. Each CCT measurement was the mean of 3 pachymeter readings. Then the patients were treated by the endocrinology clinic. When glycemic control was achieved(HbA1c≤7%), CCT measurements were recorded again. HbA1c and CCT before and after treatment were compared.

RESULTS: Mean CCT before treatment was 552.30±29.26μm, and mean HbA1c was(9.36±1.79)%. Mean CCT after treatment was 542.36±27.20μm, and mean HbA1c was(6.45±0.70)%. The difference between these two values was statistically significant(P=0.0001, paired t test).

CONCLUSION: Even though mean hyperglycemic and euglycemic CCT measurements were in normal range, CCT decreases significantly by lowering HbA1c level(good glycemic control). Therefore, glycemic status(HbA1c)should be considered when examining the eye of diabetic patients.]]> 2014/3/24 14:01:48 Yesim Altay,Ayse Burcu and Firdevs Ornek 308true METHODS: Totally 137 patients with intermittent exotropia or constant exotropia who had underwent surgery were analyzed retrospectively. They were assigned into three groups: group 1, seventy-four patients with X(T); group 2, thirty-eight constant exotropia patients with a previously intermittent history; group 3, twenty-five constant exotropia patients without a previously intermittent history. The surgical outcomes in the ocular deviation and the recovery of stereoacuity were compared separately among the three groups. The average follow-up time was 2.2 years.

RESULTS: The successful alignment rates were 78%(group 1), 68%(group 2), 64%(group 3), respectively(group 1 vs group 2, P=0.249; group 1 vs group 3, P=0.153; group 2 vs group 3, P=0.716). Fifty-seven patients(77%)in group 1, five patients(13%)in group 2 and one patient(4%)in group 3 achieved binocularity after surgery(group 1 vs group 2, P<0.001; group 1 vs group 3, P<0.001; group 2 vs group 3, P=0.440). The number of patients who achieved gross stereopsis in group 1, group 2 and group 3 were 66(89%), 27(71%), 8(32%)(group 1 vs group 2, P=0.015; group 1 vs group 3, P<0.001; group 2 vs group 3, P=0.002). Twenty-nine patients(56%)in group 1, 5 patients(24%)in group 2, 1 patients(7%)in group 3 achieved distance stereoacuity(group 1 vs group 2, P=0.013; group 1 vs group 3, P=0.001; group 2 vs group 3, P=0.366).

CONCLUSION: Patients with constant exotropia who had a intermittent history have a better surgical result compared with those without a intermittence period in gross stereopsis, but a worse postoperative sensory outcome than patients with X(T)in binocular vision, gross stereopsis, and distant stereoacuity. Constant exotropia patients with a period of X(T)may have missed the optimal timing for treatment, early surgery can optimize the postoperative sensory results.]]> 2014/3/24 14:01:48 Qiao-Xia Tian,Xian Yang,Teng-Teng Man,Gui-Qiu Zhao,Qing-Lan Kong,Yan Meng,Yan Gao,Mei-Zhen Ning,Jie Zhang,Hui Li and Yang-Qing Zhao 307true METHODS: Retrospective study of all endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy cases performed between 2007-2011 at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. A total of 25 cases with nasolacrimal duct obstruction underwent this procedure. Outcome of endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy was evaluated based on relief of epiphora and anatomical patency by lacrimal syringing and nasal endoscopy upon follow-up at 1, 6 and 12 months post-op. The outcome was considered to be successful only if all three criteria were fulfilled at one year follow-up post-op. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine the association of stenting and flap creation with a successful outcome.

RESULTS: Stents were inserted in 13 cases out of 25, and likewise for flaps. The success rate of endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy at one year post-op was 64%. There was no significant association of stenting with outcome(P=0.694), whereas mucosal flap creation was significantly associated with a better outcome(adjusted OR=7.926; 95%CI: 1.172-53.620, P=0.034). The main post-operative complication was adhesions, which occurred in 50% of cases. There was no significant association between stenting or flap preservation with complications.

CONCLUSION: Preservation of a mucosal flap is significantly associated with a successful outcome of endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy in nasolacrimal duct obstruction, while stenting is not. Neither stenting nor mucosal flap creation is significantly associated with complications.]]> 2014/2/27 9:12:34 Evelyn Tai Li Min,Jessica Mani Penny Tevaraj,Wan Hazabbah Wan Hitam,Ramiza Ramza,Baharudin Abdullah and Adil Hussein 306true METHODS: One thousand chronic epiphora patients chart review in Casey eye institute during 2000-2009. Review of 206(20.6%)chronic epiphora patients who underwent slit lamp examination were diagnosed meibomianitis. Diagnostic criteria were meibomian gland dysfunction, blepharitis, lid margin telangiectasia and hyperaemia punctuate superficial keratopathy. Treatment included maintenance of lid hygene, use of artificial tears, systemic and topical antibiotics, warm and moist compresses, topical corticosteroid and diet supplementation with Omega-3 fatty acids.

RESULTS: Among all the patients, 206(20.6%)meibomianitis patients(average age 65.8 years, average tearing time 2.78 years). White patients 196(95%); female 106(51.5%), male 100(48.5%). Average follow up time was 5.07mo. 152(73.79%)of 206 meibomianitis patients with tearing got improved through treatments. 43(20.87%)patients were treated without improvement. The failure reasons cannot be found in 14(6.81%)of 43 patients. 29(14.08%)of 43 pateients with chronic epiphora do not want to treat for a long time, which cause the treatment failure. 11(5.34%)of 206 meibomianitis patients lost to follow up.

CONCLUSION: The patients who presented to our office for the tearing 20.6% had meibomianitis. Through treatment of meibomianitis, tearing improved 73.78%. So patients with meibomianitis should treat it actively. Some tearing patients after the surgery still tearing should pay attention to treat meibomianitis.]]> 2014/2/27 9:12:34 Xiao-Ping Ma and John D. Ng 305true METHODS:One hundred and eighty eyes with myopia and myopic-astigmatism candidated for laser refractive surgery were included in this study. Complete examination of anterior and posterior segments, manifest refraction spherical equivalent(MRSE), Orbscan and Zywave were performed preoperatively. Ocular response analyzer(ORA)was used to measure corneal hysteresis(CH), corneal resistance factor(CRF), Goldmann-correlated intraocular pressure(IOPg)and corneal compensated IOP(IOPcc). Distribution of all corneal biomechanical properties and correlation between these parameters and MRSE, age and sex were determined. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 17 software and a P-Value less than 0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS: Mean age was 28.20±6.78 years. Mean MRSE was -4.21±1.19D. Mean CH, CRF, IOPg and IOPcc was 10.00±1.28mmHg, 10.17±1.45mmHg, 15.71±2.67mmHg and 16.68±2.41mmHg respectively. 28.4% of all myopic population had CH about 10mmHg, and 71% had CH, 9mmHg up to 11mmHg. CRF in 25.9% of myopic population was 10mmHg, and in 48.7% was 9mmHg up to 11mmHg. There was very poor positive correlation between MRSE& CH(Rs=0.001, P=0.71)and MRSE& CRF(Rs=0.01, P=0.18).

CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated the distribution of corneal biomechanical properties(CH, CRF, IOPg, IOPcc)in normal myopia and myopic-astigmatism population in Iran, and confirmed that, there was no statistically significant correlation between CH, CRF and MRSE, age and sex but there was significant correlation between IOPg, IOPcc and formerly mentioned parameters.]]> 2014/2/27 9:12:34 Mohammad Mirzaei,Nazli Taheri,Hessam Mirzaei,Amin Najafi and Samira Mirzaei 304true METHODS: Data was collected prospectively on eyes undergoing viscocanalostomy or phacoviscocanalostomy and evaluation was carried out at 1 year. In addition Nd:YAG laser goniopuncture(LGP)was performed at any stage for uncontrolled post-operative IOP.

RESULTS: Post-operative data was available for 100 eyes. Eyes achieving complete success(defined as IOP≤18mmHg without any glaucoma medication)was 76%(n=76), and those with a qualified success(defined as a total of eyes with an IOP≤18mmHg without or with 1 permanent glaucoma medications)was 88%(n=88). Sixty-three percent(n=63)of eyes achieved a 30% reduction in IOP without a need for medication and 67%(n=67)in total without or with 1 permanent glaucoma medication. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis suggests phacoviscocanalostomy is superior at lowering the IOP to less than 18mmHg without medication, log rank test P=0.005. Sixteen eyes required post operative LGP at various time points, a majority(40%)of episodes were around 6 months post surgery. There was a 24.8% post LGP reduction in mean IOP(P=0.0002). For LGP at 12 months an IOP less than 18mmHg without glaucoma treatment was achieved in 94%(n=15)following LGP. All patients maintained a drop in IOP at least 3 months following LGP, longer follow up data was to follow.

CONCLUSION: Our data show viscocanalostomy and phacoviscocanalostomy are highly successful at 1 year. Nd:YAG laser goniopuncture was also efficacious at lowering and maintaining the IOP. Complications were scarce.]]> 2014/1/20 9:29:53 Tafadzwa Zvandasara,Seemeen Aazem,Divya Mathews and Jim Turner 303true METHODS: A retrospective case series was conducted on patients diagnosed with non-glaucomatous optic atrophy who presented to the Eye Clinic of Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia from 2007 until 2011 with a minimum of one year follow-up. Medical records of these patients were reviewed and the findings compiled.

RESULTS: Of the 100 patients who met the selection criteria, 56% had bilateral involvement. The chief presenting symptom was visual blurring(61%), followed by visual blurring with neurological symptoms(18%)and visual field constriction(9%). Most patients(63%)had a presenting visual acuity worse than 3/60 in the affected eye. The main aetiologies were space-occupying intracranial lesions(26%), congenital/hereditary diseases(13%), hydrocephalus(12%), trauma(12%), and vascular causes(12%). The majority of cases(67%)were managed conservatively. Regardless of aetiology, optic atrophy was associated with variable degrees of visual dysfunction. At the end of one year, 50% of the patients had some degree of visual impairment.

CONCLUSION: The main aetiology of optic atrophy was space-occupying intracranial lesions, followed by congenital/hereditary, trauma and vascular problems. Visual or neurological symptoms usually preceded the diagnosis, and visual acuity was significantly affected by the disease. A high level of suspicion is required in order to make an early diagnosis of optic atrophy, as the main complaint of visual blurring is usually non-specific.]]> 2014/1/20 9:29:53 Evelyn Tai Li Min,Jessica Mani Penny Tevaraj,Zunaina Embong,Raja Azmi Mohd Noor and Wan-Hazabbah Wan Hitam 302true METHODS: In this double blind clinical trial, 67 male candidates of cataract surgery under general anesthesia randomly received oral tamsulosin(0.4mg daily for one week prior to cataract surgery, n=32), or placebo(n=35). Rates of post-operative urinary retention and floppy iris syndrome were compared between the two groups.

RESULTS: The two groups were matched for the patients' age(tamsulosin group: 68.16±8.72 years, placebo group: 71.37±8.60 years, P=0.38). Post-operative urinary retention occurred less frequently in tamsulosin receivers(3.1% vs 48.6%, P<0.001, Odds ratio=29.28, 95% CI 3.59-238.79). There was only one case(2.9%)with floppy iris syndrome in the control group(P=0.52, Odds ratio=1.03 95% CI 0.97-1.09).

CONCLUSION: Short-term prophylactic administration of oral tamsulosin before cataract surgery on general anesthesia is effective in preventing post-operative urinary retention without increasing the risk of floppy iris syndrome.]]> 2013/12/23 10:55:35 Nooshin Bazzazi,Habib Mousavi Bahar,Housein Kimiaei Asadi,Siamak Akbarzadeh and Daniel Fadaei Fouladi 301true METHODS: Forty-seven eyes of 47 patients with macula-off RRD were retrospectively studied and follow-up was carried out for a period of 5 years. The correlation among the postoperative best-corrected visual acuity(VA), the DMD and the microstructural findings with OCT at the fovea were evaluated.

RESULTS: The sub-acute RRD(DMD<7d)shows a greater foveal thickness(226SymbolqB@88μm)than the prolonged one(DMD>7 days)(209SymbolqB@76μm)with no statistical difference(P=0.791). Meanwhile, the sub-acute RRD had better mean final VA 0.53, compared with the prolonged one of 0.25, with significant difference(Student's t-test, P=0.008). Among 47 eyes, foveal anatomic abnormalities were detected in 5 eyes(10%); disruption of the junction between the photoreceptor inner and outer segments(IS/OS)in 4 eyes, and with a disrupted external limiting membrane(ELM)also(8.5%); and the mean VA of these 5 patients was 0.15 lower after 5 years.

CONCLUSION: Sub-acute macula-off RRD has a better impact on the final visual recovery than the prolonged one. Furthermore, the retinal thickness in the fovea was positively correlated to the postoperative VA. The disrupted inner segment/outer segment(IS/OS)junction could be restored in the patients without disrupted ELM signals at the initial examination. The duration of macula-off RRD within 7d had fewer disrupted inner segment/outer segment(IS/OS)junction with disrupted ELM signals than those for more than 7d. It is recommended to perform OCT in cases where VA was not improved as expected.]]> 2013/12/23 10:55:35 Fang Liu,Xiao-Qiang Liu and Fang Wang 300true ABCB 6 gene in a Chinese family with autosomal dominant coloboma.

METHODS: Recently ABCB 6 mutations have been reported to be associated with isolated coloboma. We collected 5 mL of blood samples from members of a Chinese family with coloboma and 100 normal controls. Mutations in ABCB 6 were determined by sequencing polymerase chain reaction(PCR)products.

RESULTS: We identified a novel mutation(c.1380c>a)in the Chinese family. The mutation co-segregated with the disease phenotype in the patients, while it was not detected in other relatives or in the 100 normal controls.

CONCLUSION:Our results expand the spectrum of ABCB 6 mutations causing ocular coloboma, and further confirm the role of ABCB 6 in the pathogenesis of ocular coloboma.]]> 2014/12/2 9:06:27 Wei Du,Fang Chen and Zheng-Gao Xie 299true METHODS: It is a retro/prospective study of patients with retinal diseases attending the general ophthalmology clinic of a tertiary care facility at Shimla from August 2008 to April 2013. Out of 5600 subjects, 4323 were taken as a sample. The data were taken from the hospital records and thereafter analyzed to determine their age, sex distribution and diagnosis. All patients underwent visual acuity, refraction, slit lamp examination and fundus evaluation. The diagnosis was confirmed from fundus clinic records and evaluation of fundus photographic records retro/prospectively. The photographs were taken on the fundus camera(Kowa Fundus Camera VX-10)and fundus fluorescein angiography done where ever indicated.

RESULTS:Out of the 4323 patients, there were more males 2563(59.29%)than females 1760(40.71%)with retinal diseases. Out of the 525(12.14%)diabetic retinopathy(DR)subjects, mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy was present in 133(3.08%), moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy in 156(3.60%), severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy in 120(2.78%)and proliferative diabetic retinopathy in 116(2.68%)subjects. Amongst the 393(9.10%)subjects of hypertensive retinopathy, hypertensive retinopathy-grade 1(was present in 130(3.01%), hypertensive retinopathy-grade 2 in 111(2.57%), hypertensive retinopathy-grade 3 in 131(3.03%)and hypertensive retinopathy-grade 4 in 21(0.49%)subjects. Of all the 660(15.27%)subjects of other retinal vascular disorders, branch retinal vein occlusion(BRVO)was present in 229(5.30%), central retinal vein occlusion(CRVO)in 55(1.27%), hemi central vein occlusion in 8(0.19%), central retinal artery occlusion(CRAO)in 20(0.46%), branch retinal artery occlusion in 4(0.09%), ocular ischaemic syndrome in 1(0.02%), retinopathy of prematurity in 9(0.21%), retinal artery macroaneurysm in 5(0.12%), juxtafoveal telangiectasia in 6(0.14%), anaemic retinopathy in 16(0.37%), leukemic retinopathy in 10(0.23%), preretinal haemorrhage in 52(1.20%), Coats disease in 8(0.19%), cilioretinal artery occlusion in 1(0.02%), Eales disease in 10(0.23%), vasculitis in 17(0.39%)and clinically significant macular edema in 209(4.83%)subjects.

CONCLUSION: DR was the most common retinal vascular disorder. Retinal disorders appear to be a major public health problem in India. The present study shall help us in planning the management of such disorders in the hilly state of Himachal Pradesh to reduce the visual morbidity arising out of such disorders.]]> 2014/12/2 9:06:28 Anubhav Chauhan,Kulbhushan Prakash Chaudhary and Gian Chand Rajput 298true METHODS: Cross sectional study of preschool age children with mean age 4.46(range 2-6 years old)of 3 preschools in 3 municipalities in Greater Area Jakarta(South Tangerang, Bekasi and West Jakarta)were screened for refractive errors and other eye abnormalities.

RESULTS: Totally 166 children, consisting of 51.2%(n=85)male and 48.8%(n=81)female were screened. Using the Arthur modification criteria for vision screening referral, 15.67%(n=26)were given recommendations for further comprehensive ophthalmology examination. From those given recommendations, 2 had high hyperopia, 14 had significant astigmatism, 6 had combined hyperopia/astigmatism, 1 had anisometropia, 1 unable to measure, 2 had other ocular conditions(congenital ptosis and severe ecchymosis and subconjunctival bleeding due to chronic cough).

CONCLUSION: The finding of amblyopia risk factors in using Plusoptix A09 was 15.67% in this study.This percentage should warrant healthcare providers in Indonesia, where the importance of preschool vision screening is not widely acknowledged, especially for the risk of irreversible amblyopia.]]> 2014/12/2 9:06:28 Kianti R. Darusman 297true METHODS: Fifty eyes of fifty patients were studied and divided in two groups: group 1=25 patients with idiopathic macular hole and group 2=25 healthy individuals(control group). SD-OCT cross line scans were obtained using RTVue 100(Optovue, Inc., Fremont, CA, USA). The widest foveal B-scan was selected on each patient. Bi-dimensional foveal configuration was measured in mm² using caliper tool.

RESULTS:The mean foveal configuration in group 1 was 0.159±0.03mm² and in group 2 was 0.079±0.01mm². The difference between the two groups was statistically significantly(P<0.001). In group 1, one patient developed a macular hole in the fellow eye.

CONCLUSION: Fellow eyes of patients with idiopathic macular hole tend to have an enlarged foveal configuration when compared to healthy subjects. Our finding combined with other vitreomacular risk factors may play a role in idiopathic macular hole formation.]]> 2014/10/31 0:00:00 Andre M. V. Gomes,Thais S. Mendes,Michele M. Freitag and Suel Abujamra 296true ® version 1.10), as well as its agreement with the partial coherence interferometry(IOL Master^® 500 version 7.1)in Chinese school-aged children.

METHODS: A prospective comparison of ocular biometrical measurements made by the Lenstar and IOL Master was performed on right eye of each participant. The intraobserver repeatability of Lenstar was assessed by coefficient of variation(CV). Agreement was analyzed using Bland-Altman plots.

RESULTS: The mean age of the 110 subjects(range 6-15y)was 10.9±2.0y, and 54.5% were female. The Lenstar yielded repeatable measurements, with the smallest CV was obtained for axial length(AL)(CV<0.1%). The Lenstar produced a greater mean value for AL(23.90±1.28 vs 23.88±1.27mm, P<0.001), anterior chamber depth(ACD)(3.62±0.26 vs 3.58±0.25mm, P<0.001), and the steepest corneal radius of curvature(CR2)(7.58±0.27 vs 7.56±0.27mm, P<0.001)than IOL Master. The 95% limits of agreement(LoA)between the two instruments were -0.025 to 0.053mm for AL, -0.047 to 0.057mm for the flattest corneal radius of curvature(CR1), -0.057 to 0.102mm for CR2, and -0.083 to 0.152mm for ACD.

CONCLUSIONS: The Lenstar yielded excellent repeatability results of AL, ACD, and corneal curvature measurements, which were interchangeable with the IOL Master measurements in school-aged children.]]> 2014/10/31 11:03:29 Pei-Yang Shen,Xiao-Hu Ding,Xing-Wu Zhong,Hai-Bo Chen,Jian-Qiang Xing and Ming-Guang He 295true METHODS: This was a prospective observer-masked study. Pentacam Scheimpflug imaging was performed following pupil dilation. The cataracts were automatically graded from 1 to 5 using pentacam nucleus densitometry(PND), also known as Pentacam nucleus staging(PNS)software by the same observer. After phacoemulsification, total Ultrasound(U/S)time, Cumulative dissipated energy(CDE), Torsional U/S time, and Estimated fluid use were automatically calculated and displayed on the monitor of Infiniti OZiL IP phacoemulsification system. One-way analysis of variance(ANOVA)was used to assess differences between groups. The Tamhane test was used for multiple group analysis. Spearman correlation analysis was used to assess the relationship between lens density measured by PND and the dynamics of torsional phacoemulsification. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS:In the present study, 125 eyes from 125 patients were evaluated. Mean age was 69.7±9.4y(range: 48-88y), and 61 men and 64 women were included. The highest and lowest values of U/S total time, torsional U/S time, CDE, and Estimated fluid use were 0.70 - 158.90s, 0.70-158.50s, 0.11-42.65, and 21-98 mL in groups, respectively. Significant differences were found among PND groups. When the relationship between phacoemulsification dynamics and PND values were evaluated, there were significant correlations between PND value and total ultrasound time(r=0.767; P<0.01), torsional ultrasound time(r=0.767; P<0.01), CDE(r=0.758; P<0.01), and amount of fluid used(r=0.602; P<0.01).

CONCLUSION:An objective degree of nucleus density obtained by PND scoring before cataract surgery may allow antecedent determination of intraoperative phacoemulsification parameters. Thus, individualized phacoemulsification parameters should be developed for each patient. This will lead to the use of a smaller amount of phacoemulsification energy, resulting in decreased in endothelial cell loss, quicker and better visual healing, and less steroid use.]]> 2014/9/22 14:18:21 Suleyman Demircan,Mustafa Atas,Murat Koksal,Emine Pangal,Isa Yuvaci and Altan Göktas 294true METHODS: Totally 160 wet age-related macular degeneration patients(160 eyes )were selected, which have been diagnosed through history, clinical symptoms and fundus angiography(FFA/ICGA)as well as optical coherence tomography(OCT)and other auxiliary examinations in our hospital. All these patients were randomly divided into the combined group and the control group. Combined group was given a single intravitreal injection Ranibizumab and applied the TTT treatment after seven days, while the control group only received the TTT treatment and was being monitored for 1y. The patients' best corrected visual acuity, fundus angiography(FFA/ICGA)and OCT examination were observed after 1wk, 1mo, 6mo and 1y of the treatment, respectively.

RESULTS: By the end of the observation period, there were 34 cases(42.50%)out of the combined group whose the best corrected visual acuity have improved, while 16 cases from the control group(20.00%)whose best corrected visual acuity have improved. The difference between the two groups showed statistically significance(P<0.05). More specifically, the fluorescent penetrant rates are(88.75%, 62.50%),(91.25%, 65.00%),(86.25%, 61.25%),(78.75%, 51.25%), respectively, in both groups after 1wk, 1mo, 6mo and 1y treatment, and also the corresponding central macular thickness(CMT)were(347.43±36.96)μm and(423.58±29.03)μm,(287.78±34.16)μm and(387.14±32.98)μm,(301.75±37.21)μm and(415.40±31.38)μm,(326.17±27.39)μm and(436.44±35.49)μm. In a nutshell, the difference between the two groups were statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Intravitreal injection of Ranibizumab with TTT treatment applied among patients with wet age-related macular degeneration(AMD)could improve patients' vision, stop or reduce the leakage of the lesion, as well as promote the absorption of macular hemorrhage, edema and exudation, which could be considered as a safe, reliable and effective clinical treatment.]]> 2014/9/22 14:18:21 Jia Li and Jian-Hua Sun 293true METHODS:The expression of Skp2, p27 were detected on resected specimens from patients suffering from MALT lymphoma and lymphadenosis of ocular adnexal in Ophthalmology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao University from 1995 to 2011 by immunohistochemical analysis.

RESULTS: The expression of Skp2 in MALT lymphoma was higher than that in lymphadenosis(P<0.05). The expression of p27 in MALT lymphoma was lower than that in lymphadenosis(P<0.05). The expression of Skp2 and p27 do not related with the Ann Arbor clinical stage. There was a negative correlation between p27 and Skp2 in MALT lymphoma(r=-0.129,χ²=15.39, P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Comprehensive analysis of the expression of p27 and Skp2 protein may have certain guiding significance on the prognosis evaluation of the disease. The expression of two substances may correlate with each other.]]> 2015/8/27 11:19:41 Hong Lin,Li-Ting Hu,Gui-Qiu Zhao,Wen-Yi Yang and Jing-Jing Zhang 292true METHODS: This is an observational case study in which we retrospectively reviewed the clinical data and FFA and FAF images of ICSCR patients and compared the findings.

RESULTS: The study included 25 eyes of 17 patients. We detected acute ICSCR in 5 eyes, and chronic disease or recurrence in chronic disease in 20 eyes. FAF images in acute cases showed a sharply delineated hypoautofluorescent spot in exactly the same location as the pinpoint leak detected on fluorescein angiography. In FFA images of chronic ICSCR diffuse areas of RPE atrophy are visualized as transmission fluorescence. FAF images demonstrate hypo-autofluorescence that corresponds in shape and location to the areas showing the most intense transmission fluorescence on FFA, whereas areas with less transmission fluorescence on FFA correspond to hyper-autofluorescence on FAF. The hypo-autofluorescent spot pointing to the site of RPE leakage cannot be localized as precisely as in acute cases.

CONCLUSION: FAF imaging in ICSCR is capable of depicting FAF patterns that are characteristic of various stages of the disease. It is a risk-free and reproducible alternative to fluorescein angiography in ICSCR.]]> 2015/8/27 11:19:42 Mahmoud Leila,Miguel Angel Zapata Victori,Daniel Velázquez and Jose Garcia-Arumi 291true METHODS: NAION patients with both eyes onset from 2006 were included in this study, their clinical characteristics, treatment methods, the demographic index, medical history, visual acuity, visual field and other clinical data of NAION, including the impact factors of the prognosis, were obtained statistically.

RESULTS: A total of 61 patients(122 eyes)have been diagnosed with NAION bilaterally, including 39 males and 22 females, with an average age of 58.0±11.0 years old, and the duration of the first onset was 12.5mo(IQR 4.75-26.5). The median of the best log MAR corrected visual acuity of the 122 eyes at initial visit were 0.7 logMAR(IQR 0.2-1.3), optic disc edema was seen in 38 eyes while optic disc saw in 76 eyes were pale or white. The most common types of visual field defects were inferior altitudinal visual field defect(38 eyes), supero-nasal defect(21 eyes), infero-nasal defect(16 eyes), superior altitudinal visual field defect(13 eyes), and tubular visual field defect(12 eyes). Among all the patients, there were 31 accompanied with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, or a history of other cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. After an median of 12mo(IQR 6-23.5)of follow-up observation, the visual acuity has been increased from 0.7 logMAR(IQR 0.2-1.3)to 0.4 logMAR(IQR 0.175-1.1), in which 45 eyes(36.9%)increased 2 lines or more. Best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)had no significant differences(Z=-0.521, -1.600, P>0.05)between the male and female patients at initial visit and during follow-up. BCVA of patients accompanied with cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease had no significant differences(Z=-1.103, P>0.05)from those without cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease before the treatment, while there were significant differences(Z=-2.090,P<0.05)between the two type of patients at their last follow-up visit. The visual acuity of the earlier onset cases and the later onset cases were both significantly higher(P=0.003, 0.019)than that at last visit, while BCVA of earlier onset cases improved more than later onset cases(median with 0.2 and 0.1 logMAR respectively, P=0.195)though there was no significant differences.

CONCLUSION: After summarizing the demographic index, incidence, medical history, visual acuity, and visual field characteristics of the bilateral NAION patients, we found that patients who were accompanied with cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease and the later onset eyes might had a poor prognosis than the others, though there were further evidence needed to support this finding.]]> 2015/8/27 11:19:42 Liang Liao,Qi-Ping Wei,Jian Zhou,Yan-Hong Sun and Yan-Ting Xia 290true METHODS: Totally 40 primary pterygium cases were divided into two groups(n=20 each)according to the protocols: small incision removal versus conventional removal. In our small incision removal, group 1, the pterygium body was cut open with a small incision firstly, through which the conjunctiva was separated from the underlying degenerated Tenon's layer; while in the conventional protocol, group 2, the whole head of pterygium was taken down before the separation. Then the head of pterygium was torn down in our protocol using a forceps instead of cutting it down with a blade, which was facilitated by a special corneal epithelial flap formation method. Surgery time, pain score and corneal wound healing were measured to provide objective comparison of outcome between the two protocols.

RESULTS: In the group using small incision removal, the average surgery time was 7.72min(or 48.9%)shorter than that of the control group using conventional protocol(P<0.001). The pain score was lower and the corneal wound was healed better in day 1 and 2 after the surgery in the small incision group(P<0.001). In addition, the surgery can be done by one surgeon using the small incision protocol, while the surgery using the conventional protocol requires two persons.

CONCLUSION: The small incision pterygium removal protocol was easier to perform and resulted in a better outcome than the conventional protocol.]]> 2015/8/27 11:19:42 Shu Zhang,Tao Wang,Guo-Fan Cao and Jin Liu 289true METHODS: This was a pilot cross-sectional study conducted for a period of 3mo from October-December, 2013 in Chennai, South India. The study population was enrolled from three IT companies in a city in Chennai. The inclusion criteria consisted of individuals working in the IT industry at least for a period of 6mo, aged 18y or above and giving voluntary, written informed consent. Variable information was gathered by using series of questionnaires and ophthalmic assessment. Information about sociodemographic characteristics was also gathered. Schirmer's test was performed for ophthalmic assessment. All of the analysis was performed by using SPSS vs.16.

RESULTS: About one fifth(n=36, 18%)of the participants were suspected to have dry eyes, with mean age of 29y(SD=7), and majority of them being males, graduates/ postgraduates, single, living in extended families in urban areas. Windy environment significantly showed to aggravate redness(P=0.04)and burning sensation of the eyes(P=0.000). Similarly, watching television significantly showed to aggravate gritty sensation(P=0.01)and led to excess mucous in the eyes(P=0.02).

CONCLUSION:Based on the results of our study, it can be concluded that the exposure to various daily activities such as watching television, using computer, reading, and use of air conditioning and windy environments(dry environments)were associated with signs and symptoms of dry eyes. Also, watching television and windy environment were significantly positively correlated with some of the signs of dry eye. This study emphasizes the urgent need of multi-factorial approach including policy measures for addressing the burden of dry eye in population.]]> 2015/8/5 15:43:40 Amaravathy Karuppaiah Brindha,Shruti Murthy,Kate Trout,Awnish Kumar Singh,Krishna Mohan Surapaneni and Ashish Joshi 288true METHODS: Preoperative measurement of anterior segment parameters were prospectively obtained in 137 eyes of 121 subjects with the PCI compared with the US. The postoperative best corrected visual acuity and postoperative refraction were obtained and compared with each biometric method.

RESULTS: There was an excellent correlation between PCI and US measurements for the anterior chamber depth(ACD; r=0.823; P<0.001)and axial length(AL; r=0.996; P<0.001). The mean values of the parameters measured by IOLMaster and US were, respectively, as follows: ACD, 2.94±0.49mm, 2.69±0.51mm; AL, 24.17±1.64mm, 23.81±1.83mm. The mean differences of ACD and AL values between IOLMaster and US measurements were 0.25±0.22mm, 0.36±0.24mm respectively, proved to be statistically significant(P<0.001). With the 95% limits of agreement from -0.08mm to +0.48mm for ACD and from -0.09mm to+0.69mm for AL. For IOLMaster, the mean prediction error -0.15±0.38D, the mean absolute prediction error was 0.29±0.27D with 96% of the eyes within 1D from the predicted refraction. Applanation ultrasonography after optimisation yielded a greater absolute prediction error than the IOLMaster biometry, 0.41±0.38D with 88% of the eyes within 1D from the predicted refraction. For IOLMaster biometry, the intraobserver variability(SD)was ±25.6μm for AL, ±33.4μm for ACD and ±12.9μm for corneal radius. The coefficients of variation(COV)were 0.11%, 0.52%, and 0.17%, respectively. The interobserver variability(SD)was ±21.5μm for AL, ±29.8μm for ACD and ±15.9μm for corneal radius. The COV were 0.09%, 0.62%, and 0.21%, respectively. The reliability was 99.9% for AL, 97.8% for ACD, and 99.8%/99.5% for corneal radius(r₁/r₂).

CONCLUSION: PCI using the IOLMaster provides the more accurate and reliable anterior segment parameters measurement values. A high degree of agreement between US and IOLMaster was noted. The IOLMaster not only has the advantage of performing noncontact examinations, but also produces various additional data simultaneously and may thus obviate the need for multiple examinations.]]> 2015/8/5 15:43:40 Quan-Hao Bai,Yu-Qing Miao,Cui-Li Wang and Ge-Fei Zhang 287true METHODS: The present study was observational in nature. ACDs were measured in 138 eyes of 69 myopic patients, by the same operator, using the Pentacam, the IOLMaster, and US. We assessed the agreement among the three methods using Bland-Altman plots. The repeatability among the three methods was evaluated by within-subject standard deviation.

RESULTS: The means±SDs of ACDs measured using the Pentacam, the IOLMaster, and US were 3.77±0.24, 3.73±0.23, and 3.69±0.22mm respectively. Bland-Altman analysis showed that Pentacam and IOLMaster data were in good agreement(CoA, 0.04mm; LoA,0.05 to 0.13mm), as were US and IOLMaster data(CoA, 0.04mm; LoA, 0.17 to 0.08mm), but the Pentacam ACD values were slightly greater than the US figures(CoA, 0.08mm; LoA, 0.06 to 0.22mm). Measurements of the ACD with the three devices also showed high repeatability(S_w=0.03, 0.02, and 0.03; 2.77 S_w=0.08, 0.06, and 0.08, respectively). The three depth estimates were positively correlated(r=0.946, 0.987, and 0.951; P<0.001).

CONCLUSION: Measurement of ACDs using the Pentacam, the IOLMaster, and US showed good agreement and repeatability. The Pentacam and IOLMaster ACDs, and the IOLMaster and US ACDs, agreed reasonably well, but agreement between the Pentacam and US data was poorer. However, both the absolute differences and the coefficients of variation were small, and the observed variability was likely not clinically significant.]]> 2015/8/5 15:43:41 Jing Zhang,Shi-Sheng Zhang,Qing Yu,Jiang-Xiu Wu and Jing-Cai Lian 286true METHODS: Residents with diabetes mellitus were randomly sampled in Shanghai's Songnan Community. These patients received full physical examinations. DR was diagnosed using non-mydriatic fundus photography. The patients completed a survey concerning their general knowledge and awareness of DR.

RESULTS: A total of 1120 valid questionnaires and fundus photographs were collected. The incidence of DR among patients with diabetes was 23.6%; 17.1% had mild DR, 5.1% had moderate DR and 1.4% had severe DR. Of the survey participants, 14.1% received ophthalmic examinations over the last year, 71.5% knew their normal blood glucose levels, 85.7% were aware of the possibility of systemic complications caused by diabetes, 77.2% were aware of ocular complications, 47.9% were aware of the need for regular fundus examinations, 58.0% were aware that the early treatment of DR is an important measure to prevent visual impairment, and 59.9% were willing to participate in regular health education seminars. A univariate analysis indicated that the knowledge and awareness scores regarding DR were correlated with age, education level, type of medical insurance, duration of diabetes, diet control, blood glucose monitoring, fasting blood glucose level, exercise frequency and DR stage. A logistic regression analysis indicated that the factors affecting the DR awareness scores were age, education level, type of medical insurance, stage of diabetes, diet control, exercise frequency and DR stage.

CONCLUSION: The patients with diabetes in the Songnan Community lacked sufficient awareness of DR prevention and treatment methods. The existing awareness of DR among the survey participants did not lead to effective prevention or treatment actions associated with this condition. It is necessary to educate patients with diabetes in local communities regarding DR.]]> 2015/7/1 9:46:00 Yi Xiong,Li-Ping Liu,Yan Chen and Jie Zhao 285true METHODS: We retrospectively analysed 74 patients with orbital cavernous haemangiomas between January 2007 and December 2013. Cavernous hemangioma was diagnosed preoperatively by computed tomography(CT)or magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)combined with color Doppler. Patients were underwent conjunctival approach, tumors located in the inferior, inferior lateral, or inferomedial sector using inferior fornix conjunctival incision, tumors located in super-lateral sector using the lateral conjunctival incision, tumors located in the superior and inferomedial sector using the super-nasal fornix conjunctival incision. Following exposure, the tumor was clamped and slowly pulled out. Careful dissection is necessary in case where tight adhesions are present.

RESULTS: The tumors were confirmed to be cavernous hemangiomas, consistent with preoperative diagnosis in 100%. Intraconal location was found in 58(78%), 16(22%)cases were in extraconal, including 12(16%)cases located in superlateral sector, 16(22%)cases located in superiormedial or superior sector, interior, inferiorlateral, or inferior locations occurred in 46(62%)cases. The tumor was 8mm to 59mm in diameter. All cases were underwent conjunctival approach, including 46 patients underwent inferior fornix conjunctival incision, 12 patients underwent lateral conjunctival incision, the supernasal fornix conjunctival incision was used on 16 cases. Nine patients were resected one third of the tumor firstly, then removed the rest. In 8 patients in visual acuity worsened postoperatively, 6 of them recovered after 6mo. Five patient's visual acuity improved. No patient had any residual proptosis,chemosis was occurred in 10 patients. One patient had unequal pupils as a result of a lesion of the ciliary nerve. Diplopia was spontaneously in all 6 patients in whom ocular movements were limited preoperatively, there was no diplopia in the other 68.

CONCLUSION: The transconjunctival approach of the tumor is suitable for all other than the tumour in the orbital apex, resect the whole tumor in a fractional resection way under orthophoria can effectively reduce the operation risk and improve operation safety.]]> 2015/7/1 9:46:00 Jia Li,Ming Cheng,Qi-Jun Zheng and Hong-Feng Yuan 284true 2015/7/1 9:46:00 Xue-Zheng Sun,Ya-Sha Zhou,Han-Yu Tan,Yue Liu,Xiang-Dong Chen,Qing-Hua Peng and Yu Feng 283true METHODS: The medical records of consecutive uveitic glaucoma patients undergoing trabeculectomy between October 2006 to March 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Uveitic activity, frequency of recurrence, steroid dependence, and intraocular pressure control were compared with paired t-test before and after trabeculectomy.

RESULTS: In 29 eyes from 29 patients, 90% of eyes were on topical steroids at the time of trabeculectomy. The mean age was 58.3±14.0 years old with a pre-operative IOP of 35.7±8.9mmHg. The mean follow up time was 35.2±18.7mo. There was a reduction of anterior chamber activity grading of 0.4±0.6(P<0.01)at 3mo post-operatively. The uveitis recurrence rate was significantly reduced by 2.3±2.1 episodes/year(P<0.01)during the follow-up period. The mean 1y post-trabeculectomy IOP was 13.1±4.5mmHg with 44.8% of eyes with IOP≤21mmHg without medication.

CONCLUSION: Uveitic activity and IOP control improved after trabeculectomy with a lower success rate to primary glaucomas. Trabeculectomy may be considered as a possible early intervention of active uveitis with high IOP for pressure and uveitic activity control.]]> 2015/6/1 16:06:20 Doris W.F. Yick,Ho Wing Lau,Jacky W.Y. Lee,Wong C.Y. Chad and Can Y.F. Yuen 282true METHODS: A random-effect Meta-analysis was performed. An electronic search was done in CNKI, PubMed, the Cochrane Collaboration's Database, Embase, and the ISI Web of Knowledge. Odds ratios(OR)and their 95% confidence interval(CI)were calculated to assess the strength of association between SERPING1 rs2511989 polymorphism and AMD susceptibility. Heterogeneity, sensitivity analysis and publication bias were also tested.

RESULTS: A total of 15 case-control studies with 8657 cases and 5393 controls were finally included in this Meta-analysis. There was no significant association between SERPING1 and AMD in all genetic models.(Dominant model: OR=0.960, 95%CI: 0.918-1.003, P=0.009; recessive model: OR=0.898, 95%CI: 0.791-1.019, P=0.035; homozygote model: OR=0.881, 95%CI: 0.770-1.008, P=0.003; heterozygote model: OR=0.962, 95%CI: 0.917-1.010, P=0.050). However, the associations between SERPING1 and neovascular AMD were significant in three models(dominant model: OR=0.691, 95%CI: 0.547-0.872; homozygote model: OR=0.661, 95%CI: 0.450-0.971; heterozygote model: OR=0.754, 95%CI: 0.589-0.964). Subgroup analysis by ethnicity and country did not find significant association between rs2511989 polymorphism and AMD susceptibility.

CONCLUSION: SERPING1 rs2511989 does not associates with AMD generally but may associate with neovascular AMD. More studies are required to verify the hypothesis.]]> 2015/6/1 16:06:20 Yu Qin,Jiang-Yue Zhao,Chun-Shu Pan,Xue-Fei He,Xiao-Jie Min,Ming-Wu Wang,Qi-Chang Yan,Di Wu,Jing Li,Xin-Wei Wu and Jin-Song Zhang 281true METHODS: A total of 762 wavefront-guided LASIK patients with 1524 eyes were retrospectively analyzed from January 2010 to December 2013 in our hospital. Iris recognition was accomplished successfully and eye cyclotorsion degrees were recorded intraoperatively for all the patients. The correlations between eye cyclotorsion degrees and patient's age, gender, different eye, diopter and the dominant eye or not were statistically analyzed. In which correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between eye cyclotorsion degrees and age and diopter, while the correlations with gender, different eye and the dominant eye or not were analyzed using t-test.

RESULTS: The eye cyclotorsion degrees of patients were 0 to 9.7 degrees with an average of 3.08±2.22 degrees. Amongst the average cyclotorsion of 444 men with 888 eyes were 3.05±2.26 degrees, 318 women with 636 eyes were 3.12±2.15 degrees and there were no significant differences(t=1.905, P=0.168). The average age of all the patients was 22.6±5.4y. No significant correlation was found between cyclotorsion degrees and age(r=-0.012, P=0.748). The mean spherical equivalent was -4.76±1.77 degrees, and there was no significant correlation between the eye cyclotorsion degrees and spherical equivalent(r=0.017, P=0.633). The mean cylinder was -0.60±0.64 degrees of no significant correlation with eye cyclotorsion degrees(r=-0.004, P=0.910). The cyclotorsion of dominant eyes of all the patients was 3.0±2.17 degrees, and the non-dominant eyes were 3.11±2.12 degrees. No significant differences were found(t=-0.521,P=0.603).

CONCLUSION: The eye cyclotorsion degrees occurred in LASIK surgery had no correlation with age, gender, different eye, diopter and the dominant eye or not.]]> 2015/6/1 16:06:21 Xiao-Guang Niu,Man Xu and Xiao-Yang He 280true METHODS: This study included 86 eyes of 60 patients with PEX and 89 eyes from 55 normal age-matched individuals. Tear film break-up time(TBUT), Schirmer's tests were performed and impression cytology(IC)specimens were obtained from upper and interpalpebral inferonasal bulbar conjunctiva for all 175 eyes of 115 cases. IC specimens were graded according to Nelson's method. The correlations between results of TBUT, Schirmer's test and the findings of impression cytology specimens were evaluated.

RESULTS: Patients with PEX had lower Schirmer's tests and TBUT and also revealed significant conjunctival cell alterations when compared with normal subjects. The median cytology scores were Grade 3 and Grade 0 in PEX patients and normal subject, respectively. Mixed involvement with more than one grade type change was observed in 45 specimens in cases with PEX and only in 3 specimens in the control cases. Besides, epithelial and goblet cell discordance was found in 45 specimens in the group with PEX which was not observed in the control group.

CONCLUSION: Destruction of conjunctival cytology combined with decreasing in tear tests demonstrates the presence of ocular surface disease in PEX.]]> 2015/6/1 16:06:21 Ayşe Gül Koçak Altintaş,Semiha Has Eranil and Olcay Kandemir 279true METHODS: Eleven eyes of 11 patients with POAG(mean age: 62.7±6.1y), 12 eyes of 12 patients(mean age: 62.8±6.4y)with OHT and 12 eyes of 12 normal subjects(mean age: 62.9±6.03y)were included to this prospective study. The patients with POAG and OHT had been recently diagnosed with these diseases and none of them had taken anti-glaucoma treatment before. In addition to conjunctival impression cytology, tear break-up time(TBUT)and basal Schirmer's tests(BST)were performed. Impression cytology specimens of each group were graded and scored in the range of 0-3 according to Nelson's method. Kruskal-Wallis analysis and Dunn's multiple comparison tests were used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS: The mean BST values were 10.4±1.3, 10.9±1.2 and 11.1±1.1 mm/5min of POAG, OHT and control groups respectively. The differences among the BST values of the POAG, OHT and control group were not statistically significant(P=0.33). The mean TBUT values were 11.2±1.1, 11.3±1.1 and 11.8±1.2s in POAG, OHT and normal subjects respectively. The differences among the BUT values of the POAG, OHT and control group were not statistically significant(P=0.35). Six eyes(54.5%)revealed grade 0 and 5 eyes(45.5%)revealed grade 1 impression cytology scores in POAG group. Six eyes(50%)revealed grade 0 and 6 eyes(50%)revealed grade 1 impression cytology scores in OHT group and 6 eyes(50%)revealed grade 0 and 6 eyes(50%)revealed grade 1 impression cytology scores in normal subjects(P=0.97).

CONCLUSION: Oxidative stress may cause glaucoma, ocular surface diseases, lacrimal gland malfunction and a decrease in mucus secretion ofgoblet cells in all of the body. There were no significant differences between the impression cytology scores of patients with POAG, OHT and normal subjects.]]> 2015/5/5 16:34:50 Ufuk Elgin,Mehmet Citirik,Hulya Haksever,Emine Sen,Faruk Ozturk and Huseyin Ustun 278true METHODS: A practice-wide database of endophthalmitis cases identified 5 occurring during the two-year study period. A retrospective review of 8 672 injections in 1 121 eyes of 909 patients treated during the same two-year study period was performed in order to assess the injection site location.

RESULTS: Five eyes developed presumed infectious endophthalmitis. Eighty percent of endophthalmitis cases were injected inferiorly, even though 84.6% of the total cohort was injected superiorly. The odds ratio of infection associated with inferior injection location is 22.1(P=0.006).

CONCLUSION:Endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection is rare, occurring in only 0.025% of injections overall. Avoiding intravitreal injections in the inferior quadrants may further reduce the rate of endophthalmitis.]]> 2015/5/5 16:34:50 Gowtham Jonna,Daniel B. Roth,Howard F. Fine,H. Matthew Wheatley,Jonathan L. Prenner,Arvin Kheterpal,Suzanne Cohen and William J. Feuer 277true METHODS: A retrospective cohort study, including 35 cases of punctal stenosis post-viral conjunctivitis. Cases were diagnosed clinically and treated after 4wk of complete remission from epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Patients were treated with mechanical dilatation, insertion of perforated silicon punctual plugs or the use of Mini-Monoka stent.

RESULTS: Six out of 35(17.14%)had a satisfactory outcome by punctal dilatation alone. Punctal dilatation with insertion of perforated punctal plugs was done in 20 cases(57.14%). Nine cases(25.71%)had punctal dilatation with Mini-Monoka tube insertion. Disease severity and the use of Mini-Monoka silicon tube did not correlate with bilateral eye involvement or involvement of both upper and lower punctum.

CONCLUSION: Management of punctal occlusion post viral conjunctivitis may be treated easily using perforated punctal plugs. Silicon intubation with Mini-Monoka might be needed to manage resistant cases.]]> 2015/5/5 16:34:50 Fawwaz A. Al-Sarayra,Khalil M. Al-Salem,Mohammad M. Al-Salem,Tarek A. Dalbah,Noor M. Al-Sammarraie and Abdelrahman M. Alharazneh 276true METHODS: Culture and passage the mesenchymal stem cells derived from LNCs and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells(BMMSCs)in vitro. Using BMMSCs as a positive control, the expression of Hedgehog signaling pathway in LNCs was evaluated by Western blot, immunofluorescence and real-time PCR. Furthermore, different doses(1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30μmol/L)of GANT61(the Gli inhibitor)effect on the proliferation of LNCs and BMMSCs was detected by Cell Count Kit-8.

RESULTS:The results of Western blot, immunofluorescence and real-time PCR proved that LNCs expressed Gli-1, patched and SMO, which are the members of Hedgehog signaling. In addition, GANT61(the Gli inhibitor)inhibited the proliferation of LNCs significantly(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION:Hedgehog signaling pathway plays an important role in the proliferation of LNCs.]]> 2015/4/8 9:56:55 Juan Wang,Gui-Gang Li,Fei Li,Su-Bo Cai,Rui Wei and Xin-Yu Li 275true METHODS: Thirty-one eyes of 22 keratoconus patients with at least 12mo follow-up were recruited and reviewed retrospectively. Uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA), best spectacle corrected visual acuity(BSCVA), autorefractometer values, keratometric values, corneal irregularity indexes, and complications were analyzed pre- and post-operatively.

RESULTS: At the last follow-up visit, mean UVCA(logMAR)improved significantly from 0.86±0.34 to 0.30±0.29(P<0.0001), and mean BSCVA(logMAR)improved from 0.47±0.21 to 0.17±0.23,(P<0.0001). Mean keratometric values decreased from 48.69±3.68 to 44.33±3.09 diopters(P<0.0001). Mean spherical equivalent measured by autorefractometer was also improved significantly from -5.61±2.85 to -2.29±1.95 at the last follow-up visit(P<0.0001). Central corneal thickness and corneal irregularity index of 3mm and 5mm zones did not change during the overall follow-up time. No serious intraoperative or postoperative complication was observed.

CONCLUSION: RK is assessed as an effective treatment method for the optical and visual rehabilitation of mild to moderate keratoconus cases, according to our results in a selected group of keratoconus patients.]]> 2015/4/8 9:56:55 Ibrahim Kocak,Ali Aydin,Faruk Kaya,Hakan Baybora and Salih Bozkurt 274true METHODS: To exam the SR values of total aberrations and SR values of total higher-order aberrations of total corneals in 200 people(400 eyes)using SIRIUS 3D topography system and analysis the corresponding root-mean-square(RMS).

RESULTS: The subjects with different pupil diameters(3.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0mm)'s exam results of total corneal were as following: SR value of total aberrations 100'(0.45±0.12),(0.25±0.06),(0.17±0.05),(0.13±0.04); SR value of total higher order ab cerrations 100'(0.69±0.14),(0.34±0.07),(0.24±0.05),(0.16±0.04); SR value of total aberrations 200'(0.45±0.12),(0.24±0.06),(0.20±0.04),(0.16±0.03); SR value of total higher order aberrations 200'(0.70±0.13),(0.35±0.07),(0.27±0.06),(0.20±0.04). The SR values of each group decreases with the increases of pupil diameters. The SR values of total aberrations and SR values of total higher-order aberrations at total corneals are negatively correlated with corresponding RMS value. When the pupil diameter is small, the SR value of total aberrations is more related to higher frequency region of MTF. When the pupil diameter is big, the SR value of total aberrations is more related to lower frequency region of MTF.

CONCLUSION: The visual performance of normal people can be well reflected by SR values of total aberrations and SR values of total higher-order aberrations at total corneal.]]> 2015/4/8 9:56:56 Yan-Peng Chen,Xu-Guo,Jun-Hong Guo,Fang Wang,Zhen-Zhen Tong,Tian-Mei Qi and Yi Li]]> Yan-Peng Chen,Xu-Guo,Jun-Hong Guo,Fang Wang,Zhen-Zhen Tong,Tian-Mei Qi and Yi Li 273true METHODS: This study is a retrospective case. Thirty-five patients treated for mCNV were included in this study. Their eyes were treated with a single intravitreal injection of 0.5 mg ranibizumab following a pro re nata(PRN)regimen indicated by persistent or recurrent CNV. Best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), CNV findings on fundus fluorescent angiography(FFA), central retinal thickness(CRT)on optical coherence tomography(OCT), total number of treatments, and complications were evaluated.

RESULTS:The mean follow-up duration was 20mo(range 16-24mo). Twenty-eight patients(80%)were followed up for more 22mo. The mean baseline BCVA was 0.74 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution(logMAR)\〖standard deviation(SD)0.23\〗 and improved significantly to 0.49 logMAR(SD 0.31)(P<0.001, Wilcoxon signed-rank test)after treatment. At the final months of follow-up, 21 of the 35 eyes(60%)showed an improvement of 2 lines or more in BCVA, 13 eyes(37%)remained unchanged, and 1 eye(3%)had a deterioration of 2 lines or more. Mean CRT decreased from 297 μm(SD, 72)at baseline to 228 μm(SD, 61)at the final follow-up(P<0.001, paired t-test). During follow-up, the mean number of repeat injections was 3.2(SD, 0.94; range, 1-7 injections). No drug-related complications were observed after treatment.

CONCLUSION:The long-term outcomes observed in this study suggest that intravitreal ranibizumab is safe and effective for treating mCNV.]]> 2015/3/9 10:14:40 Yi Zhang,Zhe-Li Liu,Han Zhang and Jun Li 272true METHODS: A total of 115 neonates with birth weight less than 1500g and gestational age less than 29wk were selected from Children Hospital between April 2012 and June 2013 who met the criteria for entering this double blind control study. Patients were divided randomly into case and control groups and intravenous dexamethasone 0.25mg/kg/12h was administered from day 8 to day 14 of age for case group and the control group received no dexamethasone. Ophthalmologic examinations were started at 6^th week and followed until resolution.

RESULTS: Of the neonates with ≤1500g birth weight admitted to neonatal intensive care unit, 69%(80/115)survived. Neonates of lower gestational age(≤25wk and 26-28wk)had an increased incidence of ROP. The incidence of ROP(stage II or higher)was 8.6% among all 58 infants enrolling this study. Severe retinopathy of prematurity was detected in 2(7.4%)of 28 neonates received PNS and 3(9.7%)of 30 neonates who did not received PNS. No significant difference was observed for ROP incidence between postnatal dexamethasone receiving versus control group infants(P=0.35). Beyond that the incidence of severe ROP(stage>II)did not have significant difference between cases(7.4%)and control(9.7%)group too(P=0.36).

CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that there is no marked difference between neonates received post natal dexamethasone and no receiving neonates on incidence and severity of retinopathy of prematurity. Therefore, dexamethasone which was useful in treatment of chronic lung disease in preterm infants seems be safely administered without concern about increasing risk of ROP.]]> 2015/3/9 10:14:40 Aliagha Alishiri and Seyed Aliasghar Mosavi 271true METHODS:This was a four-week cross-sectional study, conducted on randomly selected individuals who attended outreach camps in low socio-economic areas in and around Chennai, India in December 2012. Individuals were approached after they had received their free vision screenings and asked to complete a short face to face semi-structured interview. Every third individual was approached and was initially asked if any children lived in their place of residence. If they responded yes, they were then asked to take part in the study.

RESULTS: A total of 120 individuals participated in the study. Of these, 38%(95%CI: 30, 47)of the participants indicated that at least one child in their residence had previously had an eye examination(group 1)and 62%(95%CI: 53, 70)of the participants responded that no child in their residence had ever had an eye examination(group 2). The median standardized poverty score, using the Simple Poverty Scorecard for India, was 61(range 19-80)and 60(range 21-93)in groups 1 and 2 respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the poverty scores in the two groups.

CONCLUSION:We found that less than half of the participants recalled that their children had previously had an eye examination. There was no statistically significant difference in the poverty scores between participants who identified the presence of a previous eye exam and those who did not. Compared to those participants whose children had never had an eye examination, those participants whose children had, were more likely to have a favourable attitude towards a check-up eye examination for their children. This study suggests that adult perceptions of the importance of eye examinations for children do not appear to be influenced by poverty levels. Improving adult perceptions of childhood eye examinations will likely require interventions other than poverty alleviation.]]> 2015/3/9 10:14:40 Sivashanth Gnanasekaran,Grant Blashki and Lauren Bell 270true ]]> 2015/3/9 10:14:40 Jun Yu,Qi Zhang,Yu Xu,Ping Fei,Pei-Quan Zhao and Xiao-Li Kang 269true METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure(up to March 12, 2014)were searched by two authors independently. Crude odds ratios with 95%CIs were used to assess the strength of the associations between SNP rs6214, rs12324791 and high myopia. Statistical analysis was performed using the program RevMan5.2 software(Revman; The Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, UK)and STATA 12.0 software(Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA).

RESULTS: Five case-control studies with involving 2585 patients with high myopia and 3327 controls were included in this Meta-analysis. No statistical evidence of significant association was found in all genetic models of rs6214A/G and rs12324791G/C.

CONCLUSION: This Meta-analysis suggested that the rs6214A/G and rs12324791G/C mutation in the insulin-like growth factor-1 are not significantly associated with high myopia.]]> 2015/1/30 15:09:34 Mei-Xia Hu,Sheng-Qi Liang,Fan Yang,Hao Liang,Yi Du and Shao-Jian Tan 268true METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 416 eyes were assigned to 3 groups: 159 eyes with low myopia(LM)and mean refractive spherical equivalent(MRSE)of -3.68±1.33 dioptre(D); 161 eyes with myopic astigmatism(MA)and MRSE of -5.99±2.24D and mean cylinder of 2.41±1.07D; and 96 eyes with high myopia(HM)and MRSE of -7.41±0.80D. After an epithelial flap creation, a wavefront-based excimer laser ablation was performed. Safety, efficacy, predictability and stability were evaluated at day 10, 2, 6 and 12mo postoperatively.

RESULTS:At 12mo, the MRSE was -0.36±0.31D in LM group, 0.15±0.41D in MA group and 0.58±0.68D in HM group. The uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA)was 20/20 in 90.60% of patients in LM group, 78.90% in MA group and 67% in HM group. Efficacy indices were 0.98, 1.04 and 0.92 in LM, MA and HM groups, respectively. Safety indices were 1.00, 1.07 and 1.05 in LM, MA and HM respectively. Five eyes(3.1%)in the LM group gained 1 line. Forty-four eyes(27.3%)in MA gained 1-3 lines and eighteen eyes(19.2%)of HM group gained 1-2 lines of BSCVA. Only 2 eyes in LM group developed corneal haze. There were not statistically significant differences in efficacy and safety indices amongst three groups.

CONCLUSION: Wavefront-guided LASEK is an effective and safe procedure for the treatment of LM, MA, and HM.although in myopic astigmatism the predictability, efficacy and safety indices had been better.]]> 2015/1/30 15:09:34 Seyed Javad Hashemian,Abbas Sheikh-Hassani,Alireza Foroutan,Mohammad Jafar Ghempanah,Mohammad Ebrahim Jafari,Mahsa Sadat Hashemian and Shadrokh Nabili 267true METHODS: The Apple's App Store was searched for ophthalmology-relevant apps from January 2013 to August 2013. Eligible apps were identified and downloaded into the iPad tablet computers, and then categorized according to the apps' initial contents and our using experiences. Methods about how to use the iPad's built-in functions of instant video call(FaceTime^®)and automatic data storage technology(iCloud^®)were also described together with the apps. Other operating systems of Microsoft's Window Phone and Google's Android were also searched for ophthalmology-relevant apps.

RESULTS: The keywords for searching on the Apple's App Store were “ophthalmology” and “eye”. And we could found 111 eligible apps with the former keyword, and 452 ones with the latter one. The integrated uses of the iPad tablet computer were then categorized into five aspects. Based on our clinical practice, we finally summarized the advantages and disadvantages of the iPad tablet computer for ophthalmic practices. However, ophthalmology-relevant apps were found to be very limited in number on the other two platforms.

CONCLUSION: The integrated use of self built-in apps and third-party apps can facilitate our clinical work in examination, telemedicine, reference, disease education and literature searching. More studies are needed to verify its validation and reliability in the professional fields, especially eye examinations.]]> 2014/12/30 15:26:02 Zhao-Tian Zhang,Yan-Tao Wei,Xin-Tong Jiang,Yuan-Zhe Yang,Suo Qiu and Shao-Chong Zhang 266true METHODS: From January 2010 to December 2011, 185 premature infants were examined with a computer-assisted imaging system, using a digital binocular indirect ophthalmoscope.

RESULTS: ROP was diagnosed in 14 infants(7.5%). Among them, 7 infants had stage l, 3 had stage 2, and 4 had stage 3 ROP, according to the standard classification of ROP.

CONCLUSION: This study showed that the incidence of ROP in the Panyu district of Guangzhou, China was 7.5%. Furthermore, the digital binocular indirect ophthalmoscope system is suitable for ocular fundus examination in primary health units.]]> 2014/12/30 15:26:03 1,Ni Tian¹ and Yan-Hua Lu²]]> Yan-Fen Hu¹,Ni Tian¹ and Yan-Hua Lu² 265true METHODS: Ten Chinese hospitals were surveyed and indicated three commonly used disinfectants 0.05% sodium dichloroisocyanurate(NaDCC), 75% EtOH, or chloramphenicol eye drops(Minims^<sup>®: 0.5%). Lenses were infected with staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, or pseudomonas aeruginosa, and then disinfected by; 1)wiping; 2)immersing in disinfectant for 5min; 3)immersing in disinfectant for 10min; n=9. Swab wipes from the lenses were cultured for 24h and colony-forming units were counted to assess bacterial load. Lens clarity was subjectively scored for each method.

RESULTS: The bacterial load was 1×10⁸/mL ×50μL/lense equals 5×10⁶/lense. Of the three methods the use of 75% EtOH and NaDCC are significantly more effective when used for wiping compared to eye drops(P≤0.01). Wiping with NaDCC or EtOH significantly reduced bacterial load but results were variable and the threat of cross-infection is still present. They were effective if used for 10min, but EtOH adversely affected lens clarity in contrast to NaDCC which had no adverse affects on the lens. Chloramphenicol eye drops were ineffective.

CONCLUSION: NaDCC immersion for 10min or longer appears to be a simple and effective way to disinfect diagnostic contact lenses during ophthalmic examination.]]> 2014/12/30 15:26:03 Xiao-Lei Wang,Yan Wu,Li-Feng Chen,Shi-Ying Li,Wei Bian and Yan-Qi Zhang 264true METHODS:Prospective observational study of all patients undergoing cataract surgery in Kandze Hospital in 2012. Patients categorized in terms of ocular pathology and/or surgical complications at discharge, were contacted at 3mo postoperatively by cell-phone to determine satisfaction with vision and presence of discomfort.

RESULTS:In 2012, Kandze Hospital conducted 888 cataract operations on 678 patients, 364(54%)women. Most patients(93%)presented with severe visual impairment or blindness(<6/60)in the better eye. Among the 881 eyes, the main surgical complications were corneal edema(44 cases)and vitreous loss(19 cases)while the main pathologies were retinal disorders(30 cases)and “old” iritis(11 cases). At 3mo, 508(75% of 678 cataract patients)were contacted at least once by cell-phone. Of the 588 eyes self-assessed, 485(82%)were reported “better”, 85(15%)“same”, and 18(3%)“worse” than the time of discharge for discomfort, visual acuity, or both. Significantly more eyes “with pathology” compared with “neither pathology nor complications” at discharge were reported to have discomfort or poor vision at 3mo(Chi-square=6.575, P=0.037).

CONCLUSION:The need forcataract surgical patient follow-up advice at 3mo is predictable at discharge and increasingly possible with cell-phone technology. However, the ability to assist patients with complications or ocular pathology depends on improving eye care services in the region.]]> 2015/11/27 10:32:20 Danba Jiachu,Hong Zheng and Ji Duo 263true METHODS:Cataracts were treated using 2.2mm microcoaxial transversal phacoemulsification with either a 30°straight or 30° curved phaco tip. Intraoperative measurements analyzed included the average ultrasound(U/S)power, the total phacoemulsification time, and the effective phacoemulsification time(EPT). The central endothelial cell density(ECD)and the central corneal thickness(CCT)were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively at 1, 7 and 30d after surgery using noncontact specular microscopy.

RESULTS:The study enrolled a total of 190 eyes(190 patients), 95 eyes in the curved tip group and 95 eyes in straight tip group. Intraoperative measurements showed significantly reduced total phacoemulsification time, and EPT in the curved-tip group, compared to the straight-tip group(P<0.05). The median total phacoemulsification time and the EPT were 25.9(13.5-45.0)s(1^st-3^rd quartiles)and 18.0(9.0-30.0)s in curved-tip group, and 38.8(16.5-73.5)s and 26.0(11.0-49.0)s in the straight-tip group, respectively.

CONCLUSION:Transversal phacoemulsification performed with a curved tip provided more effective lens removal with a less total UST and EPT in all grades, except for grades IV, compared to a straight tip.]]> 2015/11/27 10:32:20 Süleyman Demircan, Mustafa Ataş, Emre Göktaş, Burhan Başkan and Gökmen Zararsiz 262true METHODS:Fifty-three eyes of fifty patients, mean age 64.5±10.8y, were randomly divided into two groups(23 eyes and 30 eyes). First group was underwent surgery by cataract specialists and the second was by residents. At baseline all the patients were underwent a complete opthalmological examination including keratometry and autorefractometer measurements. Vector analysis programme including the Alpins' method was used for the calculation of SIA. All the measurements were repeated postoperative first day, first month and second month and changes were recorded. Shapiro Wilk and Mann-Whitney tests were applied for determining the statistical differences between the SIA with two groups.

RESULTS:There were no significant differences in demographic data of the groups. Intergroup analysis showed, first group was more effective results in SIA postoperative first day(P=0.002), first month(P=0.004)and the second month(P=0.001). For the first group, SIA were 0.79±0.41 diopter(D)at the first postoperative day, 0.54±0.41 D at the first postoperative month and 0.47±0.37 D at the second postoperative month. Second one was 1.27±0.66 D, 0.98±0.56 D and 0.94±0.54 D, respectively.

CONCLUSION:According to the results, surgical experience was one of the factors that affects SIA. Residents would perform more phacoemilcification surgery to obtain more surgical experience.]]> 2015/11/27 10:32:21 Numan Eraslan,Ufuk Elgin,Emine Sen and Pelin Yilmazbas 261true METHODS:Thirty seven eyes of 24 newly diagnosed patients with primary open-angle glaucoma(POAG)or pseudoexfoliation glaucoma(PXG)were included. IOP was measured with Goldmann applanation tonometry, CCT was measured with ultrasound pachymeter, while ACD and ACD/axial length(AL)values were obtained by ultrasound biometry. IOP, CCT, ACD and ACD/AL measurements before treatment were compared with the recordings at the 3mo and the 6mo of treatment.

RESULTS: Mean IOP values at baseline, and at 3mo and 6mo were, 25.0±4.2, 17.5±2.0 and 16.9±1.7, respectively, showing a significant reduction after treatment. Mean CCT values at baseline, and at 3mo and 6mo were, 546.6±31.5, 541.0±29.4 and 542.2±29.3, respectively, showing a significant reduction after treatment. Mean ACD values at baseline, and at 3mo and 6mo were, 3.00±0.43, 2.95±0.42 and 2.97±0.41, respectively, showing a significant reduction at 3mo, but not at 6mo. ACD/AL changes after treatment were similar to the ACD course. The significant changes in CCT and ACD measurements were found to be related with the POAG eyes, not with the PXG eyes, when evaluated separately.

CONCLUSION:Apart from a substantial reduction in IOP, latanoprost induces corneal thinning and ACD reduction at the short term of treatment in eyes with open angle glaucoma.]]> 2015/11/27 10:32:21 Cemal Cavdarli,Alper Yarangumeli,Handan Akil and Gulcan Kural 260true METHODS: This retrospective single-surgeon study includes 66 eyes of 33 patients with hyperopia who underwent LASEK with mitomycin C(MMC). The median age of patients was 35.42±1.12y(ranging 18 to 56y). In each patient LASEK was performed using SCHWIND AMARIS excimer laser. Postoperatively clinical outcomes were evaluated in terms of predictability, safety, efficacy, subjective and objective refractions, uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA), best spectacle-corrected visual acuity(BSCVA)and adverse events.

RESULTS: The mean baseline refraction was 3.2±1.6 diopters(D)(ranging 0 to 7 D). The mean pre-operative and postoperative spherical equivalent(SE)were 2.34±1.76(ranging -1.25 to 7 D)and 0.30±0.84(ranging -0.2 to 0.8 D)respectively(P=0.001). The mean hyperopia was 0.63±0.84 D(ranging -1.75 to 2.76 D)6 to 12mo postoperatively. Likewise, the mean astigmatism was 0.68±0.43 D(range 0 to 2 D)with 51(77.3%)and 15(22.7%)eyes within ±1 and ±0.50 D respectively. The safety index and efficacy index were 1.08 and 1.6 respectively.

CONCLUSION:LASEK using SCHWIND AMARIS with MMC yields good visual and refractive results for hyperopia. Moreover, there were no serious complications.]]> 2015/10/30 17:17:32 Khosrow Jadidi,Seyed Aliasghar Mosavi,Farhad Nejat,Mostafa Naderi,Sara Serahati and Leila Janani 259true METHODS: Retrospective chart review of all patients hospitalized for ocular injuries at LTH, Osogbo between April 2002 and March 2014 was undertaken. Information extracted from patients records were entered into a pre-designed form. Data were analyzed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS)version 20. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess effects of different variables on the visual outcome of ocular injuries after treatment among the subjects. P<0.05 was used as test of statistical significance.

RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-seven patients were hospitalized at LTH within the study period. The median age was 22.0y(range: 0.5-70.0)and male: female ratio 2.6:1. Majority of the injuries(35.2%)occurred within the home setting. Of the 127 patients, 74(58.3%)had open globe Injuries(OGI), 34(26.8%)had closed globe injuries(CGI), 7(5.5%)had adnexal injuries, 6(4.7%)had ruptured globes, 4(3.1%)had chemical injuries, 1(0.8%)patient each had retained intraocular foreign body and thermal eye injury. Two-thirds of patients managed for ocular injuries in this series had poor visual outcome. There were statistically significant associations between poor initial visual acuity(OR=13.24)and OGI with poor visual outcome(OR=9.16).

CONCLUSION: There is an urgent need for health education and, to put in place preventive strategies for ocular injuries. Developing countries need to build up capacity to offer complex anterior and posterior segment surgeries for those with severely injured eyes so as to improve the visual outcomes.]]> 2015/10/30 17:17:32 Olubayo Umar Kolawole,Michaeline Asuquo Isawumi and Olufunke Adedolapo Olaopa 258true METHODS: After obtaining ethics approval and informed consent of patients, 70 patients were randomly enrolled to the study to receive sub-Tenon's block with either 3 mL(Group I)or 5 mL(Group II)lidocaine. IOP was measured before the block. IOP, analgesia and akinesia were evaluated at 10min after the block. Complications such as chemosis and subconjunctival hemorrhage were also noted.

RESULTS: Two patients were excluded from the study due to the patients' request for sedation during block administration. Patients' characteristics such as age, weight, height, axial length, American Society of Anesthesiology(ASA)physical status were comparable in-group before and after block measurement and between groups. Akinesia and analgesia were significantly better in Group II in comparison to Group I. “No eye movement” was obtained in 13 patients(38.2%)in Group II whereas none of the patients had “no eye movement” in Group I. Eighteen(56.3%)patients had “no pain” and 14(43.7%)patients had “mild pain” in Group I whereas “No pain” in 28 patients(82.4%)and “mild pain” in 6 patients(17.6%)was observed in Group II. On the other hand, IOP revealed no statistically significant alteration in both groups before and 10min after the block(P<0.05). Complications were comparable between groups.

CONCLUSION: Sub-Tenon's anaesthesia either with 3 or 5 mL lidocaine had no effects on IOP; on the other hand, analgesia and akinesia were preferably better in patients who received 5 mL lidocaine for the block during cataract surgery by phacoemulsification.]]> 2015/10/30 17:17:32 Muge Coban-Karatas,Oya Yalcin Cok and Rana Altan-Yaycioglu 257true METHODS: In this prospective randomized study 40 eyes of 40 patients with cataract and POAG or PXG were evaluated. Complete eye examination and glaucoma tests were performed in all patients. Combined P-DS and P-T were performed under local anesthesia in 20 eyes in each group. Visual acuity(VA), intraocular pressure(IOP)and number of glaucoma medications were all recorded preoperatively and postoperative on 10d, 1, 3, 6 and 12mo. Complications, laser goniopuncture in P-DS group and needling in P-T group were also recorded.

RESULTS: The age(P-DS, 66.3±11.0 and P-T, 70.2±9.3y)and sex distribution(P-DS, 7 female and 13 male, P-T, 9 female and 11 male)were similar in both groups(P>0.05). Number of POAG and PXG patients were 12 and 8, and 13 and 7 in P-DS and P-T groups, respectively(P>0.05). There was no difference between groups in terms of preoperative VA(P-DS, 0.69±0.22 and P-T, 0.76±0.22 logMAR), IOP(P-DS, 17.9±1.6 and P-T, 18.1±1.9 mm Hg)and number of medications(P-DS: 2.7±0.7 and P-T: 2.9±0.8),(P>0.05). VA increased, IOP and number of medications decreased in both groups postoperatively(P<0.01). Postoperative IOPs were 15.0±1.7 and 14.5±1.6 mm Hg in P-DS and P-T groups respectively(P=0.472). Postoperative number of medications were slightly better in P-T group(0.5±0.7)than in P-DS group(0.8±0.9)(P=0.307). There were no complications in both groups. Laser goniopuncture was applied in 7 eyes(once in 5 eyes and twice in 2 eyes)in P-DS group. Needling was performed in 1 eye in P-T group.

CONCLUSION: In patients with coexisting cataract and glaucoma, both combined P-DS and P-T may be performed safely. Reliability and efficacy were similar in both groups. Follow-up of P-DS should be done cautiously and when necessary laser goniopuncture should be performed.]]> 2015/10/30 17:17:32 Tamer Takmaz, Hale Elif Akmeşe and Nihal Onursever 256true METHODS: All cases with keratitis attending the Outpatient Clinic of Ophthalmology Department at Tanta University Hospital during a period of 5y starting from the first of January 2009 to the end of December 2013 were selected and carefully examined and cases with CLRMK were further examined and investigated.

RESULTS: Out of total 108 496 attendants during this period with different complaints, there were 1463(1.3%)cases suffering from different forms of keratitis and 151(0.1%)with CLRMK. Results revealed that CLRMK is common in age group <30y, more in students(49%), families with large number and large crowding index, rural than urban residence, patients with outdoor water sources and insanitary sewage disposal. From history taking, it was found that CLRMK was more common with overnight use, insanitary storage cases or solutions and unsafe sources like shops of cosmetics and hair dressers. Cultural results were positive in 92% and negative in 8% of cases. The positive culture results were mixed infection(bacterial and fungal)in most of cases(53, 35.1%), bacterial only(43, 28.5%), fungal only(31, 20.5%)and acathamebic in 12(8%)of cases.

CONCLUSION: CLRMK is more frequent in students, rural areas, in outdoor water supply, insanitary sewage disposal. Overnight use, insanitary storage cases or solutions and unsafe sources were associated with increased incidence of CLRMK.]]> 2015/9/25 17:05:18 Mohammad Mostafa Khater and Mohammad Sameh El-Shorbagy 255true METHODS:Sixty-five eyes of 65 patients underwent cataract surgery between January and June 2012. Some patients received intracameral moxifloxacin at the end of surgery, while others did not(controls). Pre- and postperative logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution(logMAR)best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), intraocular pressure(IOP), corneal edema, and anterior chamber(AC)status were examined.

RESULTS: Thirty-three patients(19 males, 14 females); average age, 64.81±11.61y(range: 41-82y)received moxifloxacin and 32 patients(15 males, 17 females); average age, 65.43±11.10y(range: 42-81y)did not. The differences in patient age(P=0.827)and sex(P=0.396)were insignificant. Preoperative BCVA was approximately 20/130 in both groups. After surgery, moxifloxacin and control patients had a BCVA of 20/25 and 20/23, respectively(P=0.160). Preoperative IOP was 14.93±2.77mmHg(range: 11-21mmHg)in moxifloxacin patients and 15.06±2.42mm Hg(range: 12-21mmHg)in controls(P=0.850). After surgery, IOP was not statistically different between two groups(moxifloxacin: 14.06±2.31(range: 10-19mmHg), controls: 14.03±2.36mmHg(range: 10-19mmHg), P=0.960). Slight differences in corneal edema(P=0.623)and anterior chamber cell(P=0.726)incidences between two groups were not statistically significant.

CONCLUSION: Intracameral moxifloxacin is safe and effective in preventing endophtalmitis after cataract surgery.]]> 2015/9/25 17:05:18 Servet Cetinkaya,Yasemin F Cetinkaya,Nursen O Acir and Zeynep Dadaci 254true in situ keratomileusis(LASIK).

METHODS: Fifteen post-LASIK patients who underwent steroid-induced IOP fluctuations were enrolled as study group. And all received effective therapy when identified. Another 15 matched post-LASIK patients who used topical steroids for the same duration without developing hypertension were selected as control group. During the follow-up visits, uncorrected distant visual acuity(UDVA), photopic contrast sensitivity, wavefront aberrations, and corneal topography, were measured. These aimed at comparing the differences in postoperative changes between the groups.

RESULTS: In study group, comparison of preoperative and postoperative IOP, the amplitude of abnormal IOP fluctuations reached 10.6±4.4mmHg(ranged from 21.3 to 32.9mmHg). Compared with postoperative ocular hypertension, statistics demonstrated significant changes such as UDVA, photopic contrast sensitivity, and wavefront aberrations, and corneal topography under the condition of normal tension. 1)UDVA: a significant difference was seen in UDVA between ocular hypertension and normal tension(P<0.001); 2)Contrast sensitivity: results showed significant differences in 3, 6, 12, and 18 cycles/degree of photopic contrast sensitivity(all P<0.05); 3)Wavefront aberrations: statistics indicated significant differences in higher order aberrations(HOA), trefoil and spherical aberration(P<0.05 for all); 4)Corneal topography parameters such as Q-value, difference value(Diff-value)between the posterior corneal surface and the best fit sphere in the central region(Φ=6mm), and central corneal thickness(CCT)showed significant differences(P<0.01 for all). However, in control group, except for the increased CCT with time, no other significant changes were observed during the follow-up visits.

CONCLUSION:Transient abnormal IOP fluctuations might induce remarkable optical and visual changes, and limiting the IOP fluctuations might improve the visual performance in steroid responders after LASIK.]]> 2015/9/25 17:05:18 Wu-Xiao Zhao,En-Wei Lin,Hong-Ting Liu,Fang-Fang Lan,Wei-Min Liu and Jian-Zhong Huang 253true IOL).

METHODS: This study included 65 eyes implanted with the aspheric IOL LENTIS L-313(Oculentis GmbH)that were divided into 2 groups: 12 eyes(8 patients)with P_IOL≥23.0 D(group A), and 53 eyes(35 patients)with P_IOL<23.0 D(group B). The refractive predictability was evaluated at 3mo postoperatively. An adjusted IOL power(P_IOLadj)was calculated considering a variable refractive index for corneal power estimation, the refractive outcome obtained, and an adjusted effective lens position(ELP_adj)according to age and anatomical factors.

RESULTS: Postoperative spherical equivalent ranged from -0.75 to +0.75 D and from -1.38 to +0.75 D in groups A and B, respectively. No statistically significant differences were found in groups A(P=0.64)and B(P=0.82)between P_IOLadj and the IOL power implanted(P_IOLReal). The Bland and Altman analysis showed ranges of agreement between P_IOLadj and P_IOLReal of +1.11 to -0.96 D and +1.14 to -1.18 D in groups A and B, respectively. Clinically and statistically significant differences were found between P_IOLadj and P_IOL obtained with Hoffer Q and Holladay I formulas(P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: The refractive predictability of cataract surgery with implantation of an aspheric IOL can be optimized using paraxial optics combined with linear algorithms to minimize the error associated to the estimation of corneal power and ELP.]]> 2016/5/31 16:15:53 David P. Piñero,Vicente J. Camps,María L. Ramón,Verónica Mateo and Roberto Soto-Negro 252true METHODS: Sixty-seven eyes of 53 patients with PEX and cataract who had undergone phacoemulsification and intraocular lens(IOL)implantation surgery were evaluated retrospectively. The mean age was 71.68±9.96(53-89)y, and there were 24(45%)males and 29(55%)females. Nuclear, cortical, posterior subcapsular, and mature cataracts were all represented.

RESULTS: Nuclear cataract was significantly more common than other types(P=0.00). The mean preoperative best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)was 0.99±0.30(SD)(0.40-1.50)logMAR, and the mean postoperative BCVA was 0.32±0.31(SD)(0.00-1.00)logMAR(P=0.00). Iris retractors were used in 12(18%)eyes. Capsular tension ring(CTR)implantation was used in 15(22%)eyes, it was planned in 8(12%)and unplanned in 7(10%). Posterior capsule rupture occurred in 4(6%)eyes, and vitreous loss occurred in 2(3%)eyes. Anterior vitrectomy was performed in these 2 eyes. Conversion to extracapsular cataract extraction(ECCE)was needed in these 2(3%)eyes due to large posterior capsular rupture. Persistent corneal edema was observed in 4(6%)eyes, and anterior chamber reaction in 5(7%)eyes. IOL dislocation occurred in 4(6%)eyes, but repositioning was only needed in 1(1.5%)eye. Posterior capsule opacification(PCO)requiring Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy developed in 13(20%)eyes.

CONCLUSION: Postoperative visual acuities of patients with cataract and PEX are satisfactory. However, intraoperative and postoperative complications like posterior capsule rupture, vitreous loss, conversion to ECCE, persistent corneal edema, anterior chamber reaction and IOL dislocation may be observed. To avoid these complications, proper surgical techniques and the use of appropriate devices intraoperatively are essential.]]> 2016/5/31 16:15:53 Servet Cetinkaya,Yasemin Fatma Cetinkaya,Zeynep Dadaci and Nursen Oncel Acir 251true METHODS: Fourteen healthy cynomolgus monkeys(Macaca fascicularis, aged 3-8y,10 males,4 females)were raised at the Covance Laboratories under standard conditions. The 14 monkeys were grouped into 4 groups. Three of the groups with 4 monkeys each were injected intravitreally with one of the drugs, either bevacizumab, ranibizumab or aflibercept, while the 4^th group with 2 monkeys served as a negative control. On 1d and 7d of injection, 2 monkeys from each drug treatment group were sacrificed under general anaesthesia and the 4 eyes were enucleated. All the enucleated eyes were fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin wax, cut into 4.0 μm sections and deparaffinized according to standard procedures. Image-Pro Plus was used for all the photos to measure the content of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)in the inner segment and RPE. The ANOVA test from JMP10.0 statistical program was used to evaluate the results.

RESULTS: Retinal sections were checked for their anti-VEGF immune reactivity. The untreated control samples had the highest level of VEGF in the RPE and inner segment. All of these three drugs can reduce the level of VEGF in the RPE and inner segment, but Avastin seems to be more effective than Eylea in this regard. Lucentis treatment at 1d seems to be more effective than Eylea at VEGF 1d. But at 7d, both Lucentis and Eylea have the same effect on reducing VEGF expression level in the RPE and inner segment.

CONCLUSION: All of these three drugs can reduce the level of VEGF in the RPE and inner segment.]]> 2016/5/31 16:15:53 Nan Su,Fu-Guang Li and Ulrich Schraermeyer 250true METHODS:Population-based cross-sectional study.Students in Medical School of Lanzhou University were approached. A questionnaire was used to evaluate the prevalence of SDED and its risk factors. The diagnosis of SDED was based on reported symptoms and was established if the participants reported “often” or “all the time” once or more for 6-item questionnaire. Positive tests included a tear-film breakup time(TBUT)≤10s and a fluorescein staining score(FSS)≥1. Demographic information and possible factors that may contribute to SDED were analyzed in a step-wise multivariate logistic regression modelto assess risk factors of SDED.

RESULTS: There were 1139 participants(84.37% response rate)have completed the questionnaire,475 males and 664 females aged 16-26y. The prevalence of SDED was 18.70% \〖95% confidence interval(CI)=16.59-20.81\〗.A TBUT of ≤10s and a FSS≥1 were noted in 47.67%(95% CI=44.95-50.57)and 13.97%(95% CI=11.95-15.99)for all participants, respectively.The multivariate regression analysis revealed the following risk factors: daily reading time of ≥4h(OR=1.58,95% CI=1.15-2.18), daily computer use of≥4h(OR=1.52,95% CI=1.02-2.25), and constant eyeglasses wearing(OR=1.54,95% CI=1.08-2.13).The female gender, refractive surgery and contact lens(CLs)wearing were not risk factors for SDED in this analysis.

CONCLUSION:The prevalence for SDED is high in Chinese college students.The risk factors include daily reading time of≥4h,daily computer use of≥4h and constant eyeglasses wearing.]]> 2016/5/31 16:15:53 Yu-Ping He,Wen-Fang Zhang,Peng Lü,Ran Zhou,Jin-Tao Xia and Ying Fan 249true 2016/5/31 16:15:53 Yi-Sheng Zhong,Shuo Xu,Xiao-Hong Liu,Jing Wang and Xi Shen 248true METHODS:Prospective consecutive study. Forty-six eyes from 46 cataract patients scheduled for phacoemulsification surgery at Affiliated Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College were recruited, of which 22 patients with normal blood pressure and 24 patients with hypertension. All eyes were examined by a color Doppler imaging at before, 4h, 1d after surgery. Resistance indexes(RIs), peak systolic flow velocity(PSV), end-diastolic flow velocity(EDV)were assessed in the ophthalmic artery(OA), central retinal artery(CRA), and short posterior ciliary arteries(PCA).

RESULTS:RIs of a retrobulbar ocular vessels are stable at 4h and 1d in both group postoperatively. A slight decrease in PSV of PCA in hypertension patients, while a slightly increase in normal patients at 4h postoperatively was observed(10.22±4.39 vs 11.73±4.69). There were no significant difference between them(P=0.089). PSV and EDV in CRA are lower in hypertension patients but without statistical significance compared with normal patients. There was a statistically significant decrease in EDV of the PCA in hypertension patients at 4h postoperatively compared with preoperatively(3.23±1.10 vs 3.63±1.15,P=0.036).

CONCLUSION:Retinal blood flow was disturbed at super-early after phacoemulsification. Age and hypertension are important risk factors to phacoemusification.]]> 2016/5/3 15:55:03 Yin-Ying Zhao, Jun-Hua Li, Ping-Jun Chang and Yun-E Zhao 247true METHODS:A retrospective survey was used to study the corneal astigmatism which were measured by intraocular lens(IOL)Master optical biometer before cataract surgery between Jan. 1^st, 2014 and Dec. 31^st, 2014. Descriptive statistics of corneal astigmatism data were analyzed.

RESULTS:The keratometric data from 4 543 eyes from 3 821 patients with a mean age of 66.36±10.38y(SD). In 10.50% of eyes, corneal astigmatism was between 0.5 diopters(D)or less; in 30.05% of eyes, it was 0.5-1.0 D; in 23.60%, it was 1.0-1.5 D; in 13.19%, it was 1.5-2.0 D; in 7.68%, it was 2.0-2.5 D; in 6.41%, it was 2.5-3.0 D; in 8.58%, it was 3.0 D or higher. With-the-rule astigmatism was found in 27.69% of eyes, while against-the-rule was found in 53.84% of eyes.

CONCLUSION:About 59.46% of eyes in this study had preoperative corneal astigmatism equal to or above 1.0 D. Findings indicated more surgical techniques or toric intraocular lenses to meet the potential demand of the cataract surgery candidates.]]> 2016/5/3 15:55:03 Zuo-Feng Guo,Qing-Cheng Shi,Yan-Wen Zhou,Hai-Juan Wu and Jing-Jing Li 246true METHODS:We examined 40 eyes in 40 patients who had undergone unilateral pars plana vitrectomy and adjunctive intraoperative procedure at three time points:prior to surgery, and at 3mo and 6mo after the operation. The diameters of central retinal arteries and veins were measured using retinal photographs. The central retinal arteriolar equivalent(CRAE)and central retinal venular equivalent(CRVE)were calculated using the revised Parr-Hubbard formula. RNFL thickness was obtained using Stratus optical coherence tomography. The cup-to-disc vertical ratio of the optic disc was evaluated using stereo optic disc photography.

RESULTS:There were no significant differences between the eyes of individual patients before the operation. Cup-to-disc vertical ratios of the optic disc were significantly increased 3mo and 6mo postoperatively(P<0.01, P<0.01), and there was a significant difference between the operative eye and fellow eye at the same time points(P<0.01, P<0.01). Changes in CRAE and CRVE in the operative eyes were significantly larger than the fellow eyes 6mo post-operatively(P<0.01, P<0.01). The RNFL thickness showed no significant changes.

CONCLUSION:Whereas there were no changes in RNFL thickness, vitrectomy and adjunctive intraoperative procedures induced changes in the cup-to-disc vertical ratio of the optic disc and retinal vessel diameter for at least 6mo after surgery.]]> 2016/5/3 15:55:03 Seung Uk Lee,Su Jin Kim and Sang Joon Lee 245true METHODS:Thirty-seven eyes of 37 cataract patients who underwent phacoemulsification with IOL implantation were included in this prospective comparative study. The same operator performed biometer measurements in eyes with cataract using a new optical biometer(Aladdin)and a standard ultrasonic biometer(Sonomed AB 5500). Biometric parameters; axial length(AL), keratometric(K)readings, anterior chamber depth(ACD)and IOL power obtained by two devices were recorded. Postoperative actual refractive errors and errors predicted by two devices according to SRK/T formula were analyzed. The mean estimation error(EE), mean absolute estimation error(AEE)and the biometric parameters obtained by two biometers were compared.

RESULTS:The AL measured by Aladdin(23.45±0.73 mm)was significantly longer than AL by ultrasonic biometer(23.2±0.75 mm)(P=0.01). The mean EE and AEE values obtained by Aladdin were significantly smaller than the values by ultrasonic biometer(P=0.0006 and 0.03 respectively). The higher percentage of eyes within ±0.5 and ±1.00 D of target refraction was also found by using Aladdin(67% and 97%).

CONCLUSION:The Aladdin optical biometer showed better accuracy and yielded better refractive outcomes compared with ultrasonic biometer.]]> 2016/5/3 15:55:03 Faruk Kaya, Ibrahim Koçak, Ali Aydin, Hakan Baybora and Koray Karadayi 244true METHODS:A prospective hospital based study was done on all patients presented with ocular injury to Jimma University Specialized Hospital from Apr. to Sep. 2009. Each patient underwent a detailed interview and a standard comprehensive ocular examination. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 13 and P< 0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS:The overall prevalence of ocular injury was 3.03%. Nearly 99% of ocular injuries were mechanical. The majority of the ocular injuries(53.2%)were work-related and none of these patients had eye protection at the time of injury. Out of 170 globe injuries, 57.6% were closed globe injury and 42.4% were open globe injuries. Closed globe injuries were less severe and had significantly better visual outcome than open globe injuries(P<0.05). The final visual outcome was also significantly associated with presenting visual acuity and time from diagnosis to surgical treatment(P<0.05). Eye injuries were responsible for monocular blindness in 59(34.3%)patients. Late presentation, poor presenting visual acuity, open globe injury and presence of complications were the risk factors identified for poor final visual acuity outcome.

CONCLUSION: Most ocular injuries occurred in the workplace,and a significantly larger proportion of patients with ocular injury developed monocular blindness. For the prevention of serious injuries, eye health education and safety strategies should be applied both at home and work place.]]> 2016/5/3 15:55:03 Sisay Bekele and Yeshigeta Gelaw 243true METHODS: Aqueous humor or vitreous specimens were collected from 45 eyes of 45 patients with penetrating ocular trauma before operations. The specimens were prepared for bacterial culture and the associated sensitivity tests to several commonly used antibiotics.

RESULTS: Fifteen eyes of all the patients were found to be positive with bacterial infection, and the most frequently identified bacteria was staphylococcus epidermidis, which accounted for 67.7%(10/15)of all identified cases. All identified bacteria were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, and less sensitive to cefoperazone. Most of them were resistant to gentamycin, rifampin and chloramphenicol. Accompanying intraocular foreign body or sclera wound were associated with positive bacterial cultures(χ₁²=6.544, P₁=0.016; χ₂²=4.5, P₂=0.034). Causes of injury(χ²=1.667,P=0.197), lens rupture(χ²=1.125,P=0.352)or locations where the specimen was collected(χ²=1.667,P=0.197)did not contribute to the difference in the positive rates of bacterial cultures.

CONCLUSION:In patients with penetrating ocular trauma, the major bacteria entering into the eye was staphylococcus epidermidis. Fluro-Quinolones can be used as the first-line antibiotics for prophylactic treatment. Cefoperazone can be taken as a second choice.]]> 2016/5/3 15:55:03 Yan-Fen Hu,Ni Tian,Yue-Zhen Guo and Hui-Ying Li 242true METHODS:Twelve Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups. Acrolein 200μL(2.5 mg/kg/d)was poured into the rats' stomach for 4wk as acrolein 4wk and for 8wk as acrolein 8wk group. The same volume of fresh water was also done to the rats as the control group. Remove all eye balls and embed into paraffin with HE staining.

RESLUTS:The RPE-Bruch membrane was intact with no obvious abnormality in the control group and acrolein 4wk group. Lost in the continuity of RPE and the movement of choroidal neovascularization were found in the acrolein 8wk.

CONCLUSION:The long time use of acrolein can induce the formation of choroial neovascularization in rats.]]> 2016/3/28 15:32:18 Guan-Feng Wang,Xiu-Lan Zou,Dong-Hao Li,Chen Wang,Wen-Li Li and Rong-Biao Pi 241true METHODS: A total of 158 eyes of 158 patients were examined in this study. The CCT, average K, ACD and AL obtained by Lenstar and/or Pentacam were compared with those obtained from US pachymetry using repeated-measures analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman analyses.

RESULTS: The mean CCT obtained using Lenstar and Pentacam were 536.54±27.90μm and 541.46±29.85μm(t=-5.439; P<0.001). The mean Km obtained using Lenstar and Pentacam methods were 43.87±1.45D and 43.86±1.44 D(t=-0.348, P>0.05). The mean ACD measured using the Pentacam, Lenstar, and US pachymetry were 2.73±0.38mm, 2.71±0.38mm, and 2.85±0.40 mm, respectively(F=309.94, P<0.001), and they were positively correlated(r=0.989, 0.978, and 0.977; P<0.001)and the coefficient of variation was small(3.12%). The mean AL obtained by US pachymetry and Lenstar were 24.28±1.70mm and 24.52±1.73 mm, respectively(t=-19.482, P<0.001, r=0.996; P<0.001). The Bland-Altman analysis showed that the three methods were comparable for CCT, Km, ACD and AL.

CONCLUSION: Although there were statistically significant differences, the measurements obtained by the Lenstar and the Pentacam were highly repeatable and the instruments easy to use.]]> 2016/3/28 15:32:18 Jing Zhang,Jing-Cai Lian,Shi-Sheng Zhang,Qing Yu and Ji-Bo Zhou 240true METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was done of all patients with PCR from 2007 to 2014 in Melaka Hospital. Associations between ocular comorbidities, lens related complications, surgeon grade, type of cataract surgery, whether done alone or in combination, with the occurrences of PCR were studied. The final visual outcome of cases with PCR was studied.

RESULTS: PCR was the commonest intraoperative complication(n=623, 4.8%)among 12 846 patients. Ocular comorbidities and status of the lens did not cause PCR. Experience and seniority of surgeons were significantly associated with PCR. Medical officers had more PCRs than gazetting specialists(P=0.0000), who inturn had more PCRs than specialists(P=0.000). Each type of cataract surgery done was also significantly associated with PCR-phacoemulsification(phaco), phaco convert to extracapsular cataract extraction(ECCE)and intracapsular cataract extraction(ICCE)(P=0.000), lens aspiration(P=0.020), and ECCE(P=0.003). Specialists got good outcomes compared to trainees without PCR occurring(P=0.001)and also with PCR occurring(P=0.013). However, no difference was observed in the occurrence of PCR in complicated cases between specialists and trainees. Vision was compromised mainly by astigmatism following PCR. Impaired vision(P=0.000)and poor vision(P=0.000)were more than good vision. Poor vision was more in PCR compared to other complications.(P=0.000).

CONCLUSION: PCR occurs in all types of cataract surgeries and is the main intraoperative complication causing poor vision. Good outcomes were significantly more when specialists got PCR compared to trainees. Junior surgeons should practice in wet labs and be given more cases.]]> 2016/3/28 15:32:18 Thanigasalam Thevi and Maizura M Zin 239true METHODS:Retrospective research. The patients who were admitted to Kayseri Training and Research Hospital between 2004-2013 and fulfilled the BD criteria are accepted in the study. The records of 735 patients with BD were screened and 135 of them were taken to the study. Sixty-eight of them had anterior uveitis, the rest(n=67)did not have any ophthalmological pathology. The patients' total blood counts were taken at the same visit that anterior uveitis was noted. Then the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio were calculated.

RESULTS:In the anterior uveitis group the mean NLR was 2.55±0.96. In the ophthalmologically normal group it was 1.67±0.50. NLR was determined higher in the anterior uveitis group(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The NLR is found higher in the Behçet's disease with anterior uveitis patients when compared with the ophthalmologically normal patients.]]> 2016/3/28 0:00:00 Avci Atil, Avci Deniz, Cinar Salih Levent, Çetinkaya Ali, Karahan Samet, Erden Abdulsamet, Özyurt Kemal, Ulaş Yilmaz, Ertaş Ragip and Pangal Emine 238true METHODS: Retrospective medical charts of 327 patients with malignant periocular tumor diagnosis at Jordan military hospitals between 2004 and 2015 were reviewed. Study variables included age, gender, city where patient lived, the presenting complaint(not caused by or related to tumor), clinical and histological diagnosis, size of the tumor, location, and surgical procedure.

RESULTS:A total of 327 charts reviewed, 46(14.1%)patients were found to have incidental malignant periocular tumor. Males where affected more than females with a ratio of 2:1. The average age was 66.39±10.59(22-83y). The most common presenting symptom or disease was blurring of vision secondary to cataract(44%), followed by combined cataract and other associated complaints such as epiphora in 21.7%.

Preliminary clinical diagnosis corresponded with histological diagnosis in 95.7% of skin cancer. The average size of the lesions was 1.04×0.85 mm²(0.2×0.2-3.0×3.0 mm²). There was no significant relationship between the maximum diameter of the tumor and age of the patient,(P=0.105). The most frequent location of tumors was the lower eyelid(30.4%)followed by the medial canthus(26.1%). The follow up period ranged between 6mo and 3y(average 9.3mo).

CONCLUSION: Incidental malignant periocular malignant tumors were relatively common in this study, which urges excision of any suspicious lesion particularly young patients. A prospective study is needed to investigate the reasons why some patients neglect these lesions.]]> 2016/3/28 15:32:19 Thabit Odat,Mohammad Al-Aqarbeh,Ameen Al-Khateeb,Monsif Anaqreh and Ahmad Al-Dhoun 237true METHODS:Thirty-four neurologically and ophthalmologically healthy infants aged 2-10mo were enrolled. Flash VEPs were implemented, with main peak P3 latency, amplitude and differences of latency and amplitude between sides being investigated.

RESULTS:In all cases main peak was registered. Its average latency was 138-140 ms and main amplitude 7-9 μV. Latency was variable.

CONCLUSION:We propose that latency or amplitude deviation in this population may not happen due to pathological condition, but merely due to ongoing myelination of visual pathways and cortex modeling. Caution needed in attributing the main cortical peak as P3 or some other waves numbers. Cortical nature of the main flash visual evoked potentials peak in infants aged 1-3mo is doubtful.]]> 2016/3/28 15:32:19 Vladislav Voitenkov,Andrey Klimkin and Natalia Skripchenko 236true METHODS:A structured questionnaire was first designed on the awareness and knowledge of the cataract, glaucoma, and AMD. The survey was then conducted in 6 randomly selected nursing homes from Chengdu and in outpatient clinics of non-ophthalmologic departments of West China Hospital with the questionnaire. Chi-square test was applied to determine a certain factor's impact on the awareness or knowledge rates and to determine the difference between awareness rates in our research and others' studies.

RESULTS:Of the participants, the awareness rates of the cataract, glaucoma and AMD were 89.9%, 68.9% and 12.5% respectively. Among the people aware of each disease, the knowledge rates of the cataract, glaucoma and AMD were 70.9%, 48.1% and 44.9%. Educational level was a factor affecting awareness rates of all three diseases; information source was a factor affecting the knowledge rates of each ocular disease. The self-reported prevalence of the cataract, glaucoma and AMD were 7.8%, 1.1%, 0.6% in all participants, and 12.5%, 1.6%, 1.0% in the participants over 40. The proportions of the participants having taken the visual acuity test, intraocular pressure examination, and fundus examination were 72.1%, 17.9%, and 20.2%.

CONCLUSION:According to the data firstly reported in mainland China in our study, it is necessary to improve people's awareness and knowledge of the cataract, glaucoma, and AMD, especially the latter two. Meanwhile, we suggest people taking regular ophthalmologic examinations even without a history of eye diseases.]]> 2016/3/2 8:19:49 Bing Zhang,Jing-Ge Gao,Cheng Pan,Mei Luan and Xiao-Ming Chen 235true METHODS:Three hundred and seventy-four subjects were recruited from an epidemiological survey, including 88 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 124 patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 78 patients only with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 84 healthy volunteers. Demographics, physical and laboratory parameters were collected. Serum total and HMW adiponectin levels were detected by ELISA. The main statistical analysis included covariance analysis and cumulative logit model.

RESULTS:Total adiponectin level was higher in healthy group than in groups of only diabetes, non-proliferative and proliferative diabetic retinopathy(harmonic mean, 5.717, 3.310, 3.288, 3.822 μg/ml, F=18.792, P<0.01). Total adiponectin in proliferative diabetic retinopathy increased compared with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(harmonic mean, 3.822, 3.288 ug/ml, P<0.05). HMW adiponectin level of healthy group is more than other groups(harmonic mean, 2.490, 1.425, 1.409, 1.633 μg/ml, F=14.025, P<0.01). HMW adiponectin among only type 2 diabetes mellitus, non-proliferative and proliferative diabetic retinopathy groups had no differences(P>0.05). The ratio of HMW adiponectin and total adiponectin had no differences among four groups(F=0.650, P>0.05). Drug history, high levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol, total and HMW adiponectin had protective effects to the non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(P<0.05). Older age, long duration of diabetes, high level of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)were independent risk factors.

CONCLUSION:The lower concentrations of serum total and HMW adiponectin may result in the occurrence of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. And the total adiponectin level was related to the severity of diabetic retinopathy.]]> 2016/3/2 8:19:50 Yuan Zhang,Hong-Sheng Bi,Hua-Wei Pan,Xue-Mei Pan,Yue-Qiu Feng,Li Liu and Shu-Mei Wang 234true METHODS:This study is a prospective study. Two hundred ten eyes(54 eyes of 30 moderate glaucoma subjects, 59 eyes of 34 severe glaucoma subjects and 97 eyes of 50 normal subjects)were enrolled in this study. Patients underwent complete ophthalmic examination, visual field(VF)examination and also 3D optical coherence tomography(OCT)of the disc and 3D vertical(V)OCT of the macula were performed. The GCIPL and PRNFL AUC, sensitivity and specificity were performed and compared.

RESULTS:A significantly thinner superior, inferior and total GCIPL and PRNFL thickness in moderate and severe glaucoma groups was detected(all P<0.001). In moderate glaucoma, GCIPL showed higher sensitivity and specificity than PRNFL(only the superior half shows equal sensitivity). As regard severe glaucoma the total, superior and inferior sensitivities of the GCIPL were lower than the PRNFL. The total GCIPL specificity was lower than the PRNFL. The superior GCIPL specificity was higher than the PRNFL. The lower GCIPL specificity was equal to that of the PRNFL.

CONCLUSION:The ability of the macular GC/IPL parameters to discriminate moderate and severe glaucoma is high and comparable to that of the PRNFL. A combination of both in the baseline evaluation is optimal and provides more accurate assessment of the extent of damage.]]> 2016/3/2 8:19:50 Asaad A. Ghanem,Dalia Sabry,Rania Kamel and Ayman Abd El-Ghafar 233true METHODS:Retrospective review of medical records of patients diagnosed as work-related ocular injuries who attended to the eye casualty of Hospital Sultan Ismail in Johor Bahru, Malaysia from Jan. 2011 to Dec. 2013. Data for clinical presentation, types of injuries, use of eye protective device(EPD)and visual outcome were collected using a standardized proforma.

RESULTS: A total of 935 ocular injuries attended to Hospital Sultan Ismail during 3y period. Among them 440 cases were work-related ocular injuries and included in the study. There was significant male preponderance(98.19%)and commonest age group affected was 21 to 30y(45%). The most common type of injury was superficial injuries(70.91%), followed by chemical(11.13%), open globe(8.41%), closed globe(6.83%)and thermal(2.72%). Although Malays are commonly involved in work-related ocular injury accounted for 78.47%, two-thirds of open globe injuries were seen in foreign workers. Only 59 patients(13.41%)reported that they wore EPD at the time of incident. Generally, 89.86%(n=399)had good vision, 5.45%(n=24)had moderate vision and 3.86%(n=17)poor vision. Visual outcome related to specific types of injuries showed that poor outcome was higher in open globe injuries groups compared with closed globe injuries \〖odd ratio(OR)=3.33, 95% confidence interval(CI)=0.68 to 16.33\〗. Overall hospital attendance rate of work-related ocular trauma ranged from 20.7 to 51.9 per 1000 new cases and decline of approximately 1.5% per year(P<0.05)from 2011 to 2013. In contrast, the in-patient admission due to work-related ocular injuries increased over 3y period. Estimated rate of monocular blindness or low vision \〖best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)≤3/60\〗 due to work-related ocular injury was 1.26 per 1 000 hospital attendance(95% CI=0.74 to 2.02).

CONCLUSION: Work-related ocular trauma is important cause of ocular morbidity in working forces particularly young men. Malay males between 21 to 40y have higher risk. Majority of work-related ocular trauma seen in our hospital are generally of superficial injuries and potentially preventable. This study indicates they need to improve safety measures to prevent undesirable sight loss and economic burden to society as well as to establish for eye injury registry.]]> 2016/3/2 8:19:50 Nyo Nyo Min,Suresh Kumar Vasudevan,Azlyn Azwabinti Jasman,Aisyahbinti Ali and Kay Thi Myint 232true METHODS:Seventy male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Group A(n=10)received a normal diet, diabetic molding established by intraperitoneal injection of STZ(50mg/ml), then divided into three groups, group B without any intervene; and groups C and D given oxygen and ozone clyster treatment respectively, twice per week for 1mo. Retina and blood were taken under general anesthesia. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)methods were used to study retinal and serum VEGF, HIF-1α and PEDF expression.

RESULTS:VEGF occurred mostly in the inner layer of the retina; the difference of VEGF in the retina among each group has statistical difference(F=23.923; P=0.000); in which, group D closer to group A, but still has statistical difference(P<0.05); there is no difference between group B and C(P>0.05)except for no difference between group A and D(P>0.05), others as same result as retinal VEGF expression.HIF-1α expression decreased in ozone-treated rats(group D)compared with control group(P<0.05); the difference between group A and groups B and C was significant(P<0.05), and the difference between groups B and C with no statistical difference(P>0.05). Overall, PEDF expression was lower than VEGF and HIF-1α, and groups A and D showed more expression than groups B and C, but the differences were not significant(P >0.05).

CONCLUSION: Ozone administration can reduce the VEGF and HIF-1α expression and ozone may have potential uses in its treatment.]]> 2016/2/3 8:48:34 Ting-Yu Xie,Cui-Li Zhang and Xue-Yi Chen 231true METHODS: In this prospective study a total of 120 patients consist of 60 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus as a diabetic group(DG)without retinopathy and 60 normal subjects as a control group(CG)who underwent uneventful phaco were evaluated. Intraoperative phacoemulsification parameters including phaco time(PT), and effective phaco time(EPT)were recorded. The CFT measurements were performed preoperatively, at 1 and 3mo postoperatively. The CFT differences were calculated in each exam.

RESULTS:The mean PT in DG was 1.40±0.43min and it was 1.44±0.32min in CG, the difference was not significant(P=0.85). The mean EPT was 20.12±8.82s and 19.24±9.02s in DG and CG respectively which was statistically insignificant(P=0.964). The mean preoperative CFT was 218.4±12.0 μm in DG and 222.1±16.6 μm in CG which was not statistically different(P=0.168). The mean increment of CFT in DG was 30.3±37.2 μm at 1mo postoperatively, while it was 13.1±12.5 μm in CG. Even the CFT increments were significant in both groups at 1mo postoperatively, it was statistically higher in DG than that of CG(P=0.001). The average CFT increment at 3mo postoperatively comparing to preoperative level was 12.5±12.4 μm and 4.6±9.7 μm in DG and CG respectively. The increment of CFT was significantly higher in DG than that of CG(P=0.00). But the comparison of the mean CFTs changes from postoperative 1mo and 3mo in both DG and CG, significant decrements were observed in each group(P=0.00 and P=0.03 respectively).

CONCLUSION: The significant increment of CFT following uneventful phaco. With the similar phaco parameters were observed in both normal and diabetic subjects. The CFT changes were higher in DG than that of CG but fortunately these were mostly subclinical and optic coherence tomography(OCT)based changes and regressed or disappeared after 3mo postoperatively therefore not require immediate treatment in both group.]]> 2016/2/3 8:48:34 Ayse Gul Kocak Altintas,Pinar Coban,Hasan Basri Arifoglu,Gultekin Koklu,Pehmen Yasin Ozcan and Kenan Sonmez 230true METHODS: In this cross-sectional observational study we included 146 normal young adults. Bilateral eyes retinal parameters such as retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, optic nerve head and macula were assessed with OCT and mean differences for all parameters were established by subtracting the values of left eye from the right eye parameters and evaluated by paired sample t-test. Interocular differences were evaluated and cut off points at 2.5^th and 97.5^th percentiles were produced. Retinal parameters were correlated. Effects of gender and blood pressure on retinal parameters were evaluated by regression analysis.

RESULTS:Average retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)thickness was not statistically significant(+0.7 μm, P=0.09). Significant thickness was present in temporal quadrant(+2.51 μm, P=0.02), nasal quadrant(+2.50 μm, P=0.04), clock hours 2/10(+5.85 μm, P=0.002), 3/9(+3.20 μm, P=0.005), 11/1(+3.80 μm, P=0.024), average(-0.034 μm, P=0.013)and vertical cup-to-disc ratio(-0.028 μm, P=0.008), macular inner nasal quadrant(+7.76 μm, P=0.003)in right eyes. Superior quadrant was significantly thicker in left eyes(-2.40 μm, P=0.03). Cut-off values for average RNFL and macular thicknesses were 11.00 μm and 18.00 μm, respectively. Bilateral eyes have moderate interocular correlation(0.41-0.6)for retinal parameters and not correlated with gender and blood pressure(P<0.05 regression). The interocular differences in average RNFL and macular thickness of normal adults should not exceed 11 μm and 18 μm, respectively, if measured with Cirrus HD-OCT.

CONCLUSION: Asymmetry in retinal parameters exists in healthy eyes and provides valuable assessments in diagnosing retinopathies at early stage.]]> 2016/2/3 8:48:34 Syed Nasir Ali Shah,Lin Zhang,Xiao-Juan Fan,Jin Deng,Faisal Shahbaz and Umer Farooq 229true METHODS: A retrospective review and statistical analysis of ophthalmological and demographic data of patients admitted with SBS from 2010 to 2012 was done. Patients with premacular and vitreous hemorrhage obscuring the macula who underwent LSV were included as subjects. Paired samples t-test was used to compare means, categorical data was analysed using Fisher's exact test and Pearson Chi-squared test. P value of less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

RESULTS: Thirty two subjects were recruited with a mean age of 5.09±1.96mo. Twenty one(65.6%)subjects had visual acuity of no light perception at presentation. Subjects with poorer initial visual acuity had larger pupil sizes(P=0.021)and most of them had neurosurgical intervention(P=0.027). The mean duration to perform LSV was 28.56±20.83d. Our vitrectomy complication rate was 4.26%. Post-operatively, 26(80%)subjects had vision of light perception or better, the spherical equivalent was significantly more myopic(P=0.001).

CONCLUSION: Prompt ophthalmological assessment is vital to ensure optimum visual rehabilitation in SBS patients. With low complication rates, early surgical intervention with LSV represents a promising option for non-resolving intraocular hemorrhages obscuring the macula in SBS.]]> 2016/2/3 8:48:34 Fiona Chew Lee Min,Joseph Alagaratnam,Sunder Ramasamy,Jamalia Rahmat,Irene Guat-Sim Cheah,Azmi Alias and Karunakar Tirmandas Venkata Narsimha 228true ® small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE)for correction of myopia or myopic astigmatism in terms of visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, aberrations, and dry eye.

METHODS: In this prospective, non-randomized clinical study, done at Nethradhama Super Speciality Eye Hospital, a total of 600 eyes that met the inclusion criteria underwent a thorough preoperative examination, including corrected distance visual acuity(CDVA), contrast sensitivity, aberrometry, and dry eye assessment. VisuMax femtosecond laser system was used to perform SMILE. Patients were followed up on 1, 15d and 3mo. Pre and postoperative uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA), CDVA, aberrations, dry eye, and contrast sensitivity during 3mo of follow-up were recorded. Data analysis was done with the help of a computer using SPSS for Windows Software(version 17.0, SPSS, Inc., New York, USA). A paired t-test was used to test the significance of difference between quantitative variables and Yate's Chi-square test for qualitative variables. P value less than 0.05 denoted a significant relationship.

RESULTS: The study enrolled 600 eyes of 305 patients, of which 10 patients underwent SMILE in 1 eye only due to anisometropia. At 3mo, 98.83% of eyes had attained a UCVA of 20/20 or better. No patient had a loss of CDVA, and 37 eyes(6.17%)showed a gain in 1 line in postoperative CDVA. Postoperative induction of coma and spherical aberrations was minimal. Contrast sensitivity reduced immediate postoperatively(P<0.001)but showed improvement by 3mo, especially at lower spatial frequencies(P=0.43, 0.47, 0.46)

CONCLUSION:Our results demonstrate the high refractive accuracy and safety of ReLEx^® SMILE for the treatment of myopia and myopic astigmatism. Increase in postoperative dryness and aberrations, both accepted drawbacks of any corneal refractive surgery were observed, while decrease in contrast sensitivity was insignificant at lower spatial frequencies.]]> 2016/2/3 0:00:00 Sri Ganesh and Rishika Gupta 227true METHODS:C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneal injected with STZ(55 mg/kg)for 5 consecutive days, and blood glucose concentrations were measured after 7d of the injection. The diabetic mice were further housed for 3, 4, 5mo respectively after the development of diabetes. Histological evaluation of retinas was performed. The retinal vessels were detected by immunofluorescence staining with the cluster of differentiation 31(CD31). The mRNA expression of VEGF, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, MMP2 and MMP9 in mice retinas was detected by Real-time PCR analysis.

RESULTS: Retinal histological observation and CD31 staining both demonstrate that there are more vessels in diabetic mice than in normal control mice at 5mo after the development of diabetes. As compared with normal control, the mRNA expression of VEGF, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, MMP2 and MMP9 are all increased in diabetic mice at 5mo after the development of diabetes.

CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that PDR is occurred at 5mo after the development of diabetes in STZ-induced diabetic mice. In addition, the mRNA expression of VEGF, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, MMP2 and MMP9 are all increased after the development of PDR.]]> 2015/12/28 0:00:00 Zeng-Yang Yu, Bin Lu, Chen-Yuan Gong and Li-Li Ji 226true METHODS: The clinical records of 18 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of drug-induced keratoconjunctivitis were retrospectively reviewed. Primary diseases, categories of induced-drugs, numbers of daily drops, characteristics of keratoconjunctivitis, treatment, epithelization period, and un-corrected visual acuity(UCVA)were studied. Data were analyzed by SPSS 18.0. P<0.05 were considered statistically significant.

RESULTS: Primary diseases included glaucoma(n=6), herpes simplex keratitis(n=6; two patients were post-surgery of cataract), herpes zoster keratitis(n=1), keratitis after corneal foreign body taken(n=1)and keratitis/corneal ulcer with unknown etiology(n=4). Mean number of drugs was 3.3±1.5 and the frequency was 9±3.9 times a day. Keratopathy was found in 16 cases, while conjunctival changes were found only in 3 cases(One patient got corneal and conjunctival changes simultaneously). Withdrawing the drugs, preservative-free lubricants or autologous serum, and topical low dose steroid drops were used for treatment. After a mean period of 7±2.8d, symptoms began to relieve. The mean epithelization period was 21±8.8d. Mean pretreatment and post-treatment UCVA was 0.15±0.13 and 0.43±0.27, respectively(P=0.003).

CONCLUSION: Viral keratitis and glaucoma are the most often events of drug-induced keratoconjunctivitis.]]> 2015/12/28 0:00:00 Xiao-Min Zhu,Bei Rong,Jing Qiao and Xiao-Ming Yan 225true METHODS: The test group consisted of 22 patients(22 eyes)in whom a HSM-IOL was implanted in the capsular bag(HSM-IOL group). There was one control group including 21 patients(21 eyes)who received a normal foldable hydrophilic acrylic IOL(uncoated IOL group). Anterior chamber flare and cell values were measured, using laser flare-cell meter preoperatively and 1, 7, 28d postoperatively.

RESULTS: In the HSM-IOL group, the flare and the cells values were significantly lower than those in the uncoated IOL group 1d and 7d postoperatively. Between the two groups, there were no significant differences in cells and the level of flare on the 28d postoperative.

CONCLUSION: HSM-IOL can decrease inflammation in early postoperative stage, compared with the uncoated IOL. The laser flare-cell meter provides a safe and objective technique for measuring inflammation in anterior chamber.]]> 2015/12/28 16:15:57 1,Ai-Hua Hu ²,Qing-Jun Hu¹ and Rong-Hui Shang¹]]> Tao Liu¹,Ai-Hua Hu ²,Qing-Jun Hu¹ and Rong-Hui Shang¹ 224true METHODS: This prospective randomized clinical study included 90 eyes of 90 consecutive patients who had Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy for posterior capsule opacification(PCO). Patients were randomized to receive APRA(n=45)or FCBT(n=45)at 1h before laser surgery. A masked observer measured IOP by Goldmann applanation tonometry before the procedure and at 1, 2, 3, 24h and 7d after laser treatment. IOP outcome measures were grouped into the following categories: post laser IOP elevation of 5 to <10 mm Hg, and post laser IOP elevation of 10 mm Hg or more. IOP elevation of <5 mm Hg was not considered a clinically significant change.

RESULTS:The mean IOP before surgery on the day of the procedure was 14.1±2.1 mm Hg in the APRA group and 13.2±2.1 mm Hg in the FCBT group. There was no statistically significant difference between the APRA and the FCBT groups of baseline IOPs measured(P=0.066). During the follow-up time, the mean IOP was lower in FCBT group, but this was not statistically significant. Six patients(13.3%)in APRA group and 4(8.9%)in FCBT group had IOP elevations of 5 to <10 mm Hg at least one postoperative IOP measurement. This difference was not statistically significant(P=0.243). IOP elevations of 10 mm Hg or more occurred in 3 eyes(6.7%)in the APRA group and 1 eyes(2.2%)in the FCBT group; this was not statistically significant(P=0.542).

CONCLUSION:Both of APRA and FCBT are effective for prevention and APRA is enough for most of routine cases. FCBT may be an option for the eyes those need more IOP reduction such as pre-existing glaucoma patients who are at higher risk for postoperative IOP elevations.]]> 2015/12/28 16:15:57 Erkan Çelik, Gonul Altun and Gursoy Alagoz 223true METHODS:One hundred and thirteen subjects with dermatochalasis were included in the study. Age, gender and body mass index(BMI)of the subjects were recorded. Palpebral fissure height(PFH)and marginal reflex distance(MRD)were measured in the primary position. The severity of dermatochalasis was assesed as Stage 1: behind eyelid margin(minimum 1 mm); Stage 2: inline with eyelid margin; Stage 3: before eyelid margin.

RESULTS: Mean age of the subjects were 52.7±8.6(range 32 to 74)y. Thirty-six cases(31.9%)were male and 77(68.1%)were female. The mean BMI was 30.3±4.7(range 21.5 to 36.6)kg/m², mean PFH was 10.7±1.6(range 7 to 15)mm, mean MRD was 3.8±1.2(range 1 to 5)mm. In 30(26.5%)of the subjects dermatochalasis was localized behind eyelid margin, in 38(33.6%)it was inline with eyelid margin and in 45(39.8%)it was before eyelid margin. There was pseudoptosis due to dermatochalasis in 50(44.2%)of the subjects. Age was significantly different in terms of dermatochalasis severity. Mean ages of subjects with dermatochalasis localization behind or inline with eyelid margin(50.3±6.6, 50.5±9.5y), were significantly lower than subjects with dermatochalasis localization before eyelid corner(56.0±8.2y). Mean age of subjects with pseudoptosis were significantly higher(56.3±8.3y), than subjects without it(49.8±7.8y). There was no BMI difference between the subjects in terms of dermatochalasis severity and presence of pseudoptosis.

CONCLUSION:Dermatochalasis localization, severity and frequency of pseudoptosis increase with age.]]> 2015/12/28 16:15:58 Feride Aylin Kantarci, Muhammed Nabi Kantarci, Mehmet Gurkan Tatar and Emine Esra Karaca 222true METHODS: This retrospective study included 104 patients who underwent viscocanalostomy surgery between December 2007 and March 2014. Pre- and postoperative intraocular pressure(IOP), number of glaucoma medications, visual acuity, complications, adjunctive procedure(laser goniopuncture and/or glaucoma medication), and success rate were recorded. Complete success was defined as IOP≤21 mmHg without additional medication, and qualified success was defined as IOP≤21 mmHg with or without glaucoma medication.

RESULTS: Mean preoperative IOP was 27.5±9.2 mmHg and mean postoperative IOP was 14.5±6.6 mmHg at the last visit(P<0.001). Mean visual acuity before and after surgery were 0.42±0.4 and 0.32±0.4, respectively(P=0.726). Qualified success was achieved in 106(86.9%)eyes and complete success was achieved in 62(50.8%)eyes. Laser goniopuncture was performed in 43(35.2%)eyes and glaucoma medication usage rate was 49.1%. The mean postoperative followup period was 27.29±16.78(1-79)mo.

CONCLUSION:Although viscocanalostomy is a safer option due to low complication rates and stable visual acuity, without laser goniopuncture(LGP), surgical success rate is still very low. Further comparative studies are necessary to evaluate the contribution of MMC to viscocanalostomy surgery.]]> 2017/8/22 10:31:07 Sabur Huri and Baykara Mehmet 221true METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional study involving 92 eyes of 92 healthy volunteers. These were divided into dark colored-eye(DCE)and light-colored eye(LCE)groups according to iris color. The RNFL and macular thicknesses were analysed with standard optical coherence tomography(OCT)protocol while choroidal thickness was analysed with electronic data interchange(EDI)protocol in all subjects. Choroidal thickness was measured at the fovea, 1500 μm nasal and 1500 μm temporal to the fovea in a horizontal section.

RESULTS: Of the 92 eyes included, 62(67.4%)were dark-colored while 30(32.6%)were light-colored. The mean age was 29.22±5.86y in the subjects with DCE and 28.86±6.50y in those with LCE. No significant difference was detected in mean age, axial length, macular thickness, choroidal thickness and intraocular pressure(IOP)between the groups(P>0.05). However, RNFL thicknesses varied depending on the quadrant measured, and were lower in both global and the nasal and temporal quadrants for individuals with LCE(P≤0.022).

CONCLUSION: No significant differences were found in IOP, macular thickness and choroid thickness between individuals with DCE and LCE. Meanwhile, the RNFL thickness is lower.]]> 2017/8/22 10:31:07 Süleyman Demircan, Uğur Yilmaz, Yudum Yüce, Ahmet Gülhan, Erkut Küçük and Mustafa Ataş 220true METHODS:Hospital based cross-sectional studies with sample of 100 patients with DR were selected by using simple random sampling technique with a structured questionnaire was conducted in May to June 2012. The study participants those who with DR aged ≥35 years were included in this study and an oral consent was also collected from the study participants. Descriptive statistics, univariate and multivariate ordinal logistic regression analysis were performed. MS Excel spread sheet was used for data entry and data analysis was done by using SPSS 21.0 version. Statistical significance was taken as P<0.05.

RESULTS:Out of 100 patients, mean age of the patient was found as 53.16±10.81(range 35-78)y. By univariate analysis, there was a positive relationship between diabetic retinopathy severity and age(P<0.01), duration of DM(P<0.001), HbA1C levels(P<0.001), history of hypertension, family history of DM(P<0.05)were highly significant, high density lipoprotein(HDL)(mmol/L)and age were not significant with P>0.05 by Mann Whitney u-test. All these factors were found as independent risk factors with the severity of DR except the factor age.

CONCLUSION:This study was concluded that the duration of DM, HbA1C levels, family history of DM, History of hypertension and gender were independently associated with severity of DR. However, the factors like age and HDL weren't significant with severity of DR in multivariate analysis. Therefore, by using the availability of the existing treatments and controlling in time, which can prevent and free from the vision threatening diseases or delay the occurrence of DR in their life.]]> 2017/8/22 10:31:07 Senthilvel Vasudevan, Sumathi Senthilvel and Jayanthi Sureshbabu 219true METHODS: A retrospective study. Two-port 27-gauge pars plana vitrectomy was performed in 7 eyes with recurrent retinal detachment without remove of silicone oil. Proliferative membrane peeling, endolaser treatment, and drainage of subretinal fluid were performed. Scleral bulking was performed if necessary.

RESULTS: Sucessful retina re-attachment was accomplishied in all eyes. No visually significant intraoperative complication occurred. All eyes expericend quick recoveray of visual acuity and mild postoperative irritation. One eye developed a recurrent inferior retinal detchment in 20d after the surgery using non-remove technique, and recovered after conventional silicone oil removal and retinal reattachment surgery.

CONCLUSION: Two-port 27-gauge pars plana vitrectomy is an efficacious(and potentially cost-efficient)method to treat early stage recurrent retinal detachment in silicone oil dwelling eyes.]]> 2017/8/22 10:31:07 *, Jie Li^*, Wen-Tao Dong, Fang Li, Cai-Hong Zhou, Xiao-Lan Tang, Yu-Yu Zhao, Wen-Jie Jiang, Xiao-Dan Xu and Jie Zhong]]> San-Mei Liu^*, Jie Li^*, Wen-Tao Dong, Fang Li, Cai-Hong Zhou, Xiao-Lan Tang, Yu-Yu Zhao, Wen-Jie Jiang, Xiao-Dan Xu and Jie Zhong 218true METHODS:Fifty keratoconus patients(100 eyes)and 50 healthy subjects(100 eyes)participated in the study. The age range in keratoconus group was 15-60(mean ± standard deviation=28.33±8.60)y, and in control group was 18-60(26.25±1.11)y. The measurements of NITBUT and TMH were performed using the K5M.

RESULTS: The mean value of NITBUT between the keratoconus group and the control group showed no statistically significant different(P=0.58). Also, the mean of TMH between two groups was not significantly different(P=0.69). The results of correlation coefficient between the variables of the study demonstrated that there was no significant relationship between the NITBUT and TMH measurements with the two groups(keratoconus group: r= 0.053, P=0.721; control group; r=-0.0501, P=0.7098).

CONCLUSION: Our study shows that the presence of keratoconus has no clinically significant impact on the quality and quantity of tear film.]]> 2017/8/22 10:31:08 Masoud Safarzadeh, Parvin Azizzadeh, Pedram Akbarshahi and Laleh Heidari 217true METHODS: HLECs were transfected with small interfering RNA(siRNA)targeting CTGF, labeled with 5'- fluorescein isothiocyanate(5'-FITC)and coated with lipofectamine. The transfection ratio was evaluated via fluorescence intensity. Cell counting kit-8(CCK-8)assay was performed to assess cytoviability of both non-transfected and transfected HLECs. Quantitative RT- PCR, cell immunochemistry and Western blot analysis were conducted to detect the expression changes of CTGF and α-SMA after transfection.

RESULTS: A highly effective transfection ratio was observed in siRNA co-transfected with lipofectamine. The transfection ratio reached 95% at 24h. The proliferation of HLECs was inhibited by siRNA after 72h transfection. The expression of CTGF and α-SMA significantly decreased in HLECs after transfected by CTGF siRNA for 24h. This effect was not found in negative control siRNA.

CONCLUSIONS: SiRNA targeting CTGF decreased CTGF and α-SMA expression in HLECs, which is a potential therapeutic strategy for posterior capsular opacification.]]> 2017/7/24 10:38:36 Hua Zhuang, Ning-Xuan Zheng, Jing Wu, Wei Xu, Jian-Zhang Hu, Mao-Song Xie, Jian Guo and Guo-Xing Xu 216true METHODS: The study involved 18 eyes of 14 patients with PCO after uncomplicated phacoemulsification surgery and IOL implantation. All patients had taken examinations, including testing best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)by using standard logarithmic visual acuity chart, images of ocular anterior segment and AL by OCT. After the examinations, YAG was operated upon all patients. Each eye received one drop of Diclofenac Sodium Eye Drops immediately after YAG, and patients had taken examinations listed above again. One week later, BCVA and OCT were tested as well. Data(BCVA, tilt of IOLs, and AL)were recorded and analyzed statistically by SPSS.

RESULTS: Mean patient age was 73.93±6.94y, including 5 males and 9 females, 8 left eyes and 10 right eyes, altogether 14 patients with 18 eyes. In this study, tilt of IOLs was defined as the angle of anterior surface of IOL and pupil plane(briefly called Tilt, unit:°). Before YAG, mean Tilt was 2.896±2.286°, mean AL was 23.56±0.55mm. 1h after YAG, mean Tilt was 4.702±2.991°, mean AL was 23.40±0.59mm, and BCVA enhanced 3.72±1.74 lines. 1wk after YAG, 9 patients with 12 eyes were involved in the study. The mean Tilt of these 12 eyes was 3.175±1.791° 1h after YAG and 3.434±1.835° 1wk after YAG. There were significant differences between Tilt before YAG and Tilt 1h after YAG. There were no significant differences between AL before YAG and AL 1h after YAG. There were no significant differences between Tilt 1h after YAG and Tilt 1wk after YAG. The lines of enhancement of BCVA 1h after YAG was correlated to differences between Tilt before YAG and Tilt 1h after YAG, of which the correlation coefficient was -0.523.

CONCLUSION: IOLs of patients with PCO tilted after YAG, while AL rarely changed. After YAG, the less IOLs tilted, the more BCVA enhanced.]]> 2017/7/24 0:00:00 Chao Gao and Fan Lyu 215true ® miniature glaucoma shunt with adjunctive amniotic membrane transplantation(AMT)and mitomycin C(MMC)in patients with post-traumatic open-angle glaucoma during 2y of follow up.

METHODS: This was an interventional, 2-year, observational study. Eighteen eyes were prospectively observed(in 18 patients with traumatic secondary open-angle glaucoma)in which Ex-press miniature glaucoma filtration shunts were implanted with AMT and MMC. The outcome measures included intraocular pressure(IOP), best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), number of antiglaucoma medications, and complications. The progress of all patients was monitored for 24mo.

RESULTS: Complete success(IOP <21 mmHg without glaucoma medications)was seen in 15 of the 17(88.2%)eyes enrolled in the study at 24mo after the operation. IOP decreased from 36.9±4.8 mmHg preoperatively to 15.4±3.5 mmHg at 12mo and 15.5±3.5 mmHg at 24mo postoperatively. Early postoperative hypertension developed in two patients(11.1%)due to postoperative fibrosis. Most of the patients had improved postoperative BCVA values at the final follow-up visit compared to their preoperative measurements. Two patients(11.1%)developed transient hypotony. There were no complications such as hyphema, choroidal effusion, shallow anterior chamber, the device touching the iris, or extrusion of the device.

CONCLUSION: The Ex-press miniature glaucoma filtration shunt with adjunctive AMT and MMC is effective and safe in cases of traumatic open-angle glaucoma. Surgical management is an appropriate surgical treatment in this series of cases.]]> 2017/7/24 10:38:36 Nv-Xia Tong, Jin-Fu Yin, Xiu-Ming Jin and Xin Xie 214true METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of pars plana vitrectomy indicated for sequelae of PDR from Jan. to Dec. 2014 in Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Alor Star, Kedah, Malaysia. Data collected included patient demographics, baseline visual acuity(VA)and post-operative logMAR best corrected VA at 1y. Data analysis was performed with IBM SPSS Statistics Version 22.0.

RESULTS: A total of 103 patients were included. The mean age was 51.2y. On multivariable analysis, each pre-operative positive deviation of 1 logMAR from a baseline VA of 0 logMAR was associated with a post-operative improvement of 0.859 logMAR(P<0.001). Likewise, an attached macula pre-operatively was associated with a 0.374(P=0.003)logMAR improvement post vitrectomy. Absence of iris neovascularisation and absence of post-operative complications were associated with a post vitrectomy improvement in logMAR by 1.126(P=0.001)and 0.377(P=0.005)respectively. Absence of long-acting intraocular tamponade was associated with a 0.302(P=0.010)improvement of logMAR post vitrectomy.

CONCLUSION: Factors associated with visual improvement after vitrectomy are poor pre-operative VA, an attached macula, absence of iris neovascularisation, absence of post-operative complications and abstaining from use of long-acting intraocular tamponade. A thorough understanding of the factors predicting visual improvement will facilitate decision-making in vitreoretinal surgery.]]> 2017/7/24 10:38:36 Evelyn Tai Li Min, Goh Yihui, Wan-Hazabbah Wan Hitam and Haslina Mohd Ali 213true METHODS: This study was a case control research conducted in 2015 in the city of Birjand. Sample size of study was estimated to be 304 subjects(152 subjects in each group, computer user group and control group). Non-randomized method of sampling was used in both groups. Schirmer test was used to evaluate dry eye of subjects. Then, subjects completed questionnaire. This questionnaire was developed based on objectives and reviewing the literature. After collecting the data, they were entered to SPSS Software and they were analyzed using Chi-square test or Fisher's test at the alpha level of 0.05.

RESULTS: In total, 304 subjects(152 subjects in each group)were included in the study. Frequency of dry eyes in the control group was 3.3%(5 subjects)and it was 61.8% in computer users group(94 subjects). Significant difference was observed between two groups in this regard(P<0.001). The frequency of eye symptoms in the control group was 7.9%(n=12), and it was 34.2% in computer users group(n=52), which significant difference was observed between two groups in this regard(P<0.001). Frequency of dry eye syndrome in computer users by gender and age groups showed no significant correlation in this regard(P=0.8). The mean working hour with computer per day in patients with dry eye was 6.65±3.52h, while it was 1.62±2.54h in healthy group(T=13.25, P<0.001).

CONCLUSION: This study showed a significant relationship between using computer and dry eye and ocular symptoms. Thus, it is necessary that officials need to pay particular attention to working hours with computer by employees. They should also develop appropriate plans to divide the working hours with computer among computer users. However, due to various confounding factors, it is recommended that these factors to be controlled in future studies.]]> 2017/7/24 10:38:36 Mohammad Hossein Davari, Ghasem Karimi and Seyed Hamid Sajjadi 212true METHODS: Fifty eyes of 50 participants were included in this cross-sectional study. Each participant received a full ophthalmologic examination involving refraction, uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA), best spectacle corrected visual acuity(BCVA), slit-lamp biomicroscopy-fundoscopy, break-up time(BUT), corneal topography, and contrast sensitivity. After contact lens was fitted best contact lens corrected visual acuity(BCLCVA), contrast sensitivity, and comfort rating via visual analogue scales(VAS)were performed.

RESULTS: The mean age was 26.2±6.0(range: 16 to 39)y. The mean logMAR UCVA, BCVA, and BCLCVA with Rose K2 soft(in order)were 0.61±0.37(range: 0.15-1.3), 0.42±0.32(range: 0-1.3), and 0.18±0.20(range: 0-1.3). There were significant increases in visual acuities with contact lenses(P < 0.05). The mean contrast sensitivity scores were significantly better with both contact lens in mesopic and photopic conditions(P <0.05). The mean VAS score was 8.02±1.64(range: 5-10)for Rose K2 soft.

CONCLUSION: Rose K2 soft contact lens can improve visual acuity, contrast sensitivity with comfort in patients with keratoconus.]]> 2017/7/24 10:38:37 Ihsan Yilmaz, Ferah Ozcelik, Gokhan Demir, Gonul Durusoy, Basak Saracoglu and Muhittin Taskapili 211true METHODS: Thirty eyes of 27 patients with IMH were included in this prospective interventional study. All patients underwent 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy(PPV)combined with phacoemulsification and air tamponade. Best corrected visual acuity(BCVA, logMAR), perimetry and multifocal electroretinography(mfERG)were conducted before and after the operation. Anatomical changes were evaluated with optical coherence tomography(OCT).

RESULTS: The macular holes closed successfully in 28 eyes after the primary vitrectomy. The mean BCVA improved from 0.72±0.22 logMAR preoperatively to 0.29±0.18 logMAR postoperatively(P<0.001). In the visual field of central 10°, the average mean deviation(MD)decreased from -3.59±1.83 dB preoperatively to -2.51±1.36 dB postoperatively(P<0.001)and the average pattern standard deviation(PSD)decreased from 1.86±0.68 dB preoperatively to 1.33±0.32 dB postoperatively(P=0.001). The retinal response densities of mfERG in the foveal and perifoveal area increased significantly, and implicit times of rings 4-6 prolonged significantly(P<0.05). The symptom duration and baseline N1 amplitude densities at ring 1 had a significant impact on postoperative BCVA(P<0.001, P=0.001, respectively).

CONCLUSION: The 25-gauge PPV and air tamponade with 1 day prone positioning produce favorable anatomic and functional outcomes.]]> 2017/6/26 10:38:48 Pei-Yang Shen, Wen-Guang Xian, Hong-Shan Liu, Ming-Bing Zeng, Li Xu and Xing-Wu Zhong 210true METHODS: We analyzed the medical records and ocular images of 46 patients with previously diagnosed ICA referred from the Neurosurgical Department. All patients underwent ophthalmologic evaluation including fluorescein angiography(FAG). Furthermore, the presence of drusen, macular degeneration, cotton wool spot, hard exudates, retinal hemorrhage, arteriolar attenuation, A-V crossing signs, arm-to-retina time, and A-V transit time were evaluated. The results of ICA patients(Group 1)were compared with those of 22 idiopathic epiretinal membrane patients with unaffected eyes(Group 2).

RESULTS: Mean ages were 60.02y(Group 1)and 60.68y(Group 2)respectively(P=0.70). The prevalence of hypertension was similar in both groups. No case with retinal macroaneurysm was found in either group. The presence of drusen, macular degeneration, cotton wool spot, hard exudates, retinal hemorrhage, arteriolar attenuation, and A-V crossing sign was not significantly different between the two groups. Mean arm-to-retina time was not significantly different in two groups, either.

CONCLUSION: We cannot find any evidence that the patients with ICA shows specific changes in the FAG and fundus.]]> 2017/6/26 10:38:48 Sung Il Kang, Kyung Tae Kang, El Kim, Chang Young Lee and Yu Cheol Kim 209true METHODS:The areas of investigation were chosen on the basis of past literatures, expert interviews and survey on the spot. In 2013, Hainan Provincial Office of Blindness Prevention carried out the survey in 7 counties including Dongfang City, Wuzhishan City, Ledong County, Baisha County, Baoting County, Lingao County and Changjiang County. In these districts, 356 pupils including 192 boys and 164 girls were examined, their age ranging from 1 to 9 and their average age being 7 years old. The targeted students received the trachoma rapid assessment by the adoption of simplified trachoma classification system which was recommended by the World Health Organization.

RESULTS: No case of active trachoma was found among the 356 students.

CONCLUSION:The prevalence rate of trachoma in children under 9 years is less than 5% in Hainan Province. Active trachoma is not a public health issue in Hainan Province.]]> 2017/6/26 10:38:48 Hai-Sheng Zheng, Hong He, Wei Lao, Biao Meng, Jian-Qiang Xing and Xing-Wu Zhong 208true METHODS: This was a prospective cross-sectional study involving 40 OSA patients and 31 control subjects in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. Patients with a confirmed diagnosis of OSA who had no ocular pathology were randomly selected to participate in the study. The apnoea-hypopnoea index(AHI)was obtained from their records and used for stratification of OSA severity. Electrophysiological tests(PVEP and PERG)were performed on each patient by a trained technician in the electrophysiology laboratory of the Department of Ophthalmology, USM. The results obtained were recorded as median values. Data analysis was done using IBM Statistics Version 21.0.

RESULTS: Among OSA patients, we observed a significant reduction of the PERG amplitude P50(P<0.001)and the PVEP amplitude P100(P<0.001)compared to the control group. OSA patients also had a significant increase in PVEP time to peak P100(P=0.003)and time to peak N75(P=0.004). However, no significant differences were detected in PERG time to peak between OSA patients and controls. There were likewise no significant differences in PVEP or PERG between OSA patients with different disease severity.

CONCLUSION: OSA patients have significant abnormalities in PVEP amplitude and time to peak, as well as PERG amplitude. This may reflect subclinical optic nerve dysfunction in OSA. Further research is needed to determine the association between the severity of OSA and the degree of optic nerve dysfunction.]]> 2017/6/26 10:38:48 Seok Hui Ng, Evelyn Tai Li Min, Baharudin Abdullah, Raja Azmi Mohd Noor and Wan-Hazabbah Wan Hitam 207true METHODS: A total of 101 healthy children were recruited(age from 5 to 14.4y, mean 8.27y). Each of them was underwent FVEP and PVEP examinations. Then the results were statistically analyzed by SPSS 13.0.

RESULTS: The curves of PVEP are simple and stable, while FVEP waveforms are variable. The latency of P100 of females is shorter than males. However there was no significant difference for FVEP in sex control. To compare the parameters between the two hemispheres, the amplitude of P100 of left eyes were higher than the right side. FVEP showed no difference in the two hemispheres either. There was no significant difference for age-dependent decreased in neither PVEP nor FVEP. And in a regression analysis of the FVEP and PVEP, we could not find the inner connection of the two methods.

CONCLUSION: Based on our research, there were no significant differences in age level or sex control in the period of school-age children. And there is no inner connection of the two methods. The differences between the PVEP and FVEP results might be due to the origin of these two responses. And these two stimuli should be used in a complementary manner not as alternative examinations.]]> 2017/6/26 10:38:48 Shu-Yao Ning and Si-Da Yang 206true METHODS:A questionnaire was given to 230 parents of ROP infants and collected in person between Jan. and Apr. 2013. Basic information on the ROP infants and the parents' awareness of ROP were collected from the parents.

RESULTS:In all, 221/230(96.1%)questionnaires were returned. Based on these completed responses, 128(57.9%)premature infants received screening during hospital stays, 208(94.1%)parents were informed about screening and received a recommendation for screening by pediatricians, and 13(5.9%)parents did not receive any recommendation for screening. Only 159(71.9%)parents were aware of ROP, while 62(28.1%)were not aware of the disease. Because stages 4 and 5 of ROP had a poor prognosis, we determined whether parents were informed by pediatricians closely associated with the severity of ROP(P<0.001). However, we found no association between the grade of hospital and whether the parents were informed(P=0.625).

CONCLUSION:Awareness of ROP among parents and pediatricians in Northern China still needs to be improved. Better and more timely communication and education of parents regarding ROP from pediatricians and ophthalmologists will help.]]> 2017/5/24 0:00:00 Jing Feng, Yao-Yao Sun, Xian-Fen Meng, Xun Deng and Yi Chen 205true METHODS: A prospective investigational study. A total of 120 Chinese participants were selected from five communities in the Chengdu area. Patients underwent a clinical interview and IOP was measured both at home and in the clinic. IOP were measured at 8 a.m., 10 a.m., 12 a.m., 2 p.m., 4 p.m., 6 p.m., 8 p.m., 10 p.m., 2 a.m., 6 a.m. using the same pneumatonometer. Measurements were taken in the sitting position.

RESULTS: The average 24-hour IOP measured in the clinic was slightly lower than that at home. The mean difference in 24-hour IOP measurements between home and clinic was 0.27 mmHg. The IOP fluctuation in the clinic was higher than at home(the mean difference was 0.01 mmHg). There was no statistically significant difference in the average 24-hour IOP measured at home vs in the clinic. The average IOP measured at 2 p.m. at home(16.04±5.95 mmHg)was significantly higher compared with the measurement in the clinic(15.43±5.16 mmHg)(P<0.05). The overall agreement between 24-hour IOP measurements made in the clinic and at home in diagnosis of primary open angle glaucoma was 85.0%(K coefficient: 0.68).

CONCLUSION: The 24-hour IOP measured in the clinic was similar to that measured at home, and the method of measuring IOP in the clinic is acceptable in diagnosing primary open angle glaucoma.]]> 2017/5/24 0:00:00 Man Li, Xiao-Ming Chen, Dong-Mei Wang, Lu Gan, Yu Qiao and Xin Lyu 204true 2017/5/24 0:00:00 Ying Wang, Jun Peng, Gen-Yan Qin, Yu Xiang, Jia-Qi Liu, Xiang-Dong Chen, Ya-Sha Zhou and Qing-Hua Peng 203true METHODS: An Iranian pedigree with keratoconus spanning four generations along with GCD was identified. Whole blood sample was used for genomic DNA extraction. The molecular analysis by using polymerase chain reaction(PCR)of the entire coding region and intron-exon boundaries of VSX1 gene was preformed to investigate the possible linkage between KCN and GCD. Subsequently, direct sequencing was used for PCR products and mutation analysis was conducted in the patients and controls.

RESULTS: Mutation analysis in VSX1 gene did not detect evidence for association between KCN and GCD diseases and VSX1 gene. Our data excluded VSX1 as the disease-causing gene for KCN/GCD in this specific pedigree.

CONCLUSION: Despite of no association between KCN patients with GCD and VSX1 gene variations, other probable genes involved in pathogenesis of the KCN and GCD diseases need to be investigated in the patients.]]> 2017/5/24 0:00:00 Hossein Aghamollaei, Farhad Nejat, Seyed Aliasghar Mosavi, Saeed Morovvati, Khosrow Jadidi and Mohammad Sadegh Nadimifar 202true METHODS: In this prospective study, the CT of 41 healthy patients was measured hourly from 9:00 to 17:00 at the fovea(SF-CT), 500 μm nasal to the fovea(N-CT), and 500 μm temporal to the fovea(T-CT)using EDI-OCT. BT was also measured hourly from 9:00 to 17:00 using a non-contact infrared thermometer. Possible correlations between diurnal variations of CT and BT were evaluated.

RESULTS: SF-CT values significantly differed between measurements at 9:00 and 13:00(P=0.021), 9:00 and 14:00(P=0.012), 9:00 and 16:00(P=0.048), and 9:00 and 17:00(P=0.002). N-CT values also significantly differed between measurements at 9:00 and 13:00(P=0.004), though T-CT did not significantly vary during the 8h period(P >0.05 for all).

CONCLUSION: CT is not significantly associated with hourly changes in BT from 9:00 to 17:00.]]> 2017/5/24 0:00:00 Mehmet Gurkan Tatar,Feride Aylin Kantarci,Bulent Gurler,Hasim Uslu,Hasan Goker,Hatice Nur Colak and Aydin Yildirim 201true METHODS: A cross-sectional observation study was conducted in 100 PIH patients over a period of 6mo(Dec 2014-May 2015). Fundus examination was done in all patients. Fundus changes in right or left or both eyes, was taken as positive. The PIH graded as mild pre-eclampsia(BP >140/90 to 160/90 mmHg), severe pre-eclampsia(BP>160/90 mmHg)and eclampsia(severe pre-eclampsia and convulsions).

RESULTS:Mean age was 23.05y(19-34y). Gestation period ranged from 28 to 41wk. Sixty-two were primi gravida and 38 were multigravida. 62%, 26%, 12% of patients had mild, severe pre-eclampsia, eclampsia respectively. Retinal changes were identified in 8 patients. Grade Ⅰ, Grade Ⅱ, Grade Ⅲ, Grade Ⅳ hypertensive retinopathy(HTR), serous retinal detachment(SRD)and central serous chorioretinopathy(CSCR)observed in 1%, 0%, 2%, 2%, 1% and 2% of patients respectively. There was a statistically significant positive association of retinal changes and severity of the PIH(P=0.0001).

CONCLUSION:Retinal changes were seen in 8% of patients with PIH and there is a positive correlation between retinal changes and severity of PIH.]]> 2017/5/24 0:00:00 Sahana Raviraj Manipur,Pavana Acharya,Kavitha Chikkanayakanahalli Venugopal and Lakshmi Bomalapura Ramamurthy 200true METHODS: Nine female New Zealand white rabbits with bullous keratopathy were used as an experimental model. They were randomized into three groups. Corneas in Group A(treatment group, n=3)were immersed in 0.25% genipin at 24℃ for 40min; those in Group B(control group, n=3)were immersed in 0.9% sodium chloride solution at 24℃ for 40min; and those in Group C(blank control group, n=3)received no treatment. Follow-up examinations were performed within 2wk after treatment, including slit-lamp microscopy, central corneal thickness(CCT), evaluations of body weight and stress responses, histopathological analyses, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL)for detecting stromal cell apoptosis.

RESULTS: Compared to Groups B and C, remission of corneal edema, corneal healing, disappearance of epithelial bullae, a significant decrease in CCT(P<0.05), and a significant increase in body weight(P<0.05)were found in Group A. Animals in Group A became more active and showed less aggression and violent resistance behavior. More regular and dense arrangement of collagen fibers in the corneal stroma and formation of blue strips of cross-linking products were observed in Group A. Cell apoptosis occasionally occurred in the corneal stroma of Group A, while no cell apoptosis was observed in Groups B and C.

CONCLUSION: Genipin cross-linking treatment for bullous keratopathy in rabbits results in remission of corneal edema and relief of pain. We hypothesize that genipin cross-linking strengthens collagen fibers in corneal stroma to avoid the formation of corneal edema and bullae.]]> 2017/4/25 0:00:00 Jing Qiao, Jing Bai, Bei Rong and Xiao-Ming Yan 199true METHODS: A cross-sectional study. A total of 220 patients(426 eyes)undergoing phacoemulsification were collected in this study. One of them whose the AL was 22-24 mm and the corneal curvature was 42-44 D were divided into male and female groups(44 eyes and 49 eyes, respectively). One of them whose the corneal curvature was 42-44 D were divided into 22-24 mm, 24-26 mm, and more than 26 mm groups according to AL(99 eyes, 22 eyes and 12 eyes, respectively). One of them whose the AL was 22-24 mm were divided into 42-44 D, and more than 44 D according to corneal curvature(88 eyes, 102 eyes, respectively). Corvis ST was used to measure the biomechanical parameters of the cornea. The differences in the parameters between different groups were analyzed using the independent-samples t-test or one-way analysis of variance and correlation analyses were performed using Pearson correlation analysis.

RESULTS: When comparing the corneal biomechanical parameters, no statistically significant differences were found between male and female groups(P>0.05). The first applanation length and second applanation length among different corneal curvatures were statistically significant(P<0.05). There was statistically significant only for the difference of the second applanation length and central cornea thickness between two groups of 22-24 mm and 24-26 mm(P<0.05). There was statistically significant for the difference of the second applanation length, deformation amplitude, central cornea thickness, the first applanation time, intraocular pressure and corrected intraocular pressure between the two groups of 22-24 mm and more than 26 mm(P<0.05). But there was no statistically significant differences of the parameters between groups of 24-26 mm and more than 26 mm(P>0.05). The patient's AL was positively correlated with deformation amplitude, intraocular pressure and corrected intraocular pressure(r=0.263, P=0.002; r=0.463, P=0.000; r=0.449, P=0.000), and there is negative correlation between the patient's AL and central cornea thickness, the second applanation length(r=-0.240, P=0.006; r=-0.344, P=0.000).

CONCLUSION: The corneal curvature and ocular AL may be the factor affecting the corneal biomechanical properties. The longer AL, the thinner corneal thickness, the more easily the corneal is deformed, and with the increase of the AL, intraocular pressure also increases. When discussing whether the preparation of the cataract incision is affected by the patient's own factors, the different corneal curvatures and AL shall be considered.]]> 2017/4/25 0:00:00 Sha-Sha Song, Jun Li and Hui Song 198true METHODS:We enrolled 42 cataractous eyes of 31 PES patients undergoing cataract extraction in this prospective study, 42 cataractous eyes of 27 patients without pseudoexfoliation comprised a control group. Intraocular pressure(IOP),anterior chamber depth(ACD), anterior chamber volume(ACV), anterior chamber angle width(ACA)and pupil diameter(PD)measurements were obtained preoperatively, and at 1 and 3mo postoperatively with the Pentacam. For the variables between the pre- and post operative periods; t-test was used.

RESULTS: In PES group, the mean preoperative IOP level was significantly higher than the control group(P=0.017). In both groups, the differences in ACD, ACV, ACA and IOP values measured preoperatively and postoperatively at 1, and 3mo were statistically significant(P<0.05). When two groups were compared with each other, while reduction in IOP levels were more dramatic in PES group; increase in ACD,ACV and ACA were similar in both groups. Preoperative PD measurements were statistically higher than postoperative values(P<0.05)in PES group. Changes in IOP, ACD, ACV, ACA and PD were stabilized at 3mo postoperatively in both groups.

CONCLUSION:Uneventful phacoemulsification significantly reduces IOP, increases ACD,ACV and ACA in eyes with and without PES. Changes in ACD, ACV, ACA, PD and IOP remain stable at 3mo postoperatively. Although IOP reduction is more evident in PES group, cataractous eyes with and without PES exhibits similar anterior segment features after surgery. An early cataract extraction in pseudoexfoliation not only provides a wide and deep anterior chamber, but also leads to a stabile IOP control similar to eyes without PES.]]> 2017/4/25 0:00:00 Yonca Asfuroglu and Ozlem E. Kemer 197true METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Eye Clinic of Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia(HUSM)between September 2011 and February 2013. We recruited twenty optic neuritis patients with a single episode of idiopathic optic neuritis occurring between 3mo and 2y prior to examination, and twenty control subjects. Ocular examination included visual acuity, colour vision, contrast sensitivity, visual field and pattern VEP. Independent t-test was conducted to compare the differences in the means of optic nerve function and VEP parameters between the optic neuritis group and control group. In parameters that were not normally distributed, Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the medians between the two groups.

RESULTS: In the optic neuritis group, the mean age was 30.8y. The mean duration between the episode of optic neuritis and the time of evaluation was 6.6mo. The visual acuity was poorer in the group with optic neuritis, with the mean LogMAR score(0.52)being significantly higher in this group than in controls(P=0.001). Colour vision was likewise decreased, with a mean score of 63.0% in the optic neuritis group(P=0.001). Contrast sensitivity was reduced in all four spatial frequencies; 3CPD(P=0.029), 6CPD(P=0.026), 12CPD(P=0.002)and 18CPD(P=0.006)in patients with optic neuritis. There was also a statistically significant loss of visual field in this group(P≤0.001). Although subjects with optic neuritis had a slightly prolonged VEP P100 latency compared to normal subjects, this difference in VEP latency was not significant using checkerboard pattern 1 or 2. Higher VEP amplitude was observed in optic neuritis subjects, but the difference between groups was not statistically significant.

CONCLUSION: There were significant reductions in optic nerve functions(i.e. visual acuity, colour vision, contrast sensitivity and visual field)at a mean of 6mo after an acute attack of optic neuritis. However, no significant differences in VEP amplitude and latency were noted between patients with optic neuritis and the control group. VEP may not be the ideal test to diagnose a previous attack of optic neuritis, as VEP parameters tend to normalize after a variable interval.]]> 2017/4/25 0:00:00 Evelyn Tai Li Min,Ng Seok Hui,Jakiyah Daud,Raja Azmi Mohd Noor and Wan-Hazabbah Wan Hitam 196true METHODS: This non-comparative interventional case study was conducted from January 2013 to December 2015 and included a consecutive series of 14 eyes of 12 patients. Patients were selected for permanent AMT. The amniotic patches were grafted for the treatment of symblepharon. Cryo-preserved or freeze-dried amniotic membrane(AM)was used. Regarded to the 14 eyes(12 patients), their age was ranged from 26-62y, with the mean age of 43.38±11.25, 10 eyes of 8 patients(4 males/4 females)were presented with symblepharon secondary to previous pterygium surgery, and 4 eyes of 4 patients(1 male/3 females)were presented with symblepharon secondary to previous strabismus surgery, at least 6mo after the last surgery. The outcome of success was defined as restoration of a stable-depth fornix and being free of scar or inflammation, and no motility restriction during the follow up of 6mo.

RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 7±4.2mo(range 6-9mo). In all 14 eyes, complete epithelialization of AM was observed 3wk after surgery, resulting in a non-inflamed appearance of the surgical site. Eight eyes out of total 14 eyes showed successful fornix reconstruction with success rate(57%), the fornix was deep, and no recurrence was observed. Four eyes(29%)showed partial success with moderate depth of the fornix and moderate scar. Two eyes(14%)showed failure of reconstruction of the fornix with complete fornix obliteration. The visual acuity improved after surgery in 7 eyes while remained stable in 7 eyes. Post-operative complications from the AMT was very limited as severe conjunctival reaction and motility restriction was occurred only in one eye out of 14 eyes(7%)and pyogenic granuloma occurred in 2 eyes out of 14 eyes(14%)in the first 3mo after surgery and was managed with surgical excision, with local corticosteroid injection.

CONCLUSION: AMT alone is a safe and effective method for symblepharon. Considering the potential adverse effects associated with limbal excision, also, AMT is an effective method of fornix reconstruction for the repair of symblepharon in a variety of ocular surface disorders.]]> 2017/4/25 0:00:00 Ahmed Tamer Sayed Saif,Passant Sayed Saif and Amr El Deeb 195true METHODS:A total of 22 HM patients(n=32 eyes, >-9 D), 35-45y, were enrolled in this self-controlled retrospective review. The following parameters were measured at baseline and 3-year follow-up visits: area of optic nerve head(ONH); area of peripapillary atrophy(PPA); area of peripapillary chorioretinal atrophy(PCA); type of PPA; average retinal thickness(ART); and total central retinal volume(TCRV).

RESULTS: There were no changes in the area of ONH(t=0.95, P=0.35)between baseline and 3-year follow-up visits. In contrast, the areas of PPA and PCA were significantly greater(0.69±0.71 and 0.57±0.97mm²,respectively)at the 3-year follow-up versus baseline(t=-3.99, P=0.001 and t=-2.33, P=0.03, respectively)visits. There were no changes in the type of the PPA. ART and TCRV did not differ significantly at the 3-year follow-up versus baseline visits(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION:Increased areas of PCA and PPA are the main fundus features of HM(>-9 D)in young adults. PPA and PCA should be important morphological parameters during follow-up for HM in clinic.]]> 2017/4/25 0:00:00 Li-Li Liu and Wei-Feng Liu 194true METHODS: This was a prospective, open label, randomized, parallel group clinical trial. Totally 162 participants who were at least 18y old were enrolled and randomized into 5 groups of PHMB-based MPS made in China: Complete^® MPS, Hydron^® Aqua-shining moist, Baoshining^TM, Weicon^® Fresh, Weicon^® 2000 MPS(abbreviated as C, H, B, W, and W2). All participants wore balafilcon A contact lenses with monthly disposal(Bausch & Lomb Purevision^®)in conjunction with the designated MPS on a daily wear for 3mo. Clinical visits were at baseline, 2wk, 1 and 3mo. SICS and CIE were reported as first event incidence per 100 Px-months. Ocular response was graded on 0-4 scale in 0.5 steps(0=none, 4=severe)and ocular comfort was assessed via a numeric rating scale(1-10 in 1-point steps, 1=poor, 10=excellent). Ocular comfort and ocular response variables were analysed using linear mixed model. CIE and SICS were analysed using Fisher's exact test and logistic regression.

RESULTS: There were 36(22%)Pxs who dropped out. SICS incidence for each MPS were: H(26.3%),B(20.8%), W(19.4%), W2(13.4%), C(12.8%). The SICS rate of H was significantly different to W2(P = 0.012)and C(P = 0.005). There were no significant differences in ocular response, CIE incidence and ocular comfort between different MPSs(P>0.05). Pxs with SICS had significantly lower comfort during the day and at the end of than those who did not have SICS.

CONCLUSION: Differences in SICS incidence were found between MPSs but not for CIE incidence, ocular response or ocular comfort. SICS in PHMB-based MPS was found to be associated with ocular discomfort.]]> 2017/4/25 0:00:00 馬銘良,宋寅翼,Daniel Tilia,Varghese Thomas 193true METHODS: A candidate who used their lenses for a minimum of 8h a day for a period of 6mo or more was considered as a contact lens user. A semi-structured, pre-tested and validated questionnaire was used to assess the compliance among the soft contact lens users after receiving informed verbal consent. Each candidate was interviewed to collect the information about their contact lens wearing history. Age, gender, type of lens used, wearing experience(y), wearing time and schedule, duration of lens use in a day and details of care system were noted.

RESULTS: The mean(±SD)age of the total 73 participants was 23.63 ± 5.23y. The status of compliance observed was highest in the category of lens cleaning and disinfecting procedures(98%); the least was in the category of care of contact lens accessories(81%). Major non-compliance aspects identified were replacement of lens case(41%), check discard after date of the solution, cleaning lens case(22%)and failure to attend after-care visits(22%). The gender, modality of lens wear, type of lens wear and years of experience in contact lens use did not show any statistically significant difference in the level of compliance.

CONCLUSION: The results from this study demonstrated good compliance overall. However, some degree of non-compliance was present among the subjects in the care of lens accessories like contact lens case and solution. Approaches intended to improve compliance with lens care practices is considered necessary.]]> 2017/4/25 0:00:00 Asik Pradhan,Raju Kaiti and Purushottam Dhungana 192true METHODS: The concentrations of MMP-2 and TGF-β2 levels were tested by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbnent Assay(ELISA). Fifty-five human vitreous samples of 55 patients were collected during vitrectomy surgery, and were divided into two groups according to their spherical equivalent(SE)and axial length(AL). High myopia group(25 cases): SE>-6.00D, AL≥26.00mm, and control group or non-high myopia group(30 cases): SE≤-6.00D, AL<26.00mm.

RESULTS: The MMP-2 levels in vitreous of high myopia group(96.87±55.95ng/mL)was significantly higher than that of control group(77.24±41.81ng/mL, P<0.05), but not correlated with AL(r=0.088, P=0.544). While the TGF-β2 vitreous concentration was negatively correlated with AL(r=-0.344, P=0.014), and there was significant difference of TGF-β2 vitreous levels between high myopia group(3729.08±1890.88pg/mL)and control group(3926.00±1333.88pg/mL, P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: MMP-2 and TGF-β2 in human vitreous may play a critical role in human high myopia development, and the TGF-β2 appears to be associated with axial length.]]> 2017/3/27 0:00:00 Ting-Ting Zhao, Meng-Zhu Wu, Jing Jin, Shu-Nong Xie and Ying Fan 191true METHODS: A total of 20 fresh cat eyeballs were randomly separated into 4 groups: Group A, the routine(control)group, cuts were made using a suction ring and complete corneal applanation within an approximate diameter of 13 mm; Group B, no suction ring was used, but complete corneal applanation was performed using an approximate diameter of 13 mm; Group C, a suction ring was used, and corneal applanation was performed using an approximate diameter of 8 mm; and Group D, no suction ring was used, and corneal applanation was performed using an approximate diameter of 8 mm. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)images of the resulting PCSI were graded for ridges and roughness using a subjective 5-point grading scale.

RESULTS: Photography performed using a slit lamp microscope showed that the best PCSI was achieved in Group D, and the worst group was Group A. SEM images(×30 magnification)indicated that the macroscopic interface quality was significantly different between Group D and Group A(P=0.007), between Group D and Group B(P=0.007), and between Group D and Group C(P=0.016). Other SEM images obtained at ×100 magnification indicated that the grades for the microscopic surface quality between Group D and Group A(P=0.01)and between Group D and Group B(P=0.016)were significantly different. The grades of the other groups were not significantly different.

CONCLUSION: The quality of PCSI on the cat corneas can be partially improved if the deformation of the extruded corneal stroma is slight without using suction ring or an excessive corneal applanation scope by the applanation cone.]]> 2017/3/27 0:00:00 Tao Zhang, Shao-Wei Li, Jing-Liang He, Yan-Wei Kang, Shuai Shi and Wei Li 190true METHODS:Eyes of six hundred subjects that included 305 males and 295 females(mean age: 28.15±13.1y, range: 10-66y)underwent a complete ophthalmic examination including refraction, slit lamp and ophthalmoscopy. CD and ACC were measured using the Oculus Keratograph 4(OCULUS Optikgeräte GmbH), and the CCT was measured with the iVue-100(Optovue, Inc.)optical coherence tomography. Refractive errors were assessed with the Nidek AR-310A auto-refractor and then subjective refraction. The AL, ACD and LT were measured with the Nidek US-500 A-scan ultrasound device.

RESULTS:There are no statistically significant between the parameters of the right and left eyes assessed, and therefore only the results of the right eyes are presented here. The mean corneal parameter values were: CD=11.77±0.32 mm(range=10.30-13.70 mm), ACC=7.88±0.29 mm(range=7.13-8.88 mm)and CCT=493.05±33.2 μm(range=412-590 μm). CD did not correlate with SE(r=0.05, P=0.24). However, CD was correlated significantly with AL(r=0.58, P=0.00)and ACD(r=0.63, P=0.00)but inversely correlated with LT(r=-0.40, P=0.00). There was no significant correlations between ACC and SE(r=-0.03, P=0.48). ACC correlated positively with AL(r=0.40, P=0.00). There were no significant correlations between ACC and ACD(r=0.04, P=0.56), and LT(r=-0.03, P=0.88). Also, there was no correlation between CCT and other ocular dimensions assessed. However, correlations among corneal parameters showed that CD correlated with ACC(r=0.71, P=0.00)and CCT(r=-0.68, P=0.00).

CONCLUSION:While CD correlated with AL, ACD and LT, the ACC correlated with AL. CCT did not correlate with any of the metrics studied here, suggesting that it is an independent factor unrelated to other ocular dimensions. Among corneal parameters, CD correlated with ACC and CCT.]]> 2017/3/27 0:00:00 Khathutshelo Percy Mashige and Olalekan Alabi Oduntan 189true METHODS: The study included 17 normal participants and 17 POAG patients(34 eyes)and subjected them to aerobic exercise in the form of jogging. During exercise, ChT, intraocular pressure(IOP), and mean arterial pressure(MAP)were recorded sequentially.

RESULTS: ChT and IOP significantly decreased in both groups after exercise, and the significant disparate response was found in the control and POAG group(P<0.05). MAP increased significantly in both groups after exercise, and the increase was more significant in the control group than that in the POAG group. The values for area under the curve(AUC)of the ChT variations and IOP were 0.75 and 0.281, respectively.

CONCLUSION: Activation of the sympathetic nerve induced by aerobic exercise might be the underlying mechanism for the decrease in ChT and IOP and the increase in MAP in both groups. The disparate responses to jogging observed in ChT, IOP, and MAP values between the groups might be because of the autonomic nervous system dysfunction in POAG patients.]]> 2017/3/27 0:00:00 Wei Chen, Jing-Min Guo, Yin Zhao and Hong Zhang 188true METHODS: The following four visual functional parameters: accommodation(accommodative response; accommodative microfluctuation; accommodative facility; PRA, positive relative accommodation; NRA, negative relative accommodation; gradient AC/A, the gradient accommodative convergence to accommodation ratio), vergence(DBI, distance base-in; DBO, distance base-out; NBI, near base-in; NBO, near base-out), phoria(distance and near lateral phoria), and stereopsis were measured for nineteen health participants before and after viewed 2D TV for 90min and 3D TV for 90min.

RESULTS: Both compared with the baseline data and the data after 2D viewing, increased near accommodative responses, decreased convergence, changed phoria(more exophoric)at distance were detected after 3D TV viewing(all P <0.05).

CONCLUSION: Prolonged viewing of 3D TV will influence human visual function, especially the disruption of the natural relationship between binocular convergence and accommodation induced by conflicting stimulus. Manufacturers and the public should consider the parameters of accommodation, vergence, and phoria as main indicators for detecting the safety of 3D TV.]]> 2017/3/27 0:00:00 Zuo-Pao Zhuo, Hua Bi, Xin-Ping Yu, Jian Jiang, Ai-Qin Xu and Yu-Wen Wang 187true METHODS: This is a cross sectional hospital-based study in which a self-administered questionnaire was used to collect basic demographic data from the participating staff. Comprehensive ocular examination including presenting visual acuity with glasses if available, details anterior segment and posterior segment evaluations were performed in each patient as well as intraocular pressure measurement using Goldman Applanation Tonometer. People with evidence of glaucomatous optic neuropathy or peripheral anterior chamber depth less 25% of the corneal thickness had gonioscopy performed on them. People suspected to have glaucoma had Central Visual Field analysis(24-2, SITA Standard).Vision was categorised based on WHO classification of visual impairment.

RESULTS: A total of 275 health workers were screened, out of which 176(64%)were non-clinical staff. Overall 166(60.4%)of the respondents were males and 13.1% had family history of ocular disease. Majority of the respondents(86.2%)have normal vision(presenting visual acuity of 6/18-6/6), however 1.5% have severe visual impairment. There were more females with severe visual impairment(3.7% vs 0%)(P=0.018). However, we observed no significant difference in vision between the clinical and non-clinical staff(P=0.41).The mean cup-disc ration(CDR)in the right and the left eye were 0.42 and o.45 respectively. No significant difference between the RE and LE CDR(t=-0.882, P=0.37). The mean intraocular pressure in the RE and LE were 14.1 and 14.0mmHg. Weak positive correlation was observed between left IOP and left CDR(Pearson coefficient=0.008, P=0.94). Presbyopia and refractive error were the commonest ocular morbidities discovered among the screened staff. Fourteen respondents(5.1%)have primary open angle glaucoma(POAG)and 47 were classified as glaucoma suspects.

CONCLUSION: Uncorrected refractive errors, cataract and glaucoma are the common ocular morbidities responsible for visual impairment among the eye health workers. This study underscores the need for periodic staff screening to enable prompt diagnosis and timely treatment of ocular diseases in the affected staff.]]> 2017/3/27 0:00:00 Thelma I Ndife,Sadiq M. Abdullahi and Segun Olaniyi 186true METHODS: This study was designed as prospective, randomized, comparative study. Leakage sites were detected by continuous irrigation. At that point, stromal hydration was performed in consideration of the leakage points. The wound edges were hydrated until no further leakage could be visually detected. Trypan blue 0.0125% was applied over the wound sites, and each wound was individually observed for leakage. On the day after surgery, Seidel's test was performed to assess wound integrity.

RESULTS: All 120 eyes in the experimental group were evaluated, including all 360 wound sites-120 left side ports, 120 right side ports, and 120 main incisions-as were all 120 eyes in the control group. Though the dye test revealed leakage of aqueous humour from only 29 wound sites of 22 eyes(8.0% of 360 wounds)in the experimental group, leakage appeared in 41 wound sites of 30 eyes(11.3% of 360 wounds)in the control group. When groups were compared in terms of leakage, the difference was statistically different(P=0.042).

CONCLUSION: Dynamic stromal hydration-meaning standardized conventional stromal hydration-is a direct observational technique that allows the easy evaluation of wound integrity at the time of stromal hydration by way of observing wound dynamics.]]> 2017/2/27 0:00:00 Erhan Özyol and Pelin Özyol 185true 2017/2/27 0:00:00 Sher Zaman Safi,Mamoona Noreen,Muhammad Imran,Yasir Waheed,Amir Miraj Ul Hussain Shah and Nawshad Muhammad 184true METHODS:Totally 66 eyes of 61 patients, with treatment naive AMD, that were treated with at least 3 monthly bevacizumab IV, were retrospectively studied. SD-OCT quantitative \〖central foveal thickness(CFT), external limiting membrane(ELM)and ellipsoid zone(EZ)lengths\〗 and qualitative parameters were studied and compared before and after IV. We also tried to establish correlation between these parameters and before/after treatment VA.

RESULTS:Mean VA(logMAR), CFT(μm), ELM length(μm)and EZ length(μm)changed from pre-IV values of 0.62±0.41, 419.3±110.0, 378.2±377.2 and 156.4±253.7 to post-IV values of 0.53±0.44, 325.8±117.9, 547.1±421.5 and 173.1±207.1. There was correlation between pre-IV VA and pre-IV CFT(rs=0.27), ELM length(rs=-0.30)and ELM disruption(rs=0.43). There was also correlation between post-IV VA and post-IV ELM length(rs=-0.40). Post-IV VA showed correlation with pre-IV VA(rs=0.66), ELM length(rs=-0.35)and ELM disruption(rs=0.46).

CONCLUSION: In our study group pre-IV VA, ELM length and ELM disruption can be used as post-IV VA prognostic factors.]]> 2017/2/27 0:00:00 Manuel Noronha,Nuno Moura-Coelho,Teresa Gomes,Rita Flores and Marco Dutra Medeiros 183true METHODS:Totally 24 cases of intraepithelial neoplasia(24 eye)diagnosed in our department were studied. The tumors of 12 cases were removed and the wound were covered by the concavity-convex amniotic membrane in the conjunctiva and part of the resection, and other 12 were covered by the amniotic membrane. The effect of these two surgeries were assessed via observing the epithelial healing, degradation of biological amnion, tear break-up time, tumor recurrence and other complications. The resection of the tumor were analyzed histopathologically.

RESULTS: The pathological results of all the patients were epithelial carcinoma. There were 24 patients that diagnosed -intraepithelial epithelioma pathologically. The conjunctival epithelium healed rapidly and were completed in 5d after operation in both groups. The amniotic membrane was completely degraded in about 14d. Postoperative visual acuity improvement was not statistically significant in two groups. All patients were followed up for more than 1y. The recurrence rates were significantly lower in concavity-convex amniotic membrane group than that in amniotic membrane group.

CONCLUSION: Tumor resection combined with concavity-convex amniotic membrane transplantation is an effective operation method for the treatment of intraepithelial epithelioma.]]> 2017/2/27 0:00:00 秦海峰, 沈炜 and 白军强 182true METHODS: This was a hospital based descriptive study. All children of ocular injuries up to 16y of age were included. Data regarding the socio-economic status, medical/surgical treatment, and condition at discharge were recorded. Follow-up to 3mo was done in the study. Initial and final visual acuity was recorded. Ocular Trauma Classification Group guidelines and Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology were used for the definitions and classifications of ocular trauma. Socio-economic status grading is done according to modified B.G. Prasad classification and Kuppuswamy's socio-economic scale.

RESULTS: Out of 42 children, male to female ratio was 3.6:1.Maximum number(50%)of injuries occurred between 11-16y of age. Most of the children(59.52%)belonged to lower socio-economic class and were from arural background. Ocular injuries occurred at home in 20(47.61%)children followed by 6(14.28%)each in school, playground, and street. Open globe injuries were seen in 19(45.24%)children and 23(54.75%)children had closed globe injuries. Injuries by wooden stick, stone, firework, fall, toy were 12(28.57%), 5(11.90%), 3(7.14%), 3(7.14%), and 2(4.76%). Seventeen(40.47%)children required medical management and 25(59.53%)were treated surgically.

CONCLUSION:Male children in rural regions and of lower socio-economic background were more prone to ocular injuries. Children were more risk of ocular injuries at home. Wooden sticks and stone were the commonest cause of ocular injuries. Ocular morbidity and poor visual outcome were seen more in open globe injuries. Further population-based studies are required to reinforce findings of present study. Based on this, a long term strategy can be planned to prevent ocular injuries in children in this region.]]> 2017/2/27 0:00:00 Kanishk Singh,Amit Maitreya,Pradeep Aggarwal and Harsh Bahadur 181true METHODS: We assessed the refractive status of 180 eyes in 90 pediatric patients. Refractions were measured with the Plusoptix A09 photorefractor(Plusoptix GmbH, Nürnberg, Germany)with and without cycloplegia and compared with those obtained by autorefractometer(Topcon KR-8900, Tokyo, Japan)after cycloplegia. Spherical equivalent, spherical power cylindrical power and cylindrical axis J0, J45 values measurements were analyzed with Bland-Altman analysis.

RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 7.48±3.01(range 3 to 13y). Between the non-cycloplegic Plusoptix A09 photorefractometer and the cycloplegic autorefractometer measurements, there was significant difference between spherical power and spherical equivalent values(P<0.001)but there was no significant difference between cylindrical power, J0 and J45 values(P>0.05). Between the cycloplegic Plusoptix A09 photorefractometer and the cycloplegic autorefractometer measurements, there was significant difference between spherical power and spherical equivalent values(P<0.001)but there was no significant difference between the cylindric power, J0 and J45 values(P>0.05). Bland-Altman correlation analysis revealed an excellent correlation for the spherical power, cylindrical power and spherical equivalent measurements, but poor correlation for J0 and J45 values between the non-cycloplegic, cycloplegic Plusoptix A09 and the cycloplegic autorefractometer measurements.

CONCLUSION: To determine refractive errors in children, the Plusoptix A09 measurements with and without cycloplegia can give reliable results. But it is inadequate when measuring the cylindrical axis and high refractive values. This device can be an effective option to detect and screen refractive errors in uncooperative children.]]> 2017/2/27 0:00:00 Ayse Dolar Bilg and Ilke Bahceci Simsek 180true METHODS: A cross sectional study, 55 eyes of 54 patients affected by conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma(CSCs)presented in the Ophthalmology Department of University Hospital of Treichville in Abidjan were included. Data were collected: interrogatories, ophthalmologic examination, histopathologic finding, HIV serology, therapeutic(surgery, chemotherapy), follow-up and prognosis. The statistical analysis was performed using Epi-info version 6.0 and a statistical comparison was performed using the Chi-square test with a significance threshold set at 5%.

RESULTS: The age ranged 7-75y(median age 42.28). A female predominance was observed with a sex-ratio of 0.89. The average consultation period was 18mo, with extremes ranging from 6-60mo. Physically 53% of our eyes(29 eyes)presented a functional loss of the eye. And 42 out of the 54 patients were HIV positive with 28 cases of HIV1 infection, 4 cases of HIV2 infection and 10 cases of HIV1 and 2 co-infection. Lymphocyte typing was performed for 28 out of 42 patients with CD4 cell counts <200/mL in 33% of cases, between 200 and 500 in 19% of cases and 500/mL in 12% of cases. It was noted 42 cases(76%)of invasive differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, and 13 cases(24%)of squamous cell carcinoma in situ. Forty localized tumors underwent tumor resection(73%)associated with a postoperative adjuvant topical chemotherapy in 6 cases. Socioeconomic status showed 39% of patients were economic cally inactive. The average follow up period of our patients was 29mo.

CONCLUSION: HIV infection is a risk factor for the occurrence of conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma especially in sub-Saharan Africa where the fight against the infection although boosted in these recent years is far from achieving all objectives. The poor prognosis of conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma reflects the low socioeconomic status of patients, the inadequate medical care in our facilities, the prohibitive cost of anticancer drugs and the link between this disease and HIV/AIDS.]]> 2017/11/20 0:00:00 Rokia Coulibaly Berete, Thierry Yves Constant Sowagnon, Abokan Joel Konan, Sylvanius Beossin Koui, Sandrine Kouassi Kouakou, Simon N'Dri Dede and Adama Fanny 179true METHODS: Files on patients presenting with VH treated with vitrectomy between January 2011 and January 2014 were retrieved from medical records.

RESULTS:A total of 1 335 eyes of 1 275 patients(735 males, 540 females)presenting with VH were included in this study. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR), retinal vein occlusion(RVO), either retinal detachment or retinal hole(RD/RH), ocular trauma, Eales disease, and either age-related macular degeneration or polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy(AMD/PCV)constituted the etiology of VH in more than 90% of the patients. The most common causes of VH were ocular trauma(40%), PDR(19.5%), and Eales disease(19.1%)in the youth group, PDR(34.4%), RVO(30.8%), and RD/RH(12.2%)in the middle-aged group, and RVO(35.7%), PDR(26.6%), RD/RH(14.6%), and AMD/PCV(8%)in the elder group.

CONCLUSION:PDR, RVO, and ocular trauma are usually the main causes of VH. Within each group, the most common causes of VH were ocular trauma and Eales disease in the youth group, PDR, RVO, and RD/RH in the middle-aged group, and RVO, PDR, RD/RH, and AMD/PCV in the elder group. In addition, we found that males with ocular trauma are at high risk for VH, PDR and Eales disease often present bilateral VHs, and PDR and RVO have a high risk of recurrence.]]> 2017/11/20 16:09:08 Lu-Jie Zhang, Li Chen, Ge Liang, Chun-Ling Lei and Jing Feng 178true METHODS: This was a prospective, case-control study. One hundred and six participants were subdivided into three groups. Eighty-four type 2 diabetes patients with and without retinopathy and 22 healthy controls were included in this study. Serum HDL₃ concentrations were assayed and serum NOx levels were determined in all patients. Total antioxidant capacity was measured using the ferric reducing power of plasma(FRAP)assay.

RESULTS: Among the subjects with diabetes mellitus(DM), fasting glucose, HbA1c and triglycerides were significantly higher than the healthy controls. HDL₃ level was 14.4(12.0)mg/dl in healthy subjects, 18.1(12.6)mg/dl in the diabetic retinopathy group and 14.0(12.5)mg/dl in diabetic patients without retinopathy, and was statistically similar between the groups(P=0.262). HDL level was similar between groups in our population. FRAP level was lower in patients with DM compared to healthy controls(P=0.003), but was not different between the DR and the non-DR groups(P=0.913).

CONCLUSION: In our study, we demonstrated that HDL and HDL₃ subgroup levels didn't significantly differ between DM2 patients with DR and without DR and healthy controls. Determination of HDL₃ cholesterol, in addition to total HDL cholesterol, may not predict the actual risk for diabetic retinopathy. Serum NOx was observed to be higher in diabetic participants and FRAP level was low.]]> 2017/11/20 16:09:08 Ustundag Yasemin, Akdogan Müberra, Demirci Hakan, Günay Leyla, Huysal Kagan, Cevik Sadik Gorkem and Barazi Ayse 177true METHODS: A retrospective study in which the medical records of 77 patients with macula-on retinal detachment who underwent surgery in Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz were reviewed.

RESULTS: A total of 77 patients, 72 were included in the study. The primary anatomic success rate was 94.44%(68/72), and the success rate in all patients after either 1 or 2 interventions was 98.61%(71/72). The mean time before surgery was 5.3±2.26d. Seven patients(9.72%)lost two or more lines of vision. A statistically significant relationship was found between loss of visual acuity and patient age(P=0.001). Our findings also suggest a possible link between the need for further surgical intervention to reattach the retina and decline in visual acuity test(P=0.045). We failed to find a statistically significant relationship between loss of visual acuity and days until surgery(P=0.100)or type of surgery(P=0.578)or status of the crystalline lens(P=0.413).

CONCLUSION: It is important that each hospital study how this type of retinal detachment is being managed in order to optimize the use of available resources and guarantee the most favorable anatomic and functional outcomes possible.]]> 2017/11/20 16:09:08 Raquel Castro-Florez R, Isabel Gese-Bordils, Mercedes Garcia-Torre, Ignacio Jimenez-Alfaro and Guillermo Fernandez-Sanz 176true METHODS: The study was conducted in the department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College(RPGMC), Kangra(Himachal Pradesh)for a period of 12mo from 1^st Jan 2013-31^st Dec 2013 which included data collection, data organization, presentation, data analysis and data interpretation followed by a period of follow up extending to a period of 1mo. A total of 200 patients were studied which included all patients of mechanical ocular injuries that visited our department either directly or were referred from other public or private institutions during the study period. It was a prospective study in which all the patients were interviewed with the aid of a questionnaire and underwent a detailed ocular examination. The injuries were classified according to the international ocular trauma classification into open globe and closed globe injuries. The injuries of the lid and adnexa and the cranial nerve palsies were considered as separate entities and data analysis was done with MS Excel 2007 worksheet using the Epi info7 software.

RESULTS: A total of 21,710 patients attended the out-patient department(OPD)during the study period out of which 200 patients were of mechanical ocular trauma which formed 0.921% of the total OPD attendance. The patients ranged in age from 1-80y with a mean age and standard deviation of 33.12±20.48y. In those patients 151 patients(75.5%)were males and 49(24.5%)were females. The male to female ratio was 3:1. Out of the 200 patients studied, 100 were injured at home, 19 in the playground, 29 had occupational injuries, 38 were injured in road side accidents, 10 were injured due to assault, 3 at school and 1 patient was injured during a stampede that occurred in a religious camp. The visual acuity at presentation was upto 6/12 in 47%, <6/12 to 6/36 in 13.5%, <6/36-1/60 in 6%, <1/60 to PL(perceive light)positive in 22% and PL negative in 4% patients. In 7.5% patients the visual acuity could not be assessed on the Snellen's chart. Most of the patients had closed globe injuries(54.5%)followed by involvement of the lid and adnexa(23%). And 19.5% had open globe injuries and 3% had involvement of the cranial nerves.

CONCLUSION: Ocular injuries are common and preventable causes of monocular blindness.]]> 2017/11/20 16:09:09 Neha Chauhan, Rajeev Tuli, Rattan Kumar Sharma and Dinesh Kumar 175true METHODS: A total of 207 patients were enrolled. Patients referred for microbial keratitis to Sungai Buloh Hospital and Kuala Lumpur Hospital in West Malaysia and Queen Elizabeth Hospital and Kuching General Hospital in East Malaysia were recruited. Risk factors were documented. Corneal scrapings for microscopy and culture were performed.

RESULTS: The most common risk factor in West Malaysia was organic trauma(28.5%)followed by non organic trauma(18.3%); 27.7% of trauma cases was work related with 34.2% involving male foreign workers. The most common risk factor in East Malaysia was contact lens wear(32.9%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common organism isolated in both places. The most common fungal pathogen in West Malaysia was Fusarium spp representing 60% of all positive fungal cultures.

CONCLUSION: In West Malaysia organic trauma was the most common risk factor seen in public hospitals here whereas, contact lens wear was the most common risk factor in East Malaysia(P<0.05). Fungal keratitis was more commonly seen in West Malaysia.]]> 2017/10/19 16:49:00 Vanitha Ratnalingam, Thiageswari Umapathy, Kala Sumugam, Hanida Hanafi and Shamala Retnasabapathy 174true METHODS: The present study was a cross-sectional analysis of clinical data of 381 eyes. We converted the clinical astigmatic notation to vector notation for analysis of ACA and PCA. We estimated the correlation between magnitude and axes of the ACA and PCA in the whole population and in four age groups(5-19, 20-39, 40-59, and ≥ 60y). We used random effects linear regression models for estimating the association between the magnitudes of ACA and PCA.

RESULTS: The mean of the magnitude of the ACA(3.59D)and the PCA(0.50D)was highest in children(5 to 9y). Overall, the magnitude of the ACA ranged from 0D to 10.0 Diopters(D)and the magnitude of the PCA ranged from 0 to 3.5 D. There was a significant correlation between the ACA and the PCA in the younger age group(r=0.85, P<0.001). In those 60y or older, the PCA increased by 0.04 units(95% confidence intervals: 0.005, 0.07; P=0.03)with each unit increase in the ACA, the increase was the smallest in this age group.

CONCLUSION: It will be prudent to measure the both the magnitude and axis of the PCA, particularly in those above 60y rather than rely on rule-of-thumb calculations based on ACA parameters for IOL power calculation.]]> 2017/10/19 16:49:00 Vijay Shetty, Suhas S Haldipurkar, Rita Dhamankar, Tanvi Haldipurkar, Onkar Pirdankar and Maninder Singh Setia 173true METHODS: Thirty-two eyes of 32 healthy subjects were included in this prospective, placebo-controlled interventional clinical trial. They received one drop of topical preservative-free artificial tears as placebo for the first day and one drop of brimonidine-purite 0.15% for the second day. Intraocular pressure, ocular perfusion pressure(OPP), and EDI-SD-OCT were performed at baseline, at 1, 3 and 5h after the treatments.

RESULTS: Compared to the measurements obtained at baseline, the CT measurements obtained after the topical application of brimonidine-purite 0.15% significantly increased at the sub-fovea(P=0.001), at temporal 1500 μm to the fovea(P=0.003)and at nasal 1500 μm to the fovea(P=0.003). Choroidal thickness was unchanged in placebo group during the study(P >0.05). There was no significant reduction in the OPP in both groups(P >0.05). There were no adverse events during the study.

CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to expectations, topical administration of brimonidine-purite 0.15% resulted with thickening of sub-foveal, temporal and nasal CT. This might be related to altered auto-regulation mechanisms in choroidal vessels.]]> 2017/10/19 16:49:00 Suleyman Demircan, Gokcen Gokce, Mustafa Atas, Ahmet Gulhan, Burhan Baskan and Gokmen Zararsiz 172true METHODS:This was a prospective study involving 72 eyes of 36 patients treated with ethambutol according to directly observed treatment short-course(DOTS)strategy in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia. The visual acuity and optic nerve function tests were performed by a single investigator. Likewise, Humphrey automated perimetry, optical coherence tomography(OCT)measurement of the retinal nerve fibre layer(RNFL)and pattern visual evoked potential(PVEP)were performed by a single technician. The examinations were performed before initiating ethambutol treatment and 3mo after that.

RESULTS: There was no change in visual acuity, colour vision, light brightness, red saturation and fundus findings pre and post ethambutol. However, there was a statistically significant deterioration in the mean deviation of the visual field post treatment(P=0.010). There were also significant changes on OCT and PVEP, with increased RNFL thickness in all quadrants(P<0.05)and PVEP delayed P100 peak latency and amplitude(P<0.001).

CONCLUSION: Ethambutol toxicity is a known complication of tuberculosis treatment. Early detection of this toxicity may prevent severe irreversible visual loss. The use of OCT to detect RNFL thickness and PVEP to assess P100 latency and amplitude can assist in the detection of subclinical anatomical and visual function changes prior to development of abnormalities on conventional optic nerve function tests.]]> 2017/10/19 16:49:00 Jessica Mani Penny Tevaraj, Tan Chai Keong, Evelyn Tai Li Min, Muhammed Julieana, Raja Azmi Mohd Noor and Wan-Hazabbah Wan Hitam 171true METHODS: This was a descriptive cross sectional study in which the sample population was selected using the proportion to size technique and simple random sampling.

RESULTS: There was a high prevalence of degenerative conjunctival disorders among the artisans with pingueculum topping the list at 30.1%. Automobile mechanics had the highest prevalence for conjunctival disorders, corneal opacities, and allergic conjunctivitis. Superficial foreign bodies(74.4%)were the most common work related injury observed while 13.6% of the artisans developed cataract from work related injuries.

CONCLUSION: Governmental policies targeted at preserving and maintaining the ocular health of the artisans is needed to reduce the prevalence of ocular disorders noted in this study.]]> 2017/10/19 16:49:00 Joseph Chukwuma Eziechila, Eberechukwu Ogbeanu Achigbu, Sebastian Ntuko Nwosu and Omobolake Tolutope Edema 170true METHODS: Sixty two patients(119 eyes)were enrolled in this observational, retrospective study. In the first visit, the patient came in using the brand latanoprost(Xalatan)and it was changed to the similar latanoprost(Drenatan). In the second visit, 12wk later, a complete ophtalmologic exam including slit lamp examination, Goldmann applanation tonometry, stereoscopic fundus examination, gonioscopy, ultrasound pachymetry, automated visual field testing was performed.

RESULTS:The mean IOP was 12.30±2.02mmHg and 12.38±2.05mmHg with using Xalatan and Drenatan, respectively. The P=0.559 demonstrates this relation. In fact, a correlation between the groups of R=0.987 points out the remarkable resemblance of both groups.

CONCLUSION: Both Drenatan and Xalatan have similar efficacy in reducing IOP. Such finding is pivotal to public health to reduce cost and maintain its policies concerning drug efficacy and safety, this is especially significant in countries in which treatment cost is a barrier for patient adhesion to treatment.]]> 2017/9/18 10:53:55 Bernardo de Pádua Soares Bezerra, Augusto Alves Pinho Vieira, Marcela Nascimento, Júlia Carvalho Barbosa and Fábio Nishimura Kanadani 169true METHODS: Five rabbits were included in the study. One Suprajet shunt was implanted in one eye of each rabbit. Implantation was performed by a superior clear corneal incision through the anterior chamber into the suprachoroidal space. Proximal end of the implant was placed in the iris root resting against the scleral spur, distal end was placed in the suprachoroidal space. Rabbits were followed for 4wk. Preoperative and postoperative intraocular pressure(IOP)levels were measured with Tonopen AVIA. At last follow-up visit animals were sacrificed and eyes were enucleated. Macroscopic and histopathologic evaluation of the eyes were made.

RESULTS: Mean preoperative IOP was 18.6±6.1 mmHg. Mean postoperative IOP was 8.4±1.1 mmHg, at one week. At the 2^nd week of the follow-up period one rabbit died. Thereafter, only 4 rabbits were followed. Mean postoperative IOP was 11.0±2.8 mmHg at the 2^nd week, 9.50±3.1 mmHg at the 3^rd week and 11.3 ±3.3 mmHg at 4^th week after the operation. When mean preoperative IOP was compared with the postoperative IOP values, only the IOP at the first week was found as significantly lower(P=0.042). There was no statistically significant difference between mean preoperative IOP level and mean IOP level at 2, 3 and 4wk postoperatively(P=0.66, P=0.66 and P=0.102, respectively). As an intraoperative complication, minimal hyphema was noted in three eyes during the surgery. However, the next day hyphema cleared completely. Macroscopic evaluation of the enucleated material showed that in one eye the distal end of the implant was in the vitreous instead of suprachoroidal space, in the other 3 eyes the distal end of the implant was noted in the suprachoroidal space. In all eyes, proximal end of the implant was localized in the anterior chamber angle. Histopathologic evaluation of the enucleated eyes showed deposition of irregular collagen bundles and fibroplasia including numerous fibroblastic and histiocytic cells around the implant.

CONCLUSION: This preliminary animal study showed that implantation of Suprajet in glaucoma is a promising procedure. Further studies are needed to evaluate its efficacy and safety profile.]]> 2017/9/18 10:53:55 Uzeyir Gunenc, Gul Arikan, Ferim Gunenc, Banu Lebe, Sitki Eren, Elvan Ocmen and Arif Taylan Ozturk 168true METHOD: Thirty-eight patients with wet type age related macular degeneration(W-AMD)were involved in this study. Eighteen patients with suboptimal response were shifted to 3 doses monthly intravitreal aflibercept therapy(IVA)and left 20 patients with suboptimal response went on 3 more monthly intravitreal ranibizumab(IVR). All changes were evaluated with fluorescein anigography(FA)and optical coherence tomography(OCT).

RESULTS: Preoperative mean visual acuity(VA)and central macular thickness(CMT)of patients were 0.84±0.47 logMAR and 360±84 μm, respectively. One month after last IVR and IVA treatments, VA of patients were 1.1±0.34(P=0.11)logMAR and 0.48±0.37(P=0.019)logMAR and CMTs were 300±79 μm(P=0.002)and 271±51 μm(P=0.002), respectively.

CONCLUSION: To eliminate repeated therapy for patients with suboptimal response to ranibizumab therapy, aflibercept might be a good alternative for early visual rehabilitation.]]> 2017/9/18 10:53:55 Sever Ozkan and Horozoglu Fatih 167true METHODS: Totally 114 patients 114 eyes, from January 2008 to June 2014, with contracted socket participated in this study. We incised the bulbar conjunctiva horizontally and excised scar tissue, then implanted the hydroxyapatite in the four extraocular muscles and tightly sutured the Tenon' capsule. After that, we put the superior and inferior conjunctival petals backwards and sutured them to the Tenon's capsule. All the patients were divided into four groups according to the vertical diameter length of the conjunctival defect area: Group Ⅰ: ≤5mm; Group Ⅱ: 6-10mm; Group Ⅲ: 11-15mm; and Group Ⅳ: ≥16mm. These patients were followed up for 6mo to 3y to observe the conjunctival sac shaping and growth of conjunctiva.

RESULTS: There were 64 cases in Group Ⅰ, 31 cases in Group Ⅱ, 16 cases in Group Ⅲ and 3 cases in Group Ⅳ. All patients' conjunctival defect was covered by new conjunctiva and scar tissue 4 to 6wk after surgeries. Ten cases had contracted socket; 2 cases had orbital implant exposure, requiring reoperation. Of the 114 cases, 8 had contracted socket and could use a smaller conformer, 106 could use a normal size conformer.

CONCLUSION: When the conjunctival defect was ≤15mm, this new method can address the orbital implant and contracted socket at the same time. While it was ≥16mm, flap transplantation is necessary.]]> 2017/9/18 10:53:55 Ming Cheng, Li-Ping Zhou, Jia Li and Hong-Feng Yuan 166true METHODS: A multicenter retrospective review. Totally 2894 preterm infants(1592 males, 1302 females)from several hospitals in Tianjin were screened from January 2009 to December 2013. Demographic information, ophthalmic outcomes and possible systemic risk factors were recorded. Gestation age, birth weight, oxygen supplementation, Curosurf and NCPAP were used to estimate risk factors for ROP.

RESULTS: ROP was found in 448 eyes of 224 patients(7.7%). Among which, severe ROP developed in 98 eyes of 49 patients(21.9%). There was significant statistical difference in respiratory distress syndrome(RDS), NCPAP, and Curosurf usage between control and ROP groups(P<0.001). Multiple logistic regression analyses of ROP indicated that lower birth weight, younger gestational age, and oxygen supplementation were the risk factors leading to ROP. As the usage rate of Curosurf and NCPAP increased year by year, the usage of oxygen supplementation gradually decreased, the incidence of ROP was also on the decline.

CONCLUSION: Low birth weight, young gestational age and oxygen supplementation are associated with ROP. The use of Curosurf and NCPAP may be the factor that reduces the occurrence of ROP.]]> 2018/8/17 17:07:06 Mei Han, Tong-Mei Zhang, Jun Zheng, Quan-Hong Han and Li Li 165true METHODS: We performed DTI in 26 patients and 13 healthy controls. Patients had acute ON in 17 eyes, chronic ON in 20 eyes and 15 unaffected eyes. In all participants, the visual afferent system was evaluated with neuro-ophthalmological examinations, optical coherence tomography(OCT), visual evoked potential(VEP), orbital and cranial MRI.

RESULTS: Fractional anisotropy(FA)in the optic nerves was lower in patients with acute ON and chronic ON than controls(P=0.28). Mean diffusivity(MD)in the optic nerves was higher in patients with acute and chronic ON than the unaffected eyes of patients and controls(P<0.01). Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, P100 amplitude and latency and visual acuity(VA)were significantly different between patient and control groups(P<0.01). Optic chiasm MD values were higher in the patient group compared to the control group(P=0.011). FA and MD measured in the optic tracts significantly were different between groups(P=0.032, P=0.013, respectively). In the correlation analysis, fractional anisotropy in the optic nerves was correlated with P100 latency in acute ON(P=0.021). Mean diffusivity was correlated with RNFLT, visual acuity and P100 latency(P<0.05). Fractional anisotropy was correlated with mean diffusivity and visual acuity, and, mean diffusivity was correlated with P100 amplitude and RNLF thickness in chronic ON(P<0.05). Reduction in visual acuity was correlated with increase in mean diffusivity and decrease in fractional anisotropy(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: DTI can demonstrate abnormalities in a tissue that appears normal in orbital MRI. Our results suggested that DTI derived measurements correlate with visual disability and tissue injury and therefore they are important from a clinical point of view and also in understanding the pathological processes.]]> 2018/8/17 17:07:06 Ahmet Onur Keskin, Fethi Idiman, Ozkan Alatas, Emel Ada, Egemen Idiman and Ali Osman Saatci 164true METHODS: Sixty two patients with pterygium and equal number of age/ sex matched healthy controls were enrolled in this study. All patients and controls examined by an ophthalmologist and allergist. Skin prick test performed with a battery of common allergens and serum total IgE level determined by ELISA method.

RESULTS: Prevalence of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis was significantly higher in patient group(19.3% vs 3.2%, P=0.002)but there was no significant differences in other allergies and symptoms between two groups. The rate of skin reactivity to at least one allergen was significantly higher in pterygium group than healthy controls(38.7% vs 6.5%, P=0.003). Cockroach and house dust mites were the most prevalent allergens among patients(16.1% and 12.9%).

CONCLUSION: The results of current study showed higher prevalence of rhinoconjunctivits and skin prick sensitivity to allergen among pterygium patients. This may has implication in prevention and treatment of pterygium.]]> 2018/8/17 17:07:06 Mohammad Hossien Davari, Mohammad Fereidouni and Masoume Rahimi 163true METHODS:Forty-two healthy adult New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into 7 groups, 6 rabbits each group. Group A: blank group; Group B: model group; Group C: low concentrations BOED group; Group D: medium concentrations BOED; Group E: high concentrations BOED; Group F: the placebo group; Group G: testosterone groups. All rabbits of groups B to G were cut off bilateral testis and epididymis except group A. The rabbits of groups C, D, E and F were dropped relevant eye drops except groups A and B. All rabbits were tested for Schimer I test(SIT)and break-up time(BUT)before operation and 4wk after operation. Expressions of inflammatory factors of TNF-α, IL-1β from lacrimal gland cells were checked in immunohistochemical staining method.

RESULTS:1)Comparison of SIT and BUT: Compared with the groups D, E and G, group C had statistical significance(P<0.01). Compared with groups D and E, G groups, there was no significant difference among those group after operation(P>0.05); 2)Comparison of inflammatory factors of TNF-α, IL-1β after operation: Compared with value of the average optical density of TNF-α and IL-1β of group C, those of groups D, E and G were obviously different after operation(P<0.05). Compared D with E, G groups, there was no significant difference between those group after operation(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: 1)Compared with androgen, BOED has the similar effect of depressing the expression of inflammatory factors. But its effect is slightly weaker than the androgen; 2)The depressing effect of medium and high concentration BOED are better than low concentration. Compared with medium and high concentration of BOED, there was no significant difference between two groups.]]> 2018/7/20 0:00:00 Jun Peng, Yun Ouyang, Wen-Juan Li, Quan-Long Wu, Han-Yu Tan and Qing-Hua Peng 162true METHODS: A retrospective and comparative interventional design had been utilized on the basis of postoperative follow up among 56 keratoconus patients. Visual acuity was significantly assessed during complete ophthalmic examination of the patients. The femtosecond laser had been used to create the corneal tunnels in 15 eyes; whereas, the corneal tunnels were created in 72 eyes mechanically.

RESULTS: The ranges and standard deviations had been used to obtain results. It had been revealed through ophthalmic assessment that the mean preoperative uncorrected visual acuity observed was 1.38±0.37 Logarithm of Minimal Angle of Resolution. Moreover, a significant improvement was observed postoperatively in visual acuity by 0.58±0.32 during the fourth month. The improvement was also witnessed in the 16^th month by 0.48±0.30.

CONCLUSION: The implantation of intrastromal corneal ring segments is an efficient and effective surgical intervention for the treatment of keratoconus. Thus, identified intervention seems to be associated with appropriate visual outcomes and safety after the development of femtosecond as well as mechanical tunnels.]]> 2018/7/20 11:38:04 Abdullhamid Alghamdi 161true METHODS: This cross sectional survey was conducted among Nigerian Ophthalmology resident doctors attending an annual Neuro-ophthalmology course jointly organized by the West African College of Surgeons and the Ophthalmological Society of Nigeria Southeast-South south zone(OSN SESS), preparatory to the part 1 and 2 fellowship examination from 15^th to 21^st June 2015. A pre-tested closed-ended questionnaire adapted and modified for this study was self-administered at the end of the course to all consenting participants. Data on respondent's socio-demographics and views about rural eye care services were collected. In addition, information was collected on the respondents' perception of rural practice, willingness to practice in the rural area, benefits and barriers to working in the rural area. Data were analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences(SPSS), version 19(SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). Descriptive analysis yielded measures of central tendency while comparative statistical tests for significance of observed inter-group differences was performed using Chi-square. In all comparisons, the P- value for statistical significance was set at P<0.05.

RESULTS: The total number of respondents was 44 aged 32.9±0.56y, comprising of 24(54.5%)males and 20 females with a male to female ratio of 1:0.8. All the respondents viewed the current state of rural service in Nigeria as unsatisfactory. Majority(75.0%)of the respondents were unwilling to practice Ophthalmology in rural areas. More females than males indicated willingness to work in the rural area. The commonest potential benefit of working in a rural area mentioned by the respondents was “health services for the poor/serving the country”(37; 84%)while all the respondents(44; 100%), noted absence of infrastructure/facilities as drawback to rural ophthalmic practice.

CONCLUSION: All the respondents in our survey had an unsatisfactory perception of Nigeria's rural eye-care service and majority were unwilling to work in a rural area.]]> 2018/7/20 11:38:04 Ebere Achigbu, Obiekwe Okoye, Ada Aghaji, Chimdia Ogbonnaya, Chinyelu Ezisi, Nkiru Nwachukwu and Chimdi Chuka-Okosa 160true METHODS: One hundred normal eyes of 100 subjects who underwent spectral-domain optical coherence tomography(SD-OCT)were included in this retrospective study. The distances between the external limiting membrane(ELM)line and the photoreceptor inner segment/outer segment(IS/OS)line(ELM-IS/OS), the IS/OS line and the cone outer segment tips(COST)line(IS/OS-COST), the COST line and the retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)complex(COST-RPE)and the full retinal thickness(RT)were measured at the fovea and on four quarters. The relationship between thickness and age or sex was then analysed.

RESULTS: A thinner RT was observed in women in a multiple regression analysis(men: 234.47±16.79 μm; women: 223.13±15.43 μm). The RT on the nasal quarter and the ELM-IS/OS thickness at the fovea and on the four quarters were significantly and negatively correlated with age. The IS/OS-COST and COST-RPE thicknesses at the fovea and on the four quarters were not significantly correlated with age or sex, respectively. The RT at the fovea was significantly thinner than on the four quarters. The ELM-IS/OS, IS/OS-COST and COST-RPE thicknesses at the fovea were significantly thicker than on the four quarters.

CONCLUSION: In normal eyes, the RT thickness on the nasal quarter and the ELM-IS/OS thickness were significantly and negatively correlated with age. The IS/OS-COST and COST-RPE thicknesses were not significantly correlated with age or sex.]]> 2018/6/27 10:52:28 Zi-Jing Li, Yu-Qing Lan, Jian-Hui Xiao, Peng Zeng, Xiang Gao and Yun-Ru Liao 159true METHODS: This survey consisted of the 2 following parts: 2859 community residents aged >60 years old and 4275 patients with T2DM who were older than 30 years old in Qingdao. Ophthalmic examinations were performed on all patients. A questionnaire was used to obtain the patient's age and gender, the duration of diabetes mellitus(DM), glycaemic control and their knowledge of diabetic retinopathy(DR). Blood pressure and haemoglobin levels were recorded. All included patients underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic examination that included a fundus examination and retinal photographs and that assigned a grade for the severity of retinopathy according to the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study(ETDRS)severity scale. Patients with severe non-proliferative or proliferative diabetic retinopathy and clinically significant macular edema(CSME)required ophthalmic therapy were assigned to the need-treatment group, while the remaining patients with DR were assigned to the need-observation group. Correlation and regression analyses were performed to determine the required-treatment rate and risk factors for DR. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios(OR)and 95% confidence intervals(CI)after adjustment for age, gender and the duration of diabetes.

RESULTS: DR was present in 334(11.68%)of the 2859 community residents aged >60 years old and 1097(25.66%)of the 4275 hospital patients with T2DM, and 48(14.81%)of the residents and 172(15.68%)of the hospital patients required ophthalmic therapy. In univariate and multivariate logistic analyses, factors including the age of the patients(51-60 years old: OR, 1.68; 95%CI, 1.21-1.72; 61-70 years old: OR, 1.55; 95%CI, 1.38-1.76), the duration of diabetes(11-15 years: OR, 2.61; 95%CI, 1.51-4.72; >15 years: OR, 4.15; 95%CI, 2.32-5.77), glycaemic control(medium: OR, 2.51; 95%CI, 1.98-3.92; poor: OR, 4.69; 95%CI, 3.39-6.95), and knowledge of DR(did not understand: OR, 1.45; 95%CI, 1.21-1.95)were significantly associated with the required-treatment rate in DR, while gender, low and advanced age(31-50 years old and >70 years old), duration of disease(<10y), hypertension, and insulin treatment did not.

CONCLUSION: The prevalence rate and the required-treatment rate in DR in Qingdao are relatively high. Being aged 51-70 years old and having a duration of diabetes >10y, poor glycaemic control and a lack of knowledge of DR were found to be potential risk factors that increased the rate of required ophthalmic therapy in patients with DR. In patients with T2DM who were aged 51-70 years old, we found that focusing on using science and education to strengthen the patients' knowledge of DR, establishing specifications for a community DR screening system, and effectively implementing early intervention in the community of DR-affected individuals were particularly important for preventing and controlling the high DR prevalence and the high rate of DR-associated blindness]]> 2018/6/27 10:52:29 Rong-Rong Wang, De-Zu Wang, Jin-Tao Sun and Gui-Xiang Liu 158true METHODS: It was an observational and cross sectional hospital based study. One hundred and three microscopists working at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital were recruited in the study. All subjects had a comprehensive eye examination including static retinoscopy, dynamic retinoscopy and orthoptic evaluation. Information about their visual symptoms associated with microscopy was also collected.

RESULTS: The prevalence of refractive error in this group of microscopists was 69.90%. Majority of the subjects were myopic(68.93% of total subjects)with the mean myopic error of -1.58±1.89 D. Convergence insufficiency was found in 61.20% of the study population. Prevalence of accommodative insufficiency and infacility were 41.30% and 40.06% respectively. Fusional vergence was also reduced in this study population. The outcomes of this study were expected to increase the awareness about the refractive and binocular vision anomalies among this population.

CONCLUSION: There was found to be increased prevalence of refractive error in clinical microscopists, especially myopia. Majority of them had vergence and accommodative anomalies. Most of the subjects reported asthenopic symptoms associated with their microscopy work, which may affect their work efficiency.]]> 2018/6/27 10:52:29 Rajeshwori Ngakhushi, Raju Kaiti, Sanjeev Bhattarai and Gulshan Bdr Shrestha 157true METHODS: This retrospective single center study evaluated 32(35 eyes)patients who received an ICL for myopia and/or astigmatism after keratoplasty. Patients underwent ICL surgery if they were unable to wear glasses or contact lenses and excimer laser surgery was contraindicated. Data were collected on uncorrected distance visual acuity(UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity(CDVA), refraction and complications. Data were analyzed for the preoperative and last postoperative visits(16.7±13mo)(P<0.05).

RESULTS: Preoperatively, spherical equivalent(SE)ranged from -4.00 to -20.00 D and cylinder from -2.00 to -9.00 D. The mean SE decreased statistically significantly from -11.41±3.62 D preoperatively to -1.95±1.78 D postoperatively(P<0.0001). Mean UDVA increased statistically significantly from 20/400 preoperatively to 20/25 postoperatively(P<0.0001). There was a mean improvement in postoperative CDVA of 1.5 lines compared to preoperatively, 37% of eyes had an increase of 2 or more lines. One eye(2.8%)lost ≥ 1 line of CDVA. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications.

CONCLUSION: Posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens implantation is a safe and effective treatment for post-keratoplasty myopia and astigmatism in patients who are unable to wear spectacles or contact lenses and where corneal refractive surgery is contraindicated.]]> 2018/5/25 15:46:38 Nasser A Alsabaani, Abdullah Abubaker and Salem Almalki 156true METHODS: Patients who received LASEK were included and divided into Group T1(15s≤t≤45s)and T2(5sRESULTS: A total of 196 eyes of 98 patients were included with 98 eyes in Group T1 and 98 eyes in Group T2. With the exception of peripheral ACA, central CV and HEX in Group T1 and T2, which significantly changed at 1wk after the surgery(P<0.05), there was no significant difference in central and peripheral parameters within both groups or between the groups(P >0.05).

CONCLUSION: Although transient acute changes in central CV and HEX and peripheral ACA were observed, there is no significant effect on the long-term corneal health status when MMC is applied in a reasonable time range in LASEK surgery.]]> 2018/5/25 15:46:38 Kai-Yun Zhang and Ya-Ling Ma 155true METHODS: Keratoconic corneas were examined using the Pentacam. Corneal densitometry was measured over a 12-mm diameter area, divided by annular concentric zones and depths, more over anterior and posterior corneal elevation was measured. Keratoconus was classified according to the topographic keratoconus classification.

RESULTS: A total of 152 subjects \〖72 patients with keratoconus(46 male, 26 female)and 80 healthy control subjects(50 male,30 female)\〗 were included in the study. There were significant differences in corneal densitometry values of the groups in central 2 mm keratoconus(KC)=19.62±4.17 gray scale unit(GSU), N=15.38±1.54 GSU(P<0.0001), and in annulus of 2 to 6 mm in diameter(K=16.40±2.18 GSU, N=15.31±1.25 GSU, P<0.0001). When densitometry values for different depths were examined, the anterior layer presented the highest value(KC=23.69±3.71 GSU, N=20.91±2.52 GSU, P<0.0001), which was significantly higher than the values obtained in the central and posterior layer(KC=14.34±1.70 GSU, N=13.61±1.21 GSU, P=0.001 and KC=11.40±1.23 GSU, N=12.35±0.88, P=0.002 respectively). Analysis of the correlation between corneal densitometry for each layer depth(anterior, central and posterior)with posterior corneal elevation values demonstrated significant association(r=0.293, r=0.278 and r=0.294 respectively). The similar correlation was not found between corneal densitometry for each layer depth and anterior corneal elevation(r=-0.211, r=-0.101, r=0.99 respectively). In the control patients such a significant correlation between posterior/anterior corneal elevation and corneal light backscatter for each layer depth was not found.

CONCLUSION: The densitometry map reveals that light backscatter was higher in the central portion of the anterior keratoconic cornea. Corneal densitometry values of keratoconus patients were correlated with posterior corneal elevation in 0-2, 6-10 and 10-12 annuli and in all anterior, central and posterior layers. The densitometry level was higher in more advanced stages.]]> 2018/5/25 15:46:38 Mohammad Mirzaei, Nazli Taheri, Hossein Akhlaghi and Hesam Sadat Hashemi 154true METHODS: A prospective study. Thirty young adults were randomly selected. Each individual was exposed to 3D viewing thrice in a day for a fixed distance and the distance was varied on three consecutive days. Same video of equal duration and different screen sizes were used for every distance. Cyclic 3D mode of K-multimedia(KM)player was used for projecting the 3D video. Different variables like stereopsis, amplitude of accommodation, near point of accommodation, near phoria and asthenopic symptoms were recorded immediately after 3D video viewing. Stereopsis was measured with “Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek” or “Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research”(TNO test), amplitude of accommodation and NPC were measured using RAF ruler, near phoria was measured using prism bar and a closed ended sample questionnaire was used to know the occurrence of asthenopic symptoms. Statistical analyses were performed using descriptive statistics, paired t-test etc. Qualitative data was analyzed using Chi-square test.

RESULTS: For every distance of 40 cm, 3 m and 6 m, amplitude of accommodation was significantly reduced by 0.66 D, 1.12 D and 1.44 D. NPC got significantly receded by 0.63 cm, 0.93 cm and 1.23 cm, and the near phoria was significantly increased by 0.87, and 2.2 prism dioptres(PD)base-in respectively. It was found that most of the subjects got pain around the eyes, headache and irritation for each viewing distance. This study also revealed that 3D video viewing in theaters may increase the symptoms of headache, watering and irritation. Symptoms like headache, watering, fatigue, irritation and nausea may increase considerably at home environment and symptoms such as headache and watering may cause significant discomfort by 3D viewing using a laptop.

CONCLUSION: There was a significant difference in amplitude of accommodation, NPC, near phoria and asthenopic symptoms before and after viewing a 3D video and also at three viewing distances. There was a predominant occurrence of asthenopic symptoms after 3D video viewing at different distances.]]> 2018/4/24 14:27:15 Oleeviya Joseph, Lavanya Kalikivayi, Sajeev Cherian Jacob and Venkataramana Kalikivayi 153true METHODS: Fifty-two eyes of 35 patients with open angle glaucoma were included. A total of 69 hemiretinas with photographically identified RFNL defects were analyzed using the fast RNFL scan of Stratus OCT and the circle scan in Spectralis OCT. The OCT parameters were evaluated at 5% and 1% abnormality levels using the instruments' built-in normative databases. The diagnostic sensitivity of each parameter was compared between the two devices.

RESULTS: The Spectralis OCT detected RNFL defects within each quadrant more frequently than the Stratus OCT at both the 5%(79.7% vs 63.8%, P=0.01)and 1%(56.5% vs 40.6%, P=0.01)abnormality levels. At the 1% abnormality level, the sensitivity was significantly higher in the standard sector of Spectralis OCT than in the clock-hour sector of the Stratus OCT(68.1% vs 39.1%, P <0.01).

CONCLUSIONS: Using the instruments' built-in normative databases, the diagnostic sensitivity of the Spectralis OCT parameters was higher than that of the Stratus OCT parameters for detecting glaucomatous RNFL defects.]]> 2018/4/24 14:27:15 Jae Keun Chung and Young Cheol Yoo 152true METHODS: Serum levels of 25-hydroxy Vitamin D(Vitamin D)were measured using liquid chromatography. Variables like age, sex and medical history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus and ischemic heart disease were reported.

RESULTS: This study included a total of 55 patients with XFS/XFG and 60 control subjects. Patients with XFS/XFG were significantly older than control subjects(mean age: 71.8y vs 67.5y, P=0.002). Gender distribution was similar. The prevalence rates of diabetes, hypertension, and ischemic heart disease were not significantly different between the two groups. The mean of Vitamin D was 14.7 ng/mL for patients with XFS/XFG and 14.9 ng/mL for control subjects with no significant difference. Although Vitamin D level was lower in the XFS/XFG group but multivariate analysis did not show significant difference in Vitamin D deficiency between the two groups after adjusting for age, gender, and medical conditions.

CONCLUSION: The outcomes of our study are different from those in the literature. Vitamin D levels were low in both the XFS/XFG group and the control group being lower in the first one but that difference was not statistically significant. XFS and Vitamin D deficiency share common associations with certain systemic diseases. Further studies with larger numbers are needed to elaborate more on these associations and to support further the controversial literature.]]> 2018/4/24 14:27:15 Wisam A Shihadeh, Mustafa R Al-Hashimi, Mohammed B Khalil, Alaa Al-Dabbagh, Majd Al-Shalakhti, Saied A Jaradat and Yousef Khader 151true METHODS: Totally 30 children, aged 4-16 years old, 18 with ametropic amblyopia(AMA), and 12 with anisometropic amblyopia(ANA)were recruited in this study. A binocular 3D shutter glasses technology visual training system was used for training trials. Each training time lasted 1h, and the number of training trials totaled 33(mean±SD: 32±8)times on average, per-person. Before and after each training trial, the best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)of each eye, range of fusion by synoptophore, as well as near and distance stereopsis acuity by Yan Shaoming random-dot test and synoptophore respectively was measured.

RESULTS: A significant difference was found pre- and post treatment in BCVA in both kinds of amblyopia studied. Significant improvement was also found in fusion range and stereopsis acuity. The improvement of fusion range and stereopsis recovery could be seen in ANA than in AMA patients. The near stereopsis acuity recovery in ANA group might more easily to regain stereoacuity at near than in AMA group.

CONCLUSION: S3D display vision training systems are indicated for the recovery of stereoacuity in children with amblyopia.]]> 2018/4/24 14:27:15 Hong-Wei Deng, Ping Huang, Hua-Hong Zhong, Nyankerh Cyril Nii Amankwah and Jun Zhao 150true METHODS: Using an OPD-Scan Ⅱ wavefront analyzer, aberrometric parameters of the corneal surface in one eye of 80 patients with keratoconus(KC)and 91 participants with normal eyes were evaluated. The Zernike coefficients from third- to sixth-order as well as root mean square(RMS)of primary coma, coma-like aberrations, and total HOA were calculated and compared between both groups.

RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found in all aberrometric parameters between the measurements of the KC and normal participants(P<0.001). All of the aberrometric parameters were significantly higher in the KC patients compared to the normal group(P<0.001).

CONCLUSION: Corneal wavefront measurements by means of OPD-Scan Ⅱ were significantly higher in keratoconic corneas than normal corneas.]]> 2018/3/26 15:30:52 Mohammad Naderan, Ali Jahanrad and Mahgol Farjadnia 149true METHODS:It was a retrospective study. We collected the cases in which the patients underwent phacoemulsification(PHACO)and IOL implantation and at least one of the three types of IOL was implanted, including 2-haptic 3-piece IOLs(HOYA PY60AD), 4-haptic 1-piece IOLs(Bausch & Lomb AO), 2-haptic 1-piece IOLs(AMO Tecnis ZCB00). The posterior capsule folds were measured using slit lamp microscope 2d after the surgery. Information of patient's age, gender, length of ocular axis, intraocular pressure, types of IOL were recorded. Posterior capsule fold risk indicators were identified by using logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS: One hundred eighty-seven patients(242 eyes)had been collected, including 80 eyes implanted with HOYA PY60AD IOLs, 81 eyes implanted with Bausch & Lomb AO IOLs, 81 eyes implanted with AMO Tecnis ZCB00 IOLs. The incidence of posterior capsule folds of patients implanted with HOYA PY60AD IOLs was significantly higher than those of patients implanted with AMO Tecnis ZCB00 IOLs(56.3% vs 38.3%, P=0.027). While the incidence of patients implanted with Bausch & Lomb AO IOLs was significantly lower than those of patients implanted with AMO Tecnis ZCB00 IOLs(14.8% vs 38.3%, P=0.001). Multi-factor logistics regression analysis demonstrated that independent risk factors were type of IOLs and length of ocular axis. Compared with AMO Tecnis ZCB00 IOLs, using HOYA PY60AD IOLs increased the risk of posterior capsule folds \〖P=0.020, OR(95%CI)=2.145(1.129,4.073)\〗, while using Bausch & Lomb AO IOLs reduced the risk \〖P=0.001, OR(95%CI)=0.274(0.127, 0.591)\〗. Shorter ocular axis might increase the risk of posterior capsule folds \〖P=0.012, OR(95%CI)=0.669(0.489, 0.915)\〗.

CONCLUSION: Haptic design should be an important consideration in IOL design. Compared with AMO Tecnis ZCB00 IOLs, using HOYA PY60AD IOLs is more likely to lead to posterior capsule folds formation, while using Bausch & Lomb AO IOLs is less likely to lead the formation. The posterior capsule folds are more engendered in eyes with shorter ocular axis.]]> 2018/3/26 15:30:52 Ling-Lin Zhang, Jing Yuan and Xiao-Jun Cai 148true 2018/3/26 15:30:52 Rajendran Punitan, Haslinda Said, Evelyn Li Min Tai and Ismail Shatriah 147true METHODS: Cross-sectional study. Thirty patients with unilateral idiopathic FTMH and thirty age, sex, and race-matched controls were recruited. Axial lengths were measured using laser interferometry. Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography images were obtained using Heidelberg spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Choroidal thickness was measured at the fovea, and at 1 mm and 2 mm nasally, temporally, superiorly and inferiorly from the center of the fovea. Statistical analysis was performed using independent and paired t-tests, chi-square tests, and Pearson correlation tests(P<0.05).

RESULTS: The mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was 201.0±44.0 μm in the FTMH group, 225.3±51.4 μm in the fellow eye group and 262.3±70.3 μm in the control group. The choroid was thinner in FTMH eyes at all locations when compared to control eyes(P<0.05). The fellow eye group also had thinner choroids than the control group at all locations except at 1 mm and 2 mm nasal to the fovea(P<0.05). Choroidal thickness in the FTMH group was lower than in the fellow eye group, but the differences were not statistically significant(P>0.05). Choroidal thickness was generally highest subfoveally and lowest nasally. Subfoveal choroidal thickness was negatively correlated with age(r=-0.278, P=0.032), and axial length(r=-0.328, P=0.011).

CONCLUSION: Choroidal thickness is lower in both eyes of patients with unilateral FTMH compared to healthy control eyes.]]> 2018/2/27 14:49:15 Chew Y Tan, Selva R Vengadasalam, Amir Samsudin and Nurliza Khaliddin 146true METHODS: Retrospective study. Visual acuity(VA), a full biomicroscopic examination(anterior segment and fundus), and optical coherence tomography(OCT)findings were noted at every visit. All patients were followed monthly. The VA values for the visits closest to 12, 24, and 36mo were analysed. Totally 101 eyes of 73 patients were enrolled. According to the initial VA, the patients were divided three groups: initial VA ≤ 35(Group 1), 36-54(Group 2), and ≥55 letters(Group 3). After three loading doses of 0.5 mg Ranibizumab if retreatment was needed, again, 0.5 mg Ranibizumab was administered.

RESULTS: Totally 57 of the 101 eyes were from males and 44 were from females. The average age was 75.1y. The difference on the changes of VA among three groups at 24 and 36mo were statistically significant(P=0.002 and 0.0001 respectively). At the end of the 36-month follow-up the VA increase in Group 2 was significant(P=0.001). At the 12, 24 and 36mo visits most of the eyes showed no VA loss and most of these eyes were in Group 1. The average number of injections administered was 7.3 and the average number of visits was 23.9 during the follow-up.

CONCLUSION: VA improvement was significant in those with mild initial VA(36-54 letters). Most eyes showed no VA loss regardless of the initial VA. No correlation between the final VA and the average number of injections.]]> 2018/2/27 14:49:15 Burak Simsek, Aylin Ardagil Akcakaya, Isilay Ozsoy Koyun and Sevil Ari Yaylali 145true METHODS: All diabetic patients who were referred for diabetic retinopathy(DR)screening during 1mo were enrolled. Demographic data were recorded. All patients have undergone full ophthalmic exam. At the same day, all patients were tested for hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c), ESR, hs-CRP, and Cys-C serum levels.

RESULTS: Sixty seven diabetics were enrolled, including 19(28.3%)without retinopathy, 22(32.8%)non-proliferative retinopathy, and 26(38.8%)proliferative retinopathy patients. The mean age, sex distribution, mean duration of diabetes, prevalence of hypertension and dyslipidemia, smoking status and HbA1c levels were not significantly different among the three groups. The mean levels of Cys-C increase significantly as retinopathy progress \〖1.1±0.48; 1.22±0.38; 1.71±0.92(P=0.007), respectively\〗. In multiple regression analysis, just Cys-C was significantly associated with severity of DR(P=0.025).

CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that serum levels of Cys-C increase while DR progress independently of acute phase reactants. Therefore, it could be used as an associated marker by primary care physicians to distinguish patients at higher risk of severe DR. Larger randomized studies are warranted to confirm findings. Reviewing physiological role of the Cys-C, we proposed that the Cys-C may be a protective response to catalytic stress rather than being a pathogenic factor in microangiopathies.]]> 2018/2/27 14:49:15 Joobin Khadamy, Gholamhossein Yaghoobi, Abbas Hosseini Rad, Mahnaz Najafi, Saeed Reza Heydari and Pardis Khademi 144true METHODS:A retrospective comparative no-inferiority study to 162 patients(162 eyes)who undergone cataract surgery, either phacoemulsification or MSICS combined with silicone oil removal which had pars plana vitrectomy.

RESULTS:There were no statistically significant different in hypotony between phacoemulsification group(21 patients; 18.91%)and MSICS group(8 patients; 15.68%)(P=0.666). There was also no statistically significant different between two group in 1mo retinal reattachment rate; 8 patients(7.2%)in phacoemulsification group had redetachment compared with 9 patients(17.64%)in MSICS combined with silicone oil removal group(P=0.055).

CONCLUSION:MSICS combined with silicone oil removal has non-inferiority result to phacoemulsification combined with silicone oil removal in hypotony, leakage, choroidal detachment and retinal reattachment rate.]]> 2018/1/19 9:47:41 Arief S Kartasasmita, Ohisa Harley, Mareta Gustianingsih and Erwin Iskandar 143true METHODS: The prospective randomized controlled trial study was conducted between February 2017 and April 2017 in Dr. YAP Eye Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. There were a total of 52 subjects(52 eyes)who were senile cataract patients further grouped into two, 26 patients undergoing the phacoemulsification procedure using RL irrigating solution and the other 26 patients with BSS irrigating solution, both conducted by one operator. On the 1, 7, and 28d post operative, an evaluation was done to measure the density and corneal endothelial cell morphology, as well as the variable of inflammation in the two groups.

RESULTS: Fifty-two eyes had undergone phacoemulsification with posterior intraocular lens implantation. Both groups were evaluated for the endothelial cell reduction and corneal endothelial cell morphology change, along with post-operative inflammation. On the 28d post-operative, endothelial cell reduction in the BSS group(173.96 cell/mm², 8.12%)was lower than the RL group(253.20 cell/mm², 10.25%), percentage of corneal endothelial cell variation coefficient increase in the BSS group(2.92%, 8.36%)was lower compared to the RL group(3.42%, 9.96%), decrease of hexagonal cells of corneal endothelium cells presentation percentage in the BSS group(4.30%, 8.17%)was lower compared to the RL group(4.84%, 8.97%), and the percentage increase of central corneal thickness in the BSS group(4.69 μm, 0.89%)was almost equal to the RL group(4.53 μm, 0.90%). All of the results regarding difference in density and corneal cell endothelium morphology between the two groups did not reveal any statistically significant difference(P>0.05). Inflammatory variable in the two groups were even.

CONCLUSION: BSS and RL were equal in their capability of maintaining endothelial cell loss and endothelial cell morphologic change in senile cataract patients after phacoemulsification.]]> 2018/1/19 9:47:41 Farahdina Rahmawati, Agus Supartoto, Wasisdi Gunawan, Retno Ekantini, Rinanto Prabowo and Indra Tri Mahayana 142true METHODS: This retrospective consecutive study included 22 eyes of 16 patients with more than 2.50 diopters(D)of corneal preexisting astigmatism having cataract. Preoperative and postoperative uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA), best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), objective and subjective refraction and keratometric and topographic cylinder were measured. Postoperative the toric IOL axis was evaluated using vector analysis.

RESULTS: Postoperatively, subjective refractive cylinder was reduced significant(P<0.05)from 4.05±1.53D to 1.35±0.86D. The component J₀ reduced in magnitude from -0.81±2.02D to -0.12±0.62D(P<0.05). Both, UCVA and BCVA improved significantly at 1mo after surgery(P<0.05 in both cases). After the surgery, the UCVA and BCVA were 0.24±0.19 and 0.06±0.08, respectively. The mean toric IOL axis rotation was 2.95±5.25 degree, with rotation less than 10 degrees in 86.36% of eyes. No differences in mean keratometric values obtained before and after surgery were found(P >0.05 for J₀ and J₄₅).

CONCLUSION: Implantation of the Bi-Flex toric IOL is a safe and effective method to correct the preexisting regular astigmatism(greater than 2.50D).]]> 2018/1/19 9:47:41 Irene Simo, Rafael Freiria and Laura Remón 141true METHODS: In this prospective, interventional case series a total of 24 eyes from 24 patients were studied. There were 5 eyes with symptomatic vitreomacular traction syndrome(VMT)and 19 eyes with retinal vascular diseases including diabetic macular edema(DME), diabetic vitreous hemorrhage(VH), central retinal vein occlusion(CRVO)and neovascular age related macular degeneration(AMD). Measurement of visual acuity, B-scan and OCT were performed at the baseline and 1mo after injections. Three eyes with VMT received a single intravitreal injection of 50 μg and two eyes received 100 μg TPA. And 19 eyes with retinal vascular diseases received combined intravitreal TPA(50 μg)and bevacizumab(1.25 mg).

RESULTS: The mean ages for retinal vascular diseases and VMT patients were 56.8y and 60.4y, respectively. Ten patients(41.7%)were male and 14 patients(58.3%)were female. And 22 eyes(91.7%)were phakic and 2 eyes(8.3%)were pseudophakic. The incidence of posterior vitreous detachment(PVD)was 0(0 of 5)and 57.8%(11 of 19)for VMT and retinal vascular diseases, respectively(P=0.04). Improvement of best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)and decrement of central macular thickness(CMT)were significantly greater in PVD positive eyes compared with PVD negative eyes.

CONCLUSION: Intravitreal injection of TPA was not successful to induce complete PVD in VMT patients. Combined intravitreal injection of TPA and bevacizumab can induce PVD and improve BCVA and decrease central macular thickness in eyes with retinal vascular diseases.]]> 2018/1/19 9:47:41 Saeed Karimi, Masoud Soheilian, Homayoun Nikkhah and Azadeh Haseli Mofrad 140true METHODS: Study sample consisted of 37 Caucasian children and young adults aged between 12 and 23 years(spherical equivalent from -3.00D to +4.00D, anisometropia <0.5D and axial length differences <0.3mm). Normal inter-ocular asymmetry values were determined and 95% inter-ocular difference tolerance values were obtained.

RESULTS: Statistically significant inter-ocular differences were found in mean(P=0.003)and superior(P=0.008)retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)thickness, as well as in central macular thickness(P=0.039), with larger values in the left eye in all instances, and with tolerance limits of inter-ocular asymmetry of -9.00μm to 6.00μm, -28.00μm to 9μm and -39.00μm to 29.00μm, respectively. In addition, statistically significant differences were found between males and females in mean thickness of the RNFL in the right eye(P=0.020).

CONCLUSION: The exploration of the normal asymmetries of the retina may be an effective approach to further understand myopia onset and progression, which is particularly relevant in this age group. Differences in instrumentation and sample characteristics compromise direct comparison with published research and warrant the need for further studies.]]> 2017/12/18 10:32:18 Zeyad Alzaben, Genís Cardona, Ahmad Zaben and Miguel A Zapata 139true in vivo spectral-domain optical coherence tomography(SD-OCT)to investigate ocular surface epithelial thickness changes in patients treated with oral isotretinoin.

METHODS: A total of 64 eyes of 64 acne vulgaris patients were enrolled into two group: thirty-two patients received 0.5 mg/kg isotretinoin daily(Group A), and the other 32 patients received 0.8 mg/kg daily(Group B). The central corneal thickness(CCT), central corneal epithelium thickness(CCET), central corneal epithelium basal membrane thickness(CCEBMT), non-epithelial central corneal thickness(NECCT)and bulbar conjunctival epithelium thickness(BCET)were evaluated using SD-OCT at baseline, at the 45^th day, at the fourth month of treatment and at the first month after the end of treatment.

RESULTS: There were 44 females(68.75%)and 20 males(31.25%)with a mean age of 21.68±3.75y. In both groups, CCET, CCT and BCET were significantly thinner at the 45^th day, at the fourth month of the treatment and at the first month after the end of treatment as compared with baseline. CCEBMT decreased significantly at the 45^th day and at the fourth month of treatment, but there was no difference between the baseline and the last visit. There were no significant difference in NECCT during and after treatment as compared with the baseline.

CONCLUSION:Ocular surface epithelial thickness decreased in patients treated with oral isotretinoin, whereas NECCT was not affected. The decreasing corneal thickness in patients treated with isotretinon is mainly due to epithelial thinning. After a one-month cessation of isotretinoin treatment, CCEBMT returned to the baseline value, and ocular surface epithelial thickness increased.]]> 2017/12/18 10:32:18 Mehmet Giray Ersoz, Irfan Botan Gunes, Leyla Hazar, Didem Didar Balci and Berkant Oman 138true METHODS: This case-control study was conducted on all persons referred to Ophthalmology Clinic of teaching Hospital of Vali-Asr(peace upon to him)with clinical symptoms of pterygium during the year 2016. The control group was selected among patients referred to the Ophthalmology Clinic of Vali-Asr(peace without pterygium)that the two groups were matched in terms of age, gender and place of residence. Sixty-six persons \〖31 people(47%)in patient group and 35 people(53%)in the control group\〗 were enrolled by convenience sampling. Venous blood sample was taken from all patients after the sampling using ferric reducing antioxidant power(FRAP); FRAP- as a quick 10min measurement, the antioxidant power measurement of samples according to the conversion of ferric iron(Fe³⁺)to ferrous iron(Fe²⁺)was checked. The collected data ware entered to software SPSS 21 and were analyzed by chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests at the level of α =0.05.

RESULTS: The mean of antioxidant capacity in patients was 842.55±161.46 μmol/L and antioxidant capacity in healthy controls was 856.77±209.41 μmol/L(P=0.8). In the comparison of mean serum antioxidant capacity in healthy individuals and in the serum of people with pterygium based on gender the results showed that the antioxidant capacity mean in male control subjects has been 894.05±176.82 μmol/L and in females control 780.01±118.33 μmol/L that the observed difference have been reported statistically significant(P=0.008)but the other comparison according the gender between cases and control does not show any significant difference.

CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that the full level of serum antioxidant capacity in patients has been less than the mean of antioxidant capacity in control subjects, however the observed difference has not been significant. The results of this study were consistent with basic results carried out on the damaging effects of oxidative stress in the pterygium pathogenesis. Recommending diet with minerals and vitamins containing antioxidants may be preventing the onset and progression of pterygium.]]> 2017/12/18 10:32:18 Heydari Behrooz, Yaghoobi Gholamhossein, Zarban Asghar, Hosseini Rad Abbas and Feizmohammadi Akram 137true METHODS: In this prospective study, keratometry was performed using an IOL Master(IM), a Bausch & Lomb manual keratometer(Man)and TOPCON KR-8800 autokeratometer(Top)on 252 eyes of patients recruited from camps for cataract surgery. The average keratometry values were recorded and compared. The agreements between the instruments were analyzed using the Bland-Altman statistical method. The main outcome measure was average keratometry values.

RESULTS:1)IOL Master and Manual keratometer: the mean corneal power was 44.62±1.52 D with the IOL Master and 44.60±1.52 D with the Manual keratometer. The paired t-test demonstrated a statistically significant difference in the mean corneal power between the IOL Master and Manual keratometer(P=0.001). The 95% LOAs of the two devices were -0.22 to 0.22 as shown in the Bland-Altman plot; 2)IOL Master and autokeratometer: the mean corneal power was 44.62±1.52 D with the IOL Master and 44.46±1.53 D with the autokeratometer. The paired t-test demonstrated a statistically significant difference in the mean corneal power between the IOL Master and autokeratometer(P<0.0001). The 95% LOAs of the two devices were -0.24 to 0.55 as shown in the Bland-Altman plot; 3)Autokeratometer and Manual keratometer: the mean corneal power was 44.60±1.52 D with Manual keratometer and 44.46±1.53 D with the autokeratometer. The paired ttest demonstrated a statistically significant difference in the mean corneal power between the autokeratometer and Manual keratometer(P<0.0001). The 95% LOAs of the two devices were -0.30 to 0.57 as shown in the Bland-Altman plot.

CONCLUSION: Keratometry data obtained with different instruments may not be interchangeable, a fact that has important implications for cataract surgeons with respect to both surgical planning and outcomes auditing.]]> 2017/12/18 10:32:18 Arpitha Pereira and Ajita Sasidharan 136true METHODS:This retrospective study included 117 eyes of 63 children with bilateral pediatric cataract undergoing cataract surgery and primary IOL implantation. The patients were divided into two groups, Group I included 58 eyes of 30 patients with PMMA IOLs; Group II included 59 eyes of 33 patients with hydrophobic acrylic IOLs. The clinical features, refraction errors, best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)and surgical complications were compared between two groups.

RESULTS:The mean age at the time of surgery was 5.8(2-12)y and mean follow up period was 40.5(6-196)mo. Postoperatively, BCVA was ≥0.5 in 80 eyes(68.4%)and this was comparable in two groups. Visual axis opacification was seen in 28 eyes(48.3%)in Group I and 16 eyes(27.1%)in Group II and this difference was statistically significant(P=0.018). Postoperative IOL dislocation and posterior synechia formation were also noted. When all postoperative complications were considered, there were significantly less complications in the acrylic IOL group than PMMA IOL group(P=0.020).

CONCLUSION: Pediatric cataract surgery with primary IOL implantation is a safe procedure. Hydrophobic acrylic IOLs may lead to less postoperative complications compared to PMMA IOLs.]]> 2018/11/19 14:44:07 Gamze Uçan Gündüz, Ahmet Tuncer Özmen and Berna Akova Budak 135true METHODS: It was a longitudinal analysis of secondary clinical data collected from 105 non-glaucomatous eyes(of 82 patients)undergoing a cataract surgery. We studied the association between anterior chamber parameters, grade of cataract, demographics, and changes in the IOP over a period of 3wk. We also evaluated the association between the pressure-depth(PD)ratio and changes in the IOP during this time.

RESULTS: The mean age [standard deviation(SD)] of the 82 patients was 60.1(7.8)years. The mean SD IOP was 15.06(3.36)mmHg pre-operatively; it increased to 15.75(4.21)mmHg on day one(P=0.20). In the multifactorial models, the mean IOP was -1.715 \〖95% confidence intervals(CI): -2.795, -0.636\〗 mmHg on day 21(±5)compared with the pre-operative values. The anterior chamber depth(ACD), axial length, age, sex, and grade of cataract were not significantly associated with changes in the IOP. Each unit increase in the PD ratio was associated with an increase in the mean IOP by 1.289 mmHg(95% CI: 0.906, 1.671). After adjusting for pre-operative PD ratio, none of the other variables(ACD, axial length, temporal angle)were significantly associated with changes in mean IOP.

CONCLUSION: The PD ratio was the single most important factor associated with the changes in post-operative IOP over 3wk post surgery.]]> 2018/11/19 14:44:07 Rita Dhamankar, Nandini Chandok, Suhas S Haldipurkar, Tanvi Haldipurkar, Vijay Shetty and Maninder Singh Setia 134true METHODS: In a prospective double blind study, 29 patients with a diagnosis of MS were compared with 29 healthy patients, matched by age and sex. All participants underwent an OCT study and neurological EDSS test on the same day.

RESULTS: The mean EDSS score was 3.2 in the MS group vs 0.03 in the control group, and the duration of MS was 11.7y. The mean retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)thickness was significantly thinner in those with MS (P<0.001). Correlation was found between duration of MS and RNFL thinning. EDSS and thinning of RNFL showed a tendency to correlate but without statistical significance.

CONCLUSION: RNFL is thinner in MS patients than in the general population. MS duration has a direct statistically significant effect on RNFL thickness. There seems to be a tendency of a relationship between RNFL thinning and EDSS. OCT is suggested as a monitoring and evaluation tool of MS patients.]]> 2018/11/19 14:44:07 Yoav Yechezkel Pikkel, Muneer Abu Sneina, Vadim Igal, Yael Sara Pikkel Igal, Adi Nov-Sharabi, Ayelet Armon-Omer, Radi Shahien and Joseph Pikkel 133true METHODS:Population-based cross-sectional of epidemiological investigation. Persons aged 50 years and older, recruited between May to October 2013, from Shunqing District of Nanchong, Sichuan province, China. Totally 2242 eligible residents who aged 50 years and older were selected using a stratified, clustered, and random sampling technique. All participants underwent a standardized interview concerning general data, physical examinations, laboratory examinations, and comprehensive eye examinations. The diagnostic criteria was followed the international clinical classification systems. The survey data were analyzed by statistical software SPSS 13.0.

RESULTS: Totally 2242 participates, whole examination were finished for 2097 persons, with the examination rate of 93.53%. There were 207 patients(283 eyes)were diagnosed as AMD, with the total prevalence rates of 9.87% and the standardized prevalence rates of 9.73%. Early and late AMD prevalence rates were 9.25% and 0.62%, respectively, among participants, in which the prevalence of exudative AMD were 0.14%. The prevalences of AMD in the age groups of 50-59, 60-69, 70-79 and no less than 80 years were 6.38%, 9.27%, 14.69% and 17.39%, respectively. The visual acuity of late AMD was significantly worse than early AMD. The prevalence of bilateral blindness and low vision were 0.48% and 1.45% of the AMD patients. There were eight factors associated with AMD: age, systolic blood pressure, smoking, sun exposure, history of diabetes, cataract surgery and serum total cholesterol were the risk factors of AMD, while the level of education was a protective factor.

CONCLUSION: The prevalence of AMD in Shunqing District of Nanchong was 9.87%. With the age increasing, the prevalence rate of AMD was significantly increased. The late AMD affected vision seriously. The risk factors of AMD included age, systolic blood pressure, smoking, sun exposure, history of diabetes, cataract surgery and serum total cholesterol, and the protective factor was the level of education.]]> 2018/10/22 14:57:10 Zhen Yang, Lin-Rui Li, Li-Shuai Xu, Le Dai and Xiao-Li Yang 132true METHODS: A total one thousand patients with age range from 38 to 70 years old who scheduled for phacoemulsification were divided into 2 groups of no statistically significant differences in age, preoperative intraocular pressure(IOP)and central macular thickness(CMT), P=0.6, 0.9 and 0.8 respectively. The surgeries were done by 2 surgeons each one planned to use one method of prophylaxis at Eye Speciality Private Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq. For the 1^st group of patients(500)a topical moxifloxacin hydrochloride 0.5% and dexamethasone 0.1% eye drops were prescribed four times a day for 1mo postoperatively. For the 2^nd group intracameral(IC)diluted moxifloxacin at 0.1% with subconjunctival(SC)triamcinolone 4 mg in 0.4mL were administered at the conclusion of the surgery. Follow up visits were on the first postoperative day, 1wk, 1mo, and 3mo postoperatively. Anterior chamber(AC)reaction was examined during the 4 visits while IOP was measured during the last 3 and CMT was measured only in the last one.

RESULTS: The current clinical trial study compared 2 samples with 2 different prophylaxis methods. No endophthalmitis case reported in both group. By a 2-Sample t-test, the IC-treated group(group 2)had statistically significant lower AC cells at the 1^st day postoperative visit than the other group while there were no statistically significant differences at 1wk, 1 mo and 3mo visits between the 2 groups. There was no statistically significant difference at 3mo visits in IOP and CMT between the two groups. A breakthrough inflammation rate with the topical medication was 9.6% while in the other group(IC treated )was 4.0%. A significant IOP elevation ≥10 mmHg at 1mo in 2.4% within the topical medication group which was higher than the rate in the other group(0.8%).

CONCLUSION: In addition to the safety and effectivity of the combination of intracameral moxifloxacin and subconjunctival triamcinolone in preventing infection and inflammation after cataract surgery. The majority(480)of our included patients didn't require any topical postoperative medication that is cost saving for the patient, helped patients who were unable to administer topical medication, and decreased chance of complication related to patient poor adherence to postoperative medication.]]> 2018/9/14 16:29:43 Suzan Amana Rattan, Najah Kadhum Mohammad and Mahir Kadhim Mutashar 131true METHODS: In this comparative, retrospective study, data of 72 eyes of 72 patients undergoing SB for RRD at Minerva Hospital(Santa Maria Capua Vetere, Italy), divided in 2 groups of 36 eyes each were collected. In one group(group A)eyes underwent SB with chandelier, in the other one(group B)eyes underwent SB without using chandelier illumination system. Every eye of both groups was checked before surgery and at 1, 3, 7, 14, 30, 90 and 180d follow up. Parameters such as additional procedures, best spectacles visual acuity(BSVA)(measured with Snellen Lines as decimal fraction), surgical time and retinal breaks recurrences had been analyzed before and after surgery and statistical comparison have been run between two groups.

RESULTS: A significant(P<0.01)improvement in BSVA was observed at 6mo follow up in both groups; comparing groups A and B, no significant clinical differences was found in recurrences rate whereas mean surgical time in group A was statistically lower than the group B ones.

CONCLUSION: According to results observed, even if they need to be confirmed in further studies with larger population, chandelier illumination system could be considered a valuable tool for SB surgery in eyes affected by RRD.]]> 2018/9/14 16:29:44 Valerio Piccirillo, Michele Lanza, Carlo Irregolare, Antonello Iovine, Agostino Diplomatico, Sandro Sbordone and Alfonso Savastano 130true METHODS: Sixty-four patients(102 eyelids)were divided into three groups based on the degree of ptosis: mild(<2 mm); moderate(3-4 mm)and severe(>4 mm). All patients underwent the same levator resection surgery in which the suspensory system of the LPS is retained. After capturing a standard photograph of primary position, the height of the superior palpebral margin was measured preoperatively by using Image J software to calculate its ideal height required during surgery. Postoperative outcome measures included upper eyelid margin height, degree of scleral exposure and exposure keratitis. The patients were followed-up at 1wk, 1mo and 6mo postoperatively.

RESULTS: In the early postoperative period, except two cases with overcorrection, the positions of the eyelid upper margins were normal in all cases in the mild and moderate groups. Six months postoperatively, the eye with overcorrection in the moderate group showed improvement, while the eye in the mild group did not. Seven eyes in the severe group exhibited residual ptosis to varying degrees. The eyelids exhibited appropriate closing functionality; exposure keratitis was absent.

CONCLUSION:Using this preoperative quantification technique to guide surgery not only provided a gauge for LPS shortening under general anesthesia, but also increased the success rate of surgery.]]> 2018/9/14 16:29:44 Xin-Yu Huang, Xing-Xing Wang, Hui-Zhen Huang and Yuan-Yuan Du 129true METHODS: Totally 470 diabetic patients newly registered within 3mo in local community health center were recruited in the study by random sampling. The control group received conventional public health service from chronic disease management approach with medical organization initiative on diabetic blindness prevention, and study group received comprehensive intervention based on ICCC model with community participation initiative. Informative knowledge, beheld accurate beliefs and acting behavior(KAP)in preventing diabetic blindness were measured in baseline survey before intervention and final survey after 1 y intervention in both groups respectively to evaluate the effect of different eye health management approaches on diabetic blindness prevention. Chi-square test and t-test were used to compare the effect of intervention and multiple linear regression analysis was used for analyzing influencing factors.

RESULTS: With 235 in control group and 235 in study group in baseline survey, and 208 and 216 in final survey. For study group accurate knowledge informative rate, accurate beheld belief rate and desired acting behavior rate in all the items of questions regarding diabetic blindness and its prevention in the final survey were all significant higher than the ones in baseline survey, and were significantly higher than that in control group. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that group type, educational level and DM duration were the influencing factors on the level of the knowledge. Group type, educational level and gender were the influencing factors on the level of beheld belief. Group type and educational level were the influencing factors on the level of acting behaviors in preventing diabetic blindness.

CONCLUSION:Comprehensive intervention with community participation initiative on managing diabetic eye health to prevent diabetic blindness had better performance compared to traditional intervention, thus it is an effective strategy in promoting diabetic eye health among diabetes.]]> 2019/8/23 9:51:19 Ran Tao, Lei Gao, Lei-Lei Zhan, Wei-Ying Li, Li Bao and Yue Sun 128true METHODS: We recruited a Chinese family with aniridia and gestational diabetes. Genomic DNA of the whole family individuals was extracted from the peripheral blood leukocytes. Encoding regions of the paired box 6(PAX6)gene was screened by PCR direct sequencing. Amniocentesis was carried out on the affected female at 18wk of gestation, and subsequently, genetics analysis was performed based on the result of mutation screening.

RESULTS: In this study, the patients with aniridia and congenital cataract carried a heterozygous deletion mutation(c.113_129del GGCCGTGCGACATTTCC, p.Arg38ProfsTer12)in exon 5 of PAX6. One of the patients was affected with diabetes while this lady also had gestational diabetes. The result of prenatal diagnosis suggested the fetus carried the same mutation and will be affected with the aniridia, which was confirmed by postpartum follow-up.

CONCLUSION: It was suggested that a reported deletion mutation in the PAX6 was identified again in a Chinese family with aniridia and congenital cataract. It contributed to more literature information for the human PAX6 allelic variant database and provided an analysis basis for prenatal diagnosis.]]> 2019/8/23 9:51:20 Shi-Qi Dong, Su-Fang Dong, Chen Qiao, Bo Hu, Fang Zheng and Ming Yan 127true METHODS: From March 2017 to September 2017, 15 patients with SO filled eyes were enrolled in this retrospective analysis. Based on ultrasound biomicroscopy(UBM), the distance from the front surface of the sclera at the 2 o'clock and the 10 o'clock positions to the SO bubble at 4 mm behind the corneal limbus was measured and defined as “A”. The length of the 23G cannula(4 mm)was defined as “C”. The width of the scleral inner wall at the maximum operating angle of the scleral trocar was defined as “B”. The safe movement angle of the 23G cannula was determined according to the trigonometric function table. Using the self-made SO removal device connected to the 23G puncture cannula, the SO was successfully removed from all patients.

RESULTS: The average SO removal time for all patients was 4.78±0.13min. The trigonometric function was used to work out the distance from the scleral front surface to the SO bubble, which was 0.82-2.81(1.62±0.41)mm at the 2 o'clock position, and 0.98-2.19(1.71±0.34)mm at the 10 o'clock position. Finally, the verification analysis using geometric model calculation showed that the optimal movement angle of the cannula was 52°.

CONCLUSION:Combining the trigonometric function and UBM measurement to calculate the safe movement angle of a 23G cannula can effectively guide the moving range of the trocar during SO removal. A movement angle of the cannula larger than 50° may avoid the occurrence of a retinal tear.]]> 2019/7/25 14:32:55 Kai Dong, Jie Ding, Nan Yang, Yuan-Ye Yan, Yi-Sai Wang and Li Lu 126true METHODS: This was a prospective interventional double blinded clinical study that included 100 eyes of 100 patients aged between 50 to 65 years suffering from a visually significant age-related cataract and scheduled for routine uncomplicated phacoemulsification. The included eyes were randomly divided into two equal groups(each group included 50 eyes). Group 1 received Ringer's solution and group 2 received Ringer's lactate as an irrigating solution.

RESULTS: The first group with Ringer's solution had a mean age of 57.5±8 years and the second group with RL solution had a mean age of 58.6±9 years. After 3mo, endothelial cell density decreased in group 1 by a mean of 8.5%, and in group 2 by a mean of 3.6%(P=0.013). Additionally, central corneal thickness increased in group 1 by a mean of 6.9% and in group 2 by a mean of 1.5%(P=0.006). By correlating the percentage of change in pachymetry and specular microscopic parameters with volume of irrigation solution used, there was no significant correlation.

CONCLUSION: The use of Ringer's lactate as an irrigating solution is associated with less endothelial cell loss postoperatively in comparison to Ringer's solution and also associated with decreased postoperative edema.]]> 2019/7/25 14:32:55 Eman Desoky, Amir Abou Samra and Hany Ahmed Helaly 125true METHODS: Treatment naive central-involved DME patients with intraretinal and/or subretinal fluid and baseline central macular thickness(CMT)over 300 μm in spectral domain optic coherence tomography scans who received intravitreal injections between June 2012 and December 2016 were included in the study. The changes in visual acuity(VA)and CMT, and total number of patient visits and intravitreal injections were assessed in the baseline of 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24mo.

RESULTS: Totally 54 eyes of 40 patients were included. VA at baseline improved from 0.67±0.47 LogMAR to 0.59±0.43 LogMAR at 3mo and maintained with 3.5±2.19 injections throughout 12mo. The average number of visits was 9±2.39 and 15.48±4.84 at 12mo and 24mo, respectively. The mean CMT at baseline was 450±153μm and decreased to 385±141μm and 305±111μm at 12 and 24mo, respectively(P<0.001).

CONCLUSION: Pro re nata(PRN)approach in DME treatment may keep the VA stable and reduce macular edema, but probably similar or better treatment effectivity could be obtained with a lower visit burden in proactive regimens.]]> 2019/7/25 14:32:55 Cemal Çavdarli, Firat Selen, Pinar Topcu Yilmaz and Mehmet Numan Alp 124true METHODS: The uncorrected and the best corrected visual acuity, defocus curve, contrast sensitivity, refraction and possible side effects were measured in 14 patients after utilizing implantable Phakic contact lens(IPCL)to correct refractive errors. The result was assessed for more than 6mo.

RESULTS: The mean preoperative spherical equivalent(SE)and astigmatism got changed from -6.94±2.79 DS and -4.24±1.42 DC to -0.23±0.43 DS and -1.05±0.49 DC, respectively at the last examination after 6mo. Before the preoperative the mean Snellen visual acuity was 0.18±0.10 LogMAR. The mean uncorrected and the best corrected visual acuity got changed to 0.13±0.10 LogMAR and 0.05±0.15 LogMAR, respectively in 6mo. The mean safety indices were 1.11. There was no loss of visual acuity in any of the eyes and 22 eyes(78.5%)gained one or more lines. Twenty eyes(71.4%)were within 0.50 D and 27(96.42%)were within ±1.00 D of the desired spherical equivalent refraction. There was a change in manifest refraction of -0.23±0.43(range from -1.00 to +0.75)from the first week of surgery to 6mo. Contrast sensitivity got improvement value at 3 per degree(P<0.005)after Toric IPCL implantation. The total 6mo corneal endothelial cell loss(ECL)was less than 5%. Intraocular pressure(IOP)was 11.32±2.28 mmHg after 6mo.

CONCLUSION: The clinical consequences of the present study exhibit the efficacy, safety, and predictability of Toric implantable Phakic contact lens in the correction of myopia and myopic astigmatism related with stable keratoconus.]]> 2019/6/21 10:08:44 Farideh Doroodgar, Feizollah Niazi, Sana Niazi, Azad Sanginabadi and Cyrus Alinia 123true METHODS: One hundred consecutive diabetic patients of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in highly myopic eyes were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups: the experimental group, those who used Tobramycin Dexamethasone Eye Drops(TDED), and control group. Pre- and postoperative IOPs, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness(RNFL)and optic nerve head parameters were recorded before and after IOP elevation, and in the contralateral eye before the operation. Graphpad 7.01 was used for data analysis.

RESULTS: IOP elevation occurred in 42 eyes within 1wk after vitrectomy in all diabetic participants. Ocular hypertension(OHTN)was observed in 31 of 53 eyes in experimental group and 11 eyes of 47 eyes in control group at the early stage after operation. Significant differences were found between groups in 5d-1wk and 1mo after vitrectomy. In addition, IOP of 39 eyes had decreased by proper treatment and 3 eyes received glaucoma filtration surgery. Compared to the optic disc parameters before IOP elevation, the average and inferior RNFL thickness were thinner and rim area decreased as well as cup volume and vertical C/D radio increased after IOP elevation. The RNFL thickness of the opposite eyes in patients with IOP elevation was found thinner than the ones who never suffered ocular hypertension.

CONCLUSION: Continual use of glucocorticoid after vitrectomy is a potential risk factor of IOP elevation in high myopia with diabetes, and doubtful open angle glaucoma should be focused on its sensibility to glucocorticoid and IOP elevation.]]> 2019/6/21 10:08:45 Rui Shi, An-Ming Xie, Di Li, Xuan-Yi Che and Rechard Hom 122true METHODS:A total of 200 cases with type 2 diabetes mellitus were involved. All patients were divided into three groups according to the fundus examination: diabetes mellitus(DM, n=100), non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR, n=62)and proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR, n=38). 100 healthy persons were selected as the normal control group(NCG, n=100). The related indicators, such as neutrophil count, lymphocyte count and platelet count were measured.

RESULTS: The value of NLR was significantly higher in PDR group patients than in NC group(1.81), DM group(1.76)and NPDR group(1.85)(P<0.05). The value of PLR was significantly higher in PDR group patients(126.18)than in DM group(111.64)(P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that age(β= -0.047)was protective factor, course of diabetes(β=0.071)and systolic blood pressure(β=0.024)were risk factors for diabetic retinopathy(P<0.05), but the value of NLR and PLR was not statistically significant in the Logistic regression analysis.

CONCLUSION: The value of NLR and PLR increased in the PDR group, but it is not independent risk factor for diabetic retinopathy.]]> 2019/6/21 10:08:45 Pei-Pei Wu, Xiao Lu, Qing-Jing Wu, Cai-Xia Liu, Yun-Fei Chen and Qing Xie 121true METHODS: From June 2015 to December 2016, sixty male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal group, diabetic group, Danhong intervention group and blank intervention group. The rats in the latter three groups were injected with 50 mg/kg of streptozotocin(STZ)into the abdominal cavity to establish diabetic retinopathy rat model. On the day after successful modeling, Danhong treatment group was injected with 5 ml/kg Danhong injection intraperitoneally every day, while the blank intervention group was treated with intraperitoneal injection of distilled water with the same volume as Danhong treatment group. Therapeutic effects were observed from two levels: retinal vascular disease and nerve injury. Retinal morphology was observed by hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining at the level of vascular disease. The expression of retinal vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)was detected by immunohistochemistry. Neurological injury level: tunel staining was used to observe apoptotic cells, and transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the morphology of retinal ganglion cells.

RESULTS:Vascular level: in the normal group, the structure of retinal tissues showed clear layers. The structure of the diabetic group and blank intervention group was more disordered than that of the normal group, and the Danhong treatment group was better than that of the diabetic group and blank intervention group. Compared with the diabetic group and blank intervention group, the expression of VEGF in Danhong intervention group decreased. Neurological injury level: there was a larger degree of apoptosis of ganglion cells in the diabetic group and the blank intervention group, while the number of apoptotic cells in the Danhong intervention group was lower than the diabetic group and blank intervention group.

CONCLUSION:Danhong injection has protective effect on the retina of diabetic rats. It can improve the condition of retinal ischemia and hypoxia by down-regulating VEGF, reduce the formation of retinal neovascularization. At the same time, it can reduce the apoptosis of retinal nerve cells to acertain extent.]]> 2019/5/22 14:15:42 Hai-Yan Fan, Jun-Fang Wang, Zhen Li and Zhong Chen 120true METHODS: In this prospective study, 53 patients with mild or moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR)without macular edema and 53 non-diabetic patients underwent uneventful phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Subfoveal choroidal thickness and central macular thickness were measured before and one month and three months after the surgery using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography(EDI-OCT)and the changes of SFCT and CMT were compared between the two study groups.

RESULTS: In diabetic cases, the mean CMT at the baseline was 267±32 μm. The CMT significantly increased after surgery with a mean value of 291±77 μm at 1mo(P=0.034)and 293±75 μm at 3mo(P=0.047). The mean SFCT at the baseline was 199±72 μm. The SFCT significantly increased after surgery with a mean value of 231±73 μm at 1mo(P=0.035)and 248±91 μm at 3mo(P=0.026). In non-diabetic cases, the mean CMT at the baseline was 264±29 μm. The CMT significantly increased after surgery with a mean value of 278±42 μm at 1mo(P<0.001)and 276±56 μm at 3mo(P=0.028). The mean SFCT at the baseline was 236±60 μm. The SFCT significantly increased after surgery with a mean value of 265±64 μm at 1mo(P<0.001)and 240±60 μm at 3mo(P=0.234). The changes of CMT were not significantly different between the study groups(all P>0.05). Although the non-diabetic cases had thicker choroid at the baseline, the change of SFCT was not significantly different between study groups 1mo postoperative(P=0.97)and was borderline 3mo after surgery(P=0.05).

CONCLUSION: CMT and SFCT significantly increased post operatively in both groups. The changes of CMT and SFCT were not significantly different between diabetic and non-diabetic cases.]]> 2019/5/22 14:15:42 Saeed Karimi, Mohammad Alizadeh, Seyed Aliasghar Mosavi and Farinaz Borna 119true METHODS: This is a comparative cross-sectional study performed in a single institution. Totally 210 volunteers who met the inclusion criteria were included in this study. The subject's MPOD was measured using Macula Pigment Screener II(MPS II, by Electron Technology). Central macular thickness was measured with Spectral Domain Cirrus Optical Coherence Tomography(OCT), Cirrus(Model 4000, Carl Zeiss Meditec). The information of both MPOD and OCT from both eyes were recorded. The data was analysed using Microsoft^© Excel \〖Version 15.12.3(150724)℃2015 Microsoft\〗, SPSS(IBM^© SPSS^© Statistics Version 2.2), and R(version 3.2.1; R Core Team 2015).

RESULTS: There was significant positive correlation between MPOD and central macular thickness(r=0.42, P<0.01)and a significant negative correlation between MPOD and BMI(r=-0.23, P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: Our study showed a significant positive correlation between MPOD and central macular thickness. Further study is needed to look at the detailed structure of the fovea and its relationship with MPOD. Our study also found a significant negative correlation between MPOD and BMI, suggesting that a reduction in BMI may increase the density of macula pigment, which can be helpful in preventing age-retinal pigment epitheliitis(ARMD).]]> 2019/4/22 9:40:41 Lee Hong Nien, Fazliana Ismail, Rafidah Sudarno, Angela Loo Voon Pei and Visvaraja Subrayan 118true METHODS: The clinical data of 94 DRS patients were evaluated. Complete ophthalmic data including age, sex, laterality, the type of DRS, angle of deviation, abnormal head posture(AHP), globe retraction, overshoots and the type of surgical approach were recorded.

RESULTS: The average age of patients was 15.4±9.18 years, and there were 78 males and 16 females. Unilateral and bilateral involvement were found in 87% and 13% of patients, respectively. In unilateral DRS patients, 65% left eyes predominance were observed. Of the 94 patients, 59.5% of the patients were type I, 29.7% of the patients were type II, 8.5% of the patients were type III and 2.1% of the patients were type IV. Most of the patients were 36(38%)esotropic and AHP over 10° was noted in 43(96%)patients, preoperatively. There were 40(43%)patients with overshoots which were more common in type II. Surgery was performed to 45(48%)patients.

CONCLUSION: An excellent surgical outcome was obtained in 32(78%)patients that underwent horizontal rectus surgery and AHP improved in 24(53%)patients. Y-splitting and posterior tenon fixation of lateral rectus both have satisfactory outcomes in the presence of significant overshoots. Foster augmentation with vertical rectus transposition achieved optimal results in abduction limitation.]]> 2019/4/22 9:40:42 Osman Melih Ceylan, Adem Turk, Gökçen Gökce, Önder Ayyıldız, Fatih Mehmet Mutlu and Halil Ibrahim Altinsoy 117true METHODS: This research was designed as prospective randomized clinical trial and conducted in June to August 2017 at Dr. Yap Eye Hospital. There were 56 subjects underwent phacoemulsification operation(single operator)and diagnosed as senile cataract and no adverse events were found. Subjects were divided into 2 groups according to preoperative eye drop medication, namely Diclofenac group and Nepafenac group. Participants and phaco-surgeon were blind regarding to the treatment. Inflammation parameters(at 1, 7 and 14d follow up)such as pain, conjunctiva hyperemic, blepharospasm, flare and cell in anterior chamber level as the primary outcome, whereas density and morphology of corneal endothelial cells as the secondary outcome.

RESULTS: There were no statistically difference in conjunctiva hyperemic and blepharospasm level between 2 groups at 1d(P=0.284, effect size=0.29, 95% CI=-0.09 to 0.31; P=0.254, effect size=0.31, 95% CI=-0.13 to 0.49, respectively)and 7d(P=1.000 and P=0.556, effect size=0.18, 95% CI=-0.08 to 0.16, respectively)postoperatively. The pain scores(during surgery, 1d and 14d postoperative)in Nepafenac group was statistically lower than Diclofenac group(P=0.006, effect size=0.77, 95% CI=0.24 to 1.34; P=0.045, effect size=0.39, 95% CI=-0.10 to 0.62; and P=0.014, effect size=0.69, 95% CI=-0.06 to 0.50, respectively). The degree of flare and cell in Nepafenac group was lower at the 1d after phacoemulsification(P=0.029, effect size=0.59, 95% CI=0.02 to 0.36). Reduction of corneal endothelial density between 2 groups were not statistically significant, however the reduction of hexagonal cell percentage at 7d after phacoemulsification was lower than Nepafenac group(P=0.042, effect size=-0.55, 95% CI=-2.33 to -0.03).

CONCLUSION: The pain and flare-cell levels in Nepafenac group was lower when compared with Diclofenac group.]]> 2019/4/22 9:40:42 Ika Nuraita, Wasisdi Gunawan, Retno Ekantini, Rinanto Prabowo, Suhardjo Pawiroranu, Agus Supartoto and Indra Tri Mahayana 116true METHODS:Forty eyes from 20 myopic and myopic-astigmatic patients(9 male and 11 female)were included in this study. One eye of each patient was randomized to receive 20% autologous serum in artificial tears(study group)and one eye received conventional artificial tears(control group). An 8 mm alcohol well was placed centrally in all 40 eyes, and 20% alcohol was applied for 20s during PRK operation. Patients were followed up daily until epithelial closure, and at 1mo, 6mo, and 12mo. Time to epithelial healing was the main outcome measure. Uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA), manifest refraction, and haze were recorded.

RESULTS: The mean preoperative myopic spherical non-cycloplegic(dry)retinoscopy was not significantly different between two groups. The mean pain score in the study group was significantly lower than the control group on days 1, 2 and 3(P<0.05). The mean horizontal and vertical epithelial defects in the study group was lower than in the control group in all follow up exams on days 1 and 3(P<0.05). The mean total time to epithelial healing in the study group was about 0.7d less than in the control group(3.15±0.366d vs 3.85±0.587d, P=0.00).

CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that using autologous serum eye drops, by accelerating corneal epithelial healing and reducing the pain, which improves recovery time in visual acuity and reduces discomfort, haziness and infection risk after PRK.]]> 2019/3/22 14:50:39 Ali Mostafaei, Behzad Fallahi Motlagh, Nazli Taheri and Siamak Nejatbakhsh 115true METHODS: This is an observational, cross-sectional study. Sixteen patients with a closed globe injury were consecutively recruited from January 2010 to July 2015 in Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital. All patients underwent complete ophthalmic examination, including assessment of visual acuity, measurement of intraocular pressure using a noncontact tonometry, and slit lamp biomicroscopy. SD-OCT was used to examine the anterior segments of all injured eyes. Two patients had bilateral ocular injuries and received bilateral SD-OCT examinations. The OCT findings of the cornea, iris, anterior chamber and lens were recorded and compared with findings seen using slit lamp biomicroscopy.

RESULTS: All 18 eyes were examined by SD-OCT had hyphema occupying at least one-third of the anterior chamber volume. Sixteen eyes had corneal edema and corneal abrasion detected on both slit lamp biomicroscopy and OCT examination. OCT examination was also able to detect Descemet's membrane detachment(n=7), angle recession(n=6), lens subluxation(n=3)and iridodialysis(n=3).

CONCLUSION: SD-OCT was able to identify features of closed globe injury that were otherwise not visible on slit lamp biomicroscopy. SD-OCT may have advantages over clinical examination in cases of closed globe injury.]]> 2019/3/22 14:50:39 Rui-Dong Deng and Gui-Hua Xu 114true METHODS: Fifteen patients with IR muscle palsy further presenting with abnormal compensatory head posture of facial rotation were retrospectively identified from May 2014 to July 2018. Changes in the degree of facial rotation in patients were evaluated using an orthopedic goniasmometer. Variations in vertical and horizontal deviations were measured through prism and alternate cover tests, and changes in cyclotropia of pre- and postoperation were assessed by objective evaluation of eye torsion with fundus photography. IR resection was the main surgical treatment.

RESULTS: Among the 15 patients, 13 who were subjected to IR muscle resection or IR muscle resection combined with superior rectus muscle recession showed good results after surgery. These results included improved underaction of IR, coordination of eye movement, disappearance of abnormal facial rotation of compensatory head position, and total correction of vertical and horizontal deviation and cyclodeviation. Furthermore, each 1 mm resection of IR can correct 1.54±0.93° incyclotropia. In the other two patients with small vertical deviation who were done by inferior oblique myectomy, the improvement in facial rotation was unsatisfied, and eye motion remained uncoordinated.

CONCLUSION: Congenital isolated IR muscle palsy characterized by compensatory head posture of facial rotation is the main compensatory head posture. The resection of IR is effective and perfect. Mild overcorrection and undercorrection do not influence curative effect.]]> 2019/3/22 14:50:39 Ming-Yu Si, Xin-Xiang Shao and Ke-Shun Fan 113true METHODS: The limbal stem cells and epithelium cells of bulbar conjunctiva were cultured and determined by immunohistochemistry staining with AE-5. The supernatant was collected and added into the cultured human umbilical vein endothelium cells(ECV-304). The negative control was set up. After 24h, MTT was done to detect endothelium cell proliferation. The statistical analysis was done by analysis of Variance.

RESULTS: Negative stain of AE-5 can be seen in limbal stem cells and positive stain can be seen in conjunctiva cells. The ratio of MTT added by limbal stem cell supernatant, conjunctiva epithelium cell and negative control were 2.097±0.079, 1.981±0.034 and 1.990±0.044, respectively. There were significant difference among the three groups(F=9.169, P=0.000). The proliferate activity of vascular endothelial cells added by supernatant of limbal stem cells was higher than the other two groups(P=0.005 and P=0.007, respectively).

CONCLUSION:The supernatant of limbal stem cells can improve the proliferation of vascular endothelium cell. This may be the unique characteristics of limbal stem cells. This study provides more evidences for the theory of limbal stem cells by determining the functional methods.]]> 2019/2/21 10:57:17 Xiao-Guang Niu and Man Xu 112true METHODS: Totally 34 cases were evaluated for uncorrected distance visual acuities(UDVA)and corrected distance visual acuities(CDVA), flat and steep keratometry readings, and complications were evaluated at 1mo, 3mo, 6mo and 12mo postoperatively.

RESULTS: Thirty-four patients with mean age of 23.3±4.0 years. Statistically significant improvement was shown in UCVA and CDVA, with steadiness of refection for 1y postoperative. T-test showed a significant difference(P<0.05)in all means between the preoperative and postoperative values(visual acuity, spherical and cylinder changes), with stability over a 1y follow up. Fourier analysis of postoperative images showed an axis shift perpendicular to the preoperative axis.

CONCLUSION: Simultaneous non-topography-guided PRK and CXL is safe and effective surgical alternative for keratoconus, yielding improvement in the UDVA, CDVA, and refractive status. Stabilization was achieved as early as 3mo after surgery, the only advantage of topography-guided over non-topography-guided PRK might be the minimal over correction of sphere and the cylindrical axis shift in some patients as detected by Fourier analysis of postoperative pentacam.]]> 2019/2/21 10:57:17 Suzan Amana Rattan, Seif Alshamarti, Khalil M Al-Salem and Mahir kadhim Mutashar 111true METHODS:Prospective clinical case follow-up study. The patients were recruited from The Central Hospital of Tai'an and completed the Catquest-8SF questionnaire by face-to-face interviews before and 3mo after surgery at the hospital.

RESULTS: A total of 120 cataract patients completed the Catquest-8SF at baseline. The preoperative score of the Catquest-8SF-CN had a significant negative correlation with preoperative binocular mean weighted logMAR visual acuity and age(P<0.05), while a significant positive correlation with education level(P<0.001). The patients without systemic comorbidities got higher score than those who with(P<0.05). Three months after surgery, 102(85%)patients came for follow-up and completed the questionnaire. Significant improvement of visual acuity was observed in both binocular and monocular surgery groups(t=10.404, P<0.001). There was higher improvement in binocular weighted logMAR visual acuity of binocular surgery group than in monocular surgery group(P<0.001). The postoperative score were significantly higher in both groups than before(P<0.001). There was a significant improvement in the total score after cataract surgery. Ninety-four patients(92.2%)were very satisfied or satisfied with the operation. The degree of satisfaction was significantly correlated with the improvement score of the scale and it was also correlated with their expectation of the surgery.

CONCLUSION: The Chinese version of Catquest-8SF questionnaire is suitable for the age-related cataract population in northern China. It is highly responsive to cataract surgery and brief, so it may have the potential to become part of a routine clinical assessment for cataract surgery in China.]]> 2019/1/17 14:38:58 12*, Xin Liu^3*, Yun-Hong Du², Wen-Jing Liu², Ping Liu², Ying-Chao Li² and Xin-Yi Wu¹]]> Sheng-Xia Wang^12*, Xin Liu^3*, Yun-Hong Du², Wen-Jing Liu², Ping Liu², Ying-Chao Li² and Xin-Yi Wu¹ 110true METHODS: Forty patients(55 eyes)underwent bilateral or monocular FLACS with implantation of the ERV IOL Tecnis Symfony(Johnson & Johnson Vision)were enrolled. Uncorrected distance(UDVA), intermediate(UIVA)and near visual acuities(UNVA)were evaluated at 3mo after surgery, as well the defocus curve, contrast sensitivity, patient satisfaction and spectacle independence.

RESULTS:No severe complications occurred. All eyes showed a central position of the IOL in the capsular bag without tilting at 3mo after surgery. 3mo postoperative mean logMAR visual acuity at 5 m, 67 cm and 40 cm were -0.04 ±0.08, -0.17±0.22, 0.37±0.17, respectively. All patients obtained satisfactory UDVA and UIVA, as well as functional UNVA, meeting the needs of daily life. Spectacle independence rate was 94.55%. Contrast sensitivity results did not differ from those obtained with monofocal aspheric lenses. Likewise, no moderate and severe photic phenomena were reported. Mean patient satisfaction scores with distance, intermediate and near vision were 9.0, 9.0, and 7.0, respectively.

CONCLUSION: FLACS with implantation of the ERV IOL TECNIS Symfony provides a successful visual restoration at far, intermediate distance and a functional-range near vision acuity, with minimal level of disturbing photic phenomena, and high rates of spectacle independence and patient satisfaction.]]> 2019/1/17 14:38:58 Ji-Lin Tan, Yan Qin, Shi-Man Yuan, Hao Du, Xia-Lu Liu and Jian Ye 109true METHODS: Totally 284 cases(293 eyes)were diagnosed as acute PACG and underwent cataract surgery. According to preoperative IOP, these patients were divided into three groups: Group 1(188 eyes), Group 2(61 eyes)and Group 3(44 eyes). Group 1 was defined that preoperative IOP can be controlled within the normal range under systemic and local drug. Group 2 was defined that preoperative IOP higher than 40 mmHg after drug therapy, which can be controlled after an anterior chamber puncture treatment. Group 3 was defined that preoperative IOP higher than 40 mmHg after multiple anterior chamber puncture. Group 1 underwent cataract extraction and intraocular lens(IOL)implantation. Group 2 and Group 3 underwent cataract extraction and IOL implantation with goniosynechiolysis. The preoperative and postoperative visual acuity, IOP, anterior chamber depth(ACD)and subfoveal choroidal thickness were obtained, and gonioscopic measurement of chamber angle was recorded. Preoperative and postoperative measurements were compared using non-parametric tests.

RESULTS: After surgical treatment, the rate of postoperative one-week IOP control rate was respectively: Group 1(100%), Group 2(95%), Group 3(82%)(the rate of Group 2 is higher than Group 3, χ²=4.795, P<0.05). The rate of the improved postoperative vision was respectively: Group 1(92%), Group 2(84%)and Group 3(52%). Postoperative central anterior chamber depth of each group deepened obviously compared to preoperative, but the postoperative goniosynechia range of Group 3 was significantly wider than that of Group 1 and Group 2. Group 1 and Group 2 did not record postoperative hyphema, while 18% of Group 3 had recorded hyphema.

CONCLUSION: Acute PACG eyes with persistent high preoperative IOP had good effects after cataract surgery, but demonstrated wider goniosynechia range and higher risk of hyphema compared to eyes with normal preoperative IOP.]]> 2019/1/17 14:38:58 Ting Fu, Xiong-Wu Zhou and Kang-Li Liu 108true METHODS: In this retrospective comparative-randomized study, 42 eyes of 21 diabetic patients with bilateral macular edema were evaluated. In one eye intravitreal injection of 1.25 mg bevacizumab(IVB group)was performed and in the fellow eye intravitreal injection of combined 1.25 mg bevacizumab and 1 mg triamcinolone acetonide(IVTA-IVB group)was performed. Main outcomes were the central macular thickness(CMT)measured with optical coherence tomography(OCT), ETDRS visual acuity(VA)and intraocular pressure(IOP).

RESULTS: Mean follow-up time was 4.7±1.5mo. In the IVB and IVTA-IVB groups, mean CMT was 494.7±114.4 μm and 546.8±165.6 μm before injections; 430.4±133.2 μm and 363.7±105.3 μm in first month; 484.8±167.4 μm and 407.3±108.7 μm in 3^rd month; 550.4±191.5 μm and 516.8±158 μm after 6mo respectively. Differences were significant in first and 3^rd months(P<0.05). In the IVB and IVTA-IVB groups, mean ETDRS VA score was 57.1±13.5 and 48.9±13.9 before injections; 62.2±14 and 58.8±12.1 in first month; 59±13.7 and 59.3±13.6 in 3^rd month; 55.6±14.9 and 55.5±8.7 after 6mo respectively. Differences were significant in first and 3^rd and 6mo(P<0.05). There was no IOP difference. IVTA-IVB group gains best VA in 3^rd month after the first injection and maintains it for 6mo whereas IVB group gains best VA at first month and can be able to maintain for 3mo.

CONCLUSION: Injection of 1 mg IVTA-IVB seems to be better than IVB alone in improving VA for 6mo without any steroid dependent complications.]]> 2018/12/17 9:54:33 Sever Ozkan, Horozoglu Fatih, Celik Erkan and Topcu Birol 107true METHODS: This was a prospective clinical study. Data were analyzed from 47 eyes of 47 patients presenting with traumatic canalicular laceration in our hospital from January 2013 to October 2015. The newly designed silicone tubes were inserted through the lacrimal punctum and left in the bicanaliculi for 3mo. Data of the lacrimal duct patency, epiphora, and eyelid shape were recorded.

RESULTS: Surgery was performed successfully in all cases. No complications associated with the silicone tubes occurred. In total, 41 patients(87.23%)achieved complete success, 4 patients(8.51%)achieved partial success, and 2 patients(4.26%)had surgical failure.

CONCLUSION: The newly designed silicone tube is an effective and atraumatic tool for the management of canalicular lacerations. The operation process is simple, and is easy to grasp for the surgeon.]]> 2018/12/17 9:54:34 Xuan Chen, Zhen Yang, Jie Tian and Yu-Huan Zhang 106true etc. And choroid is significantly correlated with many ophthalmic diseases. Choroidal thickness is of great importance in the diagnosis and treatment of ophthalmic diseases.]]> 2019/11/21 15:09:55 Ying Zhou, Qin-Yu Ge and Er-Teng Jia 105true METHODS: Totally 324 preschoolers aged 3-6 years old from outpatient department participated in the study in 2017. They were assessed for amblyopia by their parents, using the screening software and were reevaluated by ophthalmologists with professional eye tests. Sensitivity, specificity of the screening software were validated by comparing the results from the screening software and those from the professional tests.

RESULTS: All 324 children(176 males and 148 females)completed all of the procedures. Four amblyopes were found by professional tests. And 3 of them were detected by the screening software. The sensitivity, specificity were 75%, 90%, respectively. Professional tests cost an average of US Dollar(US$)607/case of amblyopia detected, whereas the cost was near US$ 0/case for the screening software, except the cost of software development.

CONCLUSION:The results from this pilot study indicate that the screening software for amblyopia is a simple, and highly effective, which offers a new option of amblyopia screening for developing countries.]]> 2019/11/21 15:09:55 Lei Xi, Feng Zhao and Jun-Wen Zeng 104true METHODS: Twenty eyes from 20 patients were enrolled in the study. There were 10 eyes with primary open angle glaucoma(POAG)and 10 eyes with secondary open angle(SOAG; pseudoexfoliation). Patients underwent non-penetrating deep sclerectomy surgery augmented with sub-Tenon injections(0.2 mL of MMC 0.02%)before surgery. All patients were evaluated in terms of corneal total higher-order aberrations via i-Trace analyzer before surgery and 1mo and 3mo after surgery. The intraocular pressure(IOP), best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), and bleb morphology were evaluated at each visit. The success rate of surgery was categorized as complete, relative, or failure.

RESULTS: The IOP before surgery was 24.05±3.07 mmHg with a mean of 2.85±0.67 medication, which reached to 12.30±3.32 mmHg with 0.70±0.98 medication at the 3mo follow-up. The reduction in IOP was significant at all periods of the follow-up(P<0.001). The values of total higher-order total(HOT)root mean square(RMS)and total ocular spherical-like aberrations significantly increased at 1mo follow-up after surgery and decreased over the course of 3mo. Trefoil and total ocular coma-like aberration changes were not statistically significant at all periods after surgery. The HOT RMS, coma-like and spherical-like corneal increased significantly 1mo after surgery and decreased at the 3mo follow-up. Corneal trefoil changes were not statistically significant after surgery compared to preoperative state. Patients age and IOP did not have a significant effect on changes in HOT and corneal HOT aberrations.

CONCLUSION: Corneal and ocular higher-order aberrations increased within 1mo after deep sclerectomy surgery and then decreased over a 3mo period, which showed no statistically significant change compared to preoperative state. The BCVA and spherical equivalent(SE)of the patients shown no statistically significant differences compared to the preoperative state at the 3mo follow-up.]]> 2019/10/23 15:17:25 Ali Mostafaei, Nazli Taheri and Atena Latifi 103true METHODS: This was a prospective interventional comparative study conducted on 80 patients(80 eyes)with pterygium from December 2014 to August 2016. The study group was randomly selected and divided into two groups, i.e. people underwent fibrin glue was group 1, and those underwent suture less glue free methods of autograft fixation was group 2. For each group equal numbers of subjects were enrolled and further each group was divided into two more groups(groups A and B in group 1, groups C and D in group 2)by random selection. Group A(size of autograft same as bare sclera)and group B(size 1 mm larger than bare sclera)received fibrin glue technique; and group C(size of autograft same as bare sclera)and group D(size 1 mm larger than bare sclera)received suture less glue free technique of conjunctival autograft fixation. Each patient underwent pterygium excision with size of conjunctival autograft used as per the respective group. Follow up visits were scheduled at 1d, 1wk, 6wk, 6mo and 1y postoperatively.

RESULTS: Mean age of the patients in group 1(Fibrin glue group)was 43.525 years old and in group 2(suture less glue free group)was 42.2 years old. Females were 60 and males were 20. All the 37 patients had pterygium in RE. Average surgical time was similar in all the four groups. Postoperative parameters like patient comfort, graft retraction, graft inflammation and graft edema were similar in all the four groups during every postoperative follow-up visits except for subconjunctival haemorrhage which was significantly more in fibrin glue group until first postoperative week(P<0.0001). Grade 4 graft retraction/displacement was observed in only three patients from group 2. At 1wk postoperative, graft cyst was observed in two patients(one in group A and one in group D). Recurrence was observed in two patients(in group D)at 6mo follow-up.

CONCLUSION: Both methods are safe and effective for graft adhesion with less postoperative discomfort and complications. Compared to fibrin glue method, suture less and glue free method is very economical and outcome in this method is comparable to fibrin glue group. Since this procedure is cost effective and also have all the advantages of fibrin glue, suture less glue free method can be considered as very effective method in treating patients.]]> 2019/10/23 15:17:25 Manipur Raviraj Sahana, Chikkanayakanahalli Venugopal Kavitha, Acharya Pavana and Bomalapura Ramamurthy Lakshmi 102true METHODS: This study included 40 patients, admitted to the Retina Unit of the Research Institute of Ophthalmology. All chosen patients had a minimum of 4 consecutive, monthly intravitreal injections(IVI), some were extended to 6mo or 1y as required. The patients were randomly divided into 3 groups and each group received one kind of antibiotic which was either ofloxacin, moxifloxacin or ceftazidime. All bacterial isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique.

RESULTS: In this study the conjunctival normal flora at baseline culture varied from a predominance of Staphylococcus epidermidis (51.2%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus 14% to Micrococcus species 12.8% and other coagulase negative staphylococci(CONS)13%. Our results showed an increase in the percentage of Staphylococcus epidermidis among ceftazidime treated eyes during the four visits in comparison to baseline cultures of patients randomized to ceftazidime. In contrast, there was no noticeable increase in Staphylococcus aureus percentage from baseline. In fluoroquinolone treated eyes, we also observed an increase in percentage of Staphylococcus epidermidis from base line. In contrast to ceftazidime treated eyes, the Staphylococcus aureus percentage in fluoroquinolone treated eyes showed an increase from baseline. However, the pattern of the ocular flora composition changed with the exposure to the old and newer generation of fluoroquinolones. We noticed an increase of Staphylococcus epidermidis in moxifloxacin treated eyes than that in ofloxacin treated eyes from baseline. There was no observed difference in the pattern of Staphylococcus aureus regarding exposure to older and newer generations of fluoroquinolones.

CONCLUSION: Repeated use of ophthalmic antibiotics not only alters the composition of the normal ocular flora, but also selects for resistant strains.]]> 2019/10/23 15:17:25 Rania Abdelmonem Khattab, Maha Abdelfattah and Iman Fahmy 101true METHODS:We have investigated the frequency of this variant among the Han-Chinese population in a case-control study. A total of 242 cortical cataract patients and 144 controls were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction(PCR)and genomic sequencing.

RESULTS:There is no statistical difference between cataract patients and healthy controls for the frequency of alleles(P=0.746)and genotypes(P=0.813). Since there was in our sample a significant difference between the groups in mean age(P<0.001), OR and CI for UCHL1 allele A positivity were computed by a binary Logistic regression model, no association was obtained for a positive UCHL1 allele A carrier status(P=0.818).

CONCLUSION:We did not find any difference between the cases and the controls at allelic and genotypic level. Our results do not support a role for this variant in cataracts.]]> 2019/9/20 14:45:17 Shuai-Jie Li, Guo-Xu Xu and Ke-Hong Feng 100true METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted on 66 patients(88 eyes)with active uveitis. The subjects were classified based on the anatomical location of their disease activity as anterior, intermediate, posterior and pan-uveitis. Cycloplegic refraction was performed in both active and quiescent phases, and the results were compared.

RESULTS: Spherical changes in active anterior non-granulomatous uveitis resulted in an average of -0.25(0.77)D(95% CI: -0.5 to 0)shift toward myopia(P=0.039)and in active intermediate uveitis, an average of +0.39(0.8)D(95% CI: 0.09-0.69)shift toward hyperopia(P=0.003). Spherical equivalent changes in active intermediate uveitis resulted in hyperopic shift \〖+0.43(0.94)D, 95% CI: 0.08-0.79, P=0.005\〗. Cylinder had only significant changes in pan-uveitis \〖-0.3(0.39)D, 95% CI: -0.58 to -0.02, P=0.043\〗. In multivariate analysis, we noted that course of disease activity(acute versus recurrent)and anatomical location of disease activity had statistically significant effects on spherical equivalent changes(P=0.003 and P=0.004, respectively).

CONCLUSION: Active uveitis has a significant effect on the refractive status of the eye, the changes of which depend on the inflamed anatomical area.]]> 2019/9/20 14:45:17 Mahsa Zameni, Homayoun Nikkhah, Safa Rahmani, Alireza Ramezani, Mehdi Yaseri and Masoud Soheilian 99true in situ keratomileusis(LASIK)and small-incision lenticule extraction(SMILE)are the most clinically effective and safe techniques, for refractive surgery. All three kinds of laser vision correction, while varying in technique, have roughly a similar high achievement rate. Which method is best for you to rely upon various components like the refractive error, habits and profession, for example, sports and lifestyle. LASIK is as of now the predominant strategy in refractive surgery but SMILE also spreads rapidly between surgeons. This increments comfort amid the early postoperative period, takes into account quick visual recovery, and diminishes the wound healing response. And additionally that there would be less postoperative dry eye after SMILE contrasted with LASIK because the anterior stroma is exasperates just by the small incision, implying that the anterior corneal nerves ought to be less influenced. SMILE likewise lower induction of higher order aberrations(HOA)contrasted with LASIK and PRK. No contrasts between SMILE, LASIK and PRK medicines in postoperative corneal hysteresis(CH)corneal resistance factor(CRF)or corneal hysteresis values. PRK, but, remains a supreme option for moderate to mild modifications, especially for cases involving thin corneas, frequent erosions.]]> 2019/9/20 14:45:17 Farideh Doroodgar, Mohammadreza Sedaghat, Sana Niazi, Feizollah Niazi, Arezoo Rezazadeh and Azad Sanginabadi 98true METHODS: Prospective observational consecutive case series. In this study, 264 eyes of 264 patients(142 males and 122 females)with nasal primary pterygium were treated using the technique of limbal conjunctival autograft. The mean ages of the patients were 54.22±15.24a. After excision of the pterygium patients were followed up on 1, 3, 7d and at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 36mo. Recurrence of pterygium, complications, operation time and corneal epithelialization time were evaluated.

RESULTS: The average surgery time was 25.7±2.6min. With a minimum 3-year of follow-up, postoperative corneal epithelialization was completed in 3.85±0.72d. Complications were observed in 14 cases. Vision-threating complications such as iritis, scleral thinning symblepharon or ulceration were not detected in the study. 5 eyes with graft edema, 3 eyes with granuloma formation and 6 cases with a subconjunctival hematoma in the nasal conjunctiva. By the end of 3-year follow-up, recurrence was detected in 11 cases. The recurrence rate was 4.17%, and the onset of recurrence was 3mo, the average recurrence time was 8mo.

CONCLUSION: There were no severe complications and few recurrences when limbal conjunctival autograft transplantation was performed after long-term follow-up, we suggest that limbal conjunctival autograft transplantation is a safe and effective technique in primary pterygium. We also recommend that 12-month follow-up is optimal on primary pterygium surgery.]]> 2020/8/19 19:18:36 Tian-Yu Wang, Yi-Fan Gu, Min Yang, Yi Zhang, Zhao-Yang Wang, Kumar Aalok, Singh Vipin and Gupta Sanjiv Kumar 97true METHODS: This study was a non-comparative retrospective case series to evaluate the demography, clinical features and outcomes of patients underwent rhegmatogenous retinal detachment(RRD)repaired by scleral buckle technique from July 2017 to February 2018 at a tertiary care center in India. Records of all these patients were screened. Statistical analyses were performed and using Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney test and Nominal Logistic regression.

RESULTS: Totally of 41 patients were included out of which, 32(78%)were males and 9(22%)were females. In our study primary anatomical success rate was 95%, with significant visual gain. Postoperative complications were raised intraocular pressure(n=2), new breaks(n=2)and re-detachment in 2 patients which was successfully managed by pars plana vitrectomy(PPV)with internal tamponade and laser.

CONCLUSION: The study showed that scleral buckle surgeries done by trainee doctors under supervision can achieve a high success rate in patients of RRD both in terms of postoperative anatomical success, visual acuity and complication rates. Thus, scleral buckle surgery can be an acceptable primary procedure for trainee doctors for management of RRD in selected cases despite the various treatment options now available.]]> 2020/8/19 0:00:00 Kumar Aalok, Singh Vipin and Gupta Sanjiv Kumar 96true 2020/8/19 19:18:37 Ali Torkashvand, Arzhang Gordiz, Fatemeh Abdi and Mohammad Soleimani 95true METHODS: Patients who had in-the-bag or out-of-the-bag(spontaneous)IOL dislocation after uneventful phacoemulsification cataract extractions, with the dislocated IOL or IOL-capsular bag complex dropping completely into the vitreous since 2013 were included in our studies. The postoperative patients were followed up for 6mo. Detailed description of technique and retrospective description of eight typical cases were demonstrated in this study.

RESULTS:A total of 40 surgeries were conducted using this technique. The main possible predisposing conditions included: post-vitrectomy, posterior capsule rupture or broken zonules, a history of ocular trauma, long axial length, secondary IOL implantation, chronic uveitis, retinitis pigmentosa and post-glaucoma surgery. In all eyes, the IOLs were successfully removed. No intraoperative or postoperative complications related to the procedures occurred. The preoperative corrected distance visual acuity(CDVA)ranged from 20/133 to 20/25, and at 6mo postoperatively, the CDVA was similar or the same. The intraocular pressure was all within the normal range.

CONCLUSION: One-port PPV under direct vision with microscope illumination is a simple and safe surgical technique to managing IOL dislocation, which shortens the surgical time, and largely avoids surgical complications.]]> 2020/7/22 11:15:56 Jin Yang, Hong-Fei Ye, Xiao-Di Qiu, Lei Cai and Yi Lu 94true METHODS: Sixty eyelids in 30 patients were subjected to this surgical procedure from January to June 2018. All patients had upper eyelid dermatochalasis, and the functions of their levator palpebrae were all normal. The primary indications of the procedure were upper lid dermatochalasis with lateral hooding. All 30 patients underwent infrabrow skin excision at Shanxi Eye Hospital. The degree of skin relaxation before and after surgery was evaluated in all patients, and surgical outcomes and postoperative complications were also assessed.

RESULTS: All patients were female, ranging from 40 to 64(mean: 53.20±7.10)years old. Skin relaxation of the upper eyelid was improved in all 30 patients. One month after the operation, 52 lids(86.7%)showed good results and 8 lids(13.33%)showed fair results. The objective Strasser system was applied to evaluate surgical results at 1 and 6mo. All patients had scores between 0 and 1 point, indicating good results. Preoperative unsatisfactory position and shape of the eyebrows were improved, and crow's feet and frontal lines were reduced. All patients were satisfied with the results. No complications related to wound dehiscence, lagophthalmos, or hypertrophic scars were observed.

CONCLUSION: Infrabrow skin excision is a simple, useful operation to reconstruct the upper eyelids in selected patients of Chinese ancestry. This procedure not only retains the advantages of classic blepharoplasty, but also alleviates many eyebrow problems at the same time, and maintains the original shape of the eyelid, minimizes scarring, and produces a smoother, more youthful appearance.]]> 2020/7/22 11:15:56 Wei-Wei Zhang, Xiao-Xia Ren, Dong-Run Tang, Tong Wu and Feng-Yuan Sun 93true METHODS: This prospective observational study was conducted over a period of one year including 50 consecutive patients of MGD. Patients underwent detailed history(including Ocular Surface Disease Index Questionnaire)and examination(including meibum quality, expressibility and numerical staining). MGD was graded according to the guidelines submitted by the International Workshop on Meibomian Gland Dysfunction and Management in 2011. Fasting lipid profile of all the patients was done. Various parameters of lipid profile including total cholesterol(TC), triglycerides(TG), low density lipoproteins(LDL), high density lipoproteins(HDL)and very low density lipoproteins(VLDL)were correlated with MGD severity. Chi-square test was done for statistical analysis(P<0.05).

RESULTS: Stage 2 MGD was the most common disease entity(60%, n=30). A significant positive correlation was noted between increasing age and severity of MGD(P=0.004). High TC(>200 mg/dL), TG(>150 mg/dL), LDL(>130 mg/dL)and VLDL(>22 mg/dL)levels had a significant positive correlation with the severity of MGD(P=0.001, 0.019, 0.001, 0.016 respectively).

CONCLUSION: Monitoring the fasting lipid levels may aid in establishing the severity of MGD and further studies may be conducted to establish the role of treatment of dyslipidemia in MGD.]]> 2020/7/22 11:15:56 Aeshvarya Dhawan and Tarannum Shakeel 92true METHODS: Topcon RM-8900 and Tianle RM-9000 autorefractors were utilized to measure refractive errors under noncycloplegic condition in students aged 6 to 16 years old who were cluster sampled from four primary and secondary schools in Dongli district, Tianjin. Sperman correlation analysis and Bland-Altman method were used to evaluate the consistency of spherical diopters, cylindrical diopters and spherical equivalents measured by the two methods, and the axial difference distribution of astigmatism measured by the two methods was analyzed.

RESULTS:A total of 2 276 eyes of 1 138 subjects with a mean age of 10.49±2.66 a were finally enrolled. Spearman correlation analysis showed that sphere(r=0.958, P<0.0001), cylinder(r=0.769, P<0.0001), and spherical equivalent(r=0.962, P<0.0001)measured by Tianle RM-9000 were highly correlated with those measured by Topcon RM-8900, respectively. Bland-Altman analysis showed spherical diopters measured by Tianle RM-9000 were significantly more hyperopic(P<0.0001)with a mean difference of 0.44 D(SD: 0.37; 95% CI: -0.27, 1.16)while the maximum absolute value(1.13 D)of the difference within the 95% CI was above the clinically acceptable range; however, no significant difference(P=0.83)was found between cylindrical diopters measured by the two methods with a mean difference of -0.01 D(SD: 0.31; 95% CI=-0.62, 0.61)while the maximum absolute value(0.62 D)of the difference within the 95% CI was clinically acceptable. The proportion of the axial deviation within ±20° was 84.6%(1 503/1 777)in eyes with cylinder ≤-0.25D while that rose to 96.4%(853/885)in eyes with cylinder ≤-0.75D.

CONCLUSION: Spherical diopters measured by Tianle RM-9000 have a significant hyperopia bias than those measured by Topcon RM-8900 while the consistency of cylindrical diopters and cylindrical axes is clinically acceptable.]]> 2020/6/22 14:51:53 Cheng-Cheng Jin, Bei Du, Rui-Hua Wei and Hong-Bo Zhang 91true METHODS: A systematic review and Meta-analysis was conducted for studies comparing visual acuity \〖best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)(LogMAR)\〗 and corneal endothelial cell count(ECC)as well as safety outcomes of DALK and PK surgeries, including graft-related outcomes and intraoperative and postoperative complications. Embase, PubMed, and Google Scholar were searched for eligible studies until June 2019. Continuous and dichotomous variables were expressed as weighted mean difference(WMD)and risk ratios(RRs), respectively, along with their respective 95% confidence intervals(CIs).

RESULTS: Five comparative studies recruiting 350 patients with macular and/or lattice corneal dystrophy(59.71% males)were eventually included. No significant differences were noted in the mean BCVA after both types of surgeries. However, following DALK procedures, corneal ECC was significantly higher two years postoperatively(WMD=401.62 cell/mm², 95% CI: 285.39-517.85, P<0.001), and graft and endothelial rejection rates were significantly lower(RR=0.30, 95% CI: 0.14-0.64, P=0.002; RR=0.09, 95% CI: 0.02-0.46, P=0.004, respectively)when compared to patients undergoing PK procedures. However, DALK procedures were associated with increased risks of intraoperative Descemet's membrane perforations and postoperative double anterior chamber(All P<0.001).

CONCLUSION: DALK procedures are relatively more efficacious over the follow up periods with better safety outcomes than PK in patients with stromal CDs, conerning rejection and better visual outcome.]]> 2020/6/22 14:51:53 Ahmed Reda 90true METHODS:A total of 30 non-atopic healthy children and 30 children having VKC were included in the study. The serum vitamin D levels and the time spent outside was compared between the two groups(P<0.05).

RESULTS: The mean serum vitamin D level in the VKC group was significantly lower(mean 19.17±10.76 ng/mL)compared to the control group(mean 31.19±9.09 ng/mL)(P=0.0003). The vitamin D levels were found to be deficient(10-20 ng/mL)in 43.33%, whereas severe deficiency(<10 ng/mL)was found in 20% of the VKC patients. The deficiency of vitamin D correlated with the level of severity of VKC(P<0.02). The time spent outside in the VKC group was 1.07±0.76h, whereas in the healthy subjects it was 2.08±0.72h(P<0.0001), and it showed a significant correlation with the serum 25(OH)D3 levels(r=0.478, P<0.001).

CONCLUSION:The study shows that children with VKC had a significantly lower serum vitamin D levels as compared to the healthy children which correlated with time spent outside. The severity of VKC also correlated with the severity of vitamin D deficiency which suggests that vitamin D plays an important role in maintaining ocular surface health.]]> 2020/6/22 14:51:53 Priyanka Singh, Smriti Dabas, Anuj Mehta and L. Sarkar 89true METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study. Data of patients who had undergone trabeculectomy between 1^st January 2013 to 31^st Dec 2015 with subsequent cataract surgery were extracted from server. All patients had previous either success/qualified success trabeculectomy done. They went through uncomplicated phacoemulsification via clear corneal incision. Postoperative follow-up, review of bleb and IOP readings using Goldmann tonometer were taken. Details that were investigated include postoperative IOP control, visual improvement, number of anti-glaucoma medications, as well as the timing from trabeculectomy to phacoemulsification. Comparison with control group was made.

RESULTS: Fifteen eyes from thirteen patients fulfilled the criteria for study and had undergone uncomplicated phacoemulsification on a post-trabeculectomy eye. Two of the eyes had secondary glaucoma while the other thirteen had primary glaucoma. All phacoemulsifications were done at least 6mo after trabeculectomy(mean 14.7±4.3mo). There was only 1 eye(6.7%)requiring anti-glaucoma medications before the cataract surgery. This number increased to 4(26.7%)at 1-year post-phacoemulsification. The number further increased to eight(53.3%)at 2y post-phacoemulsification. The number of anti-glaucoma drops needed after surgery at 2y ranged from 2-4. In all the 15 eyes, there was no statistically significant change in IOP control between pre-cataract surgery(mean 13.4±2.9 mmHg)compared to 1y(mean 14.1±3.2 mmHg, P=0.357)and 2y(mean 15.1±3.3 mmHg, P=0.212)post-phacoemulsification. Visual improvement after phacoemulsification however is significant, from a preoperative average visual acuity of LogMAR 1.52±1.00 to a postoperative average visual acuity of 0.53±0.54(P=0.000, paired t-test).

CONCLUSION: This analysis shows significant visual improvement following cataract surgery in post-trabeculectomy patients without compromising IOP control. However, a reduced bleb function is noted following the surgery evidenced by the increase in number of anti-glaucoma drops used after surgery especially two years after the cataract surgery. Patients should be counselled regarding the possibility of restarting on anti-glaucoma medications post-phacoemulsification. The timing and sequence of cataract and glaucoma surgery should be optimized for best outcome.]]> 2020/5/25 15:42:58 Jia Cherng Chong, Swee Sew Teh, Haireen Kamaruddin, Poh Yan Ong and Tajunisah Iqbal 88true METHODS: Fourteen patients(20 affected eyes)with soft drusen and DPED clinically confirmed from August 2016 to October 2018, were included in this study. 577 nm yellow laser of SMLT was applied for soft drusen and DPED. The changes of soft drusen and DPED in best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)(LogMAR)and height, diameter and cross-sessional area according to fundus autofluorescence and SD-OCT examinations were observed after SMLT.

RESULTS: BCVA was not significant difference after treatment of soft drusen(P=0.260), and the DPED(P=0.736)than that of the baseline. Compared with the baseline values, the height and cross-sessional area of soft drusen were reduced at the 6mo after treatment(P=0.008, P=0.034). Compared with the baseline values, the differences were not statistically significant in height, diameter and cross-sectional area of DPED after treatment.

CONCLUSION: BCVA was not reduced for drusen and DPED after SMLT, however, the height and cross-sessional area of soft drusen was reduced compared with those before treatment, and the differences were not statistically significant in height, diameter and cross-sectional area of DPED before and after treatment. The results indicated that SMLT was effective for soft drusen, but was not effective for short-term treatment of DPED. SMLT caused no damage to the visual acuity in treatment of soft drusen and DPED, but prospective, controlled, large sample and long-term follow-up studies should be required.]]> 2020/5/25 15:42:58 Qing-Shan Chen, Lu Chen, Xia Zhao, Miao-Hong Chen, Yu-Hang Yang and Zhi Li 87true METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among university students who use VDU 3h or more from January 2019 to May 2019. A convenient sampling method was utilized. All subjects had gone through primary eye-examinations to satisfy the inclusion criteria. Those who satisfy the inclusion criteria, further gone through the NSBVA assessment. The descriptive analysis was done to rule out the percentage of NSBVA and Chi-square test of independence was carried out to observe the association of NSBVA with age, gender and hours of VDU usage.

RESULTS: A total of 140 students including 88 females(62.9%)and 52 males(37.1%)participated in this study. The mean age of the participants was 22.54±1.48 years and the mean VDU usage hours were 5.76±2.49h. The percentage of NSBVA is 40% among the students those who use VDU. The occurrence of accommodative and vergence anomalies among the VDU users is 17.86% and 22.14% respectively. There was a moderate association between gender and NSBVA(P=0.010). However, there was no significant association observed for age(P=0.334)and hours of VDU usage(P=0.835)with NSBVA.

CONCLUSION: NSBVA is 40% among the students of a Malaysian private university uses VDU. Accommodation insufficiency(15%)and convergence insufficiency(10%)is more common among all NSBVA for VDU users.]]> 2020/5/25 15:42:58 Chiranjib Majumder and Toh Ching Ling 86true METHODS: This epidemiologic study was performed on 63 patients who were candidates for refractive surgery. We classified our patients into three groups as normal, subclinical keratoconus, and early keratoconus according to the Amsler-Krumeich criteria. We collected demographic information, including age and sex, and obtained a full medical history of the patients. Complete visual examination was performed for all patients. Then, using Pentacam, corneal volume and anterior chamber volume were measured among three groups.

RESULTS: Corneal volume in the control group was significantly higher than the subclinical keratoconus and early keratoconus groups(P<0.05), but the anterior chamber volume was not significantly different between the groups(P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: Measuring the corneal volume can help to distinguish the eyes with subclinical keratoconus and early keratoconus from normal eyes. The chamber volume might not differ remarkably among people with subclinical keratoconus, early keratoconus, and those with normal eyes.]]> 2020/4/26 11:24:07 Farshad Ostadian, Fereydoun Farrahi, Atefeh Mahdian Rad and Mohammad Sadegh Mirdehghan 85true in vivo confocal microscopy(IVCM)study and analyze its correlation with clinical symptoms.

METHODS: We collected 22 cases(44 eyes)patients with Sjogren's syndrome(observation group)and 22 cases(44 eyes)healthy people with the same age(control group)for observation of central corneal SBN fibers diameter, number of beads, and tortuosity, and recorded tear film break up time(BUT), Schirmer's Ⅰ test(SⅠt), tear meniscus height(TMH), dendritic cell(DC)density, the results were applied to perform statistical analysis.

RESULTS: Under IVCM observation, the diameter of corneal SBN fibers in the observation group became thinner, the number of beads and the degree of nerve fiber tortuosity were increased compared with the control group(P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis: the diameter of corneal SBN fibers in the observation group was significantly correlated with BUT(r=0.472, P<0.01), SⅠt(r=0.562, P<0.01), TMH(r=0.246, P=0.02)and DC density(r=-0.636, P<0.01). The number of nerve fiber beads was correlated with BUT(r=-0.621, P<0.01), SⅠt(r=-0.688, P<0.01), TMH(r=-0.438, P<0.01)and DC density(r=0.528, P<0.01). There was a significant correlation between nerve fiber tortuosity and BUT(r=-0.634, P<0.01), SⅠt(r=-0.713, P<0.01), TMH(r=-0.384, P< 0.01)and DC density(r=0.604, P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: IVCM can effectively observe the morphology of corneal nerve plexus. In SS patients, the diameter of corneal SBN fibers becomes thinner, the number of beads increases, and the tortuosity of nerve fiber increases. Moreover, the degree of nerve fiber lesions is correlated with the severity of dry eye clinical symptoms.]]> 2020/4/26 11:24:07 Zhao Yang and Qi Chen 84true METHODS: Patients' images and medical notes were retrospectively reviewed with subsequent analysis of both the therapeutic outcomes and complications of Botox injections.

RESULTS: The information of 76 patients(Female=58)with HFS who received a minimum of 4 Botox injections were included. The mean follow-up interval was 83±50(20-112)mo with an average of 16±10(4-34)injections. The peak incidence was between 55 and 64 years and the average age of onset was 66±11(32-85)years. Up to 23% of patients with HFS had aberrant vascular structures(Right=8, Left=7)in close relationship to the facial nerve(MRI=14, CT=1), where the vertebral artery(n=6)was the most involved vessel followed by the anterior inferior cerebellum artery(n=5). Patients with primary HFS had a shorter effective duration(2.5 vs 3.1mo, P<0.05), a longer onset time(4.1 vs 3.8d, P=0.739)and a lower Subjective Spasm Alleviation score(SSAs)(1.7 vs 1.9, P=0.179)than those with secondary HFS. Twelve of the 19 patients with pre-existing eyelid diseases underwent surgical correction including upper blepharoplasty(n=12), limited myectomy(n=7), browplasty(n=7)and advancement of levator aponeurosis(n=5). Five(41.7%)of those with surgical correction and suboptimal response to Botox showed improvement 6mo after surgery \〖onset time(P=0.0256), effective duration(P=0.374)and SSAs(P=0.0161)\〗. Those 12 patients with eyelid surgery had a lower complication rate than those without eyelid surgery(23% vs 42%, P≤0.05).

CONCLUSION: Botox is an effective and safe treatment for HFS. We found that patients with primary HFS had a less favorable therapeutic outcome with Botox than those with secondary HFS. Eyelid surgery for patients with concurrent eyelid diseases can augment the effect of subsequent Botox injections by improving patient satisfaction and reducing complication rate.]]> 2020/4/26 11:24:07 Kenneth K.H. Lai, Andrew K.T. Kuk, Edwin Chan and Simon T.C. Ko 83true METHODS: This prospective study included 60 eyes, both eyes of 20 patients(mean age: 33.65±5.24 years)with classic acute unilateral central serous chorioretinopathy and normal fellow eye and 20 eyes as healthy controls. Fluorescein angiography and OCT were done. The subfoveal choroidal thickness(SFCT), central macular thickness(CMT), 1000 μm temporal and nasal to the centre of the fovea and the subretinal fluid were measured.

RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference in SFCT among the three groups at the three different locations. SFCT in eyes with CSCR(372.40±34.39 μm)was significantly greater than that in each of the unaffected fellow eyes(302.10±8.9 μm)and control eyes(279.80±14.49 μm)at the base line and after 3mo follow-up. The mean CMT in CSCR was 317±141.86 μm, with a statistically significant positive correlation between SFCT and CMT.

CONCLUSION: The increase in the choroidal thickness at different locations as well as hyper-dilated and hyper-permeable vessels known as “pachychoroid” seems to play an important role in a broad spectrum of diseases that includes central serous chorioretinopathy.]]> 2020/3/25 14:45:37 Ragai Magdy Hatata, Mohamed Abdelhamid Nassif and Sherin Hassan Sadek 82true METHODS: Totally 120 healthy(61 males and 59 females)subjects(without dry eye symptoms and ocular surface disorder)with the age 20 to 39 years were recruited; 30 were Malays, 30 were Chinese, 31 were Indians and 29 were Nigerians. Based on McMonnies questionnaire and clinical examination, normal subjects were selected. NIBUT, TBUT, BTS were assessed in only one eye(right)of each subject and blink rate was also assessed.

RESULTS: There was significant difference in the NIBUT, TBUT, BTS and blink rate among 4 different ethnic groups(P=0.018),(P=0.001),(P=0.011), and(P=0.004)respectively. No statistically significant difference of NIBUT, TBUT, BTS and blink rate was found between the genders among different ethnic groups. Indian had higher median for NIBUT(10±6s), TBUT(7±5s)and BTS(20±20 mm)than others races. Chinese had lower median for NIBUT(7.5±4s)and TBUT(4±2s)while Malay had low BTS(9.5±16 mm)among the groups. There was no significant correlation of blink rate with NIBUT, TBUT and BTS(r= -0.119, P=0.195),(r=-0.086, P=0.352),(r= -0.123, P=0.180)respectively.

CONCLUSION: This study showed the variability in tear-film measurements values in four ethnic groups.]]> 2020/3/25 14:45:37 Madhavendra Bhandari and Boo Sheau Yun 81true 2020/3/13 19:43:56 Zhong-Ying Wang, Dong-Mei Su, Shan-He Liu, Si-Jia Li, Gui-Qian Zheng, Xu Ma and Shan-Shan Hu 80true METHODS: This prospective comparative observational study included 20 patients(20 eyes)who underwent PK as study group and 16 patients(16 eyes)as control group. Corneal epithelial thickness mapping using AS-OCT was performed at 2wk, 1 and 3mo postoperatively. The parameters of epithelial thickness and distribution at the 3mo were compared to 16 patients(16 eyes)with allograft rejection following PK.

RESULTS: There was significant decline in the superior, inferior, maximum, and minimum epithelial thickness values of the study group at 1mo compared to 2wk(P=0.0004, 0.0001, 0.0001, 0.04 respectively)with no significant differences at 3mo compared to 1mo(P=0.4, 0.1, 0.8)respectively. Percentage of reduction in epithelial thickness was significantly higher than that of stromal thickness at 1mo compared to 2wk(P=0.04). The epithelial thickness maps showed a similar pattern of epithelial thickness distribution in the study group and in the rejection group showing considerable corneal edema. However, the allograft rejection group showed irregular pattern of epithelial thickness distribution in patients showing relatively higher central corneal thickness(CCT)as measured by pachymetry map.

CONCLUSION: Quantitative assessment of graft epithelial remodeling following PK shows early changes that contribute to significant corneal graft thickness changes. Changes in corneal epithelial thickness and pattern of distribution could be used as an indicator for corneal graft rejection.]]> 2020/3/13 19:43:56 Shaimaa A Arfeen, Riham SHM Allam, Noha M Khalil and Ghada A Nassar 79true METHODS: Six hundred and thirty-four male subjects(n=634)aged 14-18 from Palestinian Governorate of Nablus were randomly selected and screened using Ishihara pseudoisochromatic plates. Subjects who failed Ishihara screening were tested further with computer software of Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue test.

RESULTS: Out of the 634 male participants, 597 were included in the study and 8.0% of them(48 males)demonstrated red-green CVD. 5.4%, 2.3% and 0.3% of the 48 males exhibited deutan, protan and total color vision deficiency(monochromacy), respectively.

CONCLUSION: The results show that the prevalence of red-green CVD among the male school children from Palestinian Governorate of Nablus is not significantly different from that of male populations in nearby and Western countries.]]> 2020/3/13 19:43:56 Mohammad M. Shehadeh, Mohammad T. Akkawi, Ammar A. Aghbar, Mu'ath Salman and Liana Labadi 78true 2020/1/19 11:26:18 Zhen-Zhen Liu, Shao-Fan Chen, Tong-Yong Yu, Guo-Shu Ma, Xiang-Yu Huang, De-Ying Yu and Hao-Tian Lin 77true METHODS: Histopathological sections and clinical data from patients with uveal melanoma were retrospectively observed and analyzed, and key indicators including the tumor's shape, size, height-to-base ratio, retinal thinning and retinal invasion were analyzed.

RESULTS: The study included 102 patients(102 eyes)with a mean age of 45.6±12.4 years, with 76(75%)uveal melanomas showing the spindle cell type, 6(6%)showing the epitheloid cell type, 16(16%)showing the mixed cell type and 4(4%)showing predominantly other cell types. Differentiated by tumor locations: 3 cases of ciliary body melanoma(2.9%), 28 cases of ciliary body and choroid melanoma(27.5%), 71 cases of choroid melanoma(69.6%). Retinal thinning was detected in 43(43%)eyes and retinal invasion by the tumor cells in 86(84%)eyes. Maximal tumor height ranged between 1.2 and 15.6(mean: 8.3±3.6)mm, and mean maximal tumor base diameter was 17.3±6.5(range: 4.8-31.2)mm. Mean R-value as ratio of tumor peak height to maximal tumor base diameter was 0.53±0.32. Mean R-value was significantly higher in the group with retinal thinning(n=43)than in the group without retinal thinning(n=59)(0.69±0.31 vs 0.42±0.27; P<0.01). R-value was slightly, however statistically not significantly higher in the group with retinal tumor invasion(n=86)than without retinal tumor invasion(n=16)(0.56±0.33 vs 0.41±0.25; P=0.09).

CONCLUSION: A high R-value indicating a prominent tumor is associated with tissue thinning in the adjacent retina, and marginally significantly with intra-retinal tumor cell invasion. Shape of uveal melanomas's corss section is of importance for the secondary involvement of the adjacent retina.]]> 2020/1/19 11:26:18 Ju Zhang, Wen-Bin Wei, Bin Li, Xiao-Lin Xu and Jost B Jonas 76true METHODS: In vivo, male C57/B6 mice received intraperitoneal injections of curcumin for 3d before intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide(LPS; 10mg/kg)to induce retinal inflammation. 24h after LPS application, the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were detected by real-time PCR(RT-PCR). Concanavalin A lectin perfusion-labeling technique evaluated leukocyte adhesion to the retinal vasculature. The protein concentration in the anterior chamber was measured with a protein quantification kit. In vitro, ARPE-19 cells were cultured. The optimum concentration of curcumin was detected by cell counting kit-8(CCK-8)assay. Before stimulated with 5 μg/mL LPS, ARPE-19 cells were incubated with or without curcumin for 1h. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured by RT-PCR and ELISA. PI3K/Akt expression was analyzed by Western Blotting.

RESULTS: Curcumin pre-treatment led to significant inhibition of EIU-associated leukocyte adhesion to retinal blood vessels and anterior-chamber protein leakage. The mRNA expression level of inflammatory cytokines was also significantly reduced with application of curcumin in vivo, such as IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. Meanwhile, Curcumin significantly attenuated the expression of IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 at both mRNA and protein levels in ARPE-19 cells. Curcumin suppressed PI3K/Akt phosphorylation as well as NF-κB activation in LPS-activated ARPE-19 cells.

CONCLUSION: Curcumin plays a preventive effect on LPS-induced retinal inflammation. The beneficial effect appears associated with inhibiting of the PI3k/Akt signaling pathway.]]> 2020/1/19 11:26:19 Yan Li, Hua Li, Xue Li and Shan-Bi Zhou 75true METHODS: Retrospective study of 29 eyes/keratoconus patients submitted to CXL, 15 eyes with application of IR(IR group)and 14 eyes with application of HR(HR group). The parameters analysed included(1-year follow-up): best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), sphere and cylinder, central and finer pachymetry, mean and maximum keratometry(Km and Kmax respectively), complications and progression.

RESULTS: An increase on the BCVA scale(LogMAR, logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution)was observed in the two groups: 0.26±0.57(IR)and 0.47±0.72(HR)before treatment, and 0.13±0.79(IR)and 0.29±1.52(HR)at the 1y. Only at 1y, the difference was statistically significant(P=0.018, group IR with higher BCVA). The central pachymetry(μm)decreased at 1mo in both groups, and increased in the following months: 497±28 μm(IR)and 432±14 μm(HR)before treatment, and 480±31 μm(IR)and 424±15 μm(HR)to the 1y. The thinner pachymetry(μm)presented the same evolution: 487±29 μm(IR)and 410±20 μm(HR)before treatment, and 468±33 μm(IR)and 413±13μm(HR)at 1y. Km and Kmax decreased in both groups(P>0.05). 6 eyes from each group presented transitory haze. No eye progressed to the 1y.

CONCLUSION:The use of hypotonic riboflavin seems to be a valid alternative for performing the traditional corneal cross-linking technique in eyes with a central corneal thickness of <400 μm.]]> 2020/1/19 11:26:19 Ana Sofia Lopes, Diana Silva, Susana Henriques, Peter Pêgo, Cristina Vendrell and Isabel Prieto 74true METHODS:HLE cells were cultured and exposed to 25 mmol/L glucose to promote high glucose conditions. Groups of cells were co-treated with three different combinations of dosages: 10 μmol/L GSH+2 μmol/L niacin, 30 μmol/L GSH+25 μmol/L niacin, and 100 μmol/L GSH+25 μmol/L niacin. After 72h incubation, protein carbonyl content(PCC)and glucose reactive protein(GRP78)content were assessed using ELISA examinations. After two-week incubation, advanced glycation end products(AGEs)were also assessed and the expression of αβ crystalline was measured using Western Blot examination. The SPSS 18.0 statistical package was used for all data analyses.

RESULTS:PCC and GRP78 levels in the co-treated groups were not significantly reduced compared to control(P>0.05). In contrast, there was a significant decrease of the AGEs levels in all groups co-treated with GSH and niacin when compared with the control group(P<0.05). In addition, the αβ crystalline expression increased after high dose glucose administration, but decreased in all groups co-treated with GSH and combinations of GSH and niacin.

CONCLUSION:The results suggest that combinations of GSH and niacin inhibit the aggregation of proteins and prevent glycation in hyperglycemic human lens epithelial cells. This study shows that this combination may play an active role in preventing diabetic cataract mainly from the AGEs pathway.]]> 2019/12/20 14:53:53 Nina Handayani, Nur Permatasari, Hidayat Sujuti and Achmad Rudijanto 73true METHODS: Totally 120 adolescents matched in age and gender participated in our study. Subjects were divided into three groups according to their refractive states. The cerebral visual functions tested in our study included perceptual eye position(PEP), fixation stability and stereoacuity. Stereoacuity tests involved in our study could be categorized into two parts. The first part was classical stereo tests including Titmus and synoptophore stereo test. The second part was 3D random-dot test for zero-order stereoacuity(hereinafter as zero-order test)at different viewing distances(0.8 m and 1.5 m).

RESULTS:1)PEP: the deviation of horizontal PEP was significantly larger in non-anisometropia when compared to control group. Both horizontal and vertical PEP bias pixels were significantly larger in anisometropia group. 2)χ² test showed that both non-anisometropia group and anisometropia group had more trouble in holding their fixation stable. Moreover, anisometropia group had more abnormal results than other two groups. And in zero-order test at 1.5 m, both non-anisometropia and anisometropia had more abnormal results in stereoacuity than control group. The correlation between fixation stability and near stereoacuity(Titmus and zero-order stereoacuity at 0.8 m)was weak and positive.

CONCLUSION:Low myopic adolescents still have certain defects in cerebral visual functions; Examinations used in our study were useful in assessing cerebral visual functions. They could provide better follow-up evaluation and solid ground for further specific treatments in treating defects of cerebral visual functions. So far, local retinal environment has been the focus on the development in myopia. Our results suggested that researchers might pay more attention on visual cortex in studying the mechanisms of myopia in the near future.]]> 2019/12/20 14:53:54 Yun Liu, Hua He, Li Yan, Hang Chu and Dian-Peng Wu 72true METHODS: The medical records of 26 consecutive eyes of 23 patients who received intravitreal injections of conbercept for pm-CNV with a follow-up of 1y were retrospectively reviewed. All the patients were diagnosed by fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA)and OCTA at the first visit. All approaches were performed as “1+PRN” treatment. Outcomes included best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA), central foveal thickness(CFT)and the mean CNV area by OCTA.

RESULTS: Mean BCVA improved from(0.66±0.51)at baseline to(0.39±0.38)at 1y(t=3.528, P=0.004). The CFT before treatment and after 1y after were(275.08±48.74)μm and(205.15±43.74)μm respectively(t=4.630, P=0.001). The mean pm-CNV areas before treatment and after 1y treatment were(0.48±0.24)mm² and(0.15±0.11)mm² respectively, with a significant difference among them(t=5.329, P=0.000). Twenty-one eyes had no needs after the first treatment. Four eyes received 2 injections and only one eye received 3 injections. No severe adverse events were noted relevant to the therapy.

CONCLUSION: Intravitreal conbercept can improve the vision and relieve CFT and CNV area for the treatment of pm-CNV with “1+PRN” by OCTA for 1y, however, long-term follow-up still need to be performed.]]> 2020/11/19 16:34:45 Zheng-Feng Liu, Xue-Mei Pan, Da-Dong Guo, Mei-Hua Ding and Hong-Sheng Bi 71true METHODS:Based on the degree of eccentricity of OK lenses, patients were divided into three groups: a low degree of eccentricity group(degree of eccentricity ≤0.5 mm), a group of moderate eccentricity(eccentric degree >0.5-≤1.0 mm)and a group with a high degree of eccentricity(eccentric degree >1-≤1.5 mm). The degree of eccentricity of the OK lens, spherical equivalent(SE), the uncorrected visual acuity after wearing OK lenses(UCVA), axial length before and after wearing OK lenses(AL), total higher-order aberrations(HOA), comas, and spherical aberrations(SA)for 3 mm pupils were analyzed. The difference among the three groups for all parameters was compared using the Kruskal-Wallis H Rank-Sum test.

RESULTS:The study retrospectively analyzed 75 cases(139 eyes). In the low eccentricity group(53 eyes), the mean age was 11.4±2.4 years, SE was -3.24±1.48 D, and AL was 24.85±1.01 mm. In the moderate eccentricity group(53 eyes), the mean age was 11.4±2.2 years, SE was -3.22±1.29 D, and AL was 25.15±0.92 mm. In the high eccentricity group(31 eyes), the mean age was 11.5±1.9 years, SE was -3.54±1.43 D, and AL was 24.95±0.84mm. After two years, there was no significant difference in the changes of the axis among the three groups(P=0.089). The HOA, SA, and coma in the high eccentric group were significantly higher than in the middle eccentric group(P<0.05). The HOA, SA, and coma in the high eccentric group were also significantly higher than those in the low eccentric group(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION:For OK lenses, it is unnecessary to strictly require the absolute centralization of the lens position. An unnecessary change of the lenses may delay the eye-axis control. However, the balance between axial control and visual quality should be assessed.]]> 2020/11/19 16:34:45 Zi-Yang Chen, Zhao-Da Ye, Ye Zhang and Yan-Hong Hu 70true 2020/10/22 16:19:24 Mei Sun, Xiao-Feng Hao, Li-Ke Xie, Qi Jin, Shi-Hui Wang and Jing Xu 69true METHODS: Totally 30 consecutive patients(30 eyes)undergoing primary 23G PPV were recruited in the study. Ocular Surface Disease Index(OSDI)questionnaire was performed. Ocular surface parameters, including tear meniscus height(TMH), noninvasive tear break up time(NITBUT)and bulbar redness score were obtained preoperatively, in 2, 4, 8 and 12wk postoperatively by Keratograph 5M. Correlations between all the clinical parameters were analyzed further.

RESULTS: The percentages of both photophobia and gritty within 4wk after PPV were significantly higher than preoperation, while they decreased to the preoperative levels in both 8wk and 12wk postoperatively. The percentage of sore eyes in the first week postoperatively was significantly higher than preoperation, but there were no significant differences between the percentages of preoperation and 2, 4, 8 and 12wk postoperatively. OSDI score increased significantly within 4wk postoperatively, but it returned to the preoperative level in 8 and 12wk. TMH increased with 2wk postoperatively, but there were no significant differences compared with preoperation. Both NITBUT-first and NITBUT-average shortened significantly within 8wk postoperatively, but they gradually improved to the preoperative levels in 12wk. Bulbar redness score was significantly higher than the preoperative level within 4wk postoperatively, but it returned to the preoperative level in 8wk. NITBUT-first and NITBUT-average had a significant positive correlation at each visit. TMH had a significant positive correlation with NITBUT-average in the first week postoperatively.

CONCLUSION: Keratograph 5M can provide a reliable noninvasive method to assess the influence of PPV on the ocular surface. PPV may cause various changes in both symptoms and signs of ocular surface damages at the early stage, while all these changes will return to preoperative levels gradually in 12wk postoperatively.]]> 2020/10/22 16:19:24 Ling-Ling Fan, Shi-Jian Fan, Jian Gao, Lun Liu and Rong-Feng Liao 68true METHODS: A total of 60 patients(60 eyes)with type 2 diabetes diagnosed in our hospital were chosen as diabetes group, 60 patients(60 eyes)without diabetes were chosen as control group. The subjects were tested including ocular surface disease index(OSDI), tear secretion(SⅠt)and the tear film break-up time(TBUT), tear meniscus height(TMH), corneal fluorescein staining(CFS).

RESULTS: All 65.94% of participants emerged dry eye(77.45% diabetics and 54.43% controls). In the diabetic group,OSDI and CFS were significantly higher(P<0.01), and BUT,SⅠt and TMH were significantly lower(P<0.05). Related analysis showed that duration of diabetes, glycemia and Hb1Ac were the influencing factors of symptoms in diabetic patients(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Diabetes patients are inclined to dysfunction in tear secretion and tear film, the longer of diabetes,and the higher of the glycemia and Hb1Ac, the worse the tear film stability were.]]> 2020/10/22 16:19:25 Min Zhang and Yi-Hui Xiang 67true METHODS: This was a hospital-based longitudinal study by design. Data were collected from April 2015 to April 2016 in Ophthalmology Department of Dhulikhel Hospital. Presenting visual acuity, chief complaint at presentation, age at presentation, refractive status, binocularity and fixation patterns were assessed in all the children with amblyopia. Improvement in visual acuity was also noted in all the subjects after occlusion therapy, which is a most commonly used modality of treatment for amblyopia.

RESULTS: Among 1 092 children examined during the study period, 60(5.49%)were amblyopic. Among them, 35(58.30%)were females and 25(41.70%)were males. The mean age at presentation was 8.87±3.29 years. Meridional amblyopia was the most prevalent subtype seen in 43.3%(n=26)of children followed by anisohypermetropic amblyopia(20%, n=12). The most common refractive error was astigmatism accounting for 58.30% of the total cases followed by hypermetropia(22.50%)and myopia(7.50%). Compliance with spectacle wear combined with occlusion therapy and active vision therapy was 73.30%(n=44). There was a statistically significant improvement in visual acuity of the amblyopic eyes after the different treatment strategies after 3mo(P=0.002).

CONCLUSION: Prevalence of amblyopia and associated visual impairment is still a public health issue in developing countries like Nepal. Lack of awareness and lack of community or preschool vision screening for children lead to late presentation and significant visual impairment associated with the condition. The burden can easily be reduced with screening camps, timely referrals and proper interventions.]]> 2020/10/22 16:19:25 Raju Kaiti, Pabita Dhungel, Asik Pradhan and Monica Chaudhry 66true METHODS: In this paired-sample study, aqueous humor samples from 37 bilateral age-related cataract patients were collected just before each cataract surgery. Samples collected during the first-eye cataract surgery were marked as Group A, samples collected during the second-eye cataract surgery were marked as Group B. In addition, the samples were classified into five groups according to different operation intervals between the first and the second cataract surgery. Finally the concentration of 13 selected cytokines(including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, CCL2/MCP-1, IL-6 Rα, IL-1 ra, MIP-1α, MIP-1d, CCL4, IL-2, CXCL9, TIMP-1, CCL11)in aqueous humor samples was detected by Luminex-200(RnD)simultaneously in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.

RESULTS: Among the 13 selected cytokines, there was statistically difference between the first and the second eyes in concentration of IL-6, MIP-1α, CCL2/MCP-1, TNF-α, MIP-1d, IL-2 and TIMP-1(P<0.05), and the expression levels of all these seven cytokines in the second eyes were higher than those in the first eyes, and the concentration of IL-6 and MIP-1α in the second eyes was significantly higher than that in the first eyes(P<0.001). Compared with the first eyes, the concentration of CCL4, CCL11, IL-6Rα, CXCL9, and IL-1ra in the second eyes only showed slightly increase, while IL-8 showed a slight decrease, all with no statistically difference(all P>0.05). The concentration differences of IL-6, MCP-1/CCL2, IL-2, MIP-1d between the first eyes and the second eyes were most obvious at the third week after phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation(PHACO+IOL)in the first eye.

CONCLUSION: This study revealed that there may be an inflammatory response in the contralateral eye after cataract surgery in the first eye, and the inflammatory response in the second eye appears to be most significant at the third week after phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation(PHACO+IOL)in the first eye.]]> 2020/9/17 16:45:28 Lei Fang, Qian Li, Jian-Cen Tang, Hao Chu, Ji Xu, Yi-Ran Wang and Hong-Ping Cui 65true METHODS: We analyzed the administrative records of 6 467 patients aged 50 years and older admitted to the ophthalmological department of a tertiary hospital from January 1^st, 2011 to May 20^th, 2017. With either eye considered, an ARC(n=3 343)was defined as the presence of lens opacity or previous cataract surgery without evidence of trauma, congenital anomalies or using certain medications. Patients admitted to the same department during the same period due to ocular traumas without clinical evidence of cataracts(n=379)were recruited as the cataract-free controls. Unconditional Logistic regressions were ran to obtain the odds ratio(OR)of hypertension and diabetes among ARC patients adjusted for age, sex and health care accessibility.

RESULTS: Hypertension was diagnosed in 29.54% of men with any type of cataracts, in 30.12% of men with an ARC, and 10.82% of men of cataract-free controls. Diabetes was diagnosed in 16.64% of men with any type of cataracts, in 16.48% of men with ARC and 4.22% of men of cataract-free controls. Similar patterns were observed among women. After adjusting for age, sex, and health care accessibility, hypertension was weakly \〖OR=1.83(95% CI: 1.23, 2.74)\〗 and diabetes was strongly \〖3.38(1.86, 6.15)\〗 associated with ARCs. The adjusted OR of comorbid hypertension and diabetes among adults with ARC was 18.20(4.38, 75.59).

CONCLUSION: Hypertension and diabetes were independently associated with ARC. Hypertension and diabetes, if co-existing, multiplicatively strengthened the association with ARC.]]> 2020/9/17 16:45:29 Jin-Jin Li, Mo-Dong Li, Jie Li, Xiao Yang, Dan Xia, Yu Li, Wei Wang, Fei Yan and Jian Zhang 64true METHODS:Totally 33 volunteer patients who scheduled for phacoemulsification surgery received one drop of levofloxacin every 6h for 3d before and on the day of surgery, administration of drug was stopped 1h before surgery. Levofloxacin concentration in aqueous humor was measured by HPLC method with fluorescence detector.

RESULTS:A simple, effective and sensitive HPLC method for determination of levofloxacin in human ocular aqueous was validated. Linearity was shown for levofloxacin concentration over a wide range of 1.95×10^-3-1.50 μg/mL. The mean aqueous level of levofloxacin was 0.3399±0.03405 μg/mL.

CONCLUSION:Results from the present study demonstrate that topical administration of levofloxacin 0.5% before cataract surgery with routine dose(one drop every 6h)unable to reach MIC90 for most common microorganism causing acute bacterial endophthalmitis.]]> 2020/9/17 16:45:29 Mahsa Hasanzadeh, Vafa Samarei and Amir Heydari 63true METHODS: In this retrospective study, 39 eyes in 37 patients who were diagnosed with NVG with and without vitreous hemorrhage(where iridotrabecular contact is more than 180°)in the ophthalmology department of Xi'an No.1 Hospital between January 2016 and December 2017 were enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into two groups, based on whether they had vitreous hemorrhage. All patients received 0.5 mg(0.05 mL)conbercept intravitreal injection. Twenty-one eyes in 20 patiants(Group 1)without vitreous hemorrhage received EX-PRESS(P50)glaucoma drainage device implantation on 4d after conbercept intravitreal injection and then received panretinal photocoagulation 2wk after implantation. Eighteen eyes in 17 patients(Group 2)with vitreous hemorrhage received vitrectomy combined with the EX-PRESS(P50)glaucoma drainage device implantation and panretinal photocoagulation on 4d after conbercept intravitreal injection. Air or silicone oil was selectively filled according to the situation during the operation. All patients were followed up for 6mo after operation.

RESULTS: No statistical difference was found between preoperative best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)and postoperative(6mo)BCVA in Group 1(P>0.05). There was statistical difference between preoperative BCVA and postoperative(6mo)BCVA in Group 2(P<0.05). The intraocular pressure( IOP)of Group 1 at postoperative 1d, 1wk, 1, 3 and 6mo was 20.5±4.3 mmHg, 19.6±3.8 mmHg, 20.1±3.7 mmHg, 19.9±4.2 mmHg, and 19.3±2.9 mmHg, respectively. The postoperative IOP of Group 2 was 22.3±3.7 mmHg, 20.6±2.8 mmHg, 20.4±3.8 mmHg, 18.9±4.1 mmHg, and 19.3±3.4 mmHg, respectively. The postoperative IOP of every time point was significantly lower than the preoperative IOP in Group 1 and Group 2(P<0.05). During the follow up, three eyes in three patients showed a recurrence of iris neovascularization and were given one more 0.05 mL conbercept intravitreal injection.

CONCLUSION: Conbercept intravitreal injection combined with glaucoma drainage device implantation and panretinal photocoagulation can effectively reduce IOP in NVG(where the iridotrabecular touch is more than 180°).]]> 2021/8/18 21:32:58 *, Cheng Chen^*, Tong Wang, Zhao-Jie Chu and Xiao-Dong Chen]]> Lei Huang^*, Cheng Chen^*, Tong Wang, Zhao-Jie Chu and Xiao-Dong Chen 62true METHODS: From May 2016 and February 2018, a total of 207 eyes(126 cases)with HM were selected and divided into three groups according to Curtin's posterior scleral staphyloma classifications: group A(Types Ⅰ and Ⅱ), group B(Type Ⅲ), and group C(Types Ⅶ, Ⅸ, and Ⅹ). The posterior zone of the fundus was divided into three zones: zones 1, 2 and 3. The horizontal distance between the central fovea and the vertical line pass of the optic nerve head(ONH)center(HDFCO), the vertical distance between the fovea and the horizontal line pass of the ONH center(VDFCO), and vision were tested. The fovea position in different posterior scleral morphologies groups were investigated.

RESULTS: In zone 1, 3 eyes were all from group A(1.5%). In zone 2, 117 eyes were from group A(56.5%), 15 eyes were from group B(7.2%), and 13 eyes were from group C(6.3%). The HDFCO was 5 037±507 μm, 4 771±509 μm, and 5 585±773 μm in groups A, B, and C, respectively(F=8.38, P<0.01). The VDFCO values were 615±297 μm, 643±322 μm, and 504±363 μm(F=0.87, P=0.41). In zone 3, 43 eyes were from group A(20.7%), 7 eyes were from group B(3.4%), and 9 eyes were from group C(4.4%). The HDFCO was 5 048±683 μm, 4 444±540 μm, and 5 293±840 μm in groups A, B, and C, respectively(F=3.13, P=0.05). The VDFCO values were 1 385±484 μm, 1 225±201 μm, and 1 664±318 μm(F=2.18, P=0.12). The mean best corrected visual acuity of HM group was LogMAR 4.87±0.22 and 4.77±0.27 in zone 2 and zone 3, respectively(t=-1.55, P=0.12).

CONCLUSION: The position of the central fovea changes slightly with different posterior scleral morphologies in HM and has no effects on best corrected visual acuity.]]> 2021/8/18 21:32:58 Wei-Feng Liu, Jiang-Bo Fan, Yue-Yuan Xu, Xuan Zhu, Ya-Lan Ming, Yi-Qi Liu, Xue-Li Lan and Guo-Fu Huang 61true METHODS: Transversal descriptive study consisting of a screening campaign evaluating the visual status of different professionals working with computers or electronic devices more than 2h per day. A total of 100 healthy patients with a mean age of 41.2(range: 20-62)years were revised and subdivided according to job subgroups. A battery of screening tests was performed to all participants in a single session at the working environment of each of them, including measurement of the working distance(WD), arm length, and MPUD.

RESULTS:The WD was significantly longer than MPUD(61.22±12.35 vs 32.22±6.35 cm; P<0.001). Likewise, MPUD was significantly shorter than the arm length(74.44±4.65 cm; P<0.001). A total of 4%(4/100)and 91%(91/100)of patients had a WD and MPUD of 40 cm or below, respectively. A weak although statistically significant correlation was found between WD and MPUD(r=0.387, P<0.001)as well as between WD and arm length(r=0.260, P=0.009). Statistically significant differences were detected among job subgroups in WD(P=0.021), being longer for militaries compared to university researchers and lecturers(P=0.025).

CONCLUSION:Working and mobile phone usage distances vary significantly among common users of computers and digital devices, although the use of mobile phones tends to be performed at significantly closer distances. This parameter should be considered when planning any type of optical correction, especially for presbyopia.]]> 2021/8/18 21:32:58 Fernando Soler, Alicia Sánchez-García, Ainhoa Molina-Martín, Dolores de Fez, Valentín Díaz and David P Piñero 60true METHODS:Forty eyes in 20 patients diagnosed with HM, age 29.90±7.92 years old, with a spherical equivalent(SE)of -8.95±2.01 D, were recruited. The RNFL thickness and the VD of the superficial retinal capillary plexus(SCP), deep retinal capillary plexus, and choroidal capillary(CC)were measured by OCTA. Macular regions within a 6 mm diameter circle were divided into 9 subfields: the central subfield, and the pericentral and peripheral regions of superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal quadrants. The RNFL thickness of different subfields were compared, and their relationships with SE, axial length, and VD were analyzed.

RESULTS:In the pericentral region, the RNFL thickness of the superior quadrant was the lowest, whereas thickness was highest in the inferior quadrant(all P<0.05). In the peripheral region, the RNFL thickness of the temporal quadrant was the lowest(all P<0.05). A negative correlation was found between the RNFL thickness and SE(r=-0.356, P=0.024)in the peripheral superior subfield. The VD of SCP was positively correlated with RNFL thickness in the nasal and inferior quadrants of the pericentral region and in the superior, nasal, and inferior quadrants of the peripheral region(r=0.314, 0.408, 0.467, 0.655, and 0.737 respectively; all P<0.05), whereas the VD of CC was negatively correlated with RNFL thickness in the peripheral superior subfield(r=-0.356, P=0.024).

CONCLUSION:The RNFL of macular areas is not uniformly distributed in HM. As the SE increases, the RNFL thickness decreases in certain areas, which correlates with the VD of SCP and CC layers.]]> 2021/7/21 22:23:08 Huan Chen, Chen Chen and Qin Long 59true via scleral flap in phacoemulsification combined with trabeculectomy for glaucoma and cataract with extremely shallow anterior chamber.

METHODS: This retrospective case review consisted of 18 eyes of 18 patients(8 males and 10 females), of those, 11 eyes had acute angle-closure glaucoma with angle-closure greater than 180 degree, and 7 eyes had lens subluxation combined with glaucoma. All 18 patients underwent phacoemulsification, intraocular lens(IOL)implantation, trabeculectomy, and anterior vitrectomy via the scleral flap in cases where conservative management techniques cannot control intraocular pressure(IOP). The main outcomes were best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), anterior chamber depth(ACD), IOP, slit-lamp microscopic examination, number of medications, fundus examination, and complications.

RESULTS: The average axial length(AL)was 21.5±0.6 mm. Mean age was 62.3±7.9 years. Mean ACD increased significantly from 0.78±0.43 mm to 2.89±0.41 mm 1wk after surgery(P<0.001). Mean IOP decreased significantly from 43.28±9.38 mmHg to 16.72±6.28 mmHg(P<0.001). No serious complications, such as endophthalmitis, retinal detachment, suprachoroidal hemorrhage, corneal decompensation, and malignant glaucoma were observed.

CONCLUSION: 25G anterior vitrectomy via scleral flap is a safe and effective technique for glaucoma and cataract with extremely shallow anterior chamber.]]> 2021/7/21 22:23:08 Hui Shao, Yi-Yu Meng, Bo-Le Wu and Xin-Ming Ye 58true METHODS: Databases including the CNKI, VIP Information, WanFang and CBM were electronically searched for all randomized controlled trials(RCTs)about comparing the intraocular pressure(IOP), forming efficiency of functional filtering blebs and success rate of filtering surgery between patients with and without ocular massage after receiving filtering surgery. Two reviewers independently screened literature according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and evaluated the included studies. Then, Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan5.3 software.

RESULTS: Totally 20 eligible studies involving 1 757 eyes of 1 750 individuals were included to investigate the effect of ocular massage in patients after glaucoma filtering surgery. Ten of the studies were related with IOP. The results of Meta-analysis showed that IOP was better controlled in patients with ocular massage in the postoperative 2wk, 1 and 3mo \〖(WMD= -0.96, 95%CI(-1.83, -0.09), P<0.05\〗, \〖WMD= -2.68, 95%CI(-3.81, -1.55), P<0.05\〗 and \〖WMD= -3.98, 95%CI(-5.00, -2.96), P<0.05\〗, respectively. Fourteen of the studies were related with the forming efficiency of functional filtering blebs. The results of Meta-analysis showed that patients with ocular massage act better in forming functional blebs \〖RR=1.33, 95%CI(1.23, 1.44), P<0.05)\〗. Nine of the studies were related with the success rate of surgery. The results of Meta-analysis showed that patients with ocular massage had higher rate of surgery success \〖(RR=1.41, 95%CI(1.28, 1.55), P<0.05)\〗.

CONCLUSION: Ocular massage can help patients after filtering surgery to control IOP more effectively and promote the formation of functional filtering blebs, so as to improve the success rate of surgery.]]> 2021/7/21 22:23:09 Li Zhang, Xu-Ying Li and Xin Wei 57true METHODS:A total of 46 adults aged between 20-24 years, and 227 children aged between 6-15 years who were divided into five age groups(6-7 years, 8-9 years, 10-11 years, 12-13 years, and 14-15 years), participated in this study. Global motion detection was evaluated with a random dot kinematogram test, with the proportion of the dots moving at the same direction(up vs down, or left vs right)varied in each trial. The speed of each dot consisted of 1.0 and 5.0 deg/s, therefore four conditions of dots moving were examined in this study. Subjects were asked to identify the direction of the perceived global motion in a three-down-one-up staircase algorithm. The minimal proportion of signal dots moving at the same direction for global motion to be perceived is defined as the threshold. Each subject was measured five times and the mean value was recorded in each condition. Two-way analysis of variance was used for data analysis to accommodate the interaction between the two factors: age and sex maturation.

RESULTS:For signal dots moving vertically with 1.0 deg/s, the influence of gender and age on global motion detection was statistically significant(gender: F=10.533, P=0.001; age: F=8.599, P<0.001). The thresholds for adult females and 14-15 years girls were significantly higher than that in adult males(P=0.013)and 14-15 years boys(P=0.030). There was also a similar effect of gender and age for signal dots moving horizontally with 1.0 deg/s(gender: F=12.073, P=0.001; age: F=8.724, P<0.001). The thresholds for adult females and 14-15 years girls were significantly higher than that in adult males(P=0.004)and 14-15 years boys(P=0.009). For signal dots moving vertically with 5.0 deg/s, the influence of gender on global motion detection was statistically significant(F=6.826, P=0.010), while there was no difference between adults and children(F=1.085, P=0.369). The threshold for adult females was significantly higher than that in adult males(P=0.002). Finally, for signal dots moving horizontally with 5.0 deg/s, there was a similar effect as dots moving vertically with the same speed(gender: F=7.775, P=0.006; age: F=1.794, P=0.114). The thresholds for adult females and 14-15 years girls were significantly higher than that in adult males(P=0.001)and 14-15 years boys(P=0.017).

CONCLUSION: Gender difference in detecting global motion exists only in adults and children older than 14 years.]]> 2021/7/21 22:23:09 Ding Han, Cai-Yuan Xie, Bei Du, Hong-Bo Zhang, Bin Zhang and Rui-Hua Wei 56true METHODS: Medical records of keratoconic corneas underwent accelerated collagen cross-linking at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thailand between April 2015 and August 2018 were reviewed. Preoperative and postoperative data at 1a of visual acuity, auto-refraction, corneal topography, higher-order aberrations(HOA), topometric indices and corneal densitometry were evaluated. Age of 24 and 30 years old, maximum keratometry value(Kmax)of 55 D, and baseline best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)of 20/40(or 0.3 in LogMAR unit)were used as cut-off values to highlight the cross-linking effects. The effect of age, preoperative Kmax and BCVA were analyzed. The association between the change of corneal densitometry and other factors including preoperative Kmax, Kmean, manifest refraction spherical equivalent(MRSE), visual acuity, thinnest pachymetry, the change in Kmax, and the change of those parameters were also analyzed. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS: One hundred and fifty-five patients(185 eyes)were included. One hundred and nineteen patients were male and thirty-six patients were female. According to Amsler-Krumeich classification, stages 1 and 2 were dominant(37.84% and 35.14% respectively). At 1a, mean LogMAR uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA)improved by 0.1(P<0.05). The number of eyes of which postoperative BCVA improved more than 0.2 LogMAR was higher in the worse baseline BCVA group(preoperative BCVA ≥0.3)compared to the better baseline BCVA group(preoperative BCVA < 0.3)(78.26% vs 21.74%, P<0.05). Mean Kmax decreased from baseline by 2.36 diopters(D)(P<0.05). Seventy-three percent of the eyes of which Kmax reduced more than 2.0 D had preoperative Kmax ≥55 D. Corneal HOA at 6 mm from corneal apex decreased by 0.40(P<0.05). Corneal densitometry at 0-6 mm zone increased at 1mo and persisted 1a postoperatively(P<0.05). The relationship of the increase in densitometric value and the decrease of thinnest pachymetry at 1a were in linear fashion. Index of surface variance, index of vertical asymmetry, keratoconus index, index of height decentration decreased at 1a(P<0.05). Success rate at 1a was 90.24%. Postoperative corneal haze was found 11.35%, 30.27%, 15.67%, 10.27% and 2.16% at 1wk, 1, 3, 6mo and 1a respectively. No eyes developed corneal edema. There was one case of sterile keratitis.

CONCLUSION: Accelerated collagen cross-linking in keratoconus was effective to flatten, reshape the cornea, improved visual acuity, HOA and topometric indices. Great Kmax reduction was found in advanced keratoconus. The magnitude of Kmax reduction is also greatest among previous reports.]]> 2021/6/24 15:27:58 Yonrawee Piyacomn, Ngamjit Kasetsuwan, Vilavun Puangsricharern, Usanee Reinprayoon, Vannarut Satitpitakul and Patchima Chantaren 55true METHODS: Recorded of consecutive cases were reviewed of pterygium patients treated with pterygium removal between March 2015 and February 2016 in People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. Primary nasal pterygium patients with at least 3mo follow-up periods were included. Finally, 85 patients(85 eyes)were investigated, 44 eyes were operated with 20% ethanol(the study group)and 41 eyes were operated without 20% ethanol(the control group).

RESULTS: All of the 85 patients enrolled had no intraoperative and postoperative complications. The mean healing time of the corneal epithelium for the study group was statistically significant different of 2.84±0.43d compared with the control group of 3.12±0.64d(P<0.05). Overall, postoperative symptoms(pain, irritation, foreign body sensation and epiphora)were significantly different in postoperative 3d between the two groups(P<0.05). No statistically significant differences in corneal endothelium morphologies were found in two groups between preoperative and 2wk, 1 and 3mo postoperative, or between the two groups at any corresponding time point(all P>0.05). Between the two groups, there were no statistically significant differences in best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)at preoperative, postoperative 2wk and 1mo(all P>0.05), but statistically significant difference was found in BCVA at the 3mo after surgery(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: The removal of primary pterygium with 20% ethanol is a simple and safe technique that helps to establish a clear separation plane between the pterygium and the underlying cornea.]]> 2021/6/24 15:27:58 Xiao-Nian Wu, Li Jiang, Ning-Ning Tang, Qing Chen, Feng-Mei Li, Cai-Qiong Zeng, Jian Lyu, Qi Chen and Fan Xu 54true 2021/5/20 16:38:35 Zeng-Fang Yu, A-Long Zhong, Dan Li, Xiao-Shuang Zhao and Jun-Guo Duan 53true METHODS: A perspective, randomized case-control study was conducted. Patients with acute primary angle-closure glaucoma(ACG)and early cataracts underwent PPI+GSL implantation(group A, n=29)and trabeculectomy(group B, n=30). The quality of life was assessed using the National Eye Institute 25-Item Visual Function Questionnaire(NEI-VFQ-25)before and 6mo after surgery. Intraocular pressure(IOP), best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), review frequency and the basic characteristics were recorded simultaneously.

RESULTS: Compared with preoperative status, the IOP in both groups was significantly decreased(all P<005), and the BCVA was significantly increased in group A(P<0.05), while did not differ significantly in group B(P>0.05). Besides, group B presented higher review frequency than group A(P<0.05). Moreover, significant increases in postoperative scores were founded in the two groups respectively(all P<0.05). Compared with group B, group A had better postoperative performance in items of general vision, ocular pain, long-distance activities, social functioning and role limitations(all P<0.05). Besides, group A presented significantly higher net increases in postoperative total scores than group B(P<0.05), which was positively associated with the degree of the BCVA recovery and negatively associated with review frequency(R²=0.48, F=5.00, P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: APACG patients with early cataracts, PPI+GSL determines better improvement in quality of life compared to trabeculectomy.]]> 2021/5/20 16:38:35 Shui-Feng Deng, Rui Liao, Jun-Xia Li, Dan Dai, Wen-Tao Li, Bi-Yu Zhang, Ling Zhou, Ye-Hong Zhuo and Ying-Ting Zhu 52true METHODS: Retrospective observational case series. Twenty-three patients with macula-off RRD underwent successful SBS combined with cryotherapy. Patients with recurrent retinal detachment and proliferative preretinal membranes were excluded. Optical coherence tomography(OCT)was used to measure subfoveal SFT and subfoveal CT. The OCT images were then evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively at 1wk, 1, 3, 6, and 12mo. Best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)was measured preoperatively and postoperatively.

RESULTS: All of the patients had subretinal fluid 1wk after operation. Subfoveal SFT gradually reduced over time. The subfoveal CT was thicker 1wk postoperatively and gradually decreased subsequently. The BCVA(mean±SD, LogMAR)was 0.60±0.35, which was a statistically significant change from the preoperative BCVA(t=6.35, P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: The subretinal fluid was gradually absorbed with time, and the subfoveal CT gradually decreased after the early thickening. The SBS rapidly improved the visual acuity of the patients after the early postoperative period.]]> 2021/5/20 16:38:35 Zhi-Jian Huang 51true 2021/4/21 21:11:59 Li-Na Huang, Chen Lin, Peng Huang, Qiu-Xia Xie and Cai-Xia Wang 50true 2021/4/21 21:11:59 Kenan Da(ˇoverg)delen and Semra Ar&#x131; Sevingil 49true 2021/4/21 21:12:00 Chang Huang, Guo-Guo Yi and Min Fu 48true 2021/3/25 20:05:41 Michaeline Asuquo Isawumi, Bolanle Victoria Olomola and Adedolapo Olaopa 47true 2021/3/25 20:05:41 Yi-Nan Liu, Qian-Ru Wu, Hong-Yuan Cai and Xiao-Yong Chen 46true 2021/3/25 20:05:41 Ting-Ting Hong, Xin-Xiao Gao, Zi-Cheng Ma and Si-Quan Zhu 45true METHODS: This retrospective study recruited premature infants who consecutively attended the Tongji Hospital for retinopathy of prematurity(ROP)screening from May 2018 to November 2018. The binocular indirect ophthalmoscope was used for examination.

RESULTS: In total, 60 cases were pulled for data analysis. The cases were categorized as having the following condition: hyaloid artery remnants positive(49 cases)or hyaloid artery remnants negative(11 cases). It was showed that the remnants positive group had significant lower gestational age and birth weight than those of the negative group(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in gender, labor presentation and ROP between the two groups(P>0.05). The hyaloid artery remnants completely regressed in all the follow-up cases. The range of disappearing time of hyaloid artery remnants was 37-44wk of corrected gestational age.

CONCLUSION: The hyaloid artery remnants in preterm infants are most likely to be physiological residues. Younger or lower weight premature infants will have higher positive detection rates of hyaloid artery remnants. It seems like co-existence with ROP has no significant association with the detection of hyaloid artery remnants. When the corrected gestational age extends over 43wk, if the hyaloid artery remnants don't regress, there is a possibility of pathological changes, and appropriate interventions should be selected according to the severity of the lesions.]]> 2021/2/24 14:14:51 Bo Chen, Yao Ge and Hong Yang 44true METHOD:Here we employed a non-targeted technology, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS), to investigate metabolic characterizations for tear samples from 18 patients with DED upon drug or acupuncture treatment.

RESULTS:A total of 190 named metabolites were identified, which presented so far the broadest tear metabolome. Further analysis indicated a significantly distinct metabolomics profile among all patients, but very subtle metabolic differences upon drug or acupuncture treatment. On one hand, only six significantly changed metabolites were determined after drug treatment, five of which including inosine, monopalmitin, urate, propionylcarnitine, and nicotinamide were all increased and involved in inflammatory responses. On the other hand, merely four metabolites including alanine, serine, and homoserine were found to be significantly different. Further pathway analysis of those six and four significantly changed metabolites revealed that only one pathway, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis was significantly influenced in acupuncture-treated patients, which were highly associated with the cause of the disease. The results here indicated acupuncture treatment may address the cause rather than the symptoms for dry eye disease, displaying partially better compared with drug treatment.

CONCLUSION: Collectively, this work extended our understanding on the key regulatory elements or pathways involved in the potential mechanisms of available effective treatments, and would be useful for providing novel potential targets and therapeutic strategies for DED.]]> 2021/2/24 14:14:51 Jun Rao, Shuo-Chuan Liu, Lin-Feng Zhang, Zhi Zheng, Yan Yu, Shang Lou, Ai-Hua Xiong and Lu-Hua Wu 43true METHODS: In this prospective study, 50 aphakia cases were evaluated. Preoperative and postoperative visual acuity, slit lamp and fundus examination, applanation tonometry, keratometry, IOL MASTER measurement, optical coherence tomography(OCT), Scheimpflug imaging were done for an extensive evaluation.

RESULTS: All IOLs were successfully implanted at the desired position without intraoperative complications. Postoperative complications included corneal edema(n=2), raised intraocular pressure(IOP)(n=3), cystoid macular edema(CME)(n=1)and decentration(n=2). All were managed to the level of good visual recovery. Surgery videos were retrospectively evaluated in cases of postoperative complications. There was no significant change in corneal astigmatism.

CONCLUSION: After extensive 6mo follow up with evaluation of a variety of parameters, our technique of sutureless, glueless scleral fixation of IOL using single-piece IOL has shown favorable results and a potential option in visual rehabilitation.]]> 2021/2/24 14:14:51 Karishma Goyal, Nagendra Shekhawat and Kamlesh Khilnani 42true 2021/2/24 14:14:51 Wen Gao and Feng-Ming Liang 41true METHODS: A retrospective study. Nine eyes of eight patients with large IMH were admitted to our hospital from June 2017 to may 2018. Mean macular hole(MH)minimum diameter >700 μm and mean MH basal diameter >1 300 μm. All the patients were underwent 25G phacovitrectomy, internal limiting membrane flaptuck, and sterilized air tamponade in the vitreous cavity. With a mean follow up of 12mo, the best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)and macular hole closure were compared before and after operation.

RESULTS: At the last follow up, all the patients obtained MH closure. The SD-OCT showed that the postoperative MH closure rate was 100%(9/9). Postoperative BCVA improved significantly compared with the preoperative(0.83±0.26 vs 1.27±0.28), the difference was statistically significant(P=0.007). No complications occurred during and after the operation.

CONCLUSION: Sterilized air tamponade might provide a safe and efficient effect on the closure of large IMHs.]]> 2021/1/19 16:56:23 Ya-Nan Hou, Ai-Lin You and Yi Wang 40true METHODS: A prospective observational study was done on the patients of a road traffic accident(RTA)having blunt trauma injury of the eye from august 2018 to July 2019 at the Department of Ophthalmology, Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Barabanki. Patients between the age group of 20 to 65 years undergoing RTA with ocular complaints were included in this study. Colour vision, contrast sensitivity, and best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)were recorded, RNFL analysis was done through OCT.

RESULT: A total of 108 patients were enrolled in this study and were grouped as 54 cases and 54 controls. The mean age was 43±2.3 years with 11(20.4%)females and 43(79.6%)males in the case group. At initial visit after RTA, the difference between color vision, contrast sensitivity and BCVA between right and left eyes of cases and controls were significant. After a follow up of 3mo only significant difference was noted in contrast sensitivity between cases and control groups. Change in color vision and BCVA after 3mo was insignificant. Similarly, an initial significant difference was noted in mean RNFL thickness between cases and control groups, but after follow up of 3mo mean RNFL thickness difference was significant only in superior and temporal quadrants.

CONCLUSION:RTA or blunt trauma of eye can lead to persistent RNFL thinning and decreased visual function.]]> 2021/1/19 16:56:23 Kumar Aalok and Singh Vipin 39true METHODS: Thirty eyes of 30 progressive keratoconus patients were included in the prospective study. Three repeated corneal biomechanical measurements were performed preoperatively and one month postoperatively by Corvis ST. The interclass correlation coefficient(ICC)and 95% confidence interval(CI), Cronbach'α, repeatability coefficient(RC), and coefficient of variation(CV)were used to evaluate the repeatability of Corvis ST parameters. Paired t-test or Wilcoxon rank test was used to evaluate the differences between preoperative and postoperative data.

RESULTS: At preoperative, 26 of 39(66.67%)parameters showed good to excellent repeatability, 6(15.38%)showed moderate, and 7(17.95%)showed poor repeatability. Similarly, 34(87.18%)parameters showed good to excellent repeatability, 3(7.69%)showed moderate, and 2(5.13%)showed poor repeatability after ATE-CXL. After ATE-CXL 1mo, the intraocular pressure(IOP), biomechanical corrected IOP(bIOP), first applanation time(A1T), Radius, deformation amplitude at the first applanation(A1DA), deflection length at the maximum deformation(HCDLL)and stiffness parameter at first applanation(SP A1)parameters increased, while the steep keratometry(Ks), flat keratometry(Kf), mean keratometry(Kmean), second applanation time(A2T), DA Ratio Max(2 mm)and integrated radius parameters decreased(all P<0.05).

CONCLUSION:The repeatability of the Corvis ST parameters before and 1mo ATE-CXL follow up were both acceptable, and the corneal stiffness was improved after 1mo ATE-CXL.]]> 2020/12/22 18:57:44 Kai-Li Yang, Yu-Wei Gu, Qi Fan, Li-Yan Xu, Chen-Jiu Pang and Sheng-Wei Ren 38true METHODS: Forty-four consecutive people with AMD were assessed in low vision clinic. Data about uncorrected and best corrected visual acuity, refractive errors, types of low vision aids(LVAs)and reading speed prior and with low vision devices were collected and analyzed.

RESULTS: Among 44 people with mean age 73±10.8 years suffering from AMD, 36(82%)were male. 29(67%)participants had distance visual acuity(DVA)of 1.0-1.6 LogMAR in the better-seeing eyes while 36(82%)had near visual acuity(NVA)less than 3.2 m. Mean improvement in DVA with low vision devices was 0.67±0.27 LogMAR(P=0.000). With LVAs 42(95%)participants achieved NVA of 1 m or better whereas only two(4.5%)participants had NVA of 1 m without LVAs. With the provision of adequate LVAs, mean reading speed was improved from 2.9±4.78 words per minute(wpm)to 71.31±29.96 wpm among the group of participants who could read(P<0.001). Monocular telescopes were prescribed to 15 participants for distance vision and high plus monocular lenses in spectacle were the most common aid for reading.

CONCLUSION: LVAs can play an effective role in vision rehabilitation of people with AMD and in improvement of reading abilities. Referral to low vision care services must be considered for people with AMD.]]> 2020/12/22 18:57:44 Mufarriq Shah and Muhammad Tariq Khan 37true METHODS: This retrospective study involved the review of cases of patients admitted at Toho University Sakura Medical Center, who underwent BGI surgery via the pars plana route for the treatment of neovascular glaucoma. The patients were divided into two groups: the superotemporal insertion group \〖18 eyes in 16 subjects(13 males, 3 females; mean age 62.9±14.4a)\〗 and the inferonasal insertion group \〖17 eyes in 15 subjects(11 males, 4 females; mean age 56.9±10.7a)\〗. The patients were followed up and re-evaluated at 12mo. The IOP reduction rate 12mo after surgery relative to preoperative IOP was compared between the two groups.

RESULTS: The mean preoperative IOP was 31.1±10.0 mmHg and postoperative IOP was 14.4±4.5 mmHg in the superotemporal group, whereas for the inferonasal group, the mean preoperative IOP was 34.9±9.7 mmHg and postoperative IOP was 15.9±3.7 mmHg. The IOP reduction rate of the superotemporal group was(50.0±19.0)% and that of the inferonasal group was(51.2±16.3)%. There was no significant correlation between the two groups(Student's t-test, P=0.590).

CONCLUSION: There was no difference in the short-term clinical outcomes between superotemporal and inferonasal BGI performed via the pars plana route.]]> 2020/12/22 18:57:45 Masashi Sakamoto, Izumi Yoshida, Takahiro Sodeno, Kenichirou Aso, Ryuya Hashimoto, Hidetaka Masahara and Takatoshi Maeno 36true METHODS:A prospective single centered study was performed on 22 patients(mean age: 59.05±8.70 years)of concurrent cataract and pterygium(size 2-5 mm in length), who attended the outpatient department during the study period of one year, and the minimum follow up was 3mo-1a for all patients. Mean keratometry(K_mean), mean astigmatism, best corrected visual acuity(LogMAR), preoperatively and 3mo postoperatively had been determined. The corneal curvature, pterygium size and the prediction error(PE)were observed.

RESULTS: The amount of PE was <±0.50 D in 18 patients(81.8%)and ±0.50 D to ±1.00 D in 4 patients(18.2%). None of the patients had PE of >1.00 D. The mean axial length did not change significantly(P=0.77)postoperatively. The mean keratometric reading increased from 42.994±1.536 preoperatively to 43.324±1.479 postoperatively but this was not significant(P=0.105). The corneal astigmatism decreased significantly from 2.09±0.789 D preoperatively to 0.523±0.277 D postoperatively(P<0.05). BCVA(LogMAR)significantly improved from 1.007±0.402 preoperatively to 0.024±0.062 postoperatively(P<0.05). No correlation was found between changes in keratometry and PE(r=-0.29, P=0.19). And, there was no correlation was found between pterygium size and PE(r=0.2997, P=0.17).

CONCLUSION: Combined phacoemulsification+foldable intraocular lens(IOL)implantation and conjuctival autograft(CAG)application was safe and effective procedure.]]> 2021/11/22 20:59:14 Kshama Dwivedi, Dawar Shuja, Pranav Saluja, Mayank Srivastava, Santosh Kumar and Sanchita Saini 35true METHODS: The charts of 27 patients(27 eyes)who presented with NVG in our hospital between August 2015 and November 2018 were reviewed. All eyes were treated using the standard protocol of IVR accompanied by PRP, followed by conventional trabeculectomy without drainage device. The main outcomes were intraocular pressure(IOP)control, change in best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA), and surgical complications.

RESULTS: The postoperative follow-up periods for all patients were at least 18(mean 21.7±4.3)mo. The IOP significantly decreased from 45.7±5.1 mmHg(baseline)to 18.4±3.6 mmHg(last visit), and BCVA(LogMAR)improved from 2.42±0.68(baseline)to 1.77±0.93(last visit). The success rate was higher in eyes with peripheral anterior synechiae(PAS)≤50% than in those with PAS >50% after 3mo postoperatively. The main surgical complications were hyphema(11.1%)and hypotony with a shallow anterior chamber(14.8%)during the early postoperative stage, along with encapsulated bleb(37.0%)during the mid-late postoperative stage. Serious intraoperative or postoperative complications were not observed.

CONCLUSION: IVR and PRP combined with conventional trabeculectomy without drainage device is a safe and effective way in NVG treatment, especially for eyes with PAS ≤50%. Preoperative IVR and PRP appear to improve the success rate.]]> 2021/11/22 20:59:15 Xiao-Dong Han, Li Meng, Xiao-Jin Chen, Zhan-Jun Yan and Ke-Wei Song 34true METHODS:Sixty Chinese patients needed eye surgery treatment were recruited and given medical face masks as one of the COVID-19 precaution practices during eye surgery with local anesthesia. Oxygen supplementation and negative pressure drainage were applied to relieve the potential respiratory discomfort, and the respiratory comfort score was evaluated.

RESULTS:Patients with medical face masks experienced mild to moderate respiratory discomfort with an overall mean score of 2.34±0.73. Supplementation of oxygen together with negative pressure drainage relieved this discomfort(overall mean score of 0.15±0.75; P<0.001). There is no gender and operation time difference on respiratory discomfort or discomfort relieve. Failure in negative pressure drainage led to severe respiratory discomfort.

CONCLUSION:Negative pressure drainage could maintain the respiratory circulation in patients with medical face mask under eye surgery with local anesthesia. Application of medical face masks in patients under surgeries is recommended to protect the medical practitioners during the operations within COVID-19 outbreak.]]> 2021/11/22 20:59:15 De-Hua Li, Gong-Hui Li, Zi-Jian Wu, Mu-Dan Lin, Mei-Ling Li, Pei-Min Lin, Ling You, Ming-Zhi Zhang and Zheng-Gen Wu 33true 2021/10/22 21:57:35 Di Hu, Yi-Sai Wang, Jie Ding, Gen-Jie Ke, Lin-Feng Han and Kai Dong 32true 2021/10/22 21:57:36 Kumar Aalok and Singh Vipin 31true in situ keratomileusis(LASIK)and laser epithelial keratomileusis(LASEK)with the use of 0.1% sodium hyaluronate(HA).

METHODS:A total of 230 myopia patients(460 eyes)were divided into LASIK group and LASEK group from February 2017 to December 2017. Each operation group was randomly assigned to 0.1% HA treatment subgroup and HA-free subgroup. Both subgroups were instructed to apply gatifloxacin(0.3%)and loteprednol(0.5%)after the corneal refractive surgery. The changes of dry eye symptom score, corneal perceptual reaction, corneal fluorescein staining(FL), basic Schirmer Ⅰ test(SⅠt)and tear film break-up time(BUT)were observed in different time points.

RESULTS:There were significant differences in FL, dry eye symptom score and corneal perceptual response between the 0.1% HA treatment group and HA-free group at 1wk, 1, 3 and 6mo after operation both in LASIK and LASEK patients(P<0.05). BUT after operation in each group was significantly deceased at 1wk compared with preoperative level. Other observation time points after surgery of BUT and each postoperative level of SⅠt were still within the normal range although lower than the preoperative levels. The subjective symptoms of dry eyes, tear film stability and corneal surface perception of LASEK patients were better than LASIK patients especially at 1wk, 1 and 3mo after surgery.

CONCLUSION:These two kinds of refractive surgery may cause different degrees of dry eye symptoms. These symptoms in the LASEK group were lighter than that in the LASIK group in the early postoperative period. The early adequate use of preservative-free 0.1% HA could effectively promote the corneal repair and be greatly helpful for postoperative dry eye symptoms.]]> 2021/9/16 22:17:06 Shu-Yue Zheng and Qi Li 30true METHODS: Prospective nonrandomized clinical trial studies. This study included 102 eyes of 57 patients underwent Toric ICL for myopic astigmatism correction. Uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA), manifest refraction, best spectacle-corrected visual acuity(BSCVA), manifest refractive cylinder, the corneal astigmatism and HOAs were measured preoperatively and up to 6mo after surgery. The vectors were measured using corneal topography, the Pentacam HR system and Wavefront analyzer.

RESULTS:Postoperative, the percentage of eyes had a spherical equivalent refraction within -1.00 D were 93.80%. The percentage of eyes within -0.50 D of emmetropia were 85.30%. The percentage of eyes which postoperative UCVA ≥20/25 was 66.30% and the percentage of eyes which postoperative UCVA ≥20/20 was 65.50%. The corneal astigmatism and aberrations preoperatively showed no statistical significance compared with postoperative. The total eyes aberrations and coma resulted in slight changes and had no statistically significant.

CONCLUSION:The corneal incision of Toric ICL implantation caused no changes in astigmatism and higher-order wavefront aberrations of cornea.]]> 2021/9/16 22:17:06 Gai-Ping Du, Hui-Ling Guo, Jing-Jing Jiang and Li-Qiang Wang 29true METHODS: A prospective clinical study. Collecting 267 cataract patients(305 eyes)who underwent phacoemulsification combined with IOL implantation surgery in our hospital from January 2021 to December 2021,they were divided into the Symfony group(group A, 160 eyes)and MF15 group(group B, 145 eyes)according to the types of implanted IOL. Postoperative visual acuity were observed at 3mo and included uncorrected distance visual acuity(UDVA, 5m), uncorrected intermediate visual acuity(UIVA, 80 cm), uncorrected near visual acuity(UNVA, 40cm), defocus curve, modulation transfer function(MTF)and high-order aberrations(HOAs), including coma, spherical aberration and trefoil aberration, and conducted the Quality of Vision(QoV)questionnaire.

RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the preoperative parameters in both groups(P>0.05). There was no significant difference between the UDVA and UNVA in groups A and B(P>0.05); The UIVA was higher in group A than in group B(P<0.05); The MTF value in group A was higher than group B at all spatial frequency, and the difference was statistical significant(P<0.05); The HOAs in group A was lower than that in group B(P<0.05); Defocus curves were plotted 3mo after the operation suggest that the visual acuity of the two groups was similar at 0D, and the visual acuity of the groups A was better than group B from -0.5D to -2.5D, and there was a statistically significant difference at -1.0D and -2.0D(P<0.05). The QoV score in group A was significantly higher than that in group B(P<0.05). The frequency of bad visual interference such as halo and starburst was higher in group A than in group B.

CONCLUSION: Both the MF15 and Symfony can provide stable distance and near visual acuity. Compared with MF15, Symfony had better intermediate visual acuity, higher contrast sensitivity and lower HOAs. Compared with Symfony, MF15 IOL had less postoperative bad visual interference symptoms(halo, starburst, etc).]]> 2022/7/27 16:29:02 Rong Guo, Zhuo-Ya Li, Xiao-Min Hu and Hui Zhang 28true METHODS: Prospective randomized controlled study. A total of 15 patients underwent the modified folding IOL suspension surgery. Among them, 9 patients chose Akreos AO IOL, and polypropylene sutures were used to thread the haptics of IOL. After guided to puncture out through the sclera, the ends of sutures were thermal expanded and fixed in the sclera. And 6 patients chose Tecnis ZA9003 IOL and no sutures were used. After guided the haptics to puncture out through the sclera, the ends of haptics were thermal expanded and fixed in the sclera. The best corrected visual acuity(BCVA, LogMAR)of all patients and postoperative complication were observed.

RESULTS: This study included 15 patients, among them, 7 were male and 8 were female, the mean age was 64.00±9.85 years old, the mean course of diseases was 5.80±3.17 wk. There were no significant differences between the demographic and baseline clinical characteristics. After underwent the modified folding IOL suspension surgery, visual acuity of all patients were obviously improved. After 3mo of the surgery, the BCVA(LogMAR)of patients were improved from 1.28±0.56 to 0.52±0.30. More specifically, the BCVA(LogMAR)of patients who chose Akreos AO IOL were improved from 1.39±0.62 to 0.59±0.25, and those who chose Tecnis ZA9003 IOL of the BCVA(LogMAR)were improved from 1.12±0.45 to 0.42±0.35. Furthermore, there was no severe postoperative complication observed in our study. Only one patient suffered IOL dislocation and the IOL optical surface was mild oblique.

CONCLUSION: Modified folding IOL suspension surgery technique resulted in good visual and outcomes with no severe complication, making it an effective option for IOL suspension surgery.]]> 2022/6/28 10:46:42 *, Xi Qiao^*, Xuan Liu, Jian-Qin Lei, An-Ming Xie, Jing-Ming Li and Wan-Hu Zhang]]> Ya-Guang Hu^*, Xi Qiao^*, Xuan Liu, Jian-Qin Lei, An-Ming Xie, Jing-Ming Li and Wan-Hu Zhang 27true 2022/6/28 10:46:43 Wen Gao, Feng-Ming Liang and Tao Chen 26true METHODS:This study was a clinical prospective observational study. It enrolled in 269 eyes of 269 patients who were diagnosed retinopathy, and all patients receive conbercept intravitreal injection. Among them, 143 were males and 126 were females. There were 201 cases of age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)and 68 cases of other retinopathy patients. The mean age was 62.86±11.74 years. Non-contact pneumatic tonometer was used to measure the IOP of the patients before, 10, 30min, 2 and 4h after injection. The group was divided according to the IOP elevation 10min after injection. The IOP elevation 10 mmHg and above was defined as the IOP elevation group, and the IOP elevation less than 10 mmHg was defined as the IOP stable group. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the differences between the two groups.

RESULTS:The average IOP of patients at 10, 30min, 2 and 4h after injection was 24.1, 20.2, 19.5 and 16.9 mmHg, respectively. The average IOP at each time point after injection was 6.7, 3.1, 1.7 and 0.5 mmHg higher than that before injection. Among them, 56 cases of increased IOP, 213 cases of stable IOP. There were no significant differences in age, best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), gender, eye side and disease type between two groups(all P>0.05). There were statistically significant differences in the number of injection(Z=-4.389, P=0.012), IOP before injection and IOP at each time point after injection(t=-5.343, -10.467, -8.933, -6.124, -4.635, all P<0.01). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that baseline IOP was positively correlated with IOP increase 10min after injection(B=-0.913, OR=0.521, 95%CI: 0.211-0.694, P=0.011).

CONCLUSION: The higher the baseline IOP, the higher risk of elevated IOP after injection. The factor associated with a short-term increase in IOP after intravitreal injection of conbercept was baseline IOP. The number of injection may be another risk factor.]]> 2022/4/24 18:49:22 Yue Wu, Li-Li Jiang, Chun-Sheng Shi and Bo Jiang 25true METHODS: Myopic patients who had undergone SMILE surgery from May 2020 to September 2020 at the Jiangsu Province Hospital were included in the study. Data were organized by refractive status into low, moderate, and high myopia groups. The CCT was measured by the Pentacam anterior segment analysis system preoperatively and postoperatively at 1 and 3mo. Among different myopia groups, the cutting error(ΔCCT, defined as the difference between actual CCT and the predicted CCT)was calculated simultaneously during each visit. The difference ratio of ΔCCT and the relationship between ΔCCT, CCT, and cutting diameter were analyzed.

RESULTS: There were 221 patients(432 eyes)included in our study. At 3mo after operation, the ΔCCT in the high myopia group was larger than the low and moderate myopia group(χ²=225.74, 62.55; all P<0.01), and the moderate myopia group was larger than the low myopia group(χ²=132.77, P<0.01). The cutting deviation rate was also significantly different among three groups at 1 and 3mo after surgery. Pearson correlation analysis found that there was a linear regression relationship among preoperative refractive power, optical zone diameter and the central corneal cutting error at 3mo after operation(r=0.699, P<0.001; r=0.572, P<0.001).

CONCLUSION: The ΔCCT after SMILE increased with the increased of myopia, and the cutting error was positively correlated with preoperative equivalent spherical power and optical zone diameter.]]> 2022/4/24 18:49:22 Wei-Wei Zhang, Liu-Wei Gu, Qing-Huai Liu and Dong-Qing Yuan 24true METHODS: Subconjunctival trypan blue was injected in four quadrants(nasal, superior, temporal, and inferior)and recorded videos. The number of lymphatic outflow pathways arising from the blebs was counted. The difference in the number of lymphatic outflow pathways across the quadrants of each group was tested by single-factor analysis of variance. Paired t-test was used to compare the differences in the number of lymphatic outflow pathways in the same rabbit quadrants across different ages.

RESULTS: In New Zealand white rabbits, thick annular lymphatic vessels were mainly distributed near the limbus part of the conjunctiva. The single collecting lymphatic vessels were primarily distributed in the peripheral parts. Although the lymphatic vessels of juvenile rabbits have fewer branches, the number of lymphatic vessels in the different quadrants was no significant difference in each group(all P>0.05)and was no difference between the two age groups(all P >0.05).

CONCLUSION:The lymphatic vessels were abundant in rabbit conjunctiva. The number of lymphatic vessels in each quadrant and between two age groups had no significant difference.]]> 2022/3/24 15:57:49 Jing-Yi Wu, Die Hu, Long-Fang Zhou, Ying Su, Qian-Wen Bu, Xiao-Jing Pan and Alex Huang 23true METHODS: A retrospective, noncomparative study of high myopia patients with MHRD was conducted. In all cases, triamcinolone acetonide was used to visualize the vitreous during vitrectomy. After ILM was inverted, a venous blood clot was placed on the inverted ILM flap and air was used as tamponade. Macular hole closure rate, retinal reattachment rate, and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)were assessed after the surgery.

RESULTS: Twenty-four eyes of 24 high myopia patients with MHRD were included in this study. The patients were followed up for at least 6mo, averaging 13.58±7.00mo. At last follow up,macular hole(MH)was closed in 21 eyes(88%)and retina was reattached in 20 eyes(83%). Seventeen eyes(71%)had both complete MH closure and retinal reattachment. Three eyes(13%)had complete reattached retina with unclosed MH, while 4 eyes(17%)had persistent subretinal fluid with closed MH. No additional pars plana vitrectomy(PPV)was performed. BCVA(LogMAR)was significantly improved at last follow up(0.65±0.34 vs 1.36±0.49, P<0.001). An improvement in BCVA of 2 or more lines was achieved in 12 eyes(50%).

CONCLUSION:Vitrectomy combined with inverted ILM flap, autologous blood transplantation and air tamponate is an effective treatment for MHRD in myopic eyes.]]> 2022/3/24 15:57:49 Hai-Cheng She, Yue Qi, Zi-Bing Jin, Ning-Li Wang and An-Li Duan 22true in vitro under hypoxia.

METHODS: RPE-19 cells were divided into three group: control group, hypoxia group(the final concentration of CoCl₂ in the medium was 125 μmol/L), and Sim treatment group(3 μmol/L Sim was added in the RPE cells' medium which contain 125 μmol/L CoCl₂). After 24h, the morphology of RPE-19 cells were observed, the proliferation of cells were calculated by MTT, the secretion levels and protein expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-Alpha(HIF-1α)and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)and Western blotting. The expression level of autophagy protein was detected by Western blot and apoptosis was detected by TUNEL.

RESULTS: The morphology and activity of RPE-19 cells showed an apparent change under hypoxia. The expression of HIF-1α and VEGF protein were increased obviously in the hypoxia group and then significantly decreased after Sim treatment. Beclin1, and LC3B proteins were decreased in the CoCl₂+Sim group, and the expression levels were lower than the control and CoCl₂ group. Under hypoxia, Sim inhibited RPE cells' proliferation and promoted the apoptosis.

CONCLUSION:Sim inhibits RPE cells' proliferation, decreases HIF-1α and VEGF protein, and promotes apoptosis under hypoxia. Our results suggested that the mechanism by which Sim promoted apoptosis in RPE cells may be related to its inhibition of autophagy.]]> 2022/2/24 14:17:20 Xia Li, Yi Wang, Bing-Hui Wu, Hao-Yuan Chen and Jun-Hui Du 21true METHODS: A retrospective case series study of 120 transcanalicular diode laser dacryocystorhinostomy was performed from January 2008 to July 2019. Patients were divided into two groups: one group was operated on with mitomycin and the other group was operated on without mitomycin.

RESULTS: The success rate was 71.9% in the mitomycin group and 71.0% in the non- mitomycin group.

CONCLUSION: No statistically significant differences in the outcomes of the two groups were found. Only two opposing articles regarding the use of mitomycin in transcanalicular diode laser dacryocystorhinostomy were found in PubMed between 2011 and 2021, so the use of mitomycin is still unclear.]]> 2022/2/24 14:17:20 Alberto Raposo, Miguel Ángel Rodríguez, Alberto Guillén, Jerónimo Lajara and Francisco García-Purriños 20true METHODS: Totally 17 patients with central involving DME who required and agreed to intravitreal anti-VEGF injection were invited to be the subject of this study. These injection-naive subjects were undergone three loading doses of monthly intravitreal anti-VEGF(Ranibizumab 0.5 mg/0.05 mL for 9 patients or Aflibercept 2 mg/0.05 mL for 8 patients)injection, and a clinic review appointment 1mo after the third injection. The changes of foveal choroidal thickness, visual acuity and central retinal thickness at 1mo were observed before and after treatment in 2 groups by enhanced depth image-optical coherence tomography(EDI-OCT).

RESULTS: We recorded a significant sub-foveal choroidal thinning and vision improvement after three loading doses of anti-VEGF(all P<0.05). The thinning effect between Ranibizumab and Aflibercept group was insignificant(all P>0.05). There was no significant correlation between pre-treatment sub-foveal choroidal thickness and vision improvement(r_s=-0.269, P=0.296). There was also no significant correlation between choroidal thickness changes with vision improvement, central retinal thickness change and age of subjects(all P >0.05).

CONCLUSION: Intravitreal Ranibizumab and Aflibercept injections both leads to significant sub-foveal choroidal thinning in DME subjects. It was accompanied with significant vision improvement with no evidence of immediate detrimental effect of choroidal thinning. Future research with a longer study duration would help in establishing the duration and long term effect of choroidal thinning.]]> 2021/12/21 20:43:49 Jia Cherng Chong, Hanizasurana Hashim and Tajunisah Iqbal 19true METHODS: A total of 3 695 children of 0-6 years old from preschool children in Binhu District received quickly check of eye's refractive status by using the SureSight automatic screening refractor, and determine the results by referring to the refractive screening referral standard norm for each age groups offered by the US Welch Allyn company. All participating preschool children have completed a vision screening and a comprehensive eye examination.

RESULTS: The total of abnormal rate was 9.76%, suspicious rate was 5.40% in vision screened children, along with the age increase, the abnormal and suspicious detection rates had a tendency to rise, differences in vision screening results of each age group were statistically significant(χ²=15.913, P=0.014), and differences between boys and girls had no statistical significance(χ²=7.200, P=0.066). The highest proportion of abnormal vision was astigmatism(13.89%, 17.96%, 17.62%, 11.50%), followed by hyperopia(0.35%, 1.91%, 3.60%, 8.86%)and anisometropia(0.69%, 0.67%, 1.64%, 2.07%)in different age groups. Hyperopia(4.38%), myopia(0.82%), astigmatism(15.65%), anisometropia(1.42%)and any refractive(0.466%), these five types in the distribution of various age groups. The prevalence of astigmatism in preschool children in 0-3 years old were 6.94%(95%CI: 4.90%-9.00%)and the 3-4 years old were 8.98%(95%CI: 7.80%-10.20%), the 4-5 years old were 8.81%(95%CI: 7.70%-9.90%), the 5-6 years old were 5.75%(95%CI: 4.80%-6.70%). The prevalence of astigmatism in different age groups had no statistical difference(χ²=0.872, P=0.929).

CONCLUSION: Astigmatism was the most common type of ametropia in preschool children, followed by hyperopia and anisometropia. Although no myopia was found, it confirmed the previous research that myopia was not formed at early age. Preschool children vision screening and eye care should be implemented regularly.]]> 2021/12/21 20:43:49 Lun Zeng, Yan-Bing Wu, Xing Chen, Qing-Zhu Sun, Dan-Ying Zhou and Jian Shen 18true post)correction.